Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd - Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 1...2| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Islami Banking September 2015 A...
Transcript of Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd - Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 1...2| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Islami Banking September 2015 A...
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 1
2| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 1
2| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Islami BankingSeptember 2015A Journal published by Public Relations DivisionIslami Bank Bangladesh Limited
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14| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
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Bmjvgx A_©vqb cY¨ n‡jv †mme Pzw³ †h¸‡jv me©Rbwew`Z Ges kixÔAvn& bxwZgvjv †g‡b P‡j|
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1.4 my` wb‡q mgm¨v †Kv_vq?
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8. meai‡bie¨emvwqKA_©vqbhw`Drcv`b,cY¨I†mev wewbgqGesg~j¨m„wóiKv‡R
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7
GwelqwU‡KAb¨K_vqejvhvq,GgbPzw³‡ZA_©vqb†hLv‡bPzw³‡Z
ewY©ZDcv‡qBZve¨eüZn‡e|GgbLv‡ZA_©vqbKivhv‡ebvhvPzw³‡ZAvovjKivn‡q‡Q
GgbDcv‡qe¨env‡iiAvk¼vi‡q‡Q|
7 A_©vqbe¨enviKvixwba©vi‡Yigva¨‡gAKvh©Ki†jb‡`b(Avev_)Gov‡bvhvq|†hgb,Ggb†Kv‡bve¨emvwq‡KA_©vqb
KivwhwbZvie¨emvwqKDcKiY(Zvn‡Zcv‡iwewµiRb¨m¤ú`IcY¨A_evwk‡íiRb¨cÖv_wgKIgva¨wgKcY¨)
msMÖ‡niRb¨Zve¨enviKi‡ebA_evn‡eb†Kv‡bvP~ovšÍ†fv³v|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 19
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wn‡m‡eBmjvgxA_©vqbZviDc‡hvwMZvIZvrch©nviv‡e|KviY,†hgyn~‡Z©AvcwbÒe¨w³MZ
A_©vq‡biÓcwigЇjcÖ‡ekKi‡ebIBA_©vq‡bic×wZˆbwZKIgvbweKgvb`Ðcwic~i‡Yi
†hvM¨Zv nviv‡e Ges cÖK…Z I g~j¨ms‡hvRbg~jK ¸Y cy‡ivcywi nvwi‡q †dj‡e|
2.2 Bmjvgx Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zvi cÖK…wZ Ges ˆewkó¨
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cÖ‡qvRb|meAvgvbZKvix (we‡klK‡ihviv wbivcËvImyweavRbKnIqvqe¨vs‡Km¤ú`
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bvcviviSzuwKQvovBe¨vsKviivIBm‡qiwKQzAskZnweje¨enviKvix‡`i†RvMvb†`qvi
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gyivevnv,BRvivGes/evD‡`¨v³vcyuwR(gy`vivevwewb‡qvM)|
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†_‡KG¸‡jv‡K `yÕfv‡MfvMKiv hvq : 1) †kqvi‡nvìvi‡`iZnwej, †hLv‡b e¨e¯’vcbvi
AvPiYIqvKvjvn-wfwËK;2)wWgvÛwW‡cvwRUZnwej,hve¨e¯’vcbv‡K†`qvnqwbðqZvcÖvß
FYwn‡m‡e|GUve‡je¨vs‡KiÔZvgvbœvnÕGese¨e¯’vcbv†mLv‡bIe¨vs‡Kin‡qIqvKvjvn-
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20| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
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n‡e|Bmjvgx e¨vsKviivZv‡`iZnweje¨env‡iiRb¨ Pzw³m¤úv`‡bievnb wn‡m‡e †Kb
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ZvwË¡Kfv‡eAv‡ivGKavcAMÖmin‡qmvn‡mim‡½ejvhvq,cy‡ivcywikixÔAvn&iwfwˇZ
Bmjvgxe¨vsKvi‡`iAek¨BwbivcËvISzuwKwe‡ePbvqgy`vivevi†P‡qgyivevnvGesBRviv
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n‡q‡Q,†hb†ewkSzuwK†bqvBfv‡jv|KL‡bvKL‡bvGBZvwË¡KcQ›`ÔAvj¸bgyevBAvj
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Kivnq|G†hb†hBmjvgxe¨vsKhZ†ewkSzuwK†b‡e†mBe¨vsKZZfv‡jv!
Avm‡j,kixÔAvn&SzuwKMÖn‡Yie¨vcv‡i†Kv‡bvˆbwZKg~j¨‡evawbw`©óK‡i†`qwb|G‡Z¯^í
SzuwKiRvqMvqAwaKSzuwK†e‡Q†bqvm¤úwK©Z†KvbD‡jøLI†bB|ZvQvov,kixÔAvn&SzuwK
wb‡q gybvdv AR©‡bi K_vI e‡j bv|
8
kixÔAvn&iev¯ÍeZecÖwZdjb†`LvhvqIBcÖev‡`ig‡a¨
†hLv‡bejvn‡q‡Q†hGKRbgvbylm¤ú‡`igvwjKnIqvevcwikªgcÖ`v‡bid‡j†hgybvdv
8 Avm‡jSzuwKMÖnYhw`Kvdvjvgybvdv‡K†hŠw³KcÖwZcbœK‡i,hvPigSzuwKMÖn‡YiGKwUKviY,gybvdviwe‡ePbvq
PigSzuwKMÖnYn‡eme‡P‡q†ewkjvfRbK|Z‡eGUvRvbvK_v†h,IAvBwmiBmjvwgKwdKvnGKv‡WwgiMÖnYKiv
cÖ¯ÍveAbyhvqxKvdvjviIcijvfcÖ`vbwievi†P‡q†ewkgvÎvqwbwl×|KviY,GUvFYcÖ`v‡biA½xKv‡iiIciB
GKwUe„w×m„wóK‡i|Ab¨w`‡K,wievn‡jvcÖK…ZFYcÖ`v‡biIciGKwUe„w×|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 21
AR©b K‡i †m Zvi nK`vi|
9
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ev¯ÍweKBZvGKwUcÖe„w×Im„wóK‡i|hviAw¯ÍZ¡AvgivAvkcv‡k†`L‡ZcvB|
Avw_©Kga¨¯’Zvc×wZwn‡m‡eBmjvgxe¨vswKs‡KcÖZ¨ÿA_©vqb†_‡KAvjv`vKiviAv‡M
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†ÿ‡ÎB GKwU ÁvZ mZ¨| †m Abyhvqx, g~j¨ cwi‡kva Ges mieiv‡ni ZvwiL Abyhvqx †h
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Ges†m¸‡jvmsÁvwqZKwiGfv‡e:K)mieiv‡niAv‡Mcwi‡kv‡ai†ÿ‡ÎGKwUg~j¨;L)
mieiv‡nimgqcwi‡kv‡ai†ÿ‡ÎGKwUg~j¨;GesM)mieiv‡nicicwi‡kv‡ai†ÿ‡ÎGKwU
g~j¨-Zvn‡jAvgiv†`L‡ev:ÒAb¨mKjkZ©Gese¯‘GKB_vK‡jÓg~j¨wU(K)me¸‡jvi
g‡a¨Kg,(L)ga¨eZ©xg~j¨,Ges(M)me¸‡jvig‡a¨†ewk|GiwKQzUve¨vL¨vKivhvqc‡Y¨i
mgqg~j¨Gescwi‡kvac×wZw`‡q|Z‡e,me‡P‡q¸iæZ¡c~Y©welqn‡jvcY¨AR©bIe¨envi|
AvcwbhLbg~j¨cwi‡kvabvK‡iB†KvbcY¨e¨enviK‡ibZLbAvcwbGiDc‡hvwMZvbó
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Rb¨Kgg~j¨cwi‡kv‡aB”QzKn‡”Qb|GRb¨BK¬vwmK¨vj wdKvn&iPbvw`‡ZAvgivmvjvg
wewµ‡KÔgvnvIqvRÕ(cÖ‡qvRbGgbKv‡ivRb¨)wewµevgykZviwKwmb(¯^íg~j¨AbymÜvbKvix)
wewµwn‡m‡eAwfwnZKivn‡q‡Q|ZvBAvgivhw`g~j¨cwi‡kv‡aimgqIcY¨mieiv‡ni
w`‡big‡a¨e¨eav‡biKvi‡YcY¨g~‡j¨iGBcv_©K¨†g‡b†bBZvn‡jgyivevnv-GevowZg~j¨
wba©vi‡YiwelqwUe¨vL¨vKivhvq|d‡j,GUv†hgbmy‡`iaviYv†_‡KAv‡mwb†ZgwbGUv
A‡_©i mgq Dc‡hvwMZvi (time preference) Rb¨I nqwb (hw`I A‡_©i mgq Dc‡hvwMZv Gi
m‡½m½wZc~Y©bqGesGi weiæ‡×Avgv‡`i weZK©KiviI†Kv‡bvKviY †bB)|
10
Avm‡j,
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9 KwZcqcwÐZGimv‡_†Kv‡bvwe‡klai‡biÒwbðqZvÓid‡jm„ógybvdviI ^Z¡evb(entitlement) nIqvi welqwU †hvM
K‡i‡Qb|AviIBM¨vivw›Un‡jvg~j-GiM¨vivw›U,†hgb:kvwiKvZAvjDRvqvnevkwiKvZAvjmvbvC-GZvKveŸy‡ji
†ÿ‡ÎgvbekªgN›Uv;†mAbyhvqxGai‡biM¨vivw›Ukªgevg~jA‡¼iw`‡KcÖevwnZnq|
10 Avgv‡`ihyw³n‡jv,my`MÖn‡Yi†hŠw³KZvcÖgv‡YiRb¨A‡_©imgqg~j¨†Kv‡bvweåvwšÍQvovev¯ÍewKQzbq|KviY,
Avgiv hLb UvKv nv‡Z ivwLZLbG‡Z †Kv‡bv e„w×N‡U bvGes ÔA‡_©imgqg~‡j¨iIÕAvwef©ve N‡U bv|A‡_©i
mgqg~‡j¨iwelqwUwbQKAv‡iKRb‡KFY†`qvimgq`vweKivig‡a¨wbwnZ|A_©hLbA‡b¨inv‡Z_v‡KZLb
Avgiv`vweKwi†hÔA‡_©imgqg~‡j¨iÕKvi‡YGKwUcÖe„w×N‡U‡Q|hw`IbM`A‡_©icÖwZgvby‡liAbyiw³Rxe‡biB
GKwUev¯ÍeZv|KviYGBAbyiw³Avgv‡`i‡Kmg‡qicÖwZwUgyn~‡Z©cQ‡›`iGKwUD”PZigvÎvcÖ`vbK‡i|GB
Abyiw³Avgv‡`i‡KcÖe„w×G‡b†`‡eBGgb†Kv‡bvwbðqZv†bB|AveviGBweKíe¨envicÖe„w×ie`‡j†jvKmv‡bi
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22| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
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e¨envi K‡i Ges cÖvqB e¨vs‡Ki FYmyweavi Ici wbf©i K‡i| we‡kl K‡i, Kgvwk©qvj †ccvi
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ai‡bi A_©vqb K‡i Zv GKvšÍfv‡eB Avw_©K ga¨¯’ZvwfwËK| G‡`i gybvdv AR©b‡K †hŠw³K
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w`‡qBcY¨g~j¨†ni‡dinIqviwelqwUcwi‡kvaImieivnmg‡qicv_©K¨Øviv†hŠw³Ke‡j
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K‡i P‡j) g~‡j¨i GB cÖ‡f` gvbyl †g‡b †bq| KviY, cwi‡kva I mieiv‡ni mgq Aek¨B
g~j¨‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i|
11
cwi‡k‡l, mivmwi evwYwR¨K F‡Yi Zzjbvq Bmjvgx Avw_©K ga¨¯’Zvi me‡P‡q cv_©K¨m~PK
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e¨emvi Rb¨ mnvqK cÖwZôvb hv †m¸‡jvi wewb‡qvM I †KbvKvUvq A_©vqb K‡i| Gi Av‡iKwU
gv‡bn‡jv,Bmjvgxe¨vsKhLbBwbR¯^D‡`¨v‡Mm¤ú`wKb‡QevgvwjKn‡”Q(Zv‡`iwbR¯^
e¨emv cwiPvjbvi GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvR‡b †Kbv cY¨ ev †mevi evB‡i) Zviv Bmjvgx A_©vqb ga¨¯’Zvi
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2.3 SzuwK cÖkg‡b kixÔAvnevÜe c×wZi D`vniY
Bmjvgxe¨vs‡KiSzuwKcÖkg‡biIci†jLveB‡q
12
LvbGesAvng`hyw³†`Lvb†hBmjvgx
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g‡Z,GBbZzbIAbb¨ ai‡biSzuwK n‡jv e¨vs¸‡jvkixÔAvn&i wb‡`©kbv †g‡b Pjvid‡j
m„óZvrÿwYKdjvdj|ZvivAv‡ive‡jb†h,GgbwKMZvbyMwZKevcÖPwjZSzuwKi†ÿ‡ÎI
Bmjvgxe¨vsK†hmeSzuwK†gvKv‡ejvK‡iZvcÖPwjZe¨vsK¸‡jviSzuwKicÖK…wZ†_‡Kwfbœ|
¯úóZGBhyw³iZvrch©n‡jvBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jviwewfbœai‡biÔSzuwKwPwýZKiYcÖwµqvÕ
11 Avw_©Kga¨¯’ZvevRv‡iiKvVv‡gv†hfv‡e`uvwo‡qAv‡QZv‡ZeZ©gvbBmjvgxe¨vswKsAbykxj‡bGUvwKQzUvA¯úó|
Avw_©Kga¨¯’Zvwk‡íiIcimy`wfwËKFY`vbGgbfv‡ecÖfvewe¯ÍviK‡iAv‡Q,g‡bnq†hbmy‡`i†jb‡`bBKvh©Z
GBwk‡íg~j¨wba©viK|d‡j,Bmjvgxe¨vs‡Kic_†e‡Q†bqvimy‡hvMLyeBmxwgZ|nqZv‡KevRv‡iGKvPj‡Z
n‡eA_eve¨emv†_‡K†ewi‡q†h‡Zn‡e!
12 AvBAviwUAvB cÖKvkbv 2003|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 23
Ges wewfbœ ai‡biSzuwKe¨e¯’vcbvc×wZI †KŠkj_vKvcÖ‡qvRb|Gicvkvcvwk, wewfbœ
ai‡biZË¡veavbI_vK‡Zn‡e|GiK‡qKeQiAv‡MjyKvGwi‡KvGeswgÎdvivneKk-Gi
iPbv‡ZIGKBai‡bihyw³†`Lv‡bvn‡q‡Q|
13
hw`IZvivmgvw߇Ze‡jb†h,m¤ú`web¨v‡mi
†ÿ‡Îb~¨bZgAvewk¨KcyuwR(minimum capital requirement) we‡ePbvq wb‡Z n‡e,
14
Zviv
hyw³ †`Lvb †h SzuwK mvgvj w`‡Z cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi Zzjbvq Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi †ewk
Ôb~¨bZg Avewk¨K cyuwRÕ cÖ‡qvRb| KviY, G¸‡jvi wcGjGm (profit and loss sharing)m¤ú`eÜKxwfwËK (collaterized) bq|
Bmjvgxe¨vsKe¨e¯’viIciGB`yB†jLvig~j†dvKvmwQjZË¡veavqKKZ©„c‡ÿi`„wó‡KvY
†_‡Kwelq¸‡jv‡Kwe‡kølYKivGesÔb~¨bZgAvewk¨KcyuwRÕ|BmjvgxA_©vq‡bicÖ‡qvRbxqZv
we‡ePbvqAvgivGBiPbv¸‡jvim‡½GKgZn‡jIGLv‡bD‡jøLKivn‡q‡QGgbwKQzSzuwKi
aibwfbœ,†hgb:AvBwbIgvgjvmsµvšÍSzuwK|KviY,Avgv‡`iAv`vjZ¸‡jviwewaweavb
GL‡bvBmjvgxA_©vq‡bim‡½cy‡ivcywim½wZc~Y©K‡icÖYxZnqwb|
15
Z‡e,BmjvgxA_©vqbcY¨¸‡jvwfbœai‡biSzuwKP¨v‡jÄm„wóK‡iGesGBSzuwKig~jjÿ¨e¯‘
_v‡Kwewb‡qvMKvixGesAvÛvi‡UKvi(†hGBwewb‡qvMMÖnYK‡i)|AvÛvi‡UKvi-GiSzuwK
g~jZ Bmy¨K…Z cY¨ †cuŠQv‡bv| G wel‡q ga¨cÖvP¨ Ges `wÿY-c~e© Gwkqv Ges cvwK¯Ív‡bi
AwfÁZvq†`Lvhvq,Gme†`‡kBmjvgxAvw_©Kc‡Y¨iPvwn`vGZUvB†ewk†hcÖwZwUBmy¨B
wewµi jÿ¨gvÎv‡K Qvwo‡q hvq Ges †µZv I wewb‡qvMKvix †m¸‡jv a‡i iv‡Lb gva¨wgK
evRv‡ib~¨bZgmy‡hvM_vKvch©šÍ|GBPvwn`viKviYg~jZagx©qAbyf~wZ|GLv‡bA_©‰bwZK
wnmve-wbKvk Kg KvR K‡i| A‡bK M‡elK g‡b K‡ib Bmjvgx A_©vqb evRv‡ii cwiwa
m¤úªmvwiZn‡jGBAbyf~wZAvi_vK‡ebv|ZLbAvÛvi‡UKvi‡`iA_©‰bwZKfv‡eSzuwKc~Y©
c‡_ G‡Mv‡Z n‡e| bZzb Bmjvgx A_©vqb c‡Y¨i myweav‡fvMx Ges Bmjvgx e¨vsKvi‡`i Rb¨
wewb‡qvMKvix‡`iSzuwKiwelqwUGKwUD‡Ø‡MiKviY|
myKzK-Gig‡ZvBmjvwgcvewjKBmy¨icÖeZ©KivGmeSzuwKcÖkg‡biDcvqLyuR‡Qb|Zvivg‡b
Ki‡Qb,agx©qDb¥v`bviKvi‡Ym„óPvwn`vGKmgq†kln‡qhv‡e|ZLbwewb‡qvMKvix‡`i
DØy×Ki‡ZcÖ‡qvRbn‡ebZzbwKQzi|ZvBGai‡biBmy¨GesAb¨vb¨ai‡bibZzbBmjvgx
A_©vqbc‡Y¨iSzuwKKwg‡qAvbviDcvqLyuR‡ZbZzbd‡Zvqvif~wgKvwUIAv‡jvPbvqG‡m
13 jyKvGwi‡KvGeswgÎdvivneKk,“Islamic Banking: issues in Prudential Regulation and Supervision,” AvBGgGd IqvwK©s
†ccvi bs- WP/98/30,1998|
14 cÖv¸³,c„.17|
15 Av‡iKwUwbe‡ÜAvwghyw³†`wL‡qwQ†hBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvim¤ú`cwiKvVv‡gvim‡½cÖPwjZe¨vsK¸‡jvi†Zgb
†Kv‡bvcv_©K¨†bB|ZvBZv‡`i†hgbcy‡ivAvjv`vai‡biSzuwKe¨e¯’vMÖn‡YicÖ‡qvRb†bB†ZgwbcÖ‡qvRb†bB
AwaKZiAvewk¨KcyuwRi|AwaKš‘,†h‡nZzZv‡`iAvgvb‡Zie„nËiAskgy`vivevwfwËKwewb‡qvMAvgvbZ,hvg~jZ
BKzBwUiAbycv‡ZSzuwKm„wóK‡i,ZvBcÖPwjZe¨vsK¸‡jviZzjbvqBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jv‡ZAvewk¨KcyuwRicwigvYKg
n‡Zcv‡i|†`Lyb:Basel II: Implications for Islamic Banking,2005mv‡ji22-24b‡f¤^iRvKvZ©vqlôB›Uvib¨vkbvj
Kbdv‡iÝ Ab BmjvwgK B‡KvbwgKm A¨vÛ e¨vswKs‡q Dc¯’vwcZ wbeÜ|
24| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
hvq|jÿ¨Yxqwelqn‡jvweMZK‡qKeQia‡i d‡Zvqvi MwZ †ek †Rviv‡jv| we‡kl K‡i
weMZkZvãxi†kl`yBeQiGesIBmed‡ZvqviwKQzwKQzLyeBweZwK©Z|
wKQzÔbZzbÕd‡ZvqvidjvdjAbyavebGeswievwbwl‡×imywbw`©ógvKvwm`-Gim‡½Zvm½wZc~Y©
wKbvZvg~j¨vq‡biRb¨AvgivcÖ_‡gBmjvgxA_©vqbSzuwKimxgvGescÖK…wZch©v‡jvPbv
Kie|GiciSzuwKcÖkg‡biRb¨A¯úóÔbZzbÕd‡ZvqviweKíwn‡m‡egvKvwm`evÜec×wZi
cÖ¯Íve Kie|
2.4 Bmjvgx A_©vqb Pzw³i SzuwKi aib
BmjvgxA_©vqbPzw³¸‡jviweeiYGesˆewkó¨bZzbK‡iZz‡jaivQvovB¯^Ztwm×ev¯ÍeZvi
wfwˇZ G¸‡jvi SzuwKi aib eY©bv Kiv hvq| Avgv‡`i ev¯Íe Rxe‡b NUgvb mewKQzB
kixÔAvn&qMÖnY‡hvM¨GesG‡Z†Kv‡bv†hvRbxqevAbygvbwfwËKwKQz†bB|Ab¨K_vq,GB
SzuwK¸‡jvicÖK…wZBZv‡`iSzuwKiaibwbY©qK‡i†`q|BmjvgxA_©vqbPzw³i†gŠwjKA_©vqb
Dcv`vb¸‡jvn‡”Q:
1. Av‡qi †hŠw³KZv cÖgv‡Yi Rb¨ Aek¨B Zv m¤ú`wfwËK n‡Z n‡e : m¤ú` †Kv‡bv
e¨e¯’vc‡Ki(D‡`¨v³v)Kv‡Qn¯ÍvšÍiKivn‡q‡QA_evBRviv†`qviRb¨ivLvn‡q‡Qev
cybivqwewµiRb¨ivLvn‡q‡Q|
2. A_©vq‡bim¤ú`wfwËZvimnRvZcÖK…wZiKvi‡Y(†hgbdjevDRydiv³)A_evev¯Íe
evRvikw³icÖfv‡e(†hgb,wRwbmI†mev)c‡Y¨ie„w×NUv‡e|
16
3. wewb‡qvMKvix(m¤ú`†RvMvb`vZv)AvqK‡ib†Kv‡bvcÖe„w×ÿgm¤ú‡`igvwjKnIqvi
Rb¨| wewµevBRvivA_©vq‡bG welqwU¯úón‡jIAskx`vix‡Z¡iG‡RwÝDcv`v‡bi
g‡a¨ GUv Dn¨ _v‡K (†Kbv c‡Y¨i A_© †RvMvb`vi Ae¨vnZ gvwjKvbv)|
4. kixÔAvn&m¤§Zwewb‡qvMGesA_©vqbPzw³iRb¨ˆbwZKIkixÔAvnwfwËKhvPvB|
Gmeˆewk‡ó¨iwbR¯^ai‡biSzuwKi‡q‡Q|Z‡e,†gŠwjKwelqwUn‡jv(BmjvgxA_©vqbcY¨
Acwinvh©fv‡eev¯ÍeevRv‡ii†jb‡`b,Z_v:m¤ú`,cY¨Ges/ev†meviwfwˇZn‡e)cY¨,
16 A‡_©iwelqwUKxn‡e,GUvwK†Kv‡bvAskx`vixA_©vq‡bcyuwRn‡Zcv‡i?meviZvrÿwYKReven‡eÔbvÕKviY,A_©
e„w׆c‡Zcv‡ibv|BmjvgxA_©vqbPzw³iIciK¬vwmK¨vjmvwn‡Z¨GBevwn¨Khyw³†g‡bwb‡qejvn‡q‡Q†hA_©
Ab¨vb¨ wRwbm,m¤ú`IDrcv`‡biDcv`v‡bim‡½wewbgqKivhvq|d‡j,ZvAskx`vixA_©vq‡bcyuwRwn‡m‡eI
e¨envi Kiv hvq| Z‡e, kZ© n‡jv †h GwU e¨env‡ii cÖ_g avc (cY¨, BZ¨vw` †Kbvi avc) n‡e G‡RwÝ Pzw³i wfwË|
Ab¨ K_vq, G‡RwÝ Pzw³i Kj¨v‡Y, hv me Askx`vix-wfwËK A_©vq‡b Dn¨ _v‡K, A_© †RvMvb`vZvi gvwjKvbv IB
m¤ú‡`cwiYZn‡ehv†Kv‡bvG‡R›U/Askx`viwK‡b†b‡e|d‡jA_©e„w×cvIqviGLwZqvifz³n‡jvGesZv†Kv‡bv
Askx`vix A_©vqb Pzw³‡Z cyuwR ev g~j wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hv‡e|
FYweg~Z©n‡jIGKwUev¯Íem¤ú`hv†Kv‡bvAskx`vixe¨e¯’vqcyuwRwn‡m‡ee¨enviKivhvqbv|KviY,GwUcÖe„w×i
GLwZqvifz³m¤ú‡`cwiYZKivhvqbv|kixÔAvn&mvwn‡Z¨G‡KA‡_©ig‡Zvwe‡ePbvKivnqwb|KviY,cY¨Ges
Drcv`‡biDcv`vb†KbviRb¨ZvrÿwYKfv‡eZvcvIqvhvqbv|FYmsMÖ‡niRb¨mgqIkÖ‡gicÖ‡qvRbnq|G‡Z
wdGes/evAb¨vb¨PvR©AšÍfz©³_v‡KweavqAvjv`vI¯úóG‡RwÝPzw³cÖ‡qvRbnq|wKš‘GKeviFYmsMÖnn‡q
†M‡jZvbM`evAb¨vb¨m¤ú‡`cwiYZnq|GiciAskx`vixwfwËKA_©vqbm¤úwK©ZPzw³m¤úv`bKivhvq|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 25
†mevGesDrcv`bkxjc‡Y¨igvwjKvbvjv‡fiRb¨AvgivmwZ¨KviSzuwK wb‡qKvRKwi|
ZvB,Avgv‡`imvg‡bmw¤§wjZfv‡eg~j¨SzuwKGesAciPzwbwUK÷SzuwK_v‡K|Avgiv†hmy`-
cÖfvweZevRv‡ievmKiwQ†mLv‡b wØZxqwU‡KmvaviYfv‡emy`-nviSzuwK wn‡m‡eAvL¨vwqZ
Kiv nq|
17
hLbB†KvbPzw³F‡Yim„wóK‡iZLbBFYSzuwKev †LjvwcnIqviSzuwKm„wó
nq Ges †h‡Kv‡bv AvšÍte¨w³Km¤ú‡K© ˆbwZKöjbSzuwK (moral hazard risk) m„wó n‡Zcv‡i|†h‡nZzg~j¨SzuwKBmjvgxA_©vq‡bAZ¨šÍ¸iæZ¡c~Y©,gyivevnvGesAvw_©KBRvive¨e¯’vi
Ôeva¨evaKZvc~Y© A½xKviÕ-Gi Kvi‡Y Zv eûjvs‡k K‡g †M‡jI Ab¨vb¨ ai‡bi A_©vq‡bi
(Askx`vix Ges m¤ú`wfwËK wewb‡qvM) †ÿ‡Î GUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© we‡ePbv wn‡m‡e †_‡K hvq|
ˆbwZKöjbSzuwKi†ÿ‡ÎGUv¯úóZaviwfwËKA_©vq‡bi†P‡qAskx`vixA_©vq‡bi†ejvq
A‡bK†ewk|Gigv‡bn‡jvmy`wfwËKc×wZ†_‡Km‡iwM‡qgykvivKvevgyivevnvAej¤^b
Kivn‡j†mLv‡bˆbwZKöjbSzuwKeû¸Y†e‡ohv‡e|Ab¨w`‡K,AciPzwbwUK÷-SzuwKI
FYSzuwKigvÎvGescÖK…wZ we‡ePbvq wb‡jBmjvgxGescÖPwjZA_©vq‡big‡a¨ †Zgbeo
†Kv‡bvcv_©K¨†`L‡Zcv‡ebv†KD|
3. SzuwK cÖkg‡b gvKvwm`-evÜe c×wZi D`vniY
wbe‡ÜiGBAs‡kK¬vwmK¨vjkixÔAvn&mvwn‡Z¨imnRvZwKQzSzuwKcÖkgbe¨e¯’vwb‡qAv‡jvPbv
Kivn‡e|Avgiv†`L‡evGmee¨e¯’viˆewPΨc~Y©cÖ‡qvMm¤¢vebvi‡q‡Q|hvigva¨‡gSzuwKKg
†`LvqGgbd‡ZvqviØvi¯’nIqvicÖ‡qvRbxqZvK‡ghv‡e|Gmed‡Zvqvgv‡Sg‡a¨Ggb
a~gªRvjm„wóK‡ihvid‡jKw_ZÔBmjvwgKcyuwRevRviÕ-Gig‡ZvwKQzcY¨m„wóimvnmˆZwi
nq|
we‡kl K‡i myKzK Ges Ki‡cv‡iU wewb‡qv‡Mi g‡Zv bZzb Bmjvgx A_©vqb c‡Y¨i †ÿ‡Î
wewb‡qvMKvix‡`iSzuwKKwg‡qAvb‡Z †ek wKQz e¨e¯’vAej¤^bKiv hvq| †hgb : †i‡fby¨
fvMvfvwM, †mev Ges DRydiv³-wfwËK A_©vqb, cyuwRexgv, eÜKx, Z…Zxq c‡ÿi M¨vivw›U,
wecixZ gyivevnv (reverse Murabahah)GesgyivevnvjvBb-Ae-†µwWU|
3.1 †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis Ges †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis myKzK
gy`viveve¨e¯’vqZnwejcÖwfkbivLviRb¨gyRvivnvc×wZcÖ‡qv‡MiIciwfwËKK‡i†i‡fby¨
†kqvwis aviYv cÖwZwôZ| gy`vivevq wbU jv‡fi GKwU Ask Znwej †hvMvb`vi (ive Avj gvj)-
GiRb¨ wbw`©ó|Ab¨ w`‡K,Avq †kqvwisA_©vq‡b †gvU †i‡fby¨Av‡qiGKwUAskm¤ú`
†RvMvb`vZviRb¨wbw`©óivLvnq,hvDrcv`bcÖwµqvqe¨enviKivnq|ZvB†i‡fby¨†kqvwis
A_©vqbn‡jv†KbviRb¨IqvKvjvev¯’veim¤ú`m„wóGesm¤ú`gvwjKIm¤ú`cwiPvj‡Ki
g‡a¨gyRvivnv-wfwËKAskx`vixZ¡ÑG`ye¨e¯’vimgš^q|
17 Bmjvgx A_©vqb my`-cÖfvweZ cÖPwjZ A_©vqb evRv‡ii AwZ ÿz`ª Ask wb‡q KvR K‡i| ZvB GB wek¦evRv‡i Bmjvgx
A_©vqbcY¨Iwe‡µZvivn‡jvg~j¨MÖnYKvix,g~j¨wba©viKbq|hLbB†Kv‡bvPzw³F‡Yim„wóK‡iZLbBFYSzuwKev
†LjvwcnIqviSzuwKm„wónqGes†h‡Kv‡bvAvšÍte¨w³Km¤ú‡K©ˆbwZKöjbSzuwK(moral hazard risk)m„wón‡Zcv‡i|
26| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
myKzKai‡bicÖ‡qv‡M,†KvbUªv÷(mw¤§wjZfv‡emewewb‡qvMKvixicÖwZwbwa)IqvKvjviwfwˇZ
GKwU Gmwcwf (Special Purpose Vehicle)†RvMvb†`q|GBGmwcwf(cwiPvjbvKvixim‡½m¤úvw`Z†Kv‡bvBmwZmbvPzw³igva¨‡g)nq‡Zv†Kv‡bvwegvbe›`i,†Uvj†ivWevKi‡cv‡iU
d¨v±wi wbg©vY K‡i Zv †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis‡qi wfwˇZ cwiPvj‡Ki (e¨e¯’vcbv) nv‡Z Zz‡j †`q|
Gi d‡j IB wegvbe›`iwUi gvwjK n‡e Uªv÷ Ges wewb‡qvMKvixiv wegvbe›`i †_‡K †gvU
†i‡fby¨ Av‡qi Ask cv‡e| Gfv‡e †i‡fby¨ †kqvwis aviYv AeKvVv‡gv wbg©vY Ges †Kv‡bv
Drcv`bkxjKi‡cv‡iUcÖK‡íA_©vq‡biKv‡RIcÖ‡qvMKiv†h‡Zcv‡i|
GB e¨e¯’v wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i GKwU BwZevPK gybvdvi (k~‡b¨i †P‡q †ewk) wbðqZv †`‡e|
KviY, me©‡gvU †i‡fby¨ memgq BwZevPK nq| cÿvšÍ‡i gy`vivev e¨e¯’vi Zzjbvq †i‡fby¨
†kqvwise¨e¯’vGgbwKcwiPvjK/e¨e¯’vcbv†jvKmvb¸b‡jIwewb‡qvMKvix‡`igybvdvw`‡q
_v‡K| gybvdvi e¨vcv‡i wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i D‡ØM Kgv‡Z gybvdvi wbðqZv w`‡q †h ÔbZzbÕ
d‡Zvqv †`qv n‡”Q Zv kixÔAvn& `„wó‡KvY †_‡K weåvwšÍKi n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb : FYwfwËK
†jb‡`b‡hvM¨ myKzK (debt-based tradable Sukuk) Bmy¨|
Ab¨w`‡K†i‡fby¨†kqvwise¨e¯’vwewb‡qvMKvix‡`iwewfbœiKggybvdviwecix‡Z†Kv‡bvmyiÿv
cÖ`vbK‡ibv|ZvBG‡KGL‡bvgy`vivevIgykvivKvig‡ZvAskx`vixwn‡m‡e†kªwYfz³Kiv
nq| gybvdvq †Zgb †ni‡di bv nIqvi wbðqZv †`‡e cÖK‡íi w¯’wZkxjZv Ges †m¸‡jvi
m¤¢eciZvhvPvB‡qikw³gËv|
Z‡e,gy`vivevIgykvivKvig‡Zv†i‡fby¨†kqvwise¨e¯’vIwb‡gœv³`ywUc×wZi†h‡Kv‡bvGKwU
A_evGKBm‡½`ywUAej¤^‡biga¨w`‡qcÖwZ¯’vcbKivhvq:
1. GgbkZ©hvcwiPvjK/e¨e¯’vcbviwbUgybvdvA_evwewb‡qvMKvix‡`iAv‡qiIci
GKwUmxgvAv‡ivcKi‡e|GBmxgviDØ„ËAb¨†Kvbcÿcv‡eA_evwfbœkZKiv
Abycv‡ZewÈZn‡e;Ges
2. weZiY‡hvM¨mg‡qwewb‡qvMKvix‡`igybvdvqmgZvm„wóGesg~j-GiM¨vivw›UiRb¨
wewb‡qvMKvix‡`igybvdvGes†Kv‡bvmswkøóZ…ZxqcÿA_evmxgviD؄ˆ_‡Kwb‡q
GKwUZnwejm„wó|
3.2 †mev Ges DRydiv³-wfwËK A_©vqb
Ae¨vnZgy`ªvùxwZGesµgea©gvbkªgg~‡j¨i(RxebhvÎvigv‡bvbœqb)A_©bxwZ‡Z†mevGes
DRydiv³-wfwËKA_©vqbGesmyKzKgybvdvGes/evcyuwRÿ‡qhvIqv †iv‡aGKwUPgrKvi
†KŠkj| Gi KviY n‡jv : gybvdv cwi‡kva Kiv nq e¯‘i (kind) wfwˇZ Z_v, †mev BDwbU
A_evDRydiv³BDwb‡UiwfwˇZ|GwUg~j¨ùxwZiAv‡iKwUkixÔAvn&m¤§ZcÖwZ‡ivaK,hvi
Rb¨Ggb†Kv‡bvm‡›`nhy³d‡ZvqviØvi¯’n‡Znqbvhv‡Z†Kv‡bvbv†Kv‡bvfv‡ec‡ivÿ
my` AšÍfz©³ i‡q‡Q|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 27
3.4 cyuwR exgv Ges RvgvbZ
RvgvbZ MÖn‡Yie¨vcv‡ikixÔAvn&AvBbmywew`Z|F‡Yi †ÿ‡ÎGicÖ‡qvMnq|Gigv‡b
n‡jv†h‡KvbFY-m„wóKvixA_©vqbevFY-cÖwZwbwaZ¡g~jKmyKzKRvgvbZmgw_©Zn‡Zcv‡i|
RvgvbZ†KejF‡Yig~‡ji wbðqZvB†`qbvZvfvov-F‡Yicvkvcvwk†mevIDRydiv³
†_‡Km„óGgbF‡Yie¨cv‡iIwbðqZvinvwZqviwn‡m‡eKvRK‡i|GKBfv‡e,hw`I†mevI
DRydiv³A_©vqbgy`ªvùxwZiweiæ‡×cÖwZ‡ivaKwn‡m‡eKvRK‡i,G¸‡jvRvgvbZ-mgw_©ZI
n‡Z cv‡i| hv g~jZ cyuwR I gybvdvi wbðqZv †`q| Gi KviY, g~jZ ÔgvbvwdÕ Pzw³i wfwˇZ
†mev I DRydiv³ A_©vqb Kiv nq|
3.5 Z…Zxq c‡ÿi M¨vivw›U : Avgvb‡Zi wbðqZv
GKwUcÿbvn‡qI†Kv‡bvA_©vqbPzw³‡ZAvMÖni‡q‡QGgb†Kv‡bvmËv/e¨w³IBPzw³‡Z
M¨vivw›U cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zv Z…Zxq c‡ÿi M¨vivw›U wn‡m‡e MY¨ nq| GB M¨vivw›Ui AvIZvq cyuwRi
cvkvcvwkgybvdviwbðqZvI_vK‡Zcv‡i|†hgb,†Kv‡bvmiKviZviwbR¯^m¤ú‡`iwfwˇZ
gy`vivevA_evgykvivKviwfwˇZ†Kv‡bv†KŠkjMZevbexbwk‡íZnwej†RvMvbw`‡”QGgb
†Kvb wewb‡qvMKvixi AbyK~‡j Z…Zxq cÿ n‡q M¨vivw›U w`‡Z cv‡i| Gi d‡j wewb‡qvMKvixi
cyuwRi wbðqZvi cvkvcvwk b~¨bZg gybvdviI wbðqZv _v‡K| Z‡e kZ© _v‡K †h M¨viv›Ui‡K
Aek¨B Avw_©K Ges AvBbMZfv‡e e¨e¯’vcbv Askx`vi (gy`vwie) †_‡K Avjv`v n‡Z n‡e|
KviY,gy`vivevIgykvivKvn‡jvÔAvgvbvnnv›`ÕPzw³|†hLv‡b†KejAe‡njv,Ace¨enviev
Pzw³ikZ©j•NbKi‡jBAwfhy³KivhvqwKš‘evwYwR¨KÿwZiRb¨Awfhy³Kivhvqbv|
ZvB,Avgv‡`i‡KmemgqPzw³ievB‡i_vKvAvMÖnxKvD‡KM¨iv›Uviwn‡m‡eevQvBKi‡Zn‡e,
whwb †Kv‡bv Gmwcwfi g‡Zv Z…Zxq cÿ wn‡m‡e wbðqZv †`‡e| †Kv‡bv e¨e¯’vcbv Askx`vi Gi
gvwjKn‡ebv|miKvihLbwW‡cvwRUwie¨vs‡Ki(gy`vwienIqv)Ici†Kv‡bvPvR©avh©QvovB
Gai‡biM¨vivw›U†`qZLbGBÔZ…Zxqc‡ÿiM¨vivw›UÕiaviYvBmjvgxe¨vs‡Kiwewb‡qvM
Znwe‡ji†ÿ‡ÎIcÖ‡qvMKiv†h‡Zcv‡i|my`v‡bGUvKivn‡q‡Q|gy`vivevAvgvbZKvix‡`i
AskMÖn‡YGKwU ÔwW‡cvwRW M¨vivw›U Ki‡cv‡ikbÕ m„wóKv‡j my`vb miKviGes †mLvbKvi
†K›`ªxq e¨vsK Z…Zxq cÿ wn‡m‡e M¨vivw›U †`q| wW‡cvwRUwi e¨vsKI Ggb †Kv‡bv we‡kl
Znwe‡jAskwb‡Zcv‡ihvcwiPvjbvMZSzuwKmvgvj†`‡e|
GQvov,†Kv‡bvwbw`©óe¨vs‡Kim„óGesweZi‡YiAv‡MÔAvieveAvjgvjÕ-GigybvdviAsk
†_‡KKZ©‡bigva¨‡gcwiPvwjZÔwewb‡qvMM¨vivw›UZnwejÕ-Gi†ÿ‡ÎIGKBbxwZcÖ‡qvM
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvgx e¨vsK Ae RW©vb-Gi cÖwfkbvj A¨v± (provisional act) cÖYq‡bi
ga¨w`‡qGBAbykxjbïiænq|Z‡e,ÔeQieQi¯^”Q‡›`wWwf‡WÛweZiYAe¨vnZivL‡ZÕ
LyeKgmsL¨KAb¨Bmjvgx e¨vsKBGBc×wZAbykxjbK‡i|myKzK-Gi †ÿ‡ÎIcÖwZwU
Bmy¨iRb¨Avjv`vfv‡emyKzKm„wóiRb¨A_ev†Kv‡bvAvšÍR©vwZKmyKzKM¨vivw›UKi‡cv‡ikb
m„wóiRb¨GKBai‡biZnwejMVbKivhvq|cÖ‡`qM¨vivw›Uigva¨‡gcyuwRImywbw`©ógybvdv
Kfvi Kiv hvq|
28| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
3.6 wifvm© gyivevnv Ges gyivevnv jvBb Ae †µwWU
wifvm© gyivevnv (reverse Murabahah) cÖ‡qv‡Mi welqwU LyeB mvaviY| Bmjvgx A_©vqb†RvMvbKvix‡`iA_© †RvMv‡biRb¨ wbR¯^m¤ú`GesF‡Yi wfwˇZevgy`vivevi wfwˇZ
msM„nxZAvgvb‡ZiIciwbf©iKi‡Znq|wifvm©gyivevnvigva¨‡gAwaKcwigv‡YZnwej
msMÖn Kiv hvq|GLv‡b Bmjvgx e¨vsK n‡jvµqv‡`k`vZv (purchase orderer)| e¨vs‡Ki
wbR¯^e¨envh©DcKiY†KbviRb¨ wifvm©gyivevnvcÖ‡qvMKivn‡jZv¯úóZGBc×wZi
gva¨‡g Ô¯^ícwigv‡Yi A_©vqbÕ‡K mxwgZ K‡i †`‡e| wKš‘ Avgiv hw` G‡K Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki
†ePv‡KbvqcÖ‡qvMKwi, hv e¨vs‡Ki wbR¯^ gyivevnvA_©vqb,Zvn‡jGBc×wZcÖwZôvbwUi
Kvh©µ‡gie„nrAs‡kA_©vq‡biDrmn‡Zcv‡i|
wifvm© gyivevnv n‡jv Ggb GK Pzw³ †hLv‡b †Kv‡bv Bmjvgx e¨vsK n‡e A_© e¨enviKvix,
†RvMvb`vZvbq|A_©†RvMvb`vZvn‡Zcv‡ieoA‡¼iA‡_©iAwaKvixGgb†KD,†hgb:
†Kv‡bv†K›`ªxqe¨vsK,Ab¨†Kv‡bvBmjvgxevcÖPwjZe¨vsKA_evwbw`©ó†Kv‡bvK‡c©v‡ikb/
mËv,hviGgb†Kv‡bv wbivc`Lv‡Z wewb‡qvMKivcÖ‡qvRb†hLv‡bcwiwgZgybvdvcvIqv
hv‡e| gyivevnv Pzw³I Bmjvgx e¨vsK‡K cÖvq wbivc` Ges cwiwgZ gybvdv G‡b †`q|
wifvm©gyivevnvikixÔAvn&MZwfwËgyivevnvi†P‡qwfbœwKQzbq|gyivevnvi†ÿ‡ÎwØZxqwewµi
†ejvq Bmjvgx e¨vsK hw` GKwU jvf (mark up gain) Kivi AbygwZ cvq, Zvn‡j Bmjvgx
e¨vsKwb‡RIGiKggyivevnvPzw³‡ZGKRb†µZvn‡Zcv‡i|GKgvΆhkZ©wUGai‡bi
†jb‡`b‡KZvIqviiæK†_‡KAvjv`vK‡iZvn‡jvev¯ÍweKZvevmwZ¨Kvi†jb‡`‡biˆewkó¨|
gyivevnvi†ÿ‡Î†hfv‡eev¯Íe†jb‡`bKivnqwVKGKBfv‡ewifvm©gyivevnvi†ÿ‡ÎIAek¨B
ev¯ÍweKˆewkó¨iÿvKi‡Zn‡e|
GLv‡be¯‘igvwjKvbvmieivnKvixinvZ†_‡Ke¨enviKvixi(wifvm©gyivevnvi†ÿ‡ÎBmjvgx
e¨vsK)nv‡Z¯’vbvšÍ‡iiB”Qv_vK‡Zn‡e|ev¯ÍweKZvikZ©c~iYn‡Zcv‡ihw`†mLv‡bcÖK…Z
†jb‡`‡bi NUbv N‡U| †hgb : MÖvnK‡`i cÖ‡qvRb c~i‡Y mwZ¨Kvi †KbvKvUvi Rb¨B e¨vsK‡K
GBZnwej†RvMvb†`qvn‡jv|†mLv‡b†Kbve¯‘Ges†mevmwZ¨KviA‡_©BnvZe`jnq|
cwi‡k‡l Gi gvwjKvbv jvf K‡i e¨vsK Ges Gici cÖK…Z A‡_© gyivevnv ev BRviv Pzw³‡Z
Bmjvgxe¨vs‡KiMÖvnK‡`iKv‡QZvwewµKivnq|
Ab¨ w`‡K,ZvIqviiæK-Gi †ÿ‡ÎcY¨ ev e¯‘ †KbvGes wewµKiv nqÑGLv‡bc×wZwU
A_©vq‡bi evnb (vehicle for financing) wn‡m‡eKvRK‡i|GUvP~ovšÍe¨enviKvixiKv‡QwM‡q†klnqbv,†hwKbvZviwkíev†fv‡MiRb¨Zve¨enviKi‡Q|GUvwecixZgyivevnvi
g‡Zv bq|
wb‡f©Rvjwifvm©gyivevnvm„wóimvaviYDcvqn‡jvGKwUwWgvÛwW‡cvwRUwnmveGesGKwU
wifvm©gyivevnv wW‡cvwRU wnmv‡eim‡½GKwUjvBb-Ae-†µwWUGesGKwUIqvKvjv Pzw³
mshy³KiY| †hLv‡b Bmjvgx e¨vsK Zvi MÖvnK‡K †RvMvb w`‡Z Pvq Ggb wbw`©ó gyivevnv
A_©vq‡bi Rb¨ IqvKvjvi Kj¨v‡Y wifvm© gyivevnvi wfwˇZ †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 29
MÖvn‡KiRb¨cY¨Ges†mevµqGesA_©vqbKvixiPjwZwnmve†_‡KZviwb‡Riwifvm©gyivevnv
wnmv‡eZnwej¯’vbvšÍ‡iiRb¨GBIqvKvjvAbymiYKivn‡e|GBPzw³‡ZAek¨BwewµZe¨e¯‘
ev †mevq KZUv jvf (mark up)Kivn‡”QZvD‡jøL_vK‡Zn‡e|
Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki P~ovšÍ Znwej †RvMvb`vZv wn‡m‡e †K›`ªxq e¨vs‡Ki m‡½ wifvm© gyivevnv
c×wZ‡Z †jb‡`bKiv hvq| eoAvKv‡iiKi‡cv‡ikb wW‡cvwR‡Uim‡½GesAvšÍte¨vsK
Uªvb‡RKkb-Kvg-wdb¨vwÝs‡qi weKí wn‡m‡eI Zv Kiv hvq| GL‡bv bvgKiY nqwb Ggb
wifvm©gyivevnvai‡biwKQzc×wZwewfbœgymwjg†`‡kiRvZxqDbœqbA_©vqbcÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K
A_©vq‡biRb¨K‡qK`kKa‡iAbymiYK‡iAvm‡QBmjvgxDbœqbe¨vsK-AvBwWwe|G‡K
ejvn‡”QÔG·‡UwÛsjvBbAe†µwWUÕ|
cwi‡k‡l †h welqwU jÿKivDwPZZvÑn‡jvgyivevnvig‡Zvwifvm©gyivevnvIFYm„wóK‡i
GesGid‡jmy‡`iIciwb‡lavÁviAvIZvqZv†Kbv‡ePvevwWmKvD›UKivhvqbv|Ab¨
K_vq wifvm©gyivevnviRb¨†Kv‡bvgva¨wgKevRvim„wóKivhv‡ebv|GUvn‡jv†Kv‡bve¨vsK
MÖvnK‡K gyivevnv Aby‡gv`‡bi Av‡MB wifvm©gyivevnve¨e¯’vwUm¤úbœKi‡Znq|
3.7 evwÛj/c¨v‡KR A_©vqb : msL¨vMwiôZv bxwZ cÖ‡qvM
evwÛj-Gi AwZ mnR GKwU aib n‡jv Kgb ÷K (common stock)|G¸‡jvev¯ÍeevA¯ú„k¨GKcyÄm¤ú‡`icÖwZwbwaZ¡K‡i|Gig‡a¨_vK‡Zcv‡ibM`GescvIbv(receivable)|
hw`GiMwiômsL¨Km¤ú‡`ig~j¨AwfwnZg~‡j¨i †P‡q wfbœ nqZvn‡j †m¸‡jvAwfwnZ
g~‡j¨i†P‡qwfbœ†Kv‡bvevRvig~‡j¨†Kbv‡ePvn‡Zcv‡i|wKš‘cy‡Äim¤ú`(group consists of assets) hw` nq nvIqvn ev mvd© m¤úwK©ZZvn‡j †h bxwZGLv‡b cÖhy³ n‡eZv n‡jvmsL¨vMwiôZvibxwZ|GKBfv‡e,kixÔAvn&iwb‡`©kn‡jv†h†Kv¤úvwbimsL¨vMwiôm¤ú`hw`
cvIbv I bM` nq Zvn‡j Kgb ÷K evRvig~‡j¨ †Kbv‡ePv Kiv hv‡e bv|
18
cY¨,†mev,cvIbvGesbM`A‡_©ievwÛjm„wóK‡iZvKgb÷Kwn‡m‡e†kqviAs‡kcwiYZ
Kiv (securitizing)wbwl×bq|Bmjvgxe¨vsKGesAb¨vb¨A_©vqbIcybtA_©vqbKvixcÖwZôvbZv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvgx BDwbU Bb‡f÷‡g›U dvÛ (AvBBDAvBGd)-G Pzw³ ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii
Rb¨AvBwWweMZ`yB`kKa‡iGBc×wZAbymiYKi‡QGesAvBBDAvBGd-Gwewb‡qvM
wWmKvDw›Us‡qiDcvqwn‡m‡eGBc×wZAej¤^bKivn‡”Q|
GBevwÛjˆZwiwelqwUA‡bKai‡biAvw_©KcY¨m„wóic_myMgK‡i‡Q|GmeAvw_©KcY¨
meai‡biAvw_©KcÖ‡qvR‡bmvovw`‡Zcv‡i|GesGiga¨w`‡qZvIqviiæK-GiÔAvewk¨K
cÖ‡qvRbxqZviÕhyw³ wfwËnxbn‡qc‡o|†Kvb we‡klai‡biÔe¨w³KA_©vq‡biÕ(personal financing) cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv Ggb †Kv‡bv Dcv‡q c~iY Kiv hvq †h¸‡jvi Ace¨envi n‡e bv|
my`wbwl‡×iweavbcwicvjbKi‡ZwM‡qZvIqviiæ‡Ki†ÿ‡ÎcÖvqBGgbwUN‡U|
18 hw`IGUvGKwUZvwË¡KNUbvA_evAšÍZA¯ú„k¨m¤ú`AšÍfz©³bvnIqvch©šÍev¯ÍeRxe‡bhvLyeBweij|KviY,
AwfwnZg~j¨Gesgv‡K©UK¨vwcUvjvB‡RkbGmeweg~Z©m¤ú‡`iIciAv‡ivc‡hvM¨|
30| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
3.8 weKí¸‡jvi gva¨‡g †nwRs
cwi‡k‡l, we`¨gvb Ae¯’vq †nwRs‡K †UªwWs weKí †_‡K Avjv`v Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
†Kv‡bvev¯Íem¤ú`hvimnRvZDc‡hvwMZv/Drcv`bkxjZviRb¨¯^Zš¿ Pvwn`vImieivn
_vK‡Zcv‡i,ZvigvwjKvbvjvfbvK‡iBg~j¨dUKvevwRiD‡Ï‡k¨µqweKí‡KKvíwbK
GesAvcrKv‡jimy‡hvMMÖnYwn‡m‡ehyw³†`Lv‡bv†h‡Zcv‡i|wKš‘g~j¨gv‡bm¤¢ve¨†ni‡di
Kwg‡q Avbv Ges Gici g~j¨ wb‡q m‡›`n `~ixf~Z Ki‡Z †Kbv ev †ePvi gva¨‡g we`¨gvb Ae¯’v
Kfvi Kiv hv‡eGgb†Kv‡bvweKí†LvuRvhvq|
ZvB, weK‡íi gva¨‡g ÔIqvb-I‡q †nwRsÕ DcKvix Ges Aby‡gv`b‡hvM¨ n‡Z cv‡i| Bmjvgx
A_©vqbD™¢ve‡biRb¨IGcš’vAej¤^bKiv†h‡Zcv‡i|
Dcmsnvi
gybvdv/†i‡fby¨ Drcv`‡bi Bmjvgx aviYvi mgmvgwqK e¨vL¨v¸‡jv we‡ePbvq wb‡q Avj-
†KviAv‡bi g~j eY©bv Ges mgmvgwqK †cÖÿvc‡U wiev wbwl‡×i †ÿ‡Î gvKvwm` wba©viY I
msÁvwqZKivwQjGBwbe‡ÜiD‡Ïk¨|Avgiv†`‡LwQ†hm¤ú`wfwËKnIqvikZ©wUBmjvgx
A_©vq‡biAvewk¨K kZ© n‡jIZv ch©vß bq| Bmjvgm¤§Z nIqviRb¨ †jb‡`b‡KAv‡iv
`ywUkZ©c~iYKi‡Zn‡e:AšÍwb©wnZm¤ú`Aek¨BGgbn‡Zn‡ehvgybvdv,cÖe„w×eve„w×
Drcv`‡bmÿgGes †jb‡`bn‡Zn‡ehviRb¨Kivn‡”QevhviD‡jøLKivn‡q‡Q wVK
†mfv‡e|GK‡ÎGBwZbwUkZ©c~iYK‡iA_©vqbPzw³¸‡jv‡KKvw•ÿZ/Awf‡cÖZj‡ÿ¨Pvjbv
KiviD‡Ïk¨n‡jv wiev †_‡K weiZ_vKv|DwjøwLZcÖwµqvicÖK…wZiKvi‡YZvkixÔAvn&i
AvnŸvbGesD‡Ïk¨AbyhvqxˆbwZKgvb`ÐØvivhvPvBn‡qhv‡e|
Abyev` : gvmyg wejøvn
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 31
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K
e¨vswKs I Avgv‡`i KiYxq
†gvnv¤§`Ave`yjgvbœvb
1
Bmjvgx e¨vsK BmjvgxA_©bxwZiGKwUcÖv‡qvwMK†ÿÎ|AviBmjvgxA_©bxwZijÿ¨n‡jv
Avw_©K†ÿ‡ÎgvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&ev¯Íevqb|e¨vswKs‡qkixÔAvn&iD‡Ïk¨ev¯ÍevqbBmjvgx
e¨vswKs‡qi g~j D‡Ïk¨|
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vswKs PP©vq my‡`i weKí wn‡m‡e Bmjvgx c×wZi AbymiY I
Abykxjb¸iæZ¡†c‡q‡Q|`ywbqviAb¨vb¨†`‡kiAe¯’vIe¨wZµgbq|GcÖm‡½2010mv‡j
AvRvievBRv‡bievKz‡ZBmjvgxDbœqbe¨vsK-GicuqwÎkZgevwl©Km‡¤§j‡bBmjvgxe¨vsK
I Avw_©K cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni AvšÍR©vwZK KvDw݇ji (CIBAFI) †Pqvig¨vb †kLmv‡jnKvwgje‡j‡Qb : MZ`kK¸‡jv‡Z e¨vsKvi, M‡elKIkixÔAvn& we‡klÁMYBmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi
c×wZMZ w`‡K †ewk †Rvi w`‡q‡Qb| †jb‡`‡b nvjvj c×wZ Abymi‡Y wKQzUv mdjZvI
G‡m‡Q|wKš‘Bmjvgxe¨vsKe¨e¯’viÔgvKvwm`ÕevD‡Ïk¨MZw`KwUh_v_©AMÖvwaKvicvqwb|
`wÿYI`wÿY-c~e©GwkqvicÖ_gBmjvgxe¨vsKKv‡qgnqevsjv‡`‡k;1983mv‡j|GB
e¨vs‡Ki cÖ_g kvLvi D‡Øvab Dcj‡ÿ msev`c‡Î cÖKvwkZ †µvoc‡Î cÖL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe`
W. Gg. Gb. û`v e‡jwQ‡jb : Bmjvgx e¨vswKs ÔZvwË¡K †ÿ‡ÎÕ Rqx n‡q‡Q| GLb G‡K
ÔcwiPvjbMZfv‡eÕ mdj n‡Z n‡e|
MZ wZb `k‡K evsjv‡`‡k Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Ôc×wZMZÕ mdjZv cÖgvY K‡i‡Q| GB
mvd‡j¨i c_ a‡i †`‡ki mvwe©K e¨vswKs Kviev‡ii GK-PZz_©vsk Ges †emiKvwi e¨vswKs‡qi
GK-Z…ZxqvskBmjvgxc×wZ‡ZcwiPvwjZn‡”Q| †`‡kBmjvgxe¨vswKs‡qicÖe„w×mv‡ewK
avivi e¨vswKs‡qi †P‡q †ewk|
GB cUf~wg‡Z GLb †`Lv `iKvi, gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K Gi ÔD‡Ïk¨MZ mvdj¨Õ
AR©‡bevsjv‡`‡kiBmjvgxe¨vswKsKZUvmdjn‡q‡Q|
eÿ¨gvb Av‡jvPbv gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K evsjv‡`‡ki Bmjvgx e¨vswKs Kvh©µg
g~j¨vq‡biGKwUcÖv_wgKImxwgZD‡`¨vM|GBg~j¨vq‡biïiæ‡ZgvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&wel‡q
ms‡ÿ‡c Av‡jvKcvZ cÖvmw½Kg‡bKwi|
1 †gvnv¤§` Ave`yj gvbœvb, e¨e¯’vcbv cwiPvjK I cÖavb wbe©vnx, Bmjvgx e¨vsK evsjv‡`k wjwg‡UW
32| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn& Kx
ÔgvKmv`Õ kãwU evsjvfvlvq mycwiwPZ| Gi eûePb ÔgvKvwm`Õ| kvwãKfv‡e ÔgvKvwm`Õ gv‡b
†Kv‡bvwKQziD‡Ïk¨,jÿ¨,B”Qv,†nZzevZvrch©|AvikixÔAvn&n‡jvmywbw`©ówKQzwek¦vm,KvR
IAbyôv‡bimvgwóKiƒc|kixÔAvn&ij¶¨ID‡Ïk¨BgvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&|
ev‡ivkZ‡KiBgvgMvhvjxig‡Z,g~jMZfv‡egvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&im¤úK©Kj¨v‡Yimv‡_|
hvwKQziØvivgvby‡liwek¦vm,Rxeb,eyw×e„wË,eskavivIm¤ú‡`imyiÿvnqZv-BKj¨vY|G
wbwi‡LKj¨vYKimewKQzimnvqZvKivGeshveZxqAKj¨vY`~iKivBgvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&|
2
†PŠÏkZ‡KiBgvgkvwZwee‡jb,eû†ÿ‡Îgvbyleva¨n‡qAvjøvnicÖvK…wZKwbqgIweav‡bi
AbymiYIAvbyMZ¨K‡i_v‡K|Rxe‡biAb¨me †ÿ‡ÎIZv‡KAvjøvniAv‡`k-wb‡l‡ai
AbyMvgx Kiv kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨|
3
wekkZ‡KiBebyAvï‡iig‡Z,BmjvgxkixÔAvn&iD‡Ïk¨n‡jvgvbeRvwZiKj¨vY|Avi
Kj¨vYmvwaZnqgvby‡liwe‡eK-eyw×imy¯’Zv,K‡g©ih_v_©ZvIRxe‡bvcKi‡YiDrKl©Øviv|
4
eZ©gvb kZ‡Ki wPšÍvbvqK BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&‡K Av‡iv mijfv‡e Dc¯’vcb
K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb : kixÔAvn&i jÿ¨ n‡jv Kj¨vY wbwðZ Kiv Ges AKj¨vY `~i Kiv|
5
GBg‡Zimg_©‡bcÖ‡dmiW.gynv¤§`mv`AvjAvBqyexe‡jb:gvby‡liKj¨v‡YiRb¨†hme
D‡Ïk¨,j¶¨,Zvrch©I†KŠk‡jiIci¸iæZ¡w`‡Zn‡eZv-BgvKvwm`|
6
gvKvwm` I gvmvwjn
gvKvwm` Av‡jvPbvq ÔgvmvwjnÕ cwifvlvwUI ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| Aviwe Ôgvm&jvnvÕ k‡ãi
A_© RbKj¨vY| eûePb ÔgvmvwjnÕ| hv wKQz RbKj¨v‡Yi cwicš’x †mmeÿwZKi Dcv`vb
Ôgvdvmv`vÕ| me Kv‡R RbKj¨vY ev ÔgvmjvnvÕ A‡š^lY Kiv I Ôgvdvmv`vÕ ev AKj¨vY `~i Kiv
gvby‡li `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨|
BgvgMvhvjxiwkÿKBgvgRyqvBbxig‡Z,gvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&Igvmvwjnci¯úim¤^Ühy³
I cwic~iK| Mvhvjx ÔgvmvwjnÕ k‡ãi mv‡_ ÔgyimvjvnÕ we‡klY hy³ K‡ib| wZwb Ôgvmvwjn
Avj gyimvjvnÕ ev ÔAevwiZ RbKj¨vYÕ-Gi aviYv †ck K‡ib| Mvh&hvjx e‡jb, wek¦vm, Rxeb,
eyw×e„wË,eskavivIm¤ú`myiÿvimeKvRBgvmvwjnevRbKj¨vY|
2 Avey nvwg` Avj-Mvh&hvjx, Avj-gykZvkdv wgb Bjg Avj-Dm~j, Kvq‡iv : Avj-gvKZvevn Avj-wZhvwiq¨vn, 1973,
L.1,c„.139-140|
3 Beªvnxg Be‡b gymv Avk-kvwZwe, Avj-gyIÔAvdvKvZ,Kvq‡iv,`viæjnvw`m,2006,c„.379|
4 gynv¤§`AvZ-ZvwniBe‡bAvïi, wUªwUR Ab gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&, IqvwksUb, w` B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae
BmjvwgK_U,2006,c„.91|
5 BDmyd Avj Kvivhvfx, wdKûh-hvKvZ,ˆeiæZ:gyqvmmvmvZziwimvjvn,2000,L.1,c„.31|
6 W. Avng` ivBm~bx, bvhwiqvZzj gvKvwm` Bb`vj Bgvg Avk-kvwZwe,wiqv`:`viæjAvjøvwgq¨vn&,1990,c„.19|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 33
†Z‡ivkZ‡KiBgvgAvjKvivwdgvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&Igvmvwjn‡Kci¯úim¤úK©hy³g‡b
K‡ib|Zvig‡Z,GB`yÕwU welqwKQz†ÿ‡ÎAwfbœevmgv_©K|wZwbe‡jb,gvby‡limKj
D‡Ïk¨ n‡Z n‡e Kj¨vY cÖwZôv I AKj¨vY `~i Kivi Rb¨| G `y‡qi †Kv‡bv GKwU kZ© c~iY bv
n‡jD‡Ïk¨wUkixÔAvn&m¤§Zn‡ebv|Kj¨vYKivIAKj¨vY`~iKiviDfqD‡Ïk¨hw`GK
mv‡_m¤úbœbvnq,†m‡ÿ‡ÎAšÍZ†h‡Kv‡bvGKwUAR©‡biD‡Ïk¨_vK‡Zn‡e|Ab¨_vqZv
kixÔAvn&m¤§Zn‡ebv|
gvKvwm` Z‡Ë¡i D™¢e I weKvk
Avj-KziAv‡bi bvbv ¯’v‡b bvbvfv‡e gvKvwm‡` D‡jøL i‡q‡Q| Bgvg kvwZwe Zvi Avj-
gyIÔAvdvKvZ wd Dm~wjk kvixqvn bvgK MÖ‡š’i m~Pbv‡Z gvKvwm` Aa¨v‡q G wel‡q Av‡jvKcvZ
K‡i‡Qb|
AvjøvnZvqvjv`ywbqvqivm~jcvwV‡q‡Qb|ZviD‡Ïk¨m¤ú‡K©Avj-KziAv‡bejvn‡q‡Q,ÔAvwg
Kj¨v‡Yimymsev`†NvlYvKvixGesmZK©Kvixiƒ‡civm~jcvwV‡qwQ,†hbZv‡`iAvMg‡bici
Avjøvnimvg‡bgvby‡li†Kv‡bvARynvZ†Zvjvimy‡hvMbv_v‡K|Õ
7
GKBfv‡e†klbexm¤ú‡K©
ejvn‡q‡Q,ÔAvwgAvcbv‡KcvwV‡qwQwek¦evmxiRb¨KiæYviAvaviiƒ‡c|Õ
8
gvbylIwRbm„wóiD‡Ïk¨m¤ú‡K©ejvn‡q‡Q,ÔAvwgwRbIgvbylm„wóK‡iwQGBD‡Ï‡k¨
†h, Zviv AvgviB Bev`vZ Ki‡e|Õ
9
RxebIg„Zz¨iD‡Ïk¨m¤ú‡K©KziAv‡bejvn‡q‡Q,ÔwZwb
(Avjøvn)g„Zz¨IRxebm„wóK‡i‡Qb†Zvgv‡`ig‡a¨`vwqZ¡cvj‡b†KDËgZvcixÿvKivi
Rb¨|Õ
10
kixqviweavbmg~‡niD‡Ïk¨Kx?Gm¤ú‡K©KziAvbej‡Q,ÔAvjøvn†Zvgv‡`i‡KK‡ó†dj‡Z
Pvbbv|wZwb†Zvgv‡`icweÎKi‡ZPvbAvi†Zvgv‡`iIciZvi†bqvgZc~Y©Ki‡ZPvb,
hv‡Z†ZvgivK…ZÁnI|Õ
11
bvgv‡RiD‡Ïk¨ejvn‡q‡Q,ÔwbðqbvgvRAkøxjZvIg›`KvR
†_‡K weiZiv‡L|Õ
12
†ivhviD‡Ïk¨ejvn‡q‡Q, Ô†Zvgv‡`iIci†ivhvdiRKivn‡q‡Q,
†hgbdiRKivn‡qwQj†Zvgv‡`ic~e©eZ©x‡`iIci,hv‡Z†ZvgivZvKIqvi¸YAR©bKi‡Z
cv‡iv|Õ
13
†Zgwb wKmv‡mikvw¯Í weavbm¤ú‡K©ejvn‡q‡Q, Ô†Zvgv‡`iRb¨ wKmv‡mi‡q‡Q
Rxeb|Õ
14
7 Avj KziAvb, 4 : 165
8 AvjKziAvb,21:107
9 Avj KziAvb, 51 : 56
10 Avj KziAvb, 67 : 2
11 Avj KziAvb, 05 : 06
12 Avj KziAvb, 29 : 45
13 AvjKziAvb,2:183
14 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 179
34| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
ivm~jmv.GesZvimvnvweIZv‡ewqM‡YiKvh©µ‡ggvKvwm‡`kixqviwelqwU iæZ¡†c‡q‡Q|
cÖv_wgKhy‡MiAvwjgMYgvKvwm‡`kixqviwewfbœwelqwb‡qAv‡jvPbvK‡i‡Qb|wnKgZev
cÖÁv,BjøZevKvh©KviY,gvmvwjnevKj¨vY,gvdvwm`evAKj¨vYwel‡qZLbKviwewfbœ
MÖ‡š’wKqvm,BmwZnmvb,gvmjvnvBZ¨vw`cwifvlvqe¨enviKivn‡q‡Q|
Bmjvgx kixqvi wewaweav‡bi D‡Ïk¨ eySv‡Z ÔgvKvwm`Õ kãwU cÖ_g e¨envi K‡ib Zv‡ewq
hy‡Mi wPšÍvwe` Avj-nvwKgAvZ-wZiwgwh (IdvZ 296 wn./908 wLª.)| `kg kZ‡KiAvey
Rv‡q`Avj-evjwL(IdvZ-933wLª.)gyqvgvjvn&evAvPiYwel‡qkixqviD‡Ïk¨(Maqasid of Dealings)Av‡jvPbvK‡ib|ZvimgmvgwqKBe‡bevevDq¨vn&Avj-Kzw¤§(IdvZ-991wLª.)kiwq weav‡bi †nZyev` ev gvKvwm` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| GKB mg‡q Avj-Avwgwi Avj-
dvBjvmyd(IdvZ-991wLª.)kiwqweav‡biD‡Ï‡k¨i¯Íiweb¨v‡miD‡`¨vM†bb|
gvKvwm`welqK Av‡jvPbv KvVv‡gvMZfv‡e `kg kZK ch©šÍ wQj cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q| cieZ©x
wZb‡kveQ‡iwelqwUKvVv‡gvMZiƒccvq|†PŠÏkZKbvMv`Gwel‡qc~Y©v½DmyjevbxwZkv¯¿
ˆZwinq|GBgyχZ†ekK-RbgbxlxgvKvwm‡`iZvwË¡KwfwËIKvVv‡gv wbg©v‡YAe`vb
iv‡Lb:
GKv`k kZ‡Ki gbxlx RynvBbxi(IdvZ-1085wLª.,478wn.)gvKvwm‡`iAv‡jv‡Kgvby‡li
Pvwn`v cuvP ¯Í‡i fvM K‡ib| †m¸‡jv n‡jv : 1. Acwinvh© cÖ‡qvRb, 2. mvaviY cÖ‡qvRb, 3.
ˆbwZKAvPiY,4.mvaviYAby‡gv`bGes5.GgbcÖ‡qvRbhv wbw`©ófv‡eweb¨vmKivhvq
bv|Zvig‡Z,gvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&n‡jvCgvb,Rxeb,eyw×e„wË,eskavivIm¤ú‡`iwbivcËv
wbwðZ Kiv|
RynvBbxi GB ÔcÖ‡qvRbxqZv ¯Íi ZË¡Õ (Theory of levels of necessities)-Gi Av‡jv‡K Zvi
QvÎBgvgMvh&hvjx(IdvZ-1111wLª.,505wn.)kixÔAvn&iD‡Ïk¨‡KcuvP ͇iweb¨¯ÍK‡ib|
Mvh&hvjxZvi¯Íiweb¨v‡mwek¦vm,Rxeb,we‡eK,eskavivIm¤ú`myiÿviK_ve‡jb|
†Z‡iv kZ‡Ki wPšÍvwe` Be‡bAve`ymmvjvg(IdvZ-1209wLª.,660wn.)gvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&i
ZvwË¡K we‡køl‡YbZzbgvÎv †hvMK‡ib|ZvimgmvgwqKgbxlx wknveDÏxbAvj-Kvivwd
(IdvZ-1285wLª.,684wn.)ivm~jyjøvnmv.-Gimybœvn‡KD‡Ïk¨Ij‡¶¨iAv‡jv‡K†kÖwYe×
Kivi K_v e‡jb|
†PŠÏ kZ‡K kvgmyÏxb Bebyj KvBqyg (IdvZ1337wLª,748wn.)Avw_©KKviev‡ib¨vqm½Z
g~j¨, hyw³m¤§Z ÿwZc~iY, Dchy³ gRywi I m½Z gybvdv wel‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| wZwb
GK‡PwUqvKvieviev`ye©jevRvie¨e¯’vcbvi†gvKvwejvqcÖ‡qvRbxq†KŠkjAej¤^bGes
evRvi`i wbqš¿‡Y Z`viKKvix cÖwZôvb ÔwnmevnÕ cÖPj‡bi cÖ¯Íve K‡ib| Zvi g‡Z, kixÔAvn&i
D‡Ïk¨n‡jvgvby‡liÁvbMZDrKl©mvab|mvwe©Kb¨vqwePvi,`qv,mg„w×IÁv‡big‡a¨B
Kj¨vYwbwnZ|†Kv‡bvmgv‡Rb¨vqwePv‡iicwie‡Z©Ryjyg,`qvicwie‡Z©K‡VviZv,Kj¨v‡Yi
cwie‡Z©Kvc©Y¨AviÁv‡bi¯’‡jg~L©ZvcÖejn‡jkixÔAvn&iD‡Ïk¨e¨vnZnq|†mBAv‡jv‡K
Avw_©K†ÿ‡ÎmywePvi(Av`j)GesRb¯^v_©(gvmjvnvAvjAv¤§vn)myiÿvKi‡Zn‡e|mywePvi
IRb¯^v_©we‡ivaxmewKQz†_‡Kgvbyl‡Kgy³Ki‡Zn‡e|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 35
†PŠÏ kZ‡Ki Aci wPšÍvbvqK Avey BmnvK Avj-kvwZwe (IdvZ-1388 wLª, 790 wn.)
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i e¨vL¨vq RynvBwb I Mvh&hvjxi ¯Íi web¨vm mg_©b K‡ib| Z‡e wZwb
gvKvwm` nvwm‡ji c×wZ I Kg©‡KŠkj wb‡q Av‡iv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| kvwZwe
c~‡e©v³ cuvPwU cÖ‡qvRb‡K wZb ¯Í‡i cybwe©b¨vm K‡ib| †m¸‡jv n‡jvÑ 1. RiæwiqvZ,
2. nvwRqvZ I 3. ZvnmvwbqvZ|
cieZ©xhy‡MBR‡Znv‡`iaviv`ye©jn‡qc‡o|AvVv‡ivkZ‡Ki†klbvMv`G†ÿ‡ÎKvh©Z
eܨvZ¡ †b‡g Av‡m| Gici wek kZ‡K KÕRb gbxlx G wel‡q KvR K‡ib| Zv‡`i g‡a¨
†gvnv¤§`AvjZvwniBe‡bAvïi(IdvZ1907wLª.),iwk`wi`v(IdvZ1935wLª.),gynv¤§`
Avj Mvh&hvwj (IdvZ 1996 wLª.), W. BDmydAvjKvihvwf (Rb¥ 1926 wLª.), Z¡vnv Avj
AvIqvwb(Rb¥1926wLª.),ZvnvAvj-AvjIqvwb(Rb¥1935wLª.)we‡kl¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
kvwZwei Ôgvmjvnv wcivwgWÕ
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Av‡jv‡K gvby‡li Pvwn`v ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv g~j¨vq‡b kvwZwei ¯Íiweb¨vm
ÔgvmjvnvwcivwgWÕbv‡gAwaKcwiwPZn‡q‡Q|AvaywbKwPšÍvwe`MYGBKvVv‡gvwU‡Kwe‡kl
¸iæZ¡w`‡”Qb|Bmjvgxe¨vs‡KibxwZcÖYqbIwm×všÍMÖn‡YPvwn`viGBAMÖvwaKvi¯ÍiwfwËK
we‡ePbvwe‡kl¸iæZ¡jvfK‡i‡Q|
K) RiæwiqvZ : kvwZweig‡ZvRiæwiqvZn‡jv†mmeAwZAvek¨KxqwelqhvQvovgvbeKj¨v‡Yi
MwZavive¨vnZnq|RiæwiqvZc~iYbvn‡jRxe‡bwech©q†`Lv†`q|A_©vrRiæwiqvZGgb
welq hv gvby‡li wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
Riæwiqv‡Zi cuvP fvM
Bgvg kvwZwe RiæwiqvZ ev Acwinvh© Pvwn`v‡K cuvP fvM K‡i Zvi cÖwZwUi †ndvRZ Kiv
AZ¨vek¨KxqKZ©e¨we‡ePbvK‡ib|†m¸‡jvn‡jvÑ1.wndRy`Øxbevwek¦v‡mimsiÿY;2.
wndRybbdmevRxe‡bimsiÿY;3.wndRybbmjeveskavivimsiÿY;4.wndRyjgvjev
m¤ú‡`imsiÿYGes5.wndRyjAvKjeveyw×e„wËimsiÿY|
wZwbe‡jb,mebvMwi‡KiRb¨AZ¨vek¨KxqGBcuvPwU Pvwn`v wbwðZKiviv‡óªim‡e©v”P
AMÖvwaKvig~jK`vwqZ¡|ivóªGB`vwqZ¡cvjbKi‡e|G‡ZBkvwšÍ,mdjZvIKj¨vYGes
AvwLiv‡Zigyw³wbwnZ|
1. wndRyb bdm& ev Rxeb msiÿY : Bmjv‡gi`„wó‡Zbdm& evRxebAvjøvnicÿ †_‡K
AZxe g~j¨evb AvgvbZ| Gi msiÿY, my¯’Zv weavb Ges Rxe‡bi AwaKvi h_vh_fv‡e
Av`vq Kiv me gvby‡li KZ©e¨| Rxe‡bi myiÿv I weKvk mvab Ki‡Z n‡e Ges me ai‡bi
ÿwZIwech©q†_‡KRxe‡biwbivcËvwbwðZKi‡Zn‡e|GRb¨Ab¨vqn¯Í‡ÿc,A‰ea
nZ¨vKvÐ,AvZ¥nZ¨v,Mf©cvZBZ¨vw`wbwl×Kivn‡q‡Q|
2. wndRy` Øxb ev Øxb msiÿY : Øx‡bi AbymiY Qvov gvbweK cÖkvwšÍ, mvgvwRK k„•Ljv
Img„w×m¤¢ebq|ØxbweewR©ZmgvRgvbweKZvI ˆbwZKZvnvwi‡qfvimvg¨nxbn‡q
36| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
c‡o|Øxb msiÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g gvby‡li Rxeb‡K mnR Kiv Ges mij c‡_ cwiPvwjZ Kivi
gva¨‡gBnKvjxbkvwšÍIciKvjxbgyw³wbwðZKivkixÔAvn&iD‡Ïk¨evgvKvwm`|Øxb
cwicvjbGesG†ÿ‡ÎhveZxqmxgvj•Nb,Ab¨vqIRyjyg†_‡K`xwbRxe‡bimyiÿv
kixÔAvn&i D‡Ïk¨|
3. wndRyj AvKj ev eyw×-we‡eK msiÿY : Avjøvngvbyl‡Keyw×-we‡eKIB”Qvkw³ w`‡q
Ab¨mecÖvYxiIci†kÖôZ¡w`‡q‡Qb|gvbyl‡Kwe‡eKeyw×AbyhvqxdqmvjvKivimvg_©¨
†`qvn‡q‡Q|†mBmv‡_Zv‡KKj¨vYe„w×IAKj¨vY`~iK‡igvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&ijÿ¨
AR©‡bi`vwqZ¡†`qvn‡q‡Q|AvKjevwe‡eK-eyw×igva¨‡ggvbylKj¨vYjvfIAKj¨vY
`~iKiviRb¨KvRKi‡e|hyw³c~Y©wPšÍvGesmZ¨DcjwäQvovmvdj¨jvfm¤¢ebq|
4. wndRyb bmj ev eskaviv msi¶Y :gvbylAvjøvniLwjdvwn‡m‡eG`ywbqvAvev`Ki‡e|
gvby‡lieskaviviÿviRb¨Avjøvn&ZvqvjvbvixIcyiælm„wóK‡i‡QbGesmy¯’IcweÎ
Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ ˆeevwnK m¤úK©wfwËK cvwievwiK e¨e¯’v w`‡q‡Qb Ges mvgvwRK
wek„•Ljvgy³mymf¨D¤§vnMV‡bimy‡hvM w`‡q‡Qb|gvbyl‡KGBeskavivmsiÿ‡Yme
e¨e¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. wndRyj gvj ev m¤ú‡`i msi¶Y : wndRyj gvj ev m¤ú` msiÿ‡Yi Rb¨ b¨vqbxwZ,
wbivcËvImš‘wóiwfwˇZm¤ú`AR©bI†jb‡`‡biwbivcËvwbwðZKi‡Zn‡eGes
Pzwi,WvKvwZ,mš¿vmIivnvRvwbmnmxgvj•Nbg~jKKvR†_‡Km¤ú`iÿviwbðqZvweavb
Ki‡Z n‡e| Bmjv‡gm¤ú`‡KRxebavi‡YiRb¨AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡ePbvK‡iGi
msiÿ‡YiIci iæZ¡†`qvn‡q‡Q|BgvgkvwZwem¤ú`msiÿY‡Kiv‡óªi iæZ¡c~Y©KZ©e¨
e‡j‡Qb|`vwi`ª`~iKivGesabxim¤ú‡`ewÂZIAfvexiAwaKviwbwðZKivIm¤ú`
msiÿ‡Yi ch©vqfz³|
L) nvwRqvZ :nvwRqvZn‡jvcwic~iKKj¨vY|gvbeRxe‡bK‡VviZvevmgm¨vIAmyweav
`~i K‡i ¯^”Q›` Avbvi DcKiY¸‡jv nvwRqv‡Zi ch©vqfz³|d‡j ˆ`bw›`b RxebhvÎvi
cÖ‡qvRb¸‡jvi eoAskB nvwRqvZg~jK| iv¯ÍvNvU, hvbevnb, †Ljvi gvV, cvK© cÖf…wZ
gvby‡liRxebhvÎv‡KmnRIAvivg`vqKK‡i|G¸‡jvgvbyl‡KKóI¶wZ†_‡Ki¶v
K‡i|Gm‡eiAfv‡eRbRxebAPjnqbv|Z‡eGiAfv‡e¯^”Q›`e¨vnZnq|Rxeb‡K
mnRmy›`iAvivg`vqKKi‡ZnvwRqv‡Zi†RvMvbImsiÿYgvKvwm`kixÔAvn&iwØZxq
AMÖvwaKvi|
M) ZvnwmwbqvZ : ZvnwmwbqvZ gv‡b my›`i I DËg| Acwinvh© I cwic~iK Kj¨vY AR©‡bi ci
Rxeb‡KAv‡ivmy›`i,cwicvwUIAwaKZi†mŠ›`h©gwÐZKi‡ZhvwKQz`iKvi,†m¸‡jv
Zvnmvwbqv‡Zi ch©vqfz³| ZvnmvwbqvZ gvby‡li ixwZbxwZ I AvPvi-AvPi‡Y cwiï×Zv
I cwic~Y©ZvAvb‡ZmnvqK|ZvnmvwbqvZe¨vwßkxj|Zvnmvwbqv‡Zim¤úK©µgea©gvb
Kj¨v‡Yi mv‡_|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 37
kvwZwe I gvm‡jvi Pvwn`v †mvcv‡bi Zzjbv
kvwZweiPvwn`vZË¡Av‡jvPbvcÖm‡½gvm‡jviwe‡ePbvwUg~j¨vqbKiv†h‡Zcv‡i|wekkZ‡Ki
weL¨vZgvbeZvev`xgb¯ÍË¡we`Aveªvnvgn¨viìgvm‡jvi(1908-1970wLª.)ÔPvwn`v†mvcvb
ZË¡Õ (Need Hierarchy)AvaywbKe¨e¯’vcbvqL¨vwZ†c‡q‡Q|
gvm‡jvi g‡Z, gvby‡li cuvPwU Pvwn`v mywbw`©ó Ges AvbyµwgK| h_vÑ 1. ˆRweK Pvwn`v
(Physiological Needs);2.wbivcËvg~jKPvwn`v(Safety & Security Needs);3.mvgvwRKPvwn`v (Social Needs);4.gh©v`vMZPvwn`v(Self esteem needs) Ges e¨w³ cwic~Y©Zv Pvwn`v
(Self Actualization Needs)|GmePvwn`v wbP†_‡Kµgkwcivwg‡Wig‡ZvcieZ©xav‡cIc‡ii w`‡K hvq| gvm‡jvi Pvwn`vZË¡ welqwfwËK (Subjective)|ZviGBg‡W‡j†`Lv‡bvPvwn`vmg~‡ni c~iY GKvšÍfv‡e e¨w³i wbR mvg‡_©¨i Ici wbf©ikxj|
gvm‡jvi Pvwn`v †mvcvb Z‡Ë¡i wecix‡Z Bgvg kvwZwei Pvwn`v Íi web¨vm ev Ôgvmjvnv wcivwgWÕ
Kj¨vY‡Kw›`ªK I D‡Ïk¨wfwËK (Objective Oriented)| d‡j kvwZwei Pvwn`v †mvcvb e¨w³i
Ômvg_©¨Õbq,eismve©RbxbÔcÖ‡qvRbÕ-GiµgAMÖvwaKv‡iiwfwˇZweb¨¯Í|kvwZweig‡Z,
gvby‡limeRiæwicÖ‡qvRbevPvwn`vAMÖvwaKviwfwˇZc~iYKi‡Zn‡e|G†ÿ‡Îmvg_©¨hvi
hZKg,ZvicÖwZivóª,mgvRIKj¨vYeªZxcÖwZôvbZZ†ewk`iw`n‡q`vwqZ¡cvjbKi‡e|
GB`„wófw½Ôgvm‡jvg‡W‡jÕAbycw¯’Z|
gvm‡jviPvwn`v†mvcvbZ‡Ë¡†`Lv‡bvn‡q‡Q,gvby‡liPvwn`viGK Íic~iYnIqvgvÎB†mAb¨
¯Í‡ii Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi ZvwM` Abyfe K‡i| GB gb¯ÍË¡ Kv‡R jvwM‡q Zvi †mB Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi
†cÖiYv w`‡q e¨e¯’vcKMY Kg©x‡`i‡K w`‡q KvR Kwi‡q †b‡eb, hv e¨e¯’vcbvi GKUv gb¯ÍvwË¡K
†KŠkj| gvm‡jv e¨w³i Kj¨vY wb‡q K_v e‡jbwb| gvm‡jv Kv‡R jvMv‡bvi w`‡K bRi w`‡q
ZviPvwn`vi†mvcvbAv‡jvPbvK‡i‡Qb|wKfv‡eGBPvwn`vc~iYn‡eZvGLv‡b iæZ¡cvqwb|
Ab¨w`‡K,kvwZweigvmjvnvwcivwgWPvwn`vevcÖ‡qvRbc~i‡Yiwe¯Í…Z†ÿÎm„wóK‡i‡Q|GwU
cÖv‡qvwMK I gvbweK|
38| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
gvKvwm‡` kixqvi Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Bmjvgxe¨vswKsGKwUAvaywbKKvh©µg|cÖv_wgKhy‡MGai‡bie¨vswKs‡qicÖPjbwQjbv,
Z‡eZLbKvihy‡MiDc‡hvMx†jb‡`bIA_©vqbwQj|e¨vswKsIA_©vq‡bi†ÿ‡ÎgvKvwm‡`
kixqvg~jZwndRAvj-gvj-GiAšÍf©y³welq|cvwifvwlKA‡_©wndRAvj-gvjevm¤ú`
msiÿYej‡ZeySvqPzwi,WvKvwZIAb¨vb¨mxgvj•Nbg~jKKvR†_‡Km¤ú‡`imyiÿvI
ZË¡veavb wbwðZKivGesb¨vqbxwZImš‘wói wfwˇZm¤ú`AR©bI †jb‡`bcwiPvjbv
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6. mvgwóKmvgvwRK vq`vwqZ¡cvj‡bigva¨‡gmgv‡Rifvimvg¨c~Y©Dbœq‡bmn‡hvwMZvKiv|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 39
7. RbM‡Yi†QvU-eomeai‡bicyuwRmgv‡ekK‡iZvDrcv`bIAb¨weaAvw_©KKg©Kv‡Ð
wewb‡qv‡Migva¨‡gA_©bxwZ‡ZMwZkxjZvm„wóKiv|
cÖv‡qvwMK D‡Ïk¨ : gvKvwm‡` kixqvi Av‡jv‡K Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi cÖv‡qvwMK D‡Ï‡k¨i cÖavb
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Kiv Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡qi GKwU D‡Ïk¨|
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c×wZ¸iæZ¡c~Y©f~wgKvcvjbK‡i|Bmjv‡giA_©vqbc×wZmg~n(Askx`vix,µqweµqI
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40| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
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nqbv|Bmjvgxe¨vsKe¨e¯’vqmvgvwRKKj¨vYg~jKLv‡Z wewb‡qvMDrmvwnZnq|Bmjvgx
e¨vsK Avw_©K Kviev‡i AKj¨vY `~i Ki‡Z KvR K‡i|
Rgv MÖvnK‡`i g~ja‡bi wbivcËv I gybvdvi m¤¢ve¨Zv we‡ePbvq †i‡L Kj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ g~jab
I`¶Zvimgš^qNwU‡qcÖhyw³MZI†ckvMZ`ÿZvimgš^‡qcvwicvwk¦©KZvIcwi‡ekGes
†`‡ki mvgwMÖK Pvwn`v mvg‡b †i‡L ivóªxq Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi ev¯Íevqb I mvgvwRK AeKvVv‡gv
Dbœq‡bDrcv`bkxjIkÖgNbLv‡Zwewb‡qvMKivBmjvgxe¨vs‡KibxwZIKg©‡KŠkj|GKvi‡Y
evsjv‡`‡kiBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvDrcv`bgyLxwkíM‡o†Zvjv‡K¸iæZ¡†`q|bZzbbZzbD‡`¨v³v
m„wóDrmvwnZK‡i|Gid‡jKg©ms¯’vbe„w×cvq|
A_©‰bwZKImvgvwRKDbœq‡bi`yBavivigv‡Sfvimvg¨†i‡LmvgvwRKmvg¨Ib¨vqwePvi
cÖwZôvq gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Riæwiqv‡Zi cuvPwU kZ© c~i‡Y KvR Kiv Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki eywbqvw`
jÿ¨| Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv GRb¨ ÿz`ª I gvSvwi wewb‡qvM Ges mvaviY gvby‡li Pvwn`v‡K
AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q †`‡ki mKj GjvKvq mg‡eZ AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kivi g~jbxwZ ev¯Íevq‡bi
†PóvKi‡Q|
Bmjvgxe¨vs‡Kimv‡_MÖvnK‡`im¤úK©`vZv-MÖnxZvevLvZK-gnvR‡bibq|GK.wkiKvZ
ev jvf-†jvKmv‡b Askx`vix c×wZ‡Z Bmjvgx e¨vsK I MÖvn‡Ki m¤úK© Askx`vix‡Z¡i|
`yB.cÖK…Zc‡Y¨i†ePv‡Kbvigva¨‡gMÖvnKIe¨vs‡Kig‡a¨†µZvIwe‡µZvim¤úK©M‡oI‡V
GeswZb.BRvivc×wZ‡ZKviLvbvig~jabxhš¿cvwZ,hvbevnb,evwoBZ¨vw`ifvov`vZvI
fvovMÖnxZviƒ‡ce¨vsKIMÖvn‡Kig‡a¨m¤úK©m„wónq|GBwZbwUc×wZgvby‡li`xN©cÖPwjZ
¯^vfvweK†jb‡`bKvh©µ‡giBcÖwZ”Qwe|
wkiKv‡Zi †ÿ‡Î MÖvnKMY gy`vivev ev gykvivKv c×wZ‡Z e¨emvqAskx`vi nb| ÔevBÕ ev
†ePv‡Kbvi †ÿ‡ÎcÖK…Zc‡Y¨i †µZv-we‡µZviƒ‡c evB-gyivevnv, evB-gyqv¾vj, evB-mvjvg
cÖf…wZc×wZ‡ZMÖvnKIe¨vsKPzw³K‡ib|BRvivc×wZ‡ZfvovwUqvIfvovcÖ`vbKvixiƒ‡c
`yB cÿ Kviev‡i kwiK nb|
Bmjvgxe¨vsKZvi†ePv-†Kbvc×wZ‡ZcÖK…Zc‡Y¨iµq-weµqwbwðZKi‡e|GB†jb‡`b
my`wfwËKUvKv†ePv‡Kbv†_‡Km¤ú~Y©Avjv`v|GidjvdjImy`wfwËK†jb‡`b†_‡Kwfbœ|
UvKv wb‡R †Kvb cY¨ bq, Gi wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv Drcv`b ¶gZv †bB| avZz wKsev KvMR ev
cøvw÷‡Ki ˆZwi gy`ªv n‡jv cÖK…Z cY¨ †ePv‡Kbvi gva¨g, cwigvc, gvb`Ð ev fvÐvi gvÎ|
Gi e¨Z¨q NwU‡q †mB gva¨g‡Kc‡Y¨i g‡Zv †ePv-†Kbvid‡jAvw_©K wek„•Ljv m„wó nq,
†hwU‡KA¨vwi÷UjÔK…wÎgRvwjqvwZKvieviÕwn‡m‡e†`‡L‡Qb|GBAKj¨vY`~iKivBmjvgx
e¨vs‡Ki Ab¨Zg gvKvwm`|
A_©vq‡bi†ÿ‡ÎcÖPwjZc×wZiZzjbvqBmjvgxe¨vs‡KiwkiKvZevgykvivKvIgy`vivevc×wZ
Gesc‡Y¨i†ePv-†KbvwfwËKgyivevnv,gyqv¾vjcÖf…wZc×wZi†kªôZ¡¯^xK…Z|cyuwRev‡`imy`
IFYwfwËK †jb‡`bAvi Bmjv‡giµq-weµqc×wZi †jb‡`b †gŠwjKfv‡e `ywUAvjv`v
welq|G`y‡qig‡a¨weivUcv_©K¨i‡q‡Q|
44| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
evBgyivevnvIevBgyqv¾vjBZ¨vw`†ePv‡Kbvc×wZGesmy`wfwËKcÖPwjZA_©vqbc×wZGK
bq|Df‡qiA_©‰bwZKcÖfveIwfbœ|cÖPwjZA_©vqbc×wZ‡ZFYMªnxZvF‡YiA_©†Kv_vq
e¨enviKi‡ebZvRvbv my`wfwËK e¨vs‡KiRb¨Riæwi bq| Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Kiµq-weµq
c×wZ‡Zh_v_©fv‡eµq-weµqm¤úvw`Znqe‡jGUvA_©bxwZ‡ZBwZevPKcÖfve†d‡j|
gyivevnvc×wZ‡ZBmjvgxe¨vsKevRvi†_‡KcÖK…ZcY¨msMÖnK‡i|d‡jevRv‡ie¨vs‡Ki
cÖZ¨ÿcÖfvecÖwZdwjZnq|wKš‘cÖPwjZA_©vqbc×wZ‡Zc‡Y¨imv‡_e¨vs‡Ki†Kv‡bvm¤úK©
_v‡Kbv|d‡jG†ÿ‡ÎevRv‡iiIcie¨vs‡Ki†Kv‡bvcÖfve†bB|
gyivevnvc×wZ‡ZMÖvn‡Ki wb‡`©kAbyhvqxe¨vsKcÖK…ZmieivnKvixiKvQ †_‡KcY¨msMÖn
K‡ic‡Y¨iIcigvwjKvbvI`Ljjv‡ficiZvD³MÖvn‡KiKv‡QwewµK‡i|my`wfwËK
A_©vqbc×wZ‡Z e¨vs‡Ki mv‡_ c‡Y¨i †Kv‡bv m¤úK© _v‡K bv Ges F‡Yi †Kv‡bv ch©v‡qB
e¨vs‡KiIci†Kv‡bvcÖKviSyuwKeZ©vqbv|
my`wfwËKA_©vqbc×wZ‡ZFYMÖnxZvmgqg‡ZvFYcwi‡kv‡ae¨_©n‡jmgqe„w×imv‡_mv‡_
my`evo‡Z_v‡K|Ab¨ w`‡KBmjvgxe¨vs‡Kiµq-weµqc×wZ‡Ze¨vsKIMÖvn‡Kig‡a¨
c‡Y¨i`vgGKeviBmve¨¯Ínq|wba©vwiZmg‡qig‡a¨MÖvnK†m`vgcwi‡kvaKiviA½xKvi
K‡ib| G Pzw³i Aax‡b †Kv‡bv MÖvnK †hŠw³K Amyweavi Kvi‡Y mgqg‡Zv wewb‡qvM cwi‡kv‡a
e¨_©n‡jZv‡KAwZwi³†Kv‡bvA_©cwi‡kvaKi‡Znqbv|Z‡eh_v_©KviYQvovwewb‡qvM
MÖvnKmgqg‡Zvwewb‡qvMcwi‡kvabvKi‡jPzw³ikZ©Abyhvqxe¨vsKwej¤^RwbZÔÿwZc~iYÕ
Av`vq Ki‡Z cv‡i|ÿwZc~i‡Yi GBA_© e¨vs‡KiAvq iƒ‡c we‡ewPZ nq bv| A_©vr GB
A_© e¨vs‡Ki MÖvnK, Kg©Pvix ev †kqvi‡nvìviMY cvb bv| Rwigvbvi A_© kixqv Aby‡gvw`Z
`vZe¨Kv‡Re¨qKivid‡jGimyweavhvqmgv‡RiewÂZInZ`wi`ªgvby‡liKv‡Q|G‡ZI
mgvRKj¨vYev‡o|
Bmjvgxe¨vs‡Kiwewb‡qvMKvh©µ‡ge¨vsKIMÖvn‡Kim¤úK©cwic~iK|e¨vsKIMÖvnKmngg©x
n‡qe¨emv‡qiDbœwZiRb¨†PóvPvjv‡e|MÖvn‡Kie¨_©ZviKvi‡Yhv‡Ze¨vs‡KigybvdvK‡gbv
hvq Ges Ab¨ w`‡K e¨vs‡Ki e¨e¯’vcbvi A`ÿZvi Kvi‡Y MÖvnK hv‡Z ÿwZMÖ¯Í bv nb †mRb¨
MÖvnKIe¨vs‡Kig‡a¨mgš^qImngwg©ZvBmjvgxe¨vswKsKviev‡iiˆewkó¨|
evsjv‡`‡kiBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvZv‡`i wewb‡qvMKvh©µ‡gigva¨‡gkixÔAvn&iD‡Ïk¨c~i‡Y
we¯Í…Z†ÿ‡ÎKvRKi‡Q|ZviwKQzwel‡qms‡ÿ‡cAv‡jvKcvZKiwQ:
1. wkí-evwYR¨ m¤úªmviY : evsjv‡`‡kiBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jv†`‡kiwkívq‡bmwµqIAMÖYx
f~wgKvcvjbKi‡Q|MZ wZb`k‡KBmjvgx e¨vs‡KiA_©vq‡b †`‡ke¨vcK wkívqb
n‡q‡Q|ˆZix†cvkvKwk‡íiDbœq‡bc„w_K…‡Zif~wgKvcvj‡bigva¨‡g†`‡kiBmjvgx
e¨vsK¸‡jv wkíwfwË ˆZwi, D‡`¨v³v Dbœqb Ges e¨vcK Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó K‡i‡Q| GB
D‡`¨v‡Mid‡je¨vKIqvW© wjs‡KRId‡ivqvW© wjs‡KRag©xbvbvgyLx wkíKviLvbvM‡o
D‡V‡Q| †mB wkíwfwËID‡`¨v³v wfwËiIci †`‡k B¯úvZ,Jla, we`y¨r Drcv`b,
imvqb BZ¨vw` wk‡íi weKvk Z¡ivwš^Z n‡q‡Q| (GKKfv‡e AvBweweGj-Gi A_©vq‡b
†`‡keZ©gv‡bPvinvRv‡ii†ewk wkíKviLvbvcwiPvwjZn‡”Q)e„nr wk‡íicvkvcvwk
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 45
Bmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jv¶z`ªIgvSvwiwk‡íAMÖvwaKviwfwˇZwewb‡qvMKi‡Q|†`‡kicÖ_g
Bmjvgxe¨vsKwUGmGgBLv‡Z †`‡ki †gvU wewb‡qv‡MicÖvqm‡Z‡ivfvMGKKfv‡e
cwiPvjbvKi‡Q|
2. `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb : gvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&iRiæwiqvZev¯Íevq‡b`vwi`ª¨eoevav|mvgvwRKI
gvbweKwech©qm„wóKvix vwi`ª¨gvbyl‡KKzdwiiw`‡K†V‡j†`q| vwi`ª¨ ~iKi‡ZAvw_©K
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i Riæwiqv‡Zi ch©vqfz³| †`‡ki cÖ_g Bmjvgx
e¨vsKwU1995mvj†_‡KÔcjøxDbœqbcÖKíÕ(AviwWGm)PvjyK‡i‡Q|GcÖK‡íiAvIZvq
eZ©gv‡bmv‡oAvVv‡ivnvRviMÖv‡gbqjvLcwiev‡iiAvw_©KDbœq‡bKvRKi‡Q|Ghver
e¨vsKwUGBcÖK‡í10nvRvi†KvwUUvKvi†ewkwewb‡qvMK‡i‡Q|kn‡iifvmgvb`vwi`ª¨
`~ixKi‡Y 2012 mv‡j Urban Poor Development SchemeevÔkni`wi`ªDbœqbcÖKíÕPvjyKivn‡q‡Q|we‡k¦i†gvUBmjvgxÿz`ªwewb‡qv‡MicÂvkfvMBGKKfv‡eevsjv‡`‡k
Bmjvgxe¨vs‡KiGBcÖK‡íiAax‡bcwiPvwjZn‡”Q|GBcÖK‡íiAax‡bÿz`ªwewb‡qvM
MÖvnKMYch©vqµ‡gwb‡R‡`iAe¯’vDbœq‡bimy‡hvMcvb|Gch©šÍ†mvqvjv‡Li†ewkÿz`ª
D‡`¨v³vcwievi wb‡R‡`i‡KgvB‡µvG›UvicÖvBRIGmGgB‡ZDËiY (Graduation) Ki‡Zmÿgn‡q‡Qb|†`‡kicÖvqmeBmjvgxe¨vsKG†ÿ‡Îµgea©gvbAe`vbivL‡Q|
3. Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó : Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i wndRyb& bd&m, wndRyb&-bmj
I wndRyj AvKj ev¯Íevq‡bi mv‡_ hy³| evsjv‡`‡ki me Bmjvgx e¨vsK cÖZ¨ÿ I
c‡ivÿfv‡eKg©ms¯’vbm„wó‡ZAe`vbivL‡Q|ÿz`ªwewb‡qvM,KvwiMwicÖwkÿY,µxovI
mvs¯‹…wZKDbœqb,wkÿve„wËcÖ`vb,wkÿv_©x‡`iB›Uvb©wkc,D‡`¨v³vDbœqbcÖwkÿYcÖf…wZ
Kvh©µgev¯Íevq‡bGBe¨vsK¸‡jvKvRKi‡Q|(bZzbD‡`¨v³vm„wóij‡ÿ¨AvBweweGj
m¤úªwZZv‡`iwewfbœkvLvqAvUkZvwaKcÖwkÿYKg©m~wPigva¨‡gmvZvknvRv‡ii†ewk
bZzbD‡`¨v³v‡KcÖwkÿYw`‡q‡Q)Bmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jviA_©vq‡bwkíKviLvbv,GmGgBI
MÖvgxYcÖKímg~‡ncÖZ¨¶Ic‡iv¶fv‡ewÎkjv‡Li†ewk†jv‡KiKg©ms¯’vbn‡q‡Q|
wewb‡qvMKvh©µgQvovIBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jv‡ZeZ©gv‡bmvZvknvRv‡ii †ewkKg©KZ©v-
Kg©Pvix KvR Ki‡Qb| `ªæZ cÖmvigvb Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Rbkw³ wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡gI
Kg©ms¯’v‡bf~wgKvcvjbKi‡Q|
4. Avevm‡b wewb‡qvM : mxwgZ Av‡qi gvby‡li M„nvq‡b Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki Avevmb cÖKí
gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i AZ¨vek¨Kxq cÖ‡qvR‡bi me KÕwU w`K msiÿ‡Yi mv‡_ hy³| ivm~j
mv.cÖk¯Íevm¯’vb,mrcÖwZ‡ekxIAvivg`vqKevnb‡K†mŠfvM¨e‡j‡Qb(Avj&Av`veyj
gydiv`)| †`‡kiµgea©gvb Rb‡Mvôxi Avevmb mgm¨vi mgvav‡b Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv
M„nvq‡bA_©vqbKi‡Q|evsjv‡`‡kBmjvgxe¨vsKPvjyim~Pbv†_‡KBGwelqwUAMÖvwaKvi
†c‡q‡Q|eZ©gv‡bAvBweweGjGBLv‡ZGKKfv‡e†`‡kim‡e©v”Pwewb‡qvMKvixcÖwZôvb|
5. bvix Dbœqb I ÿgZvqb : mgv‡RimvgwMÖKDbœqb†eMevbKi‡Zbvix‡KwkwÿZ,Kg©ÿg,
¯^vej¤^xI†hvM¨K‡i†ZvjvgvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&iRiæwiqv‡Zi me KÕwU ¯Íi I fvM‡K
46| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
kvwgj K‡i| Ôcyiæl hv AR©b K‡i Zv Zvi Ask, Avi bvix hv AR©b K‡i Zv Zvi AskÕ
16
|
†mev, wkí I e¨emv-evwY‡R¨ bvix‡`i AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z wewfbœ Bmjvgx e¨vsK
bvix‡`iRb¨wewfbœLv‡Zwe‡klwewb‡qvMmyweavw`‡”Q|wbw`©ómxgvch©šÍRvgvbZwenxb
wewb‡qv‡Mi e¨e¯’v K‡i‡Q| cjøx Dbœqb cÖK‡íi cÖvq bq jvL MÖvn‡Ki Avwk kZvskB
bvix D‡`¨v³v| Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jvi GmGgB Ges Ab¨vb¨ wewb‡qv‡MI bvix‡`i e¨vcK
AskÖMÖnYi‡q‡Q|
6. RxebhvÎvi gv‡bvbœqb : evsjv‡`‡kiBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvM„nmvgMÖxwewb‡qvMcÖKí,Avevmb
wewb‡qvMcÖKí,Wv³viwewb‡qvMcÖKí,cwienbwewb‡qvMcÖKí,Mvwowewb‡qvMcÖKí,
cjøxM„nwbg©vYwewb‡qvMcÖKí,weevnwewb‡qvMcÖKíBZ¨vw`igva¨‡ggvby‡liRxebgv‡bi
Dbœq‡bkwiKn‡”Q|GKvh©µgkixÔAvn&invwRqvZIZvnmvwbqv‡Zich©vqfy³|
7. ¯^v¯’¨ Lv‡Z wewb‡qvM : ¯^v¯’¨ myiÿv ÔwndRyb& bdm&Õ ev Rxe‡bi myiÿvi AšÍfz©³| wndRy`&-
ØxbevØx‡bimyiÿvimv‡_IGim¤úK©i‡q‡Q|Bmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jv¯^v¯’¨‡mevDbœq‡bKvR
Ki‡Q|wewfbœBmjvgxe¨vs‡KiG†ÿ‡ÎD‡jøL‡hvM¨Kg©m~wPi‡q‡Q|(AvBweweGjGhver
42wU Ilya wkí, 62wU nvmcvZvj I wK¬wbK Ges eû c¨v_jwRK¨vj †m›Uvi I WvqvMbw÷K
†m›Uv‡i wewb‡qvM K‡i‡Q| Wv³vi wewb‡qvM cÖK‡íi Aax‡b †`‡ki bexb Wv³vi‡`i
AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’v‡bie¨e¯’vK‡i‡Q|DbœZ wPwKrmvmiÄvg w`‡qcÖwZwôZWv³vi‡`iAvaywbK
wPwKrmv‡mevRbM‡YiKv‡Q†cuŠ‡Qw`‡”Q)|
8. gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb : †ckvMZ `ÿZv e„w× I mZZv m„wó K‡i gvbyl‡K Kj¨vYKvwiZvi
mvg_©¨m¤úbœ`ÿI†hvM¨KivkixÔAvn&iGKwU¸iæZ¡c~Y©D‡Ïk¨|Bmjv‡ge¨w³imeˆea
KvRB Kj¨vYmvab I AKj¨vY `~i Kivi mv‡_ hy³ Ges Zv Bev`Z wn‡m‡e MY¨| Avi †mme
KvRfv‡jvfv‡eKivi†hvM¨ZvAR©bmswkøó‡`iRb¨diR|W.DgiPvcovig‡Z,gvbe
DbœqbgvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&i†gŠwjKwelqhvRiæwiqv‡ZicuvPwUwel‡qimv‡_Bhy³|
Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv Zv‡`i wewb‡qvM I mvgvwRK `vqe×Zvg~jK me Kv‡Ri Øviv
gvbem¤ú`IgvbeDbœq‡bAe`vbivL‡Q|`ªæZweKvkgvbBmjvgxe¨vswKs‡qicÖ‡qvRb
†gUv‡ZRbKj¨vYeªZx`ÿBmjvgxe¨vsKviˆZwiKi‡ZBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvwbR¯^†Uªwbs
BÝwUwUDUcÖwZôvK‡i‡Q|GBKvRDrKl©gwÐZKiviRb¨Bmjvgxe¨vsK†UªwbsA¨vÛ
wimvP©GKv‡Wwg†`‡kie¨vsKvi‡`iRb¨ÔBmjvgxe¨vswKswW‡cøvgvÕ(DIB)PvjyK‡i‡Q|
9. cwi‡ek msiÿY I meyR e¨vswKs : cwi‡ek msiÿY I meyRvqb kixÔAvn&i ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
gvKvwm`|Kv‡iv nv‡ZMv‡QiGKwUPviv_vK‡j wKqvgZAZ¨vmbœ n‡jIZv‡KPvivwU
gvwU‡Z†ivcYKi‡ZDrmvn†`qvn‡q‡Q(wZiwgwR)|meyRvq‡biGBbxwZI`k©b†g‡b
me wewb‡qvMKvh©µ‡gcwi‡ekmyi¶vBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvi ˆbwZKeva¨evaKZv| wewfbœ
Bmjvgxe¨vsK wMÖbe¨vswKsKvh©µ‡giAvIZvqR¡vjvwbmvkªqx ˆe`y¨wZKmiÄvg,†mvjvi
c¨v‡bje¨envi,Af¨šÍixYAbjvBbwfwËK†hvMv‡hvMwbwðZK‡i‡Q|KvMRwenxbe¨vswKs
Pvjyiw`‡Kav‡cav‡cAMÖmin‡”Q|
16 Avj KziAvb, 4 : 32|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 47
10. mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv (wmGmAvi) : gvKvwm‡` kixÔAvn&i bxwZ Abyhvqx gvbyl‡K `iw` I
ci¯úiKj¨vYKvgxn‡Zn‡e|`iw`gvbylMVbGes`iw`gvbyl‡`imgš^‡q`iw`cÖwZôvb
I`iw`mgvRcÖwZôvkixÔAvn&ijÿ¨|cvi¯úwiK`vq‡evaI`iw`g‡bvfve weKwkZ
K‡iAv_©mvgvwRKDbœq‡bBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvmgv‡RicÖwZZv‡`i`vwqZ¡IKZ©e¨cvjb
Ki‡Q|†mBwe‡ePbvqBmjvgxe¨vs‡KimeKvh©µgBmvgvwRK`vqe×ZviAvIZvfz³|
Bmjvgxe¨vs‡KiRgvIwewb‡qv‡Mime†mevmvgvwRK`vqe×ZviA½xKv‡iimv‡_hy³|
Z`ycwi ^vfvweKe¨vswKs†mevKvh©µ‡gievB‡i†_‡KhvIqvwecyjAfvexIewÂZgvby‡li
Rxebgv‡biDbœq‡bKvRKivBmjvgxe¨vs‡KiˆbwZKeva¨evaKZv|gvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&i
cuvPwU†gŠwjKPvwn`vc~i‡YewÂZIAfvexGesK‡ócovgvby‡licv‡k`uvov‡bvBmjvgx
e¨vsK¸‡jvi AZ¨vek¨Kxq `vwqZ¡|
GB j‡ÿ¨ Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv ¯^vfvweK †jb‡`‡bi evB‡i RbKj¨v‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wk¶v,
¯^v¯’¨,`y‡h©vMe¨e¯’vcbv,µxov,mvs¯‹…wZKDbœqb, †mŠ›`h©e„w×,Av‡m©wbKgy³cvwbcÖKí,
dg©vwjbgy³ Lv`¨ wbwðZKiY mnvqZv cÖf…wZ Kvh©µ‡g Ask wb‡”Q| eb¨v`yM©Z, wmWi
AvµvšÍ,g½vcxwoZ,kxZvZ©GeswewfbœcÖvK…wZK`y‡hv©‡MÿwZMÖ¯ÍRb‡MvôxiRb¨Bmjvgx
e¨vsK¸‡jvmemgqÎvYmnvqZvwb‡qcv‡k uvovq|evsjv‡`‡kie¨vswKs†m±‡iRbKj¨v‡Yi
aviYvm„wóI†eMevbKi‡ZBmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvcw_K…‡Zif~wgKvcvjbK‡i‡Q|
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IRb¯^v_©GKÎGesmgwóMZfv‡egvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&imsÁvwba©vi‡YZv‡`ig‡a¨h‡_vchy³
c×wZwn‡m‡eG‡m‡Q|
gymwjg gbxlx‡`i wewfbœ †jLvq Av‡iv wKQy aviYv, we‡klZ c×wZMZ I Rxe‡bi wewfbœ
AwfÁZvjä msÁv cvIqv hvq| GB c×wZ Ges Rxe‡bi †Kv‡bv As‡k ¸iæZ¡ †ewk †`qv
n‡jv Zvi g‡a¨ GKwU cv_©K¨ jÿ Kiv hvq| Avj-Mvh&hvwj gvby‡li Rxe‡b cvuP AMÖvwaKvi‡K
†ewk¸iæZ¡w`‡q‡Qb|Ab¨w`‡K,Avj-kvwZwegvKvwm`kixÔAvn&imsÁvw`‡q‡QbÁvbZvwË¡K
DcKiY e¨envi K‡i|
AZGe,Dcmsnv‡iejvhvq†h,Rxe‡bime†ÿ‡ÎZ_vmgvRIm¤úª`v‡qb¨vqwePvicÖwZôv,
mgv‡Ri Kj¨vY, mvaviY Ges Rb¯^v_© msiÿY n‡e gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i cÖavb jÿ¨| Avj-
Mvh&hvwj†hcvuPwUcÖavbwelqmsiÿ‡YiK_vD‡jøLK‡i‡QbZvRxeb†_‡K¯^v_©ciZvGes
e¨w³‡Kw›`ªKZvig‡ZvLvivcPwiÎMZˆewkó¨`~iK‡i†`q|Be‡bAvïiGesAvj-ivqmywb
ej‡Z†P‡q‡QbBmjvgRxe‡bime†ÿ‡Î†hŠ_ms¯‹…wZiK_ve‡j|m¤úª`v‡qimvwe©KAMÖMwZ
GesmvgvwRKk„•LjviRb¨gvby‡li¸Yvewj‡Ke¨enviKi‡Zn‡e|ˆbwZKm¤ú`GesmsnwZ
kvwšÍc~Y© mgv‡Ri Avewk¨K kZ©|
2.2 gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i ˆewkó¨
gvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&icÖavbˆewkó¨PviwU|cÖ_gZ,GUvn‡jvAvB‡biGgbGKwfwËhvme
gvby‡li¯^v_©iÿvK‡iGes¶wZ†_‡KmevB‡Ki¶vK‡i|wØZxqZ,gvbeRvwZi¯^v_©iÿv
Kiv†hgbBmjvgxAvB‡bijÿ¨GesGRb¨megvby‡liAvbyMZ¨cÖ‡qvRbnq;†Zgwbfv‡e
Gij¶¨Imve©Rbxb|Z…ZxqZ,GwUm¤ú~Y©AšÍfz©w³g~jK|Avjøvnie‡›`wMevGev`Z(Avjøvni
cÖwZ KZ©e¨) A_ev gyqv‡gjvn ev †jb‡`b (Ab¨vb¨ gvby‡li cÖwZ KZ©e¨) wbwe©‡k‡l me gvby‡li
Kv‡RimswkøóZvi‡q‡QG‡Z|me‡k‡l,GwUmsÁvg~jK|GwUïayGKK†jLvA_evcÖgvY
†_‡K†bqvnqwb,wewfbœDrm†_‡KZv†bIqvn‡q‡Q(`ymywKIevD‡nivDqv,2011)|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 53
2.3 †kÖwYwefvM
gymwjg gbxlxMY gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&‡K mvaviY D‡Ïk¨ (gvKvwm` Avgvbvn) Ges wbw`©ó
D‡Ïk¨(gvKvwm`Lvmvn)GB`ywUcÖavbfv‡MfvMK‡i‡Qb|Avj-kvwZwe(1975)mvaviY
D‡Ïk¨‡KAv‡ivwZbwUeoDcwefv‡MfvMK‡i‡Qb|G¸‡jvn‡jv:Acwinvh©(RiæwiÔqvn),
cwic~iK(nvwRwqqvn)GesAj¼iY(Zvnwmwbqvn)|RiæwiqvnA_©Rxe‡bimv_©KZvhvi
Icigvbyl‡KAvewk¨Kfv‡e wbf©iKi‡Znq,hvag©,Rxeb,eyw×,eskavivGesm¤ú`Ñ
kixÔAvn&iGcvuPwUwe‡eP¨welqwb‡qMwVZ|Z‡ewKQycwÐZcvuPwUg~jRiæwiÔqvnievB‡i
gvby‡liKj¨v‡YiRb¨mgZv, ^vaxbZvGescwi‡eki¶vig‡ZvAZxe iæZ¡c~Y©RiæwiÔqvni
K_ve‡j‡Qb|Zvuivhyw³†`b†h,cuvPg~jRiæwiqvngvbeKj¨v‡YiRb¨Aek¨B†gŠwjK|
wKš‘ cÖ‡qvRb‡KGB 5wUi g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivLv hvq bv| nvwRwqqvn n‡jv Acwinvh© ¯^v‡_©i
m¤ú~iKAviGm‡ei cÖwZAe‡njv Rxe‡bKóI `y‡f©vM wb‡qAv‡m|Z‡eZv Rxeb‡K
GKev‡iAPjK‡i †`qbv|ejv nq,KójvN‡eiRb¨Gm‡eicÖ‡qvRb|Zvnwmwbqvi
cÖ‡qvRb nq cwi‡kvab I cwic~Y©Zvi Rb¨|
gvKvwm`Lvmvn-Gimv‡_ BmjvgxAvBbkv‡¯¿iD‡Ïk¨RwoZ, hv w`‡qAvw_©K †jb‡`b ev
cvwievwiKAvB‡big‡Zvwbw`©ówel‡qimyivnvKivnq|Be‡bAvïie‡j‡Qb,GiD‡Ï‡k¨i
g‡a¨i‡q‡QRb¯^v‡_©i¸iæZ¡Zz‡jaiv,mvavi‡Yi¯^v_©nvwbK‡iGgb†ÿ‡Îwb‡Rie¨w³MZ
¯^v_©AR©‡bi†PóvwbiærmvwnZKiv,AmZK©ZvGescÖe„wËi`vm‡Z¡ig‡ZvÎæwU¸‡jvm¤ú‡K©
mveavbKiv(Be‡bAvïi,2001)|
2.4 gvmjvnvi g~jbxwZ
mvavi‡YiKj¨v‡YGesmvgvwRKAïfkw³Ges yb©xwZcÖwZ‡iv‡aAvBbkv‡¯¿invwZqviwn‡m‡e
gvmjvnv memgq e¨envi n‡q _v‡K| Avj-Mvh&hvwj, Zvi gvmjvnv aviYvq Gi msi¶Y‡K
ÒkixÔAvn&i cÖvšÍ mxgvi msi¶YÓ wn‡m‡e eY©bv K‡ib| Avewk¨Kfv‡e gvmjvnvÕi †gŠwjK
A_©ag©wek¦vm,cÖvY,eskaviv,eyw×e„wËGesm¤ú`msiÿ‡Yig‡Zvmve©RbxbD‡Ï‡k¨imv‡_
m¤úwK©Z|AviA‡b‡KB †hfv‡ee‡j‡Qb †Zgbfv‡eG‡K wZwb †Kejgvbejÿ¨ wn‡m‡e
D‡jøLK‡ibwb(AvjMvh&hvwj1973)|
Avj-kvwZwegvmjvnv‡KkixÔAvn&iGKgvÎjÿ¨wn‡m‡eAMÖvn¨K‡ie‡j‡QbRbMY‡Kkvmb
KivGesGev`Zmnmvavi‡YiKj¨vYKi wPšÍvimee¨e¯’vG‡ZAšÍfz©³Kivh‡_ó| wZwb
gvmjvnv‡Kg~jbxwZwn‡m‡emsÁvwqZK‡i‡QbhvgvbeRxweKviRb¨DcKvix,gvby‡liRxeb
avi‡Yc~Y©Zv `vbKvixGesZvigvbwmKIeyw×e„wËK¸Yvewj wn‡m‡eGicÖ‡qvRb (Avj-
kvwZwe, 1975)|
Be‡b Avïi gvmjvnvi `ywU cÖavb ai‡bi eY©bv K‡i‡Qb; GKwU n‡jv hvi wbwðZ myweav
gvbylcv‡e(†hgbÑLv`¨MÖnY,RvgvKvcociv,¯¿xev¯^vgximv‡_m¤úK©BZ¨vw`)|GiRb¨
kixÔAvn&imv‡_m¤úK©K‡iwewaweavb†`qvAcÖ‡qvRbxqMY¨n‡Zcv‡iKviYGUvgvby‡liRb¨
my¯úómyweav,gvby‡licÖvK…wZKB”Qvimv‡_mswkøógvmjvnv|AwaKš‘Gmy¯úómyweavAR©‡bi
54| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
c‡_ evav AcmviY Ki‡Z kixÔAvn&i Ici `vwqZ¡ w`‡Z PvIqv Gi Ici Av‡iv Pvc cÖ‡qv‡Mi
bvgvšÍi|gvby‡liRb¨Kgmy¯úómyweav(†hgbÑiv¯ÍviAv‡ivcÖmvi,iv‡ZwbivcËvi¶x‡`i
weavbBZ¨vw`),Av‡Migvmjvnvig‡Zvbq,G†ÿ‡ÎkixÔAvn&icivgk©†`qvig‡Zvn¯Í‡ÿ‡ci
cÖ‡qvRbi‡q‡Q|GKBmv‡_GwUbvgvbvevj•N‡biRb¨Rwigvbvi weavb_vK‡Zcv‡i|
gvmjvnvGLv‡bwKQzUve¨w³we‡k‡liRb¨,AviwKQzUvmvwe©Kmgv‡RiRb¨cÖ‡hvR¨n‡Zcv‡i|
Be‡bKvBwq¨gZviBmwZmjv‡niaviYvw`‡q‡QbA_©‰bwZK`„wó‡KvY†_‡K|BmwZmjvnev
Rb¯^v‡_©iwe‡ePbv‡Z(AvjgvmjvnvAvjAvgvbvn)†hLv‡bRb¯^v‡_©wb‡`©kbvm¤^wjZ†Kv‡bv
kwiÔAvn&wb‡`©kbv†bB†mLv‡bAvBbcÖYq‡biK_vejvn‡q‡Q|GwUn‡Zn‡ekixÔAvn&i†PZbv
GesD‡Ï‡k¨imv‡_mvhyR¨c~Y©;GwUn‡Zn‡e†hŠw³KIb¨vqm½Z|AviGwUmvaviYfv‡e
RbM‡YiKójvN‡eiRb¨n‡Zn‡e|wZwbGRb¨AvBwbKvVv‡gv‡KmswÿßK‡ibhviwfwË
n‡”QcÖÁvIgvbweKKj¨vY(AvD`v,2008)|
gvmjvnviaviYvwe‡klfv‡eˆbwZKA_©bxwZimv‡_m¤úwK©Z|KviYGwUb¨vqwePvicÖwZôv,
Kzms¯‹vi wbg©~j, Kó jvNe, mn‡hvwMZv, Rb¯^v_© msiÿY, mvavi‡Yi myweav, mgv‡Ri g‡a¨
cvi¯úwiKmn‡hvwMZvGesmvgvwRKAïfkw³ev`yb©xwZcÖwZ‡ivaAviKj¨vYwbwðZKivI
AKj¨vY`~iKivimv‡_m¤úwK©Z(`ymywK,2010)|
gvmjvnvKvh©µ‡giwcivwgWGKwUˆbwZKQuvKwbcÖwµqvig‡ZvKvRK‡i|D`vniY¯^iƒcwZb
¯Í‡iiwePvwiKivqZv‡`i`vwqZ¡cvj‡bi†ÿ‡ÎwfbœwfbœgvÎvi¸iæZ¡cÖKvkK‡i|GwUˆbwZK
m•NvZwbim‡bKvh©KicÖgvwYZnq|†LqvjKiviwelqn‡jvwcivwgWKvRKiviRb¨Zv‡`i
Av‡`‡ki¸iæZ¡we‡ePbvqwZb†kÖwYimsi¶YAZ¨vek¨K|GQvovGBwZbwU¯Íicvi¯úwiK
m¤úK©hy³Gesci¯ú‡iiIciwbf©ikxj|Acwinvh©Dcv`vb(Riæwiqvn)n‡jvGiwb¤œch©vq|
GwUAcwinvh©Pvwn`vimsi¶YIcÖwZiÿ‡YiRb¨KvRK‡i|Avi†mRb¨me©mvavi‡Yi¯^v‡_©
GwUKvRK‡iGesGimv‡_mevBm¤ú„³_v‡K|
myZivs,mgv‡RiRb¨¶wZKin‡Zcv‡iGgb†h†Kv‡bve¨emvKvh©µgGov‡bviRb¨Bmjvgx
Avw_©KcÖwZôv‡bi ag©xq, ˆbwZKImvgvwRK`vwqZ¡Av‡Q| wØZxq¯Í‡i, hviAfv‡eRxeb
¯^vfvweKbvnIqviSzuwKi‡q‡QZvn‡jvcwic~iK(nvwRwqqvn),hvKó`~iKiviRb¨cÖ‡qvRb
nq,wKš‘GiAfve ^vfvweKRxeb‡KGKev‡iwecbœK‡i†Zv‡jbv|BmjvgxAvw_©KcÖwZôv‡bi
cÖ_g ¯Í‡ii Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi ci Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ cÖmvwiZ Kiv DwPZ| Ae‡k‡l m‡e©v”P ch©v‡q
wcivwgWRxeb‡Kwb®‹›UKKiviRb¨cwikxjbevAj¼i‡YicÖwZjÿiv‡L(Zvnwmwbqvn)|
GB†kÖwY‡ZAšÍfz©³Bmjvgxms¯’v¸‡jvi`vwqZ¡n‡jvRbRxe‡bAe¯’viDbœwZmva‡bKvh©Ki
c`‡¶cMÖnYKiv|
2.5 Bmjvwg A_©vq‡bi mgvRKj¨vY Kv‡R gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i cÖfve
BmjvgxA_©vqbe¨e¯’v‡KgvKvwm`Lvmvnevwbw`©óD‡Ïk¨iAax‡b†kÖYxKiYKivhvq|Bmjvgx
A_©vqbe¨e¯’vig‡a¨cvuPwURiæwiÕqvnig‡a¨GKwUm¤ú‡`imsiÿYAšÍfz©³_vKvqGimv‡_
gvKvwm`AvgvbvnImswkøón‡qc‡o|GwUAveviAb¨PviRiæwiqvnimv‡_AvšÍtm¤úwK©Z,
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 55
we‡klZ ag© msiÿ‡Yi welqwUi mv‡_ hy³| myZivs Bmjvgx A_©vqbe¨e¯’vi mvaviY D‡Ï‡k¨i
m‡½m¤ú`AR©‡biD‡Ïk¨Icix¶vKivcÖ‡qvRb|
gvKvwm`kixÔAvn&iPvwn`vn‡jvBmjvgxAvw_©KcÖwZôvb¸‡jvkixÔAvn&†hcyY¨IˆbwZKgvb
wba©viYK‡i‡QZvAbymiYKi‡e(`ymywKIevD‡nivDqv,2011)|cÖwZôvb¸‡jvGwUAbymiY
Ki‡eAvie¨w³GescÖwZôvb¸‡jvi`vwqZ¡IAwaKv‡iig‡a¨fvimvg¨eRvqivL‡e(Pvcov,
1992)| †hgb,kixÔAvn&iA‡bK wb‡lavÁv mevi¯^v_© i¶vImgmyweav wbwðZKiYGes
mgv‡RikvwšÍmsnwZmsiÿ‡Yi¯^v‡_©Kivn‡q‡Qe‡jg‡bKi‡Zn‡e,hvgvKvwm`kixÔAvn&i
jÿ¨|†KDhyw³†`Lv‡Zcv‡ib†h,gvKvwm`kixÔAvn&we‡klZAvw_©KcÖwZôv‡biRb¨,wm×všÍ
MÖn‡YiGKwUmy¯úóKvVv‡gvGescwieZ©b‡Kgvwb‡q†beviGKwUDcvqˆZwiK‡i|AwaKš‘
ZvivˆbwZKiv‡qiwb‡`©wkKvwn‡m‡eIKvRK‡i(`ymywKIevD‡nivDqv,2011)|
gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& Bmjv‡gi me©v½xY `„wófw½i cÖKvk| Bmjvg‡K LwÛZ bq eis GKwU
c~Y©v½RxebweavbGesmgwš^Z w`Kwb‡`©kbv wn‡m‡e †`LvAvek¨K|Gijÿ¨ n‡jv `ywbqv
IAv‡Liv‡Ze¨w³ImgvRmeviKj¨vYnqGgbGKe¨e¯’vwbwðZKiv(`ymywK,2010)|
mvgvwRKb¨vqwePvi,m¤ú`IAv‡qimylgeÈbGesA_©‰bwZKDbœqb‡KZ¡ivwš^ZKivmn
BmjvgxA_©bxwZijÿ¨AR©‡biRb¨mgv‡RiKj¨vYmva‡bi vqe×ZvIagx©qKZ©e¨cvjb‡K
†hbme©`vAMÖvwaKvi†`qvnqZvwbwðZKi‡Zn‡e(`ymywK,2008L)|mw¤§wjZfv‡eGwU
Bmjvgx A_©vq‡bi wb‡`©kbv wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GB g~j¨‡eva kixÔAvn&i †PŠnwÏi g‡a¨ eRvq
_v‡KhvicÖKvkïay†jb‡`‡bigyn~‡Z©BmxwgZ_v‡KbvGKBmv‡_mgv‡RZvk¦¦vm-cÖk¦¦v‡mi
g‡Zvf~wgKvcvjbK‡i(`ymywK,2008L)|
GQvovgvKvwm`kixÔAvn&cÖvwZôvwbK¯Í‡icÖwZwôZKivI¸iæZ¡c~Y©|Ab¨K_vq,ag©,Rxeb,
eyw×e„wË,mšÍvb-mšÍwZIm¤ú`ÑGBcvuPwU†gŠwjKPvwn`vmsi¶‡YiØvivRb¯^v_©IKj¨v‡Yi
e¨e¯’vKiviRb¨cÖvwZôvwbKe¨e¯’vmsMwVZKivicÖ‡qvRbi‡q‡Q|BmjvgxA_©vq‡bwe‡klZ
e¨vswKsLv‡ZgvKvwm`kixÔAvn&imgvšÍivjai‡biRb¯^v_©ImgvRKj¨v‡YKvRKivig‡Zv
e¨e¯’v i‡q‡Q|G¸‡jv n‡jv :Ki‡cv‡iUmvgvwRK`vwqZ¡ (wmGmAvi), †mevi gvb, MÖvnK
mš‘wó,RbmvaviYev†÷K‡nvìvi‡`im‡PZbZv,†÷K‡nvìvi‡`iDcjwä,`vwi`ª¨ we‡gvPb,
¶y`ªFYGes`vZe¨KvR|Z‡eeZ©gvbcÖPwjZe¨e¯’v‡KBmjvgxe¨e¯’vqiƒcvšÍ‡ikixÔAvn&i
jÿ¨cy‡ivcywiAR©bnqbv|GmecÖwZôvbKZUvgvKvwm‡`kixÔAvn&iaviYvIKg©c×wZ‡K
aviYKi‡Zcvi‡e†mcÖkœIZz‡j‡QbA‡b‡K|
Rv‡mi AvD`v-i (2008) GK cyi‡bv mgxÿvq gvKvwm` kixÔAvn&i g~jbxwZ¸‡jv cwiPvjb
Ic×wZMZcÖvwZôvwbKe¨e¯’vi g‡a¨ wb‡qAvmvicivgk© †`qv n‡q‡Q| †mBmgxÿviKviY
n‡jvme©vZ¥K`„wófw½i†P‡qm‡¼vP‡bi`„wófw½,ˆbwZKZvi†P‡qAvÿwiK,eûgywLbZvi†P‡q
GKgywLZv,cigD‡Ï‡k¨i†P‡q bwgwËKwe‡ePbvAvimvwe©KD‡Ïk¨IBmjvgxAvB‡big~jbxwZi
Kvh©KvwiZviAfve`„k¨gvbn‡qIVv|ZvimgxÿvqgvKvwm`kixÔAvn&iZË¡‡Kaªæc`xIeZ©gvb
RywiwWK¨vjZË¡‡Kg~j¨vq‡biRb¨`k©bMZI†gŠjKg©c×wZMZDcKiYwn‡m‡ee¨enviKiv
n‡q‡Q|G‡Zwe‡køl‡YibZzbc×wZimsÁvq‡biRb¨wm‡÷gZË¡ˆZwiKivn‡q‡Q|
56| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Bmjvgx A_©vq‡b gvKvwm` kixÔAvn m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYvq g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, Ki‡cv‡iU
mvgvwRK`vqe×ZvqgvKvwm`kixÔAvn&icÖ‡qvM (`ygywKIBiIqvwb,2007), †÷K‡nvìvi
cwi‡cÖwÿZ(2008K),BmjvgxcuywRevRvi(`ymywK,2010)IBmjvgxe¨vswKscY¨(nvwee
Avng`, 2011)| Gme M‡elYvq cvIqv hvq †h, hw` Bmjvgx e¨vswKs‡q Bmjvgx ÿz`ª A_©vqb‡K
AšÍfz©³Kivnq†ZvgvKvwm`kixÔAvn&cÖvavb¨cv‡e(Avng`,2004;GWeøyD`ymywK2008
L;GIqvRw``ymywKIAb¨vb¨2008)|
3. gymwjg gbxlx‡`i gZv`k© g~j¨vqb
Bmjvgx A_©e¨e¯’v welqK mvwn‡Z¨ memgq e¨emvwqK †jb‡`‡b A_©‰bwZK b¨vqwePvi,
my‡hvMGesm¤ú‡`imylgeÈb,ˆbwZKZv,mgZvImZZviIci¸iæZ¡†`qvn‡q‡Q|hw`I
mgv‡jvP‡Kive‡jb,BmjvgxA_©vqbe¨e¯’vieZ©gvbAbykxjbch©vßfv‡eAv`‡k©im‡½hy³
bq| G Rb¨ Avgiv Bmjvgx A_©vqbe¨e¯’vq gvKvwm` kixÔAvn& wPšÍvavivi ev¯Íevq‡bi Ici
GKwUg~j¨vq‡biwm×všÍwb‡qwQ|GBg~j¨vqbwUPviRbgymwjggbxlxigZv`‡k©iIciwfwË
K‡i ZwiKivn‡q‡Q|Zvivn‡jbBgvgAvj-Mvh&hvwj,Be‡bKvBwqg,BgvgAvj-kvwZweGes
Be‡bAvïi|GBgbxlx‡`i wbe©vPbKivn‡q‡QZv‡`iD‡jøL‡hvM¨Ae`v‡biRb¨|Zv‡`i
gZvgZeyS‡Zn‡jZv‡`iAwfg‡Zimv‡_mv‡_Zv‡`icUf~wgwe‡kølYmgvbfv‡e¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
3.1 Bgvg Avj-Mvh&hvwj
BgvgAvj-Mvh&hvwjbv‡gcwiwPZgynv¤§`webgynv¤§`webAvng`Avj-BgvgAvj-KweiAvey
nvwg` Avj-Mvh&hvwj û¾vZ Avj-Bmjvg ga¨hy‡Mi GKRb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges AmvaviY gymwjg
cwÐZwQ‡jb|wZwb†Lvivmv‡b1058mv‡jRb¥MÖnYK‡ibGes1111mv‡jgvivhvb|Avj-
Mvh&hvwj wnRwicÂgkZvãx‡ZivR‰bwZKAw¯’iZvimgqgymwjgm¤cÖ`v‡qig‡a¨ we‡kl
ag©xqms¯‹viKwQ‡jb|AvBbkv¯¿,ag©ZË¡,`k©bImywdev`mnwZwbBmjvgxwk¶vime†¶‡Î
¸iæZ¡c~Y©Ae`vbiv‡Lb| wZwb`vk©wbKZvGesgZev‡`i`„wó‡KvY †_‡Kgb¯ÍË¡, ag©ZË¡I
ivRbxwZ wb‡qM‡elYvIAa¨qbK‡ibGesHkxÁv‡bi†hŠw³Ke¨vL¨vDc¯’vcbK‡ib|
Avj-Mvh&hvwj100wUig‡ZveB wj‡L‡Qbhvimvs¯‹…wZKgvbAcwi‡gq|Avi wZwbcieZ©x
eskai‡`iRb¨ wek`ÁvbfvÐvi †i‡Lhvb|ZvuieB¸‡jv`ywbqvRy‡ocwVZnqGesGme
eBBs‡iwR,¯ú¨vwbk,divwm,Rvg©vb,D`©y IgvjqmnbvbvfvlvqAbyev`Kivn‡q‡Q|G
†¶‡ÎZvuime‡P‡qeoKvRwQjGnBqvÕDjygAv`&-`xb(ag©weÁvb†i‡bmuv),gvKvwm`Avj-
dvjvwmdvn(`vk©wbK‡`iD‡Ïk¨)GesZvnvdzZAvj-dvjvwmdvn(`vk©wbK‡`iAm½wZ)|wZwb
GKRb gbxlx I wPšÍvwe` wn‡m‡e gymwjg we‡k¦ me©Rb¯^xK…Z Ges Zvi KvR Bmjvgx wPšÍvi
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B‡KvbwgK ÷vwWR, 9 (2), †bqv: http://www.ses.ac.ir/files/takmili/islamic_econ./micro/vol_9_2..habib_ahmed..financing_microenterprises.dp.pdf
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Rvb©vj Ae g¨v‡bR‡g›U A¨vÛ cvewjK cwjwm, †bqv : http://afghanlivelihoods.com/virtual-library/MicroFinance/books-and-presentations-on-islamic-banking-and/islamic-microfinance-litrature/books/frontiers-of-islamic-banking.pdf
Avn‡g`,GBP(2007),IqvK&d-†eRWgvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ:wi‡qjvBwRsw`†mvm¨vj†ivjAeBmjvwgKwdb¨vÝ,†mwgbvi:
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B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ, (1) 149-160
Avj-Mvh&hvwj, G GBP (1973), Avj-gy¯Ívdv wgb ÔBj‡g Avj-Dmyj, Kvq‡iv : Avj-gv³vevn Avj-wZRwiqvn|
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Avj-kvwZwe, G AvB (1975), Avj-gyIqvdvKvZ, m¤úv`bvq mv‡jn Avj-KvBwR Ges Ab¨vb¨, wZDwbm : gvZevAv
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BÝwUwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U, †bqv: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5sKQF16gdWgC&pg=PA299&dq=al-+ghazali,+gvKvwm`+shariah&sa=X&ei=fODHUKXLL6WX0QXv4oGQBg&hl=en#v=onepage&q=al-%20ghazali%2C%20gvKvwm`%20shariah&f=false
Pvcov,GgBD(1992),BmjvgIA_©‰bwZKP¨v‡jÄ,†jB‡Póvi:BmjvwgKdvD‡Ûkb
Pvcov,GgBD(2008),Be‡bLvj`y‡biDbœqbZË¡:gymwjgwe‡k¦iAatcZ‡bie¨vL¨vwKGLvb†_‡KcvIqvhvq?Rvb©vj
Ae†mvwmI-B‡KvbwgKm,37(2)836-863
†PŠayix, GmAvi, dvnwg, Gg, I Beªvwng, Gg (2011), gvj‡qwkqvq A_©bxwZ‡Z K¨vk IqvK&d e¨e¯’vcbv : AbykxjbKvix
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`ymywK, G WweøD (Gb.wW.), Ki‡cv‡iU mvgvwRK `vqe×Zv g‡Wj wcivwgW : gvj‡qwkqvb †÷K‡nvìvi‡`i KvQ †_‡K
M‡elYvg~jKcÖgvY,c„:29-55
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BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ, Kzqvjvjvgcyi : B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae A¨vWfvÝW BmjvwgK ÷vwWR
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Av‡gwiKvb Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK †mvm¨vj mv‡qÝ, 24 (1) 1-25
`ymywK,GUGIqvU,dviæK,Gm,mvw`K,GgG,Avn‡g`,wRGgynv¤§`,GgGGKvwjg,G,m`i,(2008),BmjvwgK
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AvIKvdA¨vÛgvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ,mßgAvšÍR©vwZKm‡¤§jbÑRvKvZA¨vÛIqvKdB‡Kvbwg,evw½,2010(wcwc261-281)
Be‡bAvïi,GgwU(2001),wUªwURAbgvKvwm`Avj-kixÔAvn,jÛbGesIqvwksUb:B›Uvib¨vkbvjBÝwUwUDUBmjvgx_U
AvBGmAviG (2011), BmjvwgK wdb¨vwÝqvj wm‡÷g : wcÖwÝcvjm A¨vÛ Acv‡ikbm, Kzqvjvjvgcyi, B›Uvib¨vkbvj
kixÔAvn& wimvP© A¨vKv‡Wwg di BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ
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wdb¨vÝ,AvBAvBDGgAvšÍR©vwZKm‡¤§j‡bDc¯’vwcZM‡elYvwbeÜ,gvj‡qwkqv
Kzivb, wU (2004), †nvqvB wgwWj B÷ BR BKbwgK¨vwj AvÛvi‡WfjcW, wn‡÷vwiK¨vj g¨vKvwbRg Ae BÝwUwUDkbvj
÷¨vM‡bkb,w`Rvb©vjAeB‡KvbwgKcvm©‡cKwUf,18(3),71-90,†bqv:Http://www.jstor.org/stable/3216807
wmwÏKx,GgwbqvZzjøvn(2004),wiev,e¨vsKB›Uv‡i÷A¨vÛi¨vkbvjAeBUmcÖwnwekb,M‡elYvwmwiRbs-2,BmjvwgK
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AbywôZmßgAvšÍR©vwZKm‡¤§jb(c„:485-499)
DBjmb,Avi (2007), †gwKs †W‡fjc‡g›UA¨vwmm‡UÝmvm‡UBb¨vej_ªæ BmjvwgKgvB‡µvwdb¨vÝ, AvBAvBBDGg
Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgKm A¨vÛ g¨v‡bR‡g›U, 2 (2), 197-217, †bqv: http://cwcd.technopsis.com.pk/Knowledge-Center/MAKING-DEVELOPMENT-ASSISTANCE-SUSTAINABLE.pdf
wRqvI, wRs Ges †R A¨vÛvimb, †Rvqvb wR (1997), wn‡qivwK©q wdb¨vwÝqvj wbWm wi‡d¬K‡UW evB nvDR‡nvì wdb¨vwÝqvj
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1 BKevj Kexi †gvnb, e¨vsKvi I wkkymvwnwZ¨K
2 Understanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin & Mohd Hawari Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-3, Published by Islamic Banking and Finance Institute Malaysia.
3 Understanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin & Mohd Hawari Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-3.
66| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
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5. Fundamentals and Practices in Islamic Finance, Dr. Mohammad Akram Laldin, P-74. Published by International Shariah Research
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2. Understanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin & Mohd Hawari Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-3, Published by Islamic Banking and Finance Institute Malaysia.
3. Understanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin & Mohd Hawari Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-3.
4. Underastanding of Shariah and its Application in Islamic Finance, Mohd Herwan Sukri Bin Mohammad Hussin & Mohd Hawari Bin Mohammad Hussin, P-4.
5. Fundamentals and Practices in Islamic Finance, Dr. Mohammad Akram Laldin, P-74. Published by International Shariah Research Acamemy for Islamic Finance, Malaysia.
6. Islamic Banking Practices, Mohammad Khairi Saat, Razli Ramili and Haryani Aminuddin, P-5, Published by Islamic Banking and Finance Institute Malaysia GesBmjvgxkixqv‡ZiDrm,gIjvbvgynv¤§`Ave`yiinxg,c„ôv-102,cÖKvkKLvqiæbcÖKvkbx,evsjvevRvi,XvKv-1100|
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2 kãwUe¨enviK‡i‡QbGg.nvwkgKvgvjx|†`Lyb:Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence (Cambridge : Islamic text society,
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15
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11 Av‡ivfv‡jvK‡ieyS‡Zn‡j†`LybIqvnnveRynvBwj:Avj-IqvwhRwdDmyjAvj-wdKn(ˆeiæZ:`viAvj-wdKi
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12 BDmydAvjKvihvwf:gv`Lvjwj-w`ivmvwZb-kixÕAvn&&AvjBmjvwgqvn(ˆeiæZ:gyÕAvmmvmvZAvj-wimvjvn,1993),54|
13 Iqvnnve RynvBwj, Avi-IqvwhR|
14 BgivbAvnmvbLvbwbqvRx,w_IwiRAeBmjvwgKjÕ(Bmjvgvev`:AvBAvBAvBwUA¨vÛBmjvwgKwimvP©Bbw÷wUDU,
2005), 235|
15 Mvh&hvwj, wkdv Avj-Mvh&hvwj| Bgivb Avnmvb Lvb wbqvRxi ÔAvDUjvBb&m& Ae BmjvwgK RywimcÖæ‡WÝÕ-G DׄZ
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19
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21
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Avi†Kv‡bvgvmjvnvMÖvn¨n‡ebv|bZzbûKzgBZLbgvmjvnvgyjNvZn‡e|
16 kvwZwe,gyqvdvKvZ,cÖ_gLÐ,c„:243|Kvihvwfigv`Lvj-GDׄZ,c„:55|
17 c~‡e©v³|
18 nvwkg Kvgvwj, ÔAvj-gvKvwm` Avj ÔkixAvn& : ¨ Ae‡RKwUf Ae BmjvwgK jÕ, ¨ gymwjg jBqvi Rvb©vj (GwcÖj-Ryb,
1998)|
19 GiKgNUbvfviZxqDcgnv‡`‡kAnin†`Lvhvq|†jLK¯^qsGicÖZ¨ÿ`k©x|
20 G†ÿ‡Î†hÿwZUvZvivK‡ibZvLyeB¸iæZi|cÖ_gZ,MvbevRv‡bvnvivgevwbwl×,gmwR‡`evRv‡bvUvAv‡iv
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21 †`Lyb,myjvBgvbAvj-AvkKvi,Avj-IqvwanwdDmyjAvj-wdKn(R`©vb:`viAvj-bvdvBm,2004),150-1|
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24
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dvD‡Ûkb, BD‡K, 2000)|
24 AvwkivdIqvwRw``ymywKIAve`yjAvwRgAveyRv‡q`,ÔA¨vwµwUKvjA¨v‡cÖBRvjAb`¨P¨v‡j‡ÄmAewiqvjvBwRs
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15, bs-4 (2007) : 143-165
78| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
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25
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35
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33 KR©IZvikZ©vewjwel‡qAv‡ivRvb‡Z†`LybIqvn&nveRynvBwj,ÔAvj-wdKûjBmjvgxIqvAvw`jøvZzûÕ,(8gLÐ)
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39
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37 †`Lyb,AveyDgvidviæKAvngv`, Ôw_IwiA¨vÛcÖ¨vKwUmAegWvb©BmjvwgK wdb¨vÝ:`¨†KmA¨vbvwjwmmd«g
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38 GwUGKwUmwnnnvw`m,Ave`yjøvnBe‡bIgi†_‡KewY©Z|†kLAvj-AvjevwbZviAvj-wmjwmjvnMÖ‡š’Zz‡ja‡i‡Qb|
B›Uvi‡b‡U †`Lyb:<http://www.dorar.net/enc/hadith/%D8%A5%D8%B0%D8%A7%20%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7% D9%8A% D8%B9%D8%AA%D9%85%20%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9/pt&page=1>, no. 18.
39 IAvBwmÕiwdKnKwgwUZvIqviiæKgybv¾vg‡KAby‡gv`b‡hvM¨bqe‡je‡jivqw`‡q‡Qb|†`Lyb:<www.isra.my/fatwas/commercial-banking/financing/tawarruq/ 429-oic-fiqh-academy-ruled-organized-tawarruq impermissible.html>
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ÿwZ n‡Z cv‡i e‡j c~e©aviYv Kiv nq| Gi d‡j wewb‡qvMK…Z g~jab wbwðZ (M¨viv‡›UW) bq
GesmvgwqKfv‡ewKQyA_©†diZcvIqvi(wiUvb©)welqwUIgybvdviIciwbf©ikxj,hvwKbv
Kg-†ewkn‡Zcv‡i|GmewelqSzuwKMÖn‡YAwb”QyKwewb‡qvMKvix‡`iAvKl©YK‡ibv|d‡j
myKzKPzw³wURbwcÖqn‡q‡QA‡cÿvK…ZKg|
GAe¯’vqmyKzK†RvMvb`vZvivwewb‡qvMKvixAvK…óKi‡ZÔ†µwWUGbn¨v݇g›UÕmyweavwb‡q
GwM‡qG‡m‡Q|Gmemyweavig‡a¨i‡q‡QwR¤§v`viKZ©„KwjKzBwWwUd¨vwmwjwUA¨v‡ićg›U,
wd·WcÖwdUdgy©jvqcvi‡PRAvÛvi‡UwKsGesBb‡mbwUf†c‡g‡›Uimvnv‡h¨gybvdve„w×,
BZ¨vw`| Gme myweav myKzK wewb‡qvMKvix‡`i wbivc` Av‡qi M¨vivw›U Ges g~ja‡bi myiÿv
†`q|
40
Z‡e kixÔAvn&&&&i `„wó‡KvY †_‡K evRv‡i Pvjy Ô†µwWU Gbn¨v݇g›UÕ myweav cÖ`vb
KivUv gy`vivev bxwZgvjvi j•Nb| A¨vKvDw›Us A¨vÛ AwWwUs AM©vbvB‡Rkb di BmjvwgK
wdb¨vwÝqvj BÝwUwUDk‡bi (GGIAvBGdAvB) kixÕAvn& mycvifvBRwi †evW© ivq w`‡q‡Q,
myKzK †RvMvb`vZv‡`i wjKzBwWwU d¨vwmwjwU I cvi‡PR AvÛvi‡UwKs cÖ`vb kixÔAvn&&&& Aby‡gv`b
40 `ymywK,ÔP¨v‡j‡ÄmAewiq¨vjvBwRsgvKvwm`Avj-kixÕAvn&&Bb`¨BmjvwgKK¨vwcUvjgv‡K©U:†¯úkvj†dvKvmAb
BKzBwU†eBRWmyKzKÕ(†KGj:AvBGmAviG,A‡±vei2009),15-8|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 83
K‡i bv| kixÔAvn&&&& †evW© Bmjvgx Avw_©K cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡K jvf-ÿwZ fvMvfvwMi wfwˇZ †ewk
K‡iwewb‡qvMKivicivgk©w`‡q‡Q,hv‡ZgvKvwm`Avj-kixÔAvn&&&&AwR©Znq|
41
gvB‡µv gvKvwm‡`i Ici g¨v‡µv gvKvwm‡`i cÖvavb¨
hyw³†`Lv‡bv†h‡Zcv‡i†h,weweG,in&b,evBÕAvj-ÔBbvn,ZvIqviiæKIAb¨vb¨c×wZi
d‡jm„ómyweav¸‡jvmvgwMÖKA_©bxwZ‡ZGKUvMwZAv‡b|GBhyw³‡ZgvB‡µvgvKvwm`‡K,hv
wKbve¨w³Ie¨w³MZAvw_©K†jb‡`‡bim‡½hy³gvKvwm`,e„nËi¯^v‡_©D‡cÿv(IfvijyK)
Kiv†h‡Zcv‡i|AwaKš‘ wb‡¤œv³Kvi‡YGmewelq‡KgvKvwm`Avj-kixÔAvn&&&&iAske‡j
we‡ePbv Kiv hvq bv :
• cÖ_gZ,G‡Zwievwbwl×KivmsµvšÍmy¯úóweavbjw•NZGesRyjygDrmvwnZnq|
• wØZxqZ, gvmjvnvi kZ©vewj m¤^‡Ü c~‡e©B ejv n‡q‡Q †h, gvmjvnv‡K n‡Z n‡e
gvdmv`vni†P‡qeo;†QvUbq,GgbwKmgvbIbq|A_PGmePzw³‡Zgvdmv`vn
gvmjvnvi†P‡qm‡›`nvZxZfv‡ee¨vcK,hvAv‡MBAv‡jvPbvn‡q‡Q|
• Z…ZxqZ, gvdmv`vn bv _vK‡jB gvmjvnv Kv‡qg n‡q †Mj, Zv wKš‘ bq| eis eû
†ÿ‡ÎB ¶z`ªZi iƒ‡c n‡jI gvdmv`vn _v‡K| G‡ÿ‡Î cÖPwjZ e¨vsK¸‡jvi m‡½
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi ¯^v‡_© Bmjvgx e¨vsK¸‡jv †h weKí cY¨ nvwRi K‡i, Zv‡K gvmjvnv
e‡jMY¨Kivhv‡ebv|e¯‘ZGBwbe‡ÜwelqwUAv‡jvPbvIcÖgvYKivn‡q‡Q†h,
gvmjvnviQÙvei‡YI¸‡jvAvm‡jAv‡iveogvdmv`vn|
• PZz_©Z,gvB‡µvgvKvwm‡`iIcig¨v‡µvgvKvwm‡`icÖvav‡b¨iwel‡qm‡›`‡ni†Kv‡bv
AeKvk †bB| eis †MvUv mgv‡Ri cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix LuvwU g¨v‡µv gvKvwm‡`i ¯^v‡_©
Z_vKw_Zg¨v‡µvgvKvwm‡`ims‡kvabcÖ‡qvRbn‡q`uvwo‡q‡Q|
Dcmsnvi I mycvwik
Bmjvgxe¨vsKe¨e¯’veZ©gv‡bZvicÖwZcÿcÖPwjZe¨vsKe¨e¯’viw`K†_‡KP¨v‡j‡Äim¤§yLxb
n‡”Q| d‡j MÖvnK‡`i m‡šÍvlRbK †mev I cY¨ cÖ`v‡bi MwZ eRvq ivL‡Z wM‡q Bmjvgx
e¨vsK¸‡jv‡KGgbmecY¨mieivnKi‡Zn‡”Q,hvcÖPwjZe¨vsK¸‡jvicÖvqmgiƒcwKsev
ÔGKBÕ|AviGKvRKi‡ZwM‡qkixÔAvn&&&&i „wó‡KvY†_‡KZv‡`i‡K iæZimgv‡jvPbvïb‡Z
n‡”Q|
mwZ¨ ej‡Z wK, gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&&&i cwigv‡c Gme cY¨ A‡bK A_ev †Kv‡bv gvKvwm`B
c~iYK‡ibv,eisgvdmv`vn ˆZwiK‡iGescÖ‡qvRbxqgvKvwm`eRvqivLvi †ÿ‡Î weNœ
NUvq|†hgb,QÙ‡e‡kmy`wfwËK†jb‡`bAbycÖ‡ekKivq`xbIgvjiÿvijÿ¨AR©‡bi
†ÿ‡Î my¯úó cÖwZeÜKZv ˆZwi n‡q‡Q| GKBfv‡e wewfbœ †Kv¤úvwb I j¨vÛgvK© cÖcvwU©
41 we¯ÍvwiZ Rvb‡Z wfwRU Kiæb : www.aaoifi.com/aaoifi-sb-sukuk_Feb2008_eng.pdf>,Access Date:30th september, 2010.
84| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
cÖwZôvq Bmjvgx e¨vs‡Ki Bmy¨ Kiv wewb‡qvMmg~n gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&&&&i Ae¯’vb †_‡K
h_v_©bq|KviY,†÷K‡nvìvi‡`iÿwZK‡iBZviAby‡gv`b†`qvn‡q‡Q|Bmjvgxe¨vsK
IAvw_©KcÖwZôvbmg~‡niA_©vq‡bwekvj¯’vcbvM‡o†ZvjvIgvKvwm`Avj-kixÔAvn&&&&im‡½
m½wZc~Y©bq|eisGai‡biA_©vq‡biwm×všÍMÖn‡Yimgqcwi‡ekiÿv,†÷K‡nvìvi‡`i
¯^v_©myiÿvGesAv_©mvgvwRKDbœqbcÖf„wZwelqAek¨Bwe‡ePbvq†bqvcÖ‡qvRb|†Kbbv,
kixÔAvn&&&& KL‡bvB gvby‡li Rxeb I myL-¯^v”Q‡›`¨i g~‡j¨ Dbœqb wKb‡Z Pvq bv| Kv‡RB
Bmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jviDwPZ,Rxe‰ewPΨiÿvg~jKwewfbœcÖKí,cÖvK…wZKR¡vjvwbcø¨v›UGes
cwi‡ekevÜewewb‡qvM‡KDrmvwnZKiv|
weweGGesAbyiƒcAb¨vb¨Pzw³i¯^we‡iva¸‡jv(c¨vivW·)m¤^‡ÜAv‡MBejvn‡q‡Q|G‡ÿ‡Î
kixÔAvn&&&&i i‡q‡QmgvavbGes weKí| †hgb,M„nwbg©vYIµ‡qA_©vqb,Mvwo †KbviRb¨
FY Ges Ab¨vb¨ FYPzw³ n‡Z cv‡i weZwK©Z weweG Pzw³i cwie‡Z© gykvivKv gyZvbvwKmvni
(diminishing partnership) wfwˇZ|GKBfv‡e †µwWUKvW© Bmy¨ n‡Zcv‡iK‡R© nvmvbvA_evin&bPzw³(iÿYv‡eÿYPvR©mshy³)QvovB|
Aek¨GUvImZ¨†h,Bmjvgxe¨vsK¸‡jvAvw_©KcÖwZôvb,hv‡`icÖv_wgKjÿ¨n‡”Qgybvdv
AR©b| Kv‡RB Zviv cÖvß †h‡Kv‡bv my‡hvM‡KB G Kv‡R jvMv‡Z PvB‡e| d‡j cÖvq-Aj‡ÿ¨
D‡cwÿZ n‡”Q jvf-ÿwZ fvMvfvwM, gy`vivev I gykvivKvwfwËK Pzw³¸‡jv| ZvB Bmjvgx
A_©bxwZIe¨vsKe¨e¯’vwb‡qbZzbK‡iwe‡ePbvimgqG‡m‡Q|
Abyev` : ûgvqyb mv‡`K †PŠayix
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 85
MÖš’cwÄ
1. Avj †KviAvb Avj-Kvwig
2. Ave`yjivRvK,RywjRvmwÎ,Igi†gvnv¤§`,†gv¯ÍdvGes†gv.ZvBe,dvDwRqvn,Customer’s Acceptance on Islamic
Home Financing: Empirical Evidence on Bai Bithaman Ajil (BBA) in Malaysia,gvj‡qwkqvig¨vwiqUcyÎvRvqv
†nv‡U‡j24-26Ryb2008-GAbywôZAvBAvBBDGgB›Uvib¨vkbvjA¨vKvDw›UsKbdv‡iÝ-GDc¯’vwcZwbeÜ|
3. Avngv`, Avey Igi dviæK, Theory and Practice of Modern Islamic Finance: The Case Analysis from Australia,
†d¬vwiWv : eªvDb IqvKvi †cÖm, 2010|
4. Avj-AvkKvi, myjvBgvb, Al-Waadhih fi usul al-Fiqh. Jordan: Dar al-Nafais, 2004|
5. Avj-KviRvwf, BDmyd, Madkhal li-dirasatil-Shari’ah al-Islamiyyah,ˆeiæZ:gyqvmmvmvZAvj-wimvjvn,1993|
6. e¨vsKBmjvggvj‡qwkqv†einv`,e¨vsKBmjvgKvW©-AvB,e¨vsKBmjvggvj‡qwkqv†einv`,2009;cvIqvhv‡e:
available from http://www.bankislam.com.my/About_Bank_Islam_Card.aspx
7. Pvcov,GgDgi, Objectives of the Islamic Economic order, BmjvwgK dvD‡Ûkb, wj‡P÷vi, BD‡K, 1979|
8. `ymywK, Avwmivd IqvwRw` Ges AveyRvB`, Ave`yjvwRg, A Critical Appraisal on the Challenges of Realizing
Maqasid al-Shari`ah in Islamic Banking and Finance, AvBAvBBDGg Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgKm A¨vÛ g¨v‡bR‡g›U,
15 bs 4 (2007): 143-165|
9. `ymywK, Avwmivd IqvwRw`, Challenges of realizing Maqasid al-Shari’ah (Objectives of Shari’ah) in the Islamic
Capital Market: Special focus on Equity-Based Sukuk, †KGj : AvBGmAviG, A‡±vei 2009|
10. Kvgvwj, Gg nvwkg, Al-Maqasid al-Shariah: The Objectives of Islamic Law, w` gymwjg jBqvi Rvb©vj, cvIqv hv‡e :
http://www.aml.org.uk/journal/3.1/Kamali%20-%20Maqasid.pdf.11. Kvgvwj, Gg nvwkg, Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence, K¨vgweªR : BmjvwgK †U·U †mvmvBwU, 2003|
12. Lvjvd,AvãAvj-Iqvnve,Ilm Usul al-Fiqh, Kvq‡iv : gvKZzevn Avj-`vIqvn Avj Bmjvwgqvn|
13. Kzivb, wZgyi, Islamic Economics and the Islamic Subeconomy, Rvb©vj Ae B‡KvbwgK cvim‡cKwUf 9, 4 (dj
1995): 155-173|
14. wgiv, Avn‡g` Kvwgj gvBw`b Ges Ave`yj ivRvK, RyjRvmwÎ, Islamic Home Financing through Musharakah
Mutanaqisah and Bai’ Bithaman ‘Ajil contracts: A comparative analysis, †KGj : AvBGmAviG, 2009|
15. wbqvRx,BgivbAvnmvbLvb,Outlines of Islamic Jurisprudence (e-book), Bmjvgvev` : A¨vWfvÝW wjM¨vj ÷vwWR
BÝwUwUDU, 2000|
16. Theories of Islamic law, Bmjvgvev` : AvBAvBAvBwU Ges BmjvwgK wimvP© BÝwUwUDU, 2005|
17. IevB`yjøvn,Gg,Islamic Financial Services, †RÏv : wKs Ave`yj AvwRR BDwbfvwm©wU, 2005|
18. †ivmwj,mvBdzjAvRnviGesmvbywm,gvngy`Gg,The Application of Bay’ al-‘Inah and Bay’ al-Dayn in Malaysian
Islamic Bonds: An Islamic Analysis, B›Uvib¨vkbvj Rvb©vj Ae BmjvwgK dvBb¨vwÝqvj mvwf©m, 1, bs 2, (1999):
1-16|
19. Rvq`vb, Avã Avj-Kvwig, Al-Wajeez fi Usul al-Fiqh,ˆeiæZ:gyqvmmvmvZKziZzevn,1987|
20. RynvBwj, Iqvnve, Al-Fiqhul Islami wa Adillatuhu,(8LÐ),ˆeiæZ:`viAvj-wdKi,1997|
21. RynvBwj, Iqvnve, Al-Wajeez fi Usul al-Fiqh,ˆeiæZ:`viAvj-wdKiAvjgyqvwmi|
86| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn&
gvbeKj¨vY, Dbœqb I AwaKvi
gynv¤§`ingvZzjøvnL›`Kvi
1. f~wgKv
gnvbAvjøvn&ic¶†_‡KgvbeRvwZ‡K†`qvAbb¨RxebweavbBmjvgxkixÔAvnii‡q‡QKZ¸‡jv
wPišÍbI†gŠwjKD‡Ïk¨|†mD‡Ïk¨¸‡jvcÖYxZn‡q‡Qmehy‡MiIgvby‡liAva¨vwZ¥KI
e¯‘MZmgm¨vi†hŠw³KIev¯Íemgvavb†ckKivigva¨‡gZv‡`ime©v½xYKj¨vYmvabKivi
cÖqv‡m|Kj¨vYmva‡biGBgnvbj¶¨-D‡Ïk¨‡KcwifvlvqejvnqÔgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnÕ|
BmjvgxAvBb-`k©‡bim‡½RwoZcwifvlvwn‡m‡eIgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnicwiwPwZAZ¨šÍ
¸iæZ¡c~Y©|bZzbfv‡eD™¢vweZmgm¨vw`imgvav‡bKziAvb,mybœvn&,BRgvIwKqv‡micvkvcvwk
Bmjvgx AvB‡bi Drm wn‡m‡e gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn‡K gyRZvwn`M‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© nvwZqvi
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|
BmjvgxkixÔAvnRoZvIeܨZ¡gy³|G‡Zme©Kv‡jiIme©¯’v‡bimegvby‡limemgm¨v
mgvav‡bi Dcvq i‡q‡Q| cwiewZ©Z me cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Bmjvgx kixÔAvn Lvc LvB‡q Pj‡Z
m¶g|cwieZ©bkxjmgvRe¨e¯’vicÖ‡qvR‡bD™¢vweZbZzbbZzbwelqImgm¨vmgvav‡biRb¨
KziAvb-mybœvn&iAv‡jv‡KBRwZnv`wfwËKbZzbAvBbcÖYq‡bimy‡hvMi‡q‡Q|AviG‡¶‡Î
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni f~wgKv AMÖMY¨|
BmjvgxkixÔAvnG‡m‡Qmgv‡RiDbœwZIAMÖMwZiRb¨|GwUgvby‡liwek¦v‡mii¶vKeP,
cvi¯úwiKAwaKviIKZ©‡e¨i wba©viK,myôzIm•Ne×mgvRMV‡bigva¨g, †kvlY-Ryjyg
cÖwZ‡iv‡ainvwZqviGesmve©RbxbgvbevwaKviIKj¨v‡YiDrmwn‡m‡egvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvni
cwiwPwZeûgvwÎK|
GcÖe‡ÜgvbeRvwZimve©RbxbKj¨vYmva‡bicÖqv‡mZv‡`iˆelwqKIAva¨vwZ¥KDbœqbGes
†gŠwjKAwaKvicÖwZôvqBmjvgxkixÔAvniHwZnvwmKAe`vbIgnvbj¶¨-D‡Ïk¨gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvniAv‡jv‡KZz‡jaivi†PóvKivn‡q‡Q|GwUGKRbwe`»cvVKIM‡el‡Ki
wPšÍvi`yqv‡iBmjvgxkixÔAvniwPišÍb†mŠ›`h©m¤ú‡K©bZzbgvÎv†hvMKivi†¶‡ÎwKQzUv
n‡jI mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i e‡j Avgvi wek¦vm|
gynv¤§` ingvZzjøvn& L›`Kvi, Bmjvgx e¨vsKvi I kixÔAvn& M‡elK
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 87
2. Bmjvgx kixÔAvni aviYv
kixÔAvnk‡ãiAvwfavwbKA_©Øxb,ag©,Rxebc×wZ, wbqgbxwZ,my¯úóImnR-mijc_
BZ¨vw`|mwVKc_,Kvh©KiAbykvmbIwewaA‡_©IkixÔAvn&kãwUie¨envii‡q‡Q|†hgb
AvjKziAv‡bejvn‡q‡Q, ÔAZtciAvwg †Zvgv‡KØx‡biGK we‡kl weav‡bi(kixÔAvni)
IcicÖwZwôZK‡iwQ|Õ
1
kixÔAvni ey¨rcwËMZA_© n‡jv cvwbi Drm¯’j, Sibv, Pjvi c_ BZ¨vw`| Avevi cvwbi
†Kv‡bvDrm‡KZZ¶Ych©šÍkixÔAvnejvhvqbvhZ¶YbvZvAweiZavivqcÖevwnZn‡q
cÖKvk¨Iwbw`©ó_v‡K;iwkw`‡qZv†_‡KcvwbcvbKi‡Znqbv|
2
AviwefvlvqhLbejv
nq,ÔkvivÔAvwZjBwejÕZLbGiA_©nq,D‡UicvjcvwbcvbKiviRb¨Rjvk‡qiw`‡K
iIbvn‡q‡Q|Rjvk‡qimv‡_kixÔAvnimv`„k¨Gw`Kw`‡q†h,G`y‡UvBRxebi¶viDcvq
I c_| cvwb †hgb †`n‡K mRxe K‡i, †Zgwb kixÔAvn gvby‡li AvZ¥v I we‡e‡Ki Rxebxkw³
†RvMvq|AvjøvgvivwMeAvjB¯úvnvwbi.e‡jb,kixÔAvn‡KGbv‡gAvL¨vwqZKiviKviY
n‡jv,†he¨w³h_v_©fv‡ekixÔAvn&‡KMÖnYK‡i†mweï×cvwbe¨enviKvixib¨vqcwiZ…ßI
cweÎn‡qhvq|
3
cwifvlvqBmjvgxkixÔAvnn‡jv †mB wewaweavbIbxwZgvjv,hvgnvbAvjøvn&gvbeRvwZi
Rb¨ cÖYqb, cÖeZ©b I wewae×K‡i‡Qb|AviGme wewaweavb, AvwK`v-wek¦vm I ms¯‹…wZ,
AvLjvKevPwiÎ,ˆbwZKZv,Bev`Z,cvi¯úwiK†jb‡`bIAvPvi-AvPiY(gyÔAvgvjvn)-mn
Rxe‡bimew`KIwefvM‡KAšÍfy©³K‡i|e¯‘Zwek¦vmxgvby‡liRb¥†_‡Kg„Zz¨ch©šÍRxeb
wbqš¿YKvixwewaweav‡bimvgwMÖKiƒc‡KBBmjvgxkixÔAvnejvnq|
3. gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni aviYv
gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvn&Aviwe`ywUkãÔgvKvwm`ÕIÔkixÔAvnÕ-Gimgš^‡qMwVZ|ÔgvKvwm`Õ
kãwUÔgvKmv`ÕevÔgvKwm`Õk‡ãieûePb|GiA_©n‡jv,B”Qv,D‡Ïk¨,j¶¨,MšÍe¨,Zvrch©,
gg©,e³e¨BZ¨vw`|Gm‡eig‡a¨cÖavbZgA_©n‡”QD‡Ïk¨IB”Qv|AvikixÔAvnk‡ãi
AvwfavwbKA_© Øxb,c_,Rxebe¨e¯’v, wbqgbxwZBZ¨vw`|myZivsgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnÕi
A_©KivhvqÑkixÔAvnij¶¨-D‡Ïk¨|Aviwe‡Zj¶¨-D‡Ïk¨eySv‡bviRb¨Ônv`vdÕkãwUI
e¨envi Kiv nq, hvi eûePbAvn`vd|GiA_© D‡Ïk¨ ev myD”P wfwËf~wg ev evwjqvwoi
kxl©‡`kevce©‡ZiP~ov|gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnn‡jv†mBKj¨vYgyLxj¶¨-D‡Ï‡k¨imgwó,
kiÔCûKzg†g‡bPjvigva¨‡gev›`vn‡`iRb¨hvAwR©ZnIqviB”QvAvjøvn&ZvÔAvjvK‡ib|
gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvniKÕwUcÖvgvY¨msÁvn‡jv:
1 AvjKziAvb,45:18|
2 W. BDmyd nvwg` Avj Avwjg, Avj-gvKvwm`yj Av¤§vn wjk&kvixÔAvwZj Bmjvwgq¨vn, wiqv` : B›Uvib¨vkbvj BmjvwgK
cvewjwksnvDR,1994,c„.19|
3 ivwMeAvj-B¯úvnvwb,Avj-gydiv`vZz wd Mvwiwej KziAvb,gvKZvevngy¯Ívdvbvhvievh,c„.341|
88| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
3.1. Bgvg Avey nvwg` Avj Mvh&hvwj i.
ÔkixÔAvnicÖavbD‡Ïk¨n‡”QRbM‡YiAvwK`v-wek¦vm,Rxeb,eyw×e„wË,mšÍvb-mšÍwZIm¤ú`
msi¶‡Yigva¨‡gZv‡`iKj¨vYmvabKiv|hvwKQyGBcuvPwUwRwb‡mimsi¶YwbwðZK‡i
Zv-BRbKj¨vYKiIcÖZ¨vwkZ|Aciw`‡KhvG¸‡jvi¶wZK‡iZvAKj¨vYKiGesGi
`~ixKiYB Kvg¨|Õ
4
3.2. Bgvg Avey BmnvK kvwZwe i.
ÔkixÔAvnicÖv_wgKj¶¨n‡”Qgvbyl‡KZvi†LqvjLywkieÜb†_‡Kgy³Kiv,hv‡Z†m†¯^”Qvq
Avjøvn&iev›`vnqcwiYZn‡Zcv‡i,†hfv‡e†meva¨MZfv‡eZuviev›`vnn‡qAv‡Q|Õ
5
3.3. gynv¤§` AvZ-Zvwni Beby Avkyi
ÔBmjvgxkixÔAvnimvwe©KD‡Ïk¨n‡jvgvbemgv‡Rik„•Ljvmsi¶YKivGesgvbeRvwZi
Kj¨vYI ˆbwZKDrKl©mva‡bigva¨‡gZv‡`imve©RbxbImve©¶wYKDbœqb wbwðZKiv|
gvby‡liKj¨vYMwVZnqZv‡`iwe‡eK-eyw×imy¯’Zv,K‡g©ih_v_©ZvGes†hLv‡b†memevm
K‡i†mLvbKvicvw_©ee¯‘wbP‡qiDËgZviØviv|Õ
6
3.4. W. BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf
ÔgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnn‡jvgvby‡liKj¨vYmvabKivGes¶wZIwek„•Ljv`~iKiv|Õ
7
3.5. cÖ‡dmi W. Avngv` ivBmywb
Ôme gvby‡li Kj¨vYv‡_© †hme j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ kixÔAvn cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q
†m¸‡jvB n‡jv gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn|Õ
8
Ic‡icÖ`ËmsÁv¸‡jv we‡kølYKi‡j †`Lv hvq †h, gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvn n‡jv, gvby‡li
Rb¨hv DcKvixevKj¨vYKiZvAR©bIhv¶wZKiZv`~iKiv|Av‡jvP¨cuvPwURiæwi
welqmsi¶‡Yi†¶‡ÎBgvgMvh&hvwj,BDmydAvjKvihvwfcÖgy‡LimsÁvwe‡kølYKi‡j`ywU
w`KcvIqvhvq|cÖ_gwUn‡jvÑD³cuvPwURiæwiwel‡qimsi¶Y,DbœqbImg„×KivGes
4 Avey nvwg` Avj-Mvh&hvwj, Avj-gykZvkdv wgb Bjg Avj-Dmyj,Kvq‡iv:Avj-gvKZvevnAvj-wZhvwiq¨vn,1973,L.
1,c„.139-140|
5 BgivbAvnmvbLvbwbqvRx,w_‡qvwiR Ae w` BmjvwgK jÕ: w` †g‡_v‡Wv‡jvwR Ae BRwZnv`, Kzqvjvjvgcyi : w` Av`vi
†cÖm,2002,c„.235|
6 gynv¤§`AvZ-ZvwniBebyAvïi, wUªwUR Ab gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn &, Iqvwks Ub: w` B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae
BmjvwgK_U,2006,c„.91|
7 BDmyd Avj Kvihvwf, wdKûh-hvKvZ,ˆeiæZ:gyqvmmvmvZziwimvjvn,2000,L.1,c„.31|
8 W.Avng`ivBmywb,bvhwiqvZzj gvKvwm` Bb`vj Bgvg Avk kvwZwe,wiqv`:`viæjAvjvwgq¨vn&,1990,c„.19|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 89
wØZxqwUn‡jvGiRb¨¶wZKimewKQy‡KcwinviKiv|gynv¤§`AvZ-ZvwniBebyAvkyi-Gi
msÁvqgvbem¤ú`msi¶Y,DbœqbI weKv‡ki welqwUmy¯úón‡q‡Q|cÖ‡dmiW.Avngv`
ivBmywbi msÁvq my¯úó nq, gvbeZvi Kj¨vY mvab KivB kixÔAvni g~j D‡Ïk¨| g~jZ
gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvniAšÍf©y³†gŠwjKcuvPwUwelqmsi¶‡Yi†¶‡ÎBwZevPKevpositive I
†bwZevPK ev negative`ywUw`Ki‡q‡Q|BwZevPKwel‡qig‡a¨i‡q‡QmvjvZ,mvIg,e¨emv-evwYR¨Ges†bwZevPKwel‡qig‡a¨i‡q‡QnZ¨v,nvbvnvwb,e¨wfPviBZ¨vw`cwinviKiv|Avi
G¸‡jvm¤úv`‡bigva¨‡ggvby‡liBn‡jŠwKKIcvi‡jŠwKKKj¨vYwbwðZKivhvq|gvby‡li
Kj¨vYmvabI¶wZeR©‡bi†¶‡ÎgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvni „wófw½wP‡Îigva¨‡g†`Lv‡bvhvq:
cÖL¨vZBmjvwgK¯‹jviRv‡miAvI`vgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnieûgvwÎKaviYvZz‡ja‡i‡Qb|
Zvi we‡køl‡Y gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni eûgyLx ˆewkó¨ dz‡U D‡V‡Q| wZwb e‡jb, gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvng~jZBmjvgxÁv‡bi†mBkvLvhvwewfbœch©v‡qiÔ†KbÕ¸‡jviReve†`q|G
iKgÔ†KbÕm~PKwKQycÖkœn‡jv:
• †Kb hvKvZ Bmjv‡gi GKwU g~j wfwË?
• †Kb cÖwZ‡ekx‡`i mv‡_ m`vPiY Kiv Bmjv‡g eva¨Zvg~jK?
• †KbgymjgvbMYmvjv‡gigva¨‡ggvbyl‡Km¤¢vlYRvbvq?
• †Kb gymjgvb‡`i‡K cÖwZw`b K‡qKevi mvjvZ Av`vq Ki‡Z nq?
• †Kb ighv‡bi wmqvg Bmjv‡gi GKwU †gŠwjK wfwË?
90| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
• †KbgymjgvbivmemgqgnvbAvjøvn&ibvgwhwKiK‡i?
• †Kb g`cvb Kiv Bmjv‡g Kweiv ¸bvn?
• †Kbg‡`ig‡Zva~gcvbKivIBmjv‡gwbwl×?
• †KbBmjv‡gal©YImk¯¿WvKvwZikvw¯Íg„Zy¨`Ð?
Rv‡miAvI`v Av‡iv e‡jb, gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvn Bmjvgx wewaweav‡bi †hŠw³KZv e¨vL¨v
K‡i|†hgb,hvKvZAv`vqI`vb-LqivZKiv,cÖwZ‡ekximv‡_fv‡jvAvPiYKivImvjvg
†`qvihyw³n‡jvG¸‡jvmvgvwRKm¤úK©e„w×K‡i|GKBfv‡ewbqwgZmvjvZAv`vq,mvIg
cvjbIAb¨vb¨Bev`‡ZiAšÍwb©wnZhyw³n‡jvG¸‡jvigva¨‡ggnvbAvjøvn&m¤ú‡K©m‡PZbZv
e„w×cvq|
gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnn‡jvBmjvgxAvB‡bi†hŠw³KD‡Ïk¨,hv†Kv‡bvwKQz‡Kwbwl×evˆea
Kivigva¨‡gAwR©Znq|†hgbgvby‡ligbIAvZ¥vimsi¶‡YiD‡Ï‡k¨g`cvbmnmeai‡bi
†bkvRvZxq ªe¨wbwl×Kivn‡q‡Q|Avevigvby‡lim¤ú`Im¤§vbmsi¶‡YiD‡Ï‡k¨KziAv‡b
ewY©Zal©YImk¯¿WvKvwZikvw¯Íg„Zy¨`ÐivLvn‡q‡Q|
gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnn‡jvkixÔAvncÖ‡YZviKwZcqwb‡`©kbvIˆbwZKg~j¨‡evahviIci
wfwËK‡iBmjvgxAvBbZ_vb¨vqwePvi,gvbevwaKvi,wPšÍvi¯^vaxbZv,cvi¯úwiKmngwg©Zv
Ges mvgvwRK mn‡hvwMZv wba©viY Kiv nq| Gfv‡e gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn Bmjvgx AvBb I
gvbevwaKv‡iicÖPwjZaviYv,DbœqbGesmf¨Zvimv‡_ms‡hvM¯’vcbK‡i|GQvovgvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvnwfbœai‡biAv‡ivwKQzeûgvwÎKcÖ‡kœiDËi†`q|†hgb,
• AvR‡Kiev¯ÍeZviAv‡jv‡KBmjvgxAvB‡bicybc©vVIcybwe©‡køl‡Yi†kªôc×wZKx?
• ¯^vaxbZv I b¨vqwePv‡ii Bmjvgx aviYv Kx?
• AvR‡KigvbevwaKviaviYvIBmjvgxAvB‡big‡a¨†hvMm~ÎKx?
• DbœqbImf¨Zvwewbg©v‡YBmjvgxAvB‡biAe`vbKx?
4. gvbeZvi Kj¨vYmvabB Bmjvgx kixÔAvni cÖavb D‡Ïk¨
Bmjvgx kixÔAvni g~j¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv e¨w³Imgwóime©v½xYKj¨vYmvab| hveZxq¶wZ,
AbvPvi,Kzms¯‹vi,Acwi”QbœZvIcw¼jZviAveZ©†_‡Kgy³K‡igvby‡licwi”Qbœ,cweÎI
gy³ Rxebhvc‡bi cwi‡ek wbwðZ K‡i BnKvj I ciKv‡j Zvi Abvwej kvwšÍ I mvwe©K Kj¨vY
wbwðZ KivB Bmjvgx kixÔAvni cÖavb D‡Ïk¨| Bmjv‡gi GKwU cÖavb Bev`Z mvjvZ‡K ejv
n‡q‡QKj¨v‡Yigva¨g|cÖwZw`bgyqvw¾bcuvPeviAvhv‡bimgq ÔnvBqvÔAvjvjdvjvn&Õ ev
ÔKj¨v‡Yiw`‡KG‡mvÕe‡jgvbyl‡Kmvjv‡Ziw`‡K†W‡K_v‡K|kixÔAvnicÖavbDrmKziAvb
GesGiDc¯’vcKivm~jyjøvn& mv.-†Kejv n‡q‡Q ÔingZÕ, hvi wfwËn‡jvKj¨vYAR©bI
¶wZicÖwZ‡ivaKiv|GKBfv‡eBmjv‡ggvbeZviKj¨vY‡KGZB¸iæ‡Z¡imv‡_we‡ePbvKiv
n‡q‡Q†h,Ôgvmvwjn&&gyimvjvn&ÕevAevwiZRb¯^v_©‡KBmjvgxkixÔAvniGKwUDrmwn‡m‡e
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 91
MÖnYKivn‡q‡Q|ZvBmvgwMÖKwe‡ePbvqejvhvq,gvbeZviKj¨vYmvabBkixÔAvniD‡Ïk¨|
Ab¨fv‡eejvhvq,Kj¨vYBkixÔAvnwKsevkixÔAvnBKj¨vY|kixÔAvncÖ‡YZv¯^qsAvjøvn&
ZvÔAvjv| wZwb Rv‡bb wK‡m gvby‡li Kj¨vY Avi wK‡m Zv‡`i AKj¨vY| d‡j kixÔAvn GK
Ae¨_©Kj¨vYweavbiƒ‡cgvbeRvwZiRb¨gnvbAvjøvn&iGKAg~j¨Dcnvi|
BmjvgxkixÔAvniD‡Ïk¨wn‡m‡eKj¨v‡YiaviYvwUgymwjgD¤§vn&i†kªôgbxlx‡`iKv‡QAZxe
¸iæ‡Z¡imv‡_ we‡ewPZn‡q‡Q|kvBLyjBmjvgBgvgBe‡bZvBwgqvi.e‡j‡Qb, ÔBmjvgx
kixÔAvn&&G‡m‡QKj¨vYAR©bIZvic~Y©ZvmvabGesAKj¨vY`~ixf~ZIZvin«vmKi‡Yi
Rb¨|
BebyjKvBwq¨gi.e‡jb,BmjvgxkixÔAvnicy‡ivUvBmywePvic~Y©,meUvBAvjøvn&i†g‡nievwb,
†MvUvkixÔAvnBKj¨vYIwnKgZ|myZivs†hLv‡bmywePvi†bBRyjygAv‡Q,`qv-ggZv†bB
K‡VviZvAv‡Q,Kj¨vY†bBAKj¨vYAv‡QGescÖÁv†bBwbe©yw×Zvev†evKvwgAv‡Q,Zvimv‡_
kixÔAvni†Kv‡bvm¤úK©†bB|Õ
9
BgvgkvwZwei.e‡jb,ÔkixÔAvncÖYxZn‡q‡Qgvby‡liKj¨v‡YiRb¨|Õ
10
Bh&h Be‡b Avew`m
mvjvg i. e‡jb, ÔkixÔAvni cy‡ivUvB n‡jv Kj¨vY|Õ
11
4.1. gvmjvnv ev Kj¨v‡Yi A_©
Aviwegvmjvnvk‡ãiA_©Kj¨vY,hvmeai‡big½j,fv‡jvImy›`‡iimgwó|Kj¨v‡Yi
Aviwe mgv_©K Ôdvjvn&Õ, hvi A_©I Kj¨vY| dvjvn-Gi Av‡iv GKwU A_© Ômvdj¨Õ, hvi Aviwe
cÖwZkã ÔdvDRybÕ|
gvmjvnvkãwUicÖ‡qvMj¶Kivhvq,DcKvi,Kj¨vY,¯^v_©,g½jBZ¨vw`A‡_©|AveviKL‡bv
KL‡bvDcKvimva‡biDcKiYA‡_©IkãwUcÖ‡qvMKivnq|†hgb,†jLviDcKiYKjg|
GLv‡b †jLvi †¶‡ÎKjgwUgvmjvnvA‡_© e¨eüZn‡q‡Q|Avevi †hKv‡RKj¨vY wbwnZ
Zv‡KIgvmjvnvevKj¨vYejvnq|GwUgvmjvnvk‡ãic‡iv¶cÖ‡qvM|†hgbÁvbAR©b
KivKj¨vYKi| †Kbbv,Ávb †gŠwjKKj¨v‡YiDrmevKviY|mvwe©Kfv‡egvmjvnvkãwU
gvbeKj¨vY-mva‡bi hveZxq KvR I Dcvq-DcKiY A‡_© e¨vcKfv‡e e¨eüZ n‡q _v‡K|
4.2. AwbóKi welq `~i KivI Kj¨vY
Ab¨ w`‡K gvmjvnv ev Kj¨vY kãwU‡K AKj¨v‡Yi wecix‡Z cÖ‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| ÔAvj
KvgymyjgywnZÕbvgKAwfav‡bejvn‡q‡Q,Kj¨vYAKj¨v‡Yi wecixZ|ÔgyLZviæm wmn&nvÕ
MÖ‡š’ejvn‡q‡Q,Kj¨vYdvmv‡`i wecixZ|AveviÔwgmevûjgywbiÕAwfav‡bejvn‡q‡Q,
†Kv‡bv wRwbm‡K h_v_©fv‡e ms‡kvab Kivi bvg gvmjvnv| Bgvg Mvh&hvwji g‡Z cuvPwU †gŠwjK
9 Bebyj KvBwq¨g i., BÔjvgyj gyIqvw°Cb,L.3,c„.5|
10 Bgvg kvwZwe, Avj gyIqvdvKvZ,L.2,c„.6|
11 AvjKvIqvwq`ywjBh&hBe‡bAvew`mmvjvg,L.1,c„.9|
92| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
welq †hgbØxb,cÖvY,eyw×,eskIm¤ú`msi¶‡Yi†¶‡ÎAwbóKiwelqcÖwZ‡ivaKivI
Kj¨vY|KviYKj¨vYIAKj¨vYci¯úiwecixZag©xwelq|GKwUiAbycw¯’wZ‡ZAb¨wUi
Dcw¯’wZAwbevh©|†hgbg`cvb,nZ¨v,e¨wfPvi,RyjygBZ¨vw``~iKivn‡j†mLv‡bKj¨vY
cÖwZwôZ nq|
hveZxq Ab¨vq I AKj¨vY `~i KivI Bmjvgx kixÔAvni GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨| †hme welq
IKvRmgv‡RkvwšÍ-k„•Ljv,myL-mg„w×IgvbeKj¨v‡YiAšÍivq†m¸‡jvwbg©~jKi‡Yime©vZ¥K
cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni g~jD‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e¯^xK…Z n‡q‡Q| gvby‡l gvby‡l, †`‡k
†`‡k,RvwZ‡ZRvwZ‡ZIa‡g© a‡g©kvwšÍ¯’vcbKivBmjv‡giAfxój¶¨|e¨w³Rxe‡bi
cvkvcvwkmvgvwRKIivóªxqRxe‡bImeAKj¨vY`~iKivRiæwi|¸wUK‡qK`ye©„ËAbvPvi,
AZ¨vPvi, mš¿vm I `yb©xwZi gva¨‡g †hb mgv‡Ri GKRb e¨w³i RxebI `ywe©ln K‡i Zzj‡Z bv
cv‡i †m Rb¨ Bmjvg hveZxq AKj¨vY `~i Kivi cÖqvm †bq| mgvR †_‡K †dZbv-dvmv` `~i
KiviRb¨Bmjvgxiv‡óªDchy³AvBbcÖYq‡bicvkvcvwkZvcÖ‡qv‡Mi†¶‡Îm‡PZbc`‡¶c
MÖn‡YiIci†Rvi†`qvnq|ïayAvBbw`‡qmeai‡biAKj¨vY`~iKivhvqbve‡jˆbwZK
IAva¨vwZ¥KDbœwZmva‡bIMÖnYKivnqeûgvwÎKD‡`¨vM|
AkvwšÍI wek„•Ljv†ivaKivBmjvgxkixÔAvnimvaviYD‡Ïk¨vewjiAšÍfy©³|meai‡bi
AkvwšÍ†_‡K`~‡i_vKviwb‡`©kw`‡qgnvbAvjøvn&e‡jb,ÔAvihLb†mwd‡ihvqZLb†m
c„w_ex‡ZAkvwšÍm„wóiGeskm¨‡¶ÎIRxeRš‘ieskwbcv‡Zi†PóvK‡i;wKš‘Avjøvn&AkvwšÍ
cQ›`K‡ibbv|Õ
12
D³Avqv‡ZgnvbAvjøvn&Zv‡`i‡KmZK©K‡iw`‡q‡Qb,hviv ywbqvqAkvwšÍm„wóGeskm¨‡¶Î
I esk aŸsmKiviKv‡R wjß _vKZ|Zv‡`iG ai‡biKg©KvÐ weavbcÖ‡YZvim„wóMZI
wb‡`©kMZ D‡Ï‡k¨i wecixZ| KviY †h wRwb‡mi Ici gvbeRvwZi Rxeb I RxweKv wbf©ikxj,
†mBeskIkm¨‡¶Îi¶vKivkixÔAvn`vZviD‡Ï‡k¨iAšÍf©y³|
Bmjvgme©`vBAKj¨v‡Yiwec‡¶Ae¯’vbwb‡q‡QGeshveZxqAb¨vqIAKj¨v‡Yic_†iva
K‡i‡Q|mgv‡RkvwšÍ¯’vc‡bicvkvcvwk †mLv‡b †hbAvi †Kv‡bv wek„•Ljvm„wóbvnq †m
wb‡`©kbvw`‡qAvjøvn&ZvÔAvjve‡jb,Ôc„w_ex‡ZkvwšÍ-k„•LjvcÖwZôvici†mLv‡bwech©qm„wó
K‡iv bv|Õ
13
AKj¨vYKvixivAvjøvn&iingZ†_‡KewÂZ|AKj¨v‡Ywjß_vKviKvi‡YZv‡`iIciwewfbœ
kvw¯Í †b‡gAv‡m|†hgbejvn‡q‡Q, ÔZviv †mLv‡bAkvwšÍe„w×K‡iwQj|AZtci†Zvgvi
cÖwZcvjK Zv‡`i Ici kvw¯Íi KkvNvZ nvb‡jb|Õ
14
Ggwbfv‡ecweÎKziAvb-mybœvn&‡ZAb¨vq
I AKj¨vY `~i Kivi cvkvcvwk Gm‡eig~‡jv‡”Q‡`iwb‡`©k†`qvn‡q‡Q|
12 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 205|
13 Avj KziAvb, 7 : 56|
14 AvjKziAvb,89:12-13|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 93
4.3. Kj¨vY GKwU e¨vcK aviYv
Kj¨vY GKwU e¨vcK aviYv| Gi mv‡_ RwoZ i‡q‡Q Rxe‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq e¯‘MZ I
Ae¯‘MZwelqvw`|†hgbBgvgMvh&hvwji.cÖ`ËgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnimsÁvwe‡kølYKi‡j
†`Lvhvq†h,kixÔAvniD‡Ïk¨n‡jvgvby‡liAvwK`v-wek¦vm,Rxeb,eyw×e„wË,mšÍvb-mšÍwZ
Im¤ú`msi¶‡Yigva¨‡gZv‡`iKj¨vYmvabKiv|AveviD³cuvPwUwRwb‡mi†ndvR‡Zi
mv‡_mswkøócÖ‡Z¨KwUwelqBgvmjvnvevKj¨vYAviG¸‡jviRb¨¶wZKicÖwZwUwRwbmB
AKj¨vY|
AveviKj¨vYïay`ywbqvwee¨vcviBbq,eisGwUci‡jv‡Kimv‡_IRwoZ|BmjvgxkixÔAvn
†hKj¨vYmva‡biRb¨cÖewZ©Zn‡q‡Q,†mBKj¨vYBnKvjIciKvje¨vcxwe¯Í…Z|cÖK…Zc‡¶
kixÔAvni weavbmg~nmeai‡biBnKvjxb,ciKvjxb, e¨wóKImvgwóKcÖ‡qvRbc~iYI
Kj¨vYmva‡b wb‡qvwRZ| Bmjvgx kixÔAvn `ywbqv‡K Ggbfv‡e mvRv‡Z Pvq hv‡Z `ywbqv
cÖK…ZBgvby‡liRb¨km¨‡¶‡ÎiƒcvšÍwiZnqGesGiØviv†m ywbqvIAvwLiv‡ZiKj¨vYjv‡f
mg_©nq|AvjKziAv‡bDfqRM‡ZiKj¨vYKvgbvicÖwZgvby‡li`„wóAvKl©YK‡iÑÔ†n
Avgv‡`icÖwZcvjK!Avgv‡`i‡K`ywbqv‡ZKj¨vY`vIGesAvwLiv‡ZKj¨vY`vI|Õ
15
BmjvgxkixÔAvnGgb†Kv‡bv`ywbqviaviYv†`qbvhvimv‡_AvwLiv‡Zim¤úK©†bB|Avevi
Ggb†Kv‡bvAvwLiv‡ZiaviYv†`qbvhvimv‡_`ywbqvim¤úK©†bB|DfqRM‡ZiKj¨vY
AR©‡biAvnŸvbRvwb‡qAvjKziAv‡bGKwU`yÕAvi‡q‡Q,ÔgnvbAvjøvn&†Zvgv‡Khvw`‡q‡Qb
Zvw`‡qAvwLiv‡ZiAvevmAbymÜvbK‡iv|Avi`ywbqv†_‡K†ZvgviAskfz‡jvbv|Õ
16
D³Avqv‡Zie¨vL¨vqKvZv`vi.e‡jb,BnKv‡jnvjvjwiwRKAvni‡Yi†¶‡Î†ZvgviAsk
bóK‡i†d‡jvbv|†ZvgviPvwn`vZzwgwb‡RBc~iYKi‡eGes`ywbqvidjvd‡jicÖwZ`„wó
ivL‡e|Be‡bDgiiv.e‡jb,Zzwg`ywbqviRb¨Ggbfv‡eRwgPvlK‡iv†hbg‡bn‡eZzwg
wPiKvjRxeb-hvcbKi‡eAviAvwLiv‡ZiRb¨Ggbfv‡eKvRK‡iv†hbg‡bn‡eZzwgKvjB
gviv hv‡e|
17
BgvgivwMeAvjB¯úvnvwbdvjvn&evKj¨vY‡KDfqRM‡Zimv‡_m¤ú„³K‡ie¨vL¨vK‡i‡Qb|
wZwbe‡j‡Qb,BnKv‡jgvby‡liRb¨Kj¨vYn‡”QZviwU‡K_vKv,Zvi¯^vaxbZv,kw³Im¤§vb
jvfGesciKv‡jZviRb¨Kj¨vYn‡”Qg„Zz¨nxbRxeb,`vwi`ª¨nxbm”QjZv,Acgvbnxbm¤§vb
GesAÁZvnxbÁvb|
18
Kj¨vYn‡”QmrKv‡RicwiYvg|mrKv‡RicwiYvgKL‡bv`ywbqv‡ZcvIqvhvqAveviKL‡bv
AvwLiv‡ZcvIqvhv‡e|cwic~Y©evP~ovšÍcwiYvg`ywbqv‡ZcvIqvRiæwibq|Z‡eZviRb¨
15 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 201|
16 AvjKziAvb,28:77|
17 ZvdwmiAvjKziZzwe,L.13,c„.214|
18 ivwMeAvj-B¯úvnvwb,cÖv¸³,c„.497|
94| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
msMÖvgIcÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡Znq`ywbqv‡ZB|gnvbAvjøvn& e‡jb, Ô†KD`ªæZmyL-m‡¤¢vMKvgbv
Ki‡jAvwgZv‡KhvB”QvGLv‡bmZ¡iw`‡q_vwK,c‡iZviRb¨Rvnvbœvgwba©vwiZKwi|Õ
19
wZwbAv‡ive‡jb,Ôhvivgywgbn‡qciKvjKvgbvK‡iGesZviRb¨h_vh_cÖ‡PóvPvjvq
Zv‡`icÖ‡PóvB(Avjøvn&i`iev‡i)¯^xK…Znq|Õ
20
GAvqvZØq†_‡KGK_vmy¯úón‡q‡Q†h,
Kj¨vY`ywbqvIAvwLiv‡ZDfq¯’v‡bBwe¯Í…Z|
Bmjv‡gi`„wó‡ZKj¨vYe¨w³Imgwóimv‡_RwoZ|GcÖm‡½W.Bdmydnvwg`AvjAvwjg
e‡jb,BmjvgxkixÔAvniweavbmg~nGgb†Kv‡bvmgwóiaviYv†`qwbhvimv‡_e¨wóim¤úK©
†bB,AveviGgb†Kv‡bve¨wóicwiPq†`qwbhvimv‡_mgwóim¤úK©†bB|g~jZe¨wóeve¨w³
n‡”QAskIA½GesmgwóevmgvRn‡”QmgMÖI†`n|e¨wóImgwóicÖ‡Z¨‡KBwb‡Ri
cÖ‡qvRbc~iYIKj¨vYmva‡bci¯ú‡iiIciwbf©ikxj|
21
Bmjv‡gKj¨vY‡Kïay†Kv‡bvGKwUmywbw`©ówel‡qiRb¨wew”Qbœfv‡ewe‡ePbvbvK‡iRxe‡bi
Rb¨cÖ‡qvRbxqmewel‡qi†¶‡ÎBmvgwMÖKfv‡ewe‡ePbvKivnq|AveviïayGKRbe¨w³i
Kj¨vYwe‡ePbvbvK‡imgMÖgvbeRvwZiKj¨vYwe‡ePbvKivnq|A_©vre¨wóImgwó,`ywbqv
IAvwLivZ,AvswkKImvgwMÖKme†¶‡ÎKj¨vYmva‡bBmjvgxkixÔAvnfvimvg¨g~jKc×wZ
Aej¤^bK‡i|
5. Bmjvgx kixÔAvn&i wewfbœ wewaweav‡bi AšÍwb©wnZ D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY
BmjvgxkixÔAvn&icÖwZwUweavbBcÖYxZn‡q‡Qgvby‡liKj¨v‡YiRb¨GesZv‡Kmf¨K‡i
M‡o†Zvjvij‡¶¨,hv‡Z†mwb‡RiImgv‡RiRb¨Kj¨v‡YiDrmn‡Zcv‡iGes†m†hb
†Kv‡bvfv‡eBAKj¨v‡YiKviYbvn‡q`uvovq|cÖK…Zc‡¶gvbeZviKj¨vYmvabKivIKj¨vY
KvgbvKivBØxb|GcÖm‡½ivm~jyjøvn&mv..e‡j‡Qb,ÔØxbn‡jvKj¨vYKvgbvKiv|Õ
22
gnvbAvjøvn&gvbyl‡Kc„w_ex‡Z†cÖiYK‡i‡QbGesAbyMÖnK‡iZv‡`i‡KkixÔAvnbv‡giGK
gnvbRxebweavb`vbK‡i‡Qb|GweavbcÖeZ©‡biD‡Ïk¨n‡jvgvbyl‡KZvimywbw`©ój¶¨¯’‡j
†cuŠ‡Q†`qv|gnvÁvbxAvjøvn&ZvÔAvjv`ywbqv‡KAvev`KiviRb¨gvbyl‡Kc„w_ex‡ZLwjdv
K‡icvwV‡q‡Qb|LwjdvevcÖwZwbwai¸iæ`vwqZ¡cvj‡biRb¨Zv‡K†`qvn‡q‡QkiÔCweavb|
†he¨w³GBkiÔCwewaweavb†g‡bPj‡e†mBnKvjIciKv‡jiKj¨vYjvfK‡iP~ovšÍj‡¶¨
DcbxZ n‡e|
GLv‡bkixÔAvncÖewZ©ZKwZcqweav‡biD‡Ïk¨IAšÍwb©wnZKj¨vYZz‡jaivn‡jv:
5.1. mvjv‡Zi AšÍwb©wnZ D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY : mvjvZ Bmjv‡gi GKwU cÖavb Bev`Z| mvjvZ
Av`v‡qigva¨‡gev›`vnAvwZ¥Kcwiïw×AR©‡bicvkvcvwkkvixwiKcweÎZvImy¯’Zv,
19 AvjKziAvb,17:18|
20 Avj KziAvb, 17 : 19|
21 W. BDmyd nvwg` Avj Avwjg, cÖv¸³, 46|
22 mwnnAvjeyLvwi,wKZveyj Cgvb, evey KvIwjb bvex Av`w`by Avb-bvwmnvn&|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 95
mgqvbyewZ©Zv,k„•Ljv,†bZvwbe©vPb,†bZviAvbyMZ¨cÖ`k©b,D¤§vn&iHK¨cÖf…wZAR©b
Ki‡Zcv‡i|mvjv‡Zig‡a¨wbwnZeûweaKj¨v‡YicÖwZBw½ZK‡ignvbAvjøvn&e‡jb,
ÔwbðqmvjvZAkøxjZvILvivcKvR†_‡KweiZiv‡L|Õ
23
5.2. wmqvg ev †ivhvi D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY :wmqvgev†ivhvGKwUe¨vcKZvrch©c~Y©Bev`Z|
Gig‡a¨Ii‡q‡Qgvby‡lie¨vcKKj¨vY|wmqvgdiRKivicÖavbD‡Ïk¨n‡jvgvbyl‡K
gyËvwK K‡i †Zvjv| G m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, Ô†Zvgv‡`i Ici wmqvg wewae×
Kivn‡q‡Q,†hgbKivn‡qwQj†Zvgv‡`ic~e©eZ©x‡`iIci,hv‡Z†ZvgivgyËvwKn‡Z
cv‡iv|Õ
24
5.3. hvKv‡Zi D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY : hvKvZ Bmjv‡gi GK Abb¨ †gŠwjK welq| G‡Z Bev`‡Zi
fveaviv¯úón‡qIVvm‡Ë¡IZv‡ZgvbweKKj¨v‡Yij¶¨-D‡Ïk¨cÖKUn‡qAv‡Q|
Gmej¶¨-D‡Ïk¨e¯‘MZIAva¨vwZ¥KDfqw`K‡KBAšÍf©y³K‡i‡Q|ivm~jyjøvn&mv.
e‡j‡Qb,Ôabx‡`i†_‡KhvKvZMÖnYK‡iZvdwKi‡`igv‡Swdwi‡q`vI|Õ
25
5.5. n‡¾i AšÍwb©wnZ D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY : n‡¾ig‡a¨AmsL¨ag©xqDcKvwiZvicvkvcvwk
cvw_©e DcKvwiZvI i‡q‡Q| n‡¾i DcKvwiZv m¤ú‡K© gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, ÔAvi
†jvK‡`i‡Kn¾KiviRb¨cÖKvk¨fv‡eAvnŸvbRvbvIÑZviv†hb†ZvgviKv‡QAv‡m,
cv‡q†nu‡UAvmyKwKsev ~ieZ©x ’vb†_‡KK…kD‡Uiwc‡VP‡oAvmyK|GLv‡bG‡mZviv
†hb†`L‡ZcvqZv‡`iØxb-`ywbqviKj¨v‡YiKZmy›`ie¨e¯’vi‡q‡Q|Õ
26
5.6. Bmjgx `Ðwewa cÖ‡qv‡Mi AšÍwb©wnZ D‡Ïk¨ I Kj¨vY :BmjvgxkixÔAvncÖewZ©Zn‡q‡Q
gvby‡liKó ~iKiviRb¨|ZvBkvw¯ÍAvB‡bigva¨‡gKvD‡KKó†`qvkixÔAvniD‡Ïk¨
bq;eiskvw¯ÍweavbcÖYqbKivn‡q‡Qgvby‡liKj¨vYIwbivcËvwbwðZKi‡YiRb¨|
Avi†mKj¨vYïay†me¨w³iRb¨bq†hAcivaK‡i‡Q;eisZv†MvUvgvbemgv‡Ri
Rb¨|GKj¨v‡YicÖwZBw½ZcvIqvhvqgnvbAvjøvn&ievYx †_‡K| wKmv‡mig‡a¨
wbwnZKj¨vYm¤ú‡K©AvjKziAv‡bejvn‡q‡Q,ÔwKmv‡mig‡a¨i‡q‡QRxeb|Õ
27
g`cvb, Ryqv †Ljv, ewj`v‡bi ¯’vb I fvM¨ wba©vi‡Yi Dcvqvw` wbwl× Kivi g‡a¨ wbwnZ
Kj¨vYm¤ú‡K©ejvn‡q‡Q,Ôwbðqg`,Ryqv,ewj`v‡bi¯’vbIfvM¨cix¶viDcvqvw`MÖnY
kqZvwb KvR| †Zvgiv mK‡j G¸‡jv cwinvi K‡iv| Avkv Kiv hvq, †Zvgiv mvdj¨ jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|Õ
28
23 Avj KziAvb, 29 : 45|
24 AvjKziAvb,2:183|
25 bvBbyjAvIZvi,L.2,c„.161|
26 AvjKziAvb,22:27-28|
27 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 179|
28 Avj KziAvb, 5 : 90|
96| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
6. gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni AšÍf©y³ Kj¨vYKi welqmg~n
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni AšÍfy©y³ Kj¨vYg~jK welq¸‡jv mvaviYZ wZb cÖKvi :
6.1. Kj¨vY we‡ePbvq gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni †gŠwjK welqvw`
Bmjvgx kixÔAvni Riæwi ev †gŠwjK D‡Ï‡k¨i AšÍf©y³ welq n‡jv †mme wRwbm †h¸‡jvi Ici
`ywbqvIAvwLiv‡Zgvby‡lime©v½xYKj¨vYwbf©iK‡iGes†h¸‡jvQvovZv‡`iRxebaŸsm,
wek„•LjIwech©¯Ín‡qhvq|
BgvgkvwZwei.e‡j‡Qb,RiæwiqvZn‡”Q†mmeAZ¨vek¨Kxqwelq,†h¸‡jviAbycw¯’wZ‡Z
`ywbqvqKj¨v‡YimwVKc_IMwZavive¨vnZnqGes†`Lv†`qwech©q,mxgvnxb¶wZIcÖvY
nviv‡bviNUbv|AviAvwLiv‡ZbvRvZI†bqvgvZnqmy`~icivnZGes¶wZnIqvAeavwiZ
n‡q hvq|Õ
29
AvjøvgvBe‡bAvïii.e‡j‡Qb,ÔRiæwiqvZn‡jvGgbKZ¸‡jvwelq†h¸‡jvGKKwKsev
mw¤§wjZfv‡eAR©bKiv†Kv‡bvm¤cÖ`v‡qiRb¨Acwinvh©|AviG¸‡jvigv‡SÎæwU†`Lvw`‡j
mvgvwRKwbqg-k„•Ljvh_v_©fv‡eKvh©Ki_vK‡ebv|Õ
30
AvjRyIqvBwbi.,BgvgMvh&hvwji.IBgvgkvwZwei.cÖgyL5wUwRwbm‡KRiæwiqv‡ZiAšÍf©y³
welqwn‡m‡ekbv³K‡i‡Qb|
31
†m¸‡jvn‡jv:Øx‡bimsi¶YKiv(protection of faith);Rxebmsi¶YKiv(protection of life);we‡eKeyw×msi¶YKiv(protection of intellect);eskavivmsi¶YKiv(protection of posterity)Gesm¤ú`msi¶YKiv(protection of wealth)|
29 Bgvg kvwZwe i., Avj-gyIqvdvKvZ,L.2,c„.8|
30 gynv¤§`AvZ-ZvwniBebyAvïi,cÖv¸³,c„.43|
31 Bgvg kvwZwe i., Avj-gyIqvdvKvZ,L.2,c„.222|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 97
BmjvgxkixÔAvniD³cuvPwU†gŠwjKIwPišÍbRiæwiwelqAvjKziAvbImybœvn&†_‡Kkbv³
Kivn‡q‡Q|GcÖm‡½AvjKziAv‡bieY©bvwUn‡jv:
Ô†nbex,Cgvb`vibvixivhLbAvcbviKv‡QG‡mAvbyM‡Z¨ikc_K‡i†h,ZvivAvjøvn&i
mv‡_ KvD‡K kwiK Ki‡e bv, Pwzi Ki‡e bv, e¨wfPvi Ki‡e bv, Zv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i‡K nZ¨v
Ki‡ebv,GgbAcev`†`‡ebvhvZvivD™¢vebK‡iZv‡`invZIcv‡qigvSLv‡b(RviR
mšÍvb‡K¯^vgxiJim†_‡KAvMZmšÍvbe‡jAcev`iUv‡ebv)Gesfv‡jvKv‡RAvcbvi
Aeva¨ZvKi‡ebv,ZLbZv‡`iAvbyMZ¨MÖnYKiæbGesZv‡`iRb¨Avjøvn&iKv‡Q¶gv
cÖv_©bv Kiæb|Õ
32
D³Avqv‡ZKvwigvQvovIGe¨vcv‡iKziAvb-mybœvn&ieû wb‡`©kbvi‡q‡Q †hLv‡bDwjøwLZ
cuvPwU†gŠwjKwelq‡Kmsi¶YKivicÖwZ¸iæZ¡v‡ivcKivn‡q‡Q|G¸‡jviGKwUn‡jvgnvb
Avjøvn&ievYx:
ÔAvcwbejyb,G‡mvAvwg†Zvgv‡`i‡KHmewelqcvVK‡i†kvbvB,†h¸‡jv†Zvgv‡`icÖwZcvjK
†Zvgv‡`iRb¨nvivgK‡i‡Qb|(†m¸‡jvn‡jv:)†ZvgivZuvimv‡_Ab¨wKQy‡KkwiKKi‡e
bv, wcZv-gvZvi mv‡_ m`q e¨envi Ki‡e, `vwi‡`ª¨i f‡q †Zvgiv †Zvgv‡`i mšÍvb‡`i‡K nZ¨v
Ki‡e bv, AvwgB †Zvgv‡`i I Zv‡`i‡K wiwRK w`‡q _vwK| cÖKv‡k¨ †nvK wKsev †Mvc‡b †nvK,
AkøxjKv‡RiwbK‡UIhv‡ebv|Avjøvn&hvinZ¨vwbwl×K‡i‡Qbh_v_©KviYe¨wZ‡i‡K†Zvgiv
Zv‡K nZ¨v Ki‡e bv|Õ
33
gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni †gŠwjK cuvPwU wel‡qi mg_©‡b †hme nvw`m `wjj wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv
nqZviGKwUn‡jvwePviw`e‡mAvjøvn&ZvÔAvjvKZ©„KewbAv`g‡KcuvPwUwel‡qcÖkœKi‡eb
GmsµvšÍnvw`m|ivm~jyjøvnmv.e‡j‡Qb,(wePviw`e‡m)gvby‡licvGKwe›`ybo‡Zcvi‡ebv
hZ¶YZv‡KGBcuvPwUwel‡qcÖkœKivbvn‡e|†m¸‡jvn‡jv:K.wb‡RiRxebKvj†m†Kvb
Kv‡Re¨qK‡i‡Q?L.†hŠe‡bikw³-mvg_©¨ †Kv_vqe¨qK‡i‡Q?M.ab-m¤ú`†Kv_v †_‡K
DcvR©bK‡i‡Q?N.†Kv_vqZve¨qK‡i‡Q?O.Ges†mhZUzKzÁvbAR©bK‡i‡Q†mAbyhvqx
ZvKZUzKzAvgjK‡i‡Q?
34
D³ cuvPwU welq‡K gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni †gŠwjK cuvPwU wel‡qi
mv‡_m¤úwK©ZKivhvq|cÖ_gwUw`‡qRxebmsi¶Y,wØZxqwUw`‡qeskavivmsi¶Y,Z…Zxq
IPZz_©wUw`‡qm¤ú`msi¶YGescÂgwUw`‡qAvKjIwek¦vmmsi¶YKiv‡KeySv‡bvhvq|
6.2. nvwRqvZ ev cÖ‡qvRbxq Kj¨vYKi welqvw`
nvwRqvZ n‡jv †mme wRwbm †h¸‡jv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni Riæwi welq¸‡jvi ch©vqfy³ bq eis
gvby‡liKóImgm¨v`~iKivwKsevcuvPwURiæwiwelqmsi¶‡YmnvqKIm¤ú~~iKwn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i| gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK, mnR I my›`i Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ †hme wRwbm cÖ‡qvRb Ges
32 Avj KziAvb, 60 : 12|
33 Avj KziAvb, 6 : 151| 34 Rv‡g AvZ-wZiwgwR|
98| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
†h¸‡jviAfv‡eZv‡`i‡Kwewfbœmgm¨vI ytLK‡ói†gvKv‡ejvKi‡Znq†m¸‡jv‡KnvwRqvZ
ejv nq| RiæwiqvZ I nvwRqv‡Zi g‡a¨ g~j cv_©K¨ n‡jv : †hme wRwb‡mi Afv‡e mgv‡Ri
mevB¶wZMÖ¯ÍImgm¨vim¤§yLxbZv‡KRiæwiqvZGes†hm‡eiAfv‡e†Kv‡bve¨w³we‡kl
wKsevwKQymsL¨Kgvbyl¶wZImgm¨vim¤§yLxbnqZv‡KnvwRqvZejvnq|
35
nvwRqv‡Zi msÁvq Bgvg kvwZwe i. e‡j‡Qb, ÔZv n‡jv †mme welq, †h¸‡jv gvbeRxe‡b
¯^v”Q›`¨AvbqbK‡iGesK‡VviZv,mgm¨vIAmyweav ~iK‡i|G¸‡jvD‡cw¶Zn‡jgvbyl‡K
bvbvweaAmyweavI`ytLKó†fvMKi‡Znq,wKš‘G¸‡jvicÖwZD‡c¶viKvi‡YRbKj¨v‡Yi
†¶‡Î¯^vfvweKwech©qm„wóK‡ibv|Õ
36
Be‡b Avïi i. e‡jb, ÔnvwRqvZ n‡jv †mme wRwbm †h¸‡jv mgv‡Ri ¯^v_© AR©b I myôz
e¨e¯’vcbviRb¨cÖ‡qvRbGes†h¸‡jvQvovmvgvwRKk„•Ljvïaya‡mBc‡obveisAKvh©Ki
n‡q hvq wKš‘ †mme wRwbm Riæwiqv‡Zi ch©vqfy³ bq|Õ
37
6.3. ZvnwmwbqvZ ev †mŠ›`h©ea©K Kj¨vYg~jK welqvw`
ZvnwmwbqvZ ev †kvfvea©bKvix welq¸‡jv gvbeRxe‡bi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨K ev cÖ‡qvRbxq bq, wKš‘
G¸‡jvgvby‡liiæwP,AvPvi-AvPiY,f`ªZv-wkóvPviIAvivg-Av‡qkevmy›`iRxebhvc‡bi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb|
Be‡b Avïi e‡jb, ÔZvnwmwbqvZ n‡jv †mme wRwbm †h¸‡jv mgv‡Ri Ae¯’v I mvgvwRK
k„•Ljv‡Km‡e©v”Pc~Y©ZvqDbœxZK‡ihv‡Zmgv‡RigvbylkvwšÍc~Y©fv‡eRxebhvcbKi‡Zcv‡i
GesAb¨RvwZi†Pv‡LZv‡`iRuvKRgKc~Y©Ae¯’vGes†mŠ›`h©Zz‡jai‡Zcv‡i|Õ
38
Zvnwmwbqv‡ZiAšÍf©y³wel‡qig‡a¨i‡q‡QÑmy¯^v`yLveviMÖnYIDËg†cvkvKcwiavb,kixi
I†cvkvKn‡ZbvcvK,gqjvcÖf…wZ`~iKiv,meai‡biwkóvPvi,nvjvjIˆeawejvmxwRwbm
e¨envi BZ¨vw`|
7. ÔwbivcËvÕ I Ômsi¶YÕ †_‡K ÔDbœqbÕ I ÔAwaKviÕ
gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvni†¶‡ÎBgvgMvh&hvwji.ÔAvj-wndRÕGesZuviwk¶KAvjRyqvBwbi.
ÔAvj-BmgvÕkãe¨enviK‡i‡Qb|AviweDfqk‡ãiA_©n‡jv,i¶vKiv,msi¶YKiv,hZœ
†bqv, ZË¡veavb Kiv, †ndvRZ Kiv BZ¨vw`| G `ywU k‡ãi mgv_©K Bs‡iwR n‡jv, safeguard, protection, preservationcÖf…wZ|cÖK…Zc‡¶gvbeRxe‡biweKvkImsi¶‡Yi†¶‡ÎÔAvj-
35 W.gynv¤§`Ave`yjÔAvwZ gynv¤§` ÔAvjx, Avj gvKvwm`yk& kvixÔAvn& Iqv Avmviænv wdj wdKwnj Bmjvgx, `viæj nvw`m,
Kvq‡iv,2007,c„.191|
36 BgvgkvwZwei.,cÖv¸³,L.2,c„.11|
37 gynv¤§`AvZ-ZvwniBebyAvïi,cÖv¸³,c„.123| 38 gynv¤§`AvZ-ZvwniBebyAvïi,cÖv¸³,c„.124|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 99
wndRÕIÔAvj-BmgvÕkã`ywUe¨vcKI we¯Í…ZaviYvcÖKvkKi‡jIKzwokZ‡Ki†Kv‡bv
†Kv‡bvAvaywbK ‹jviD³kã ywUicwie‡Z©ÔDbœqbÕ(development) I ÔAwaKviÕ (right) kã
e¨enviKi‡Qb|wndRevmsi¶Yk‡ãiGweeZ©b†g‡bwb‡ZmKjgvKvwm`wekvi`M‡Yi
g‡a¨HKgZ¨ cÖwZwôZ bv n‡jI Be‡bAvïiG †¶‡Î wPšÍvi bZzb `yqvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Qb|
KzwokZ‡KBgvgMvh&hvwjIkvwZwei ÔwndRAvb-bmjÕ (preservation of offspring) ev
Ôeskavivimsi¶YÕcwifvlvcvwievwiKm¤úwK©ZZ‡Ë¡(family-oriented theory)DbœxZnq|Be‡bAvïiZuvi MÖ‡š’ ÔwndRAvb-bdmÕ-Gicwie‡Z© cvwievwiKZË¡veavb (care for the family)39
e¨enviK‡ib|wZwbGcÖm‡½ZuviMÖ‡š’ÔBmjv‡gimvgvwRKc×wZÕIÔBmjvgx
AvB‡bi ˆbwZK g~j¨‡evaÕ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv K‡ib| GKBfv‡e Bgvg Mvh&hvwj I kvwZwei
ÔwndR Avb-bdmÕ (preservation of the soul) I ÔwndR Avj-DiæRÕ (preservation of honor) cwifvlvm¤cÖwZKv‡jÔgvby‡ligh©v`vimsi¶YÕ(preservation of human dignity) I
Ôgvby‡li AwaKv‡ii wbivcËvÕ (protection of human rights) wn‡m‡e e¨env‡ii Ici †Rvi w`‡Z
†`Lvhv‡”Q|Abyiƒcfv‡eÔwndRAvj-AvKjÕ(preservation of mind)-†KAv‡M†hLv‡bïaygv`KZvwbqš¿‡Yig‡a¨mxwgZKivn‡Zv†mLv‡beZ©gv‡bD³cwifvlvie¨enviÔweÁvbm¤§Z
wPšÍvfvebvÕ,ÔÁv‡biRb¨ågYÕ,ÔK‡VvigvbwmKZvicwinviÕBZ¨vw`†¶‡Îm¤cÖmvwiZKi‡Z
†`Lvhvq|
GKBfv‡e Mvh&hvwj I kvwZwei ÔwndR Av`-ØxbÕ (preservation of religion) cwifvlvi
cwie‡Z© eZ©gv‡b Ôwek¦v‡mi ¯^vaxbZvÕ (freedom of belief)cwifvlve¨enviKi‡Z†`Lvhvq|AbyiƒcÔwndRAvj-gvjÕ(preservation of wealth)cwifvlvi†¶‡ÎÔmvgvwRKmn‡hvwMZv(social assistance),ÔA_©‰bwZKDbœqb(economic development)Õ ÔA‡_©i cÖevnÕ (flow of money), ÔmgvRKj¨vYÕ (wellbeing of society),ÔA_©‰bwZK¯Í‡iicv_©‡K¨iµgn«vmgvbZv(diminishing the difference between economic levels)Õ BZ¨vw` cwifvlv e¨envi Ki‡Z
†`Lvhvq|
40
1948mv‡ji10wW‡m¤^iRvwZm•Nmve©RbxbgvbevwaKvi†NvlYvK‡i|Gici1981mv‡ji
19†m‡Þ¤^iwek¦Bmjvgxcwil`ÔAvjgyÕZvgviAvjAvÔjvwgjBmjvgxÕgvbevwaKvimsµvšÍ
AvšÍR©vwZK aviv-Dcaviv¸‡jv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i gvbevwaKv‡ii GKwU †NvlYv cÖ`vb K‡i|
1990mv‡jIAvBwmwdKvnA¨vKv‡WwgGKwUgvbevwaKvi`wjjˆZwiK‡i|G`wj‡j25wU
avivqKziAvb-mybœvn&iAv‡jv‡KgvbevwaKvi†NvlYvKivnq|G†NvlYvcÎRvwZm•N†NvwlZ
gvbevwaKv‡ii30wUaviviA‡bKaviv‡KBmg_©bK‡i|Bmjvgx`„wó‡KvY†_‡KgvbevwaKvi
†NvlYvicwi‡cÖw¶‡ZwKQymsL¨K†mKzjvicwÐZGig‡a¨a‡g©iMÜAv‡Qe‡jD‡ØMcÖKvk
K‡ib| Avevi Zv‡`i A‡b‡KB gvKvwm`wfwËK gvbevwaKvi †NvlYv‡K ¯^vMZ Rvbvb GB e‡j
†h,GUvmve©RbxbgvbevwaKv‡ii †¶‡ÎBwZevPKbZzbgvÎv †hvMK‡i‡Q,hv¯^M©xq¸‡Yi
Avavi †_‡KDrmvwiZ|gvbevwaKvicwicvj‡bi †¶‡ÎGwU ˆbwZKbZzb †cÖlYve‡jZviv
39 gynv¤§`AvZ-ZvwniBebyAvïi,cÖv¸³,c„.246| 40 AvI`v,c„.24|
100| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
gšÍe¨K‡ib|KwZcqM‡elKgvbevwaKviGesgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnig‡a¨†hmeAmgvÄm¨
i‡q‡QZv`~ixKi‡Ycivgk©cÖ`vbK‡ib|
41
D³Av‡jvPbviwfwˇZejvhvq,gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvniAšÍfy©³welq¸‡jv†hgbÑØxb,cÖvY,
eyw×Ieskavivimsi¶Y‡KeZ©gv‡bGmewel‡qiDbœq‡biA‡_©e¨eüZn‡”Q|†hgbÔwndR
Avb-bdmÕwelqwUeZ©gv‡bÔgvbem¤ú`DbœqbÕIÔgvbevwaKvicÖwZôviÕA‡_©weewZ©Zn‡q‡Q|
8. gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi aviYv
gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb GKwU eûgvwÎK
aviYv| mvaviYZ gvby‡li m¶gZv
e„w×IcÖmvi,wk¶vIAvqe„w×g~jK
m~P‡Ki e„wׇK gvbe Dbœqb ejv
nq|cÖK…Zc‡¶gvby‡liA_©‰bwZK,
ivR‰bwZK, mvs¯‹…wZK, mvgvwRK
m‡e©vcwi Rxebgv‡bi Dbœqb‡K
gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb wn‡m‡e †`Lv‡bv
nq|
gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi GKwU c~Y©v½
msÁv †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Q United Nations Industrial Development Organization| ms¯’vwUi g‡Z,
gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb ej‡Z gvby‡li
msMwVZDbœqb‡KeySv‡bvn‡q‡QhviP~ovšÍD‡Ïk¨Ij¶¨n‡jvRvZxqDbœqb|GwUA_©‰bwZK
IwkímsµvšÍmew`K†hgbÑe¨w³MZ¶gZviDbœqb,Drcv`b¶gZvIm„Rbkxj¶gZv
e„w×Geswk¶v,cÖwk¶YIM‡elYvigva¨‡g†bZ…‡Z¡iKvh©vewjAbykxjb‡KAšÍfz©³K‡i|
42
Bmjv‡g gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi aviYv Av‡iv m¤úªmvwiZ I we¯Í…Z hv gvby‡li Ava¨vwZ¥K I
ˆelwqK-e¯‘MZmew`KIwefvM‡KAšÍfz©³K‡i|Bmjv‡gDbœq‡biA_©mvwe©Kfv‡egvby‡li
cÖvK…wZKIgvbwmK,ˆbwZKIˆelwqKDbœqbGesmvgvwRKImvs¯‹…wZKDbœqb|
43
Bmjv‡g gvbem¤ú‡`i Dbœqb g~j¨‡evam¤úbœ, hv Bmjvgx kixÔAvni j¶¨-D‡Ï‡k¨i mv‡_
m½wZc~Y©|BmjvgxkixÔAvniD‡Ïk¨n‡jvKj¨vY|AZGegvby‡lime©v½xYKj¨vYmva‡bi
Rb¨†hmvgvwRKcwieZ©bIcybM©VbmvwaZnqZv-BDbœqb|
41 AvI`v,c„.23|
42 Bmjvg iwdK, wnDg¨vb wi‡mvm© †W‡fjc‡g›U Bb iæivj †W‡fjc‡g›U Bb evsjv‡`k, b¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae †jvKvj
Mfb©‡g›U,XvKv-1990,c„.72|
43 gvIjvbvgynv¤§`Ave`yiinxg,Bmjv‡gi A_©bxwZ,LvqiæcÖKvkbx,1977,c„.309|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 101
ms‡¶‡cejvhvq,Bmjv‡gi`„wó‡ZDbœqbn‡jve¨w³,cwievi,mgvRIiv‡óªime©ÎBmjvgx
kixÔAvnij¶¨-D‡Ï‡k¨iAR©b|GBj¶¨-D‡Ï‡k¨iAR©bhZUv†ewkn‡eivóªZZDbœZn‡e
GesivóªGBj¶¨-D‡Ïk¨†_‡KhZ`~‡im‡ihv‡eZZAbybœZn‡e|
9. gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb I gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn
gvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡bimv‡_gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvniNwbôIwbweom¤úK©i‡q‡Q|gnvbAvjøvn&
gvbyl‡Kc„w_ex‡ZcÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i`vwqZ¡cÖ`vbK‡i‡Qb|G`vwqZ¡m¤úv`‡biRb¨ZviAvwZ¥K,
gvbwmK,ˆbwZKIkvixwiKDbœwZcÖ‡qvRb|†Kbbv,†hvM¨ImejGesA‡hvM¨I`ye©jmgvb
f~wgKvcvjbKi‡Zcv‡ibv|ZvBgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvni`vwen‡jvgvby‡limvwe©KDbœwZI
weKvkmva‡bigva¨‡gZv‡K†hvM¨ImejK‡i†Zvjv|gvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡bi¸iæ‡Z¡iwelqwU
AbyavebKivhvqivm~jyjøvn&mv.-GievYx†_‡K|wZwbe‡j‡Qb,Ôkw³gvbCgvb`viAvjøvn&i
wbKU`ye©jCgvb`v‡ii†P‡qAwaKDËgIwcÖq|Z‡ecÖ‡Z¨‡Kig‡a¨BKj¨vYwbwnZAv‡Q,
hv‡Z†ZvgviDcKvii‡q‡QZvAR©‡bZzwgAvMÖnxnIGesAvjøvn&iKv‡Qmvnvh¨KvgbvK‡iv|
ZzwgA¶gn‡qvbv|Õ
44
gvbyln‡jvDbœq‡biP~ovšÍIcÖavbgva¨gGesZvivBn‡jvmg„w×i¯’cwZ(architect)| gnvb
Avjøvn&e‡jb,ÔwbðqAvjøvn&ZZ¶Ych©šÍ†Kv‡bvRvwZiAe¯’vcwieZ©bK‡ibbvhZ¶Ybv
Zviv wb‡Riv wb‡R‡`i Ae¯’vi cwieZ©b K‡i|Õ
45
A_©‰bwZKmg„w×ImvgvwRKKj¨vYAR©‡biGKwU iæZ¡c~Y©wba©viKn‡jvgvbem¤ú`|Bmjvg
gvby‡li†ckvMZ`¶ZvImZZvm„wóK‡iZv‡Km¤ú‡`cwiYZKi‡ZPvq|Bmjv‡gGKRb
e¨w³iKvR‡KBev`Ze‡jMY¨Kivn‡q‡QGes†mKvRm¤úv`‡bi†hvM¨ZvAR©bKiv‡K
diRwn‡m‡eMY¨Kivn‡q‡Q|
10. Kj¨vYmvab I AKj¨vY eR©‡b gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni Dcv`vb
Kj¨vYmvab I ¶wZeR©‡b gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni Dcv`vb eûgvwÎK| GwU †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó
msL¨vi†fZimxgve×bq|cÖvPxbIAvaywbKhy‡MigyRZvwn`,BgvgIdwKnMYKziAvb-
mybœvn& M‡elYvc~e©K kixÔAvni eû j¶¨-D‡Ïk¨ Zz‡j a‡i‡Qb| Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i. I Zuvi
wk¶KBgvgyjnvivgvBbAveyAvj-gvÔAvwjAvj-RyqvBwbi.Øxb,cÖvY,eyw×,eskIm¤ú`
msi¶Y‡KBmjvgxkixÔAvniIqvwRech©v‡qiD‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e wPwýZK‡i‡Qb|c‡iBgvg
kvwZwei.Zuv‡`iGBZvwjKv‡Kmg_©bK‡i‡QbGesG¸‡jv‡KkixÔAvnig~jbxwZwn‡m‡e
e¨vL¨vK‡i‡Qb|wZwbe‡j‡Qb,gvby‡liKj¨v‡Y†hmewelq‡K†ndvRZKi‡Zn‡e†m¸‡jv
cuvPwU:Øxb,cÖvY,esk,m¤ú`Ieyw×|GmewRwb‡mi†ndvRZKivIqvwRenIqviwelqwU
AKvU¨`wjjØvivcÖgvwYZ|
44 mwnn gymwjg, wKZveyj K¡`i, evey wdj Avgwi wej KzIqvwZ Iqv ZviwKj Av¾wh...|
45 Avj KziAvb, 13 : 11|
102| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Gg.DgiPvcovZuviÔThe Islamic Vision of Development in the Light of Maqasid Al-Shari`ahÕkxl©KiPbvqD‡jøLK‡i‡Qb†h,BgvgMvh&hvwjIkvwZwei.mgw_©ZD³cuvPwUwelqBïaykixÔAvniD‡Ïk¨bq,eisKziAvb-mybœvn&IBmjvgxkixÔAvnwe‡lkÁM‡YiwPšÍvavivAv‡iv
A‡bKD‡Ïk¨-j‡¶¨imv¶¨†`q|Z‡eD³cuvPwUwel‡qimsi¶Y‡Kg~jevcÖv_wgKD‡Ïk¨ejv
†h‡Zcv‡i,AviAb¨¸‡jv‡KAvbylw½KevAbyMvgx(corollary) D‡Ïk¨ ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi
KL‡bvKL‡bvGmeAvbylw½KD‡Ïk¨g~jD‡Ïk¨AR©‡biRb¨Avek¨Kn‡q`uvovq|GKvi‡Y
Avbylw½KD‡Ï‡k¨i¸iæZ¡IAcwimxg|mg‡qie¨eav‡bAvbylw½KD‡Ïk¨cwiewZ©Zn‡q_v‡K|
ZvBwZwbe‡jb,mgqcwiewZ©Zn‡q‡QGesgvby‡liPvwn`vIcÖ‡qvR‡bcwieZ©bG‡m‡Q|d‡j
Avgv‡`i‡K eZ©gv‡bi Av‡jv‡K kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨vewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
46
cÖvPxb MÖš’vw`ZvjvkKi‡j †`Lv hvq,ZLbKvimg‡qIkixÔAvniD‡Ïk¨ïay D³cuvPwU
wel‡qig‡a¨Bmxgve× wQjbv|eis†mmgqAv‡iveû welq‡KBgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvni
AšÍf©y³Kivn‡qwQj|†hgb,wknveDwÏbAvj-Kvivwdgvby‡lim¤§vbi¶vKiv‡K(protection of honour) Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i.-Gi we`¨gvb D³ ZvwjKvq †hvM K‡ib| Bebyj KvBwq¨g i.
Av`j ev b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv (establishing justice),mgvRKj¨vYmsi¶Y(protection of social welfare)GesAb¨vqIAmvgvwRKKvh©Kjv‡ciwbwl×KiY‡K(prohibition of injustice and unsocial activities) gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn&i AšÍf©y³ K‡ib|
m¤¢eZBgvgBe‡bZvBwgqvi.-BcÖ_ge¨w³whwbgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvniwe`¨gvbZvwjKvi
mv‡_eûbZzbwelq†hvMK‡ib|wZwbPzw³m¤úv`b,AvZ¥xqZvieÜbmsi¶Y,cÖwZ‡ekxi
AwaKv‡iicÖwZm¤§vbcÖ`k©bBZ¨vw` welq†h¸‡jv`ywbqvimv‡_mswkøóGesAvjøvn&icÖwZ
fv‡jvevmv,AvšÍwiKZv,mZZv,AvwZ¥Kcwiïw×BZ¨vw`†h¸‡jvAvwLiv‡Zimv‡_RwoZ,Gi
meBgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnwn‡m‡ewPwýZK‡ib|
47
iwk`wiRv†hmewelq‡KgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnwn‡m‡ewPwýZK‡ib†m¸‡jvn‡jv:wek¦v‡mi
¯Í¤¢mg~‡nicybM©Vb(reform of the pillars of faith), GB m‡PZbZvi we¯Ívi †h Bmjvg n‡jv
weï×cÖvK…wZKcÖeYZv,hyw³,Ávb,cÖÁv,cix¶vI¯^vaxbZviag©GesmvgvwRK,ivR‰bwZK
IA_©‰bwZKcybM©VbGesbvixiAwaKvicÖwZôvKiv|
48
wesk kZvãxi weL¨vZ cwÐZ AvZ-Zvwni Beby Avïi KziAvb-mybœvn& M‡elYv K‡i gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvn kbv³ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb k„•Ljv (orderliness), mvg¨ (equality), ¯^vaxbZv
(freedom) IwdZivZevLuvwU ^fvea‡g©imsi¶Y‡K(preservation pure natural disposition) gvKvwm‡`i AšÍf©y³ K‡ib|
49
46 Gg.DgiPvcov,w` BmjvwgK wfkb Ae †W‡fjc‡g›U Ab w` jvBU Ae gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn&, jÛb : B›Uvib¨vkbvj
BÝwUwUDUAeBmjvwgK_U(AvBAvBAvBwU),2008,c„.7|
47 †gvnv¤§` nvwkgKvgvwj,gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn †gW wm¤új, jÛb : B›Uvib¨vkbvj BÝwUwUDU Ae BmjvwgK _U
(AvBAvBAvBwU),2009,c„.8|
48 Rv‡mi AvI`v, gvKvwm` Avj-kixÔAvn& A¨vR wd‡jvmwd Ae BmjvwgK jÕ, w` B›Uvib¨vkbvj Bbw÷wUDU Ae BmjvwgK
_U,jÛb,2008,c„.6| 49 Rv‡miAvI`v,cÖv¸³,c„.6|.
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 103
W.BDmydAvjKvihvwfgvby‡liwek¦v‡mimsi¶Y,gh©v`vIAwaKvicÖwZôv(maintaining human dignity and rights),Bev`‡ZicÖwZAvnŸvb (calling people to worship), ˆbwZKg~j¨‡ev‡aimsi¶Y(restoring moral values),fv‡jvcwieviMVb(building good families), bvix‡`i mv‡_ fv‡jv e¨envi (treating women fairly),kw³kvjxBmjvgxRvwZMVb(building a strong Islamic nation),mn‡hvwMZvc~Y©wek¦MVb(cooperative world) BZ¨vw`‡K gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvni AšÍf©y³ K‡ib|
50
AwZ m¤cÖwZ Dgi Pvcov Ab¨‡`i g‡Zv gymwjg we‡k¦i Av_©mgvwRK Dbœq‡b gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvni Ici ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc K‡ib| Zviv kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨-j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨
bxwZwba©viK‡`i mnvqZvi D‡Ï‡k¨ gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni Ici Z_¨fvÐvi cÖwZôvi K_v
e‡jb| †hZ_¨fvÐvi ïay gvbeDbœq‡biAv_©mvgvwRK w`K¸‡jvB †`L‡e bv; eis gvbweK
g~j¨‡eva,bxwZ-ˆbwZKZv,cwievi,Øxbevwek¦vmBZ¨vw`w`K‡KIAšÍf©y³K‡igymwjgwe‡k¦i
Dbœq‡biRb¨mvwe©KbxwZgvjvcÖYq‡bmnvqZvKi‡e|ZvivBmjvgxkixÔAvnij¶¨¸‡jv‡K
ïayGKwU wbw`©óf~LÐev†`‡kiAe¯’viAv‡jv‡Kbv†`‡L wek¦cwiw¯’wZiAv‡jv‡Kwe‡kølY
Kivi Ici ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡ib|
11. gvKvwm‡`i Av‡jv‡K gvbem¤ú` Dbœqb I weKv‡ki Dcv`vb
K¬vwmK¨vj Bmjvgx ¯‹jvi‡`i g‡Z, gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn Av‡jv‡K gvby‡li me©v½xY
Kj¨vYmva‡biRb¨cÖavbZcuvPwU welq†hgbÑRxeb,Øxb,Ávb,eskIm¤ú`msi¶‡Yi
K_vejvnq|wKš‘gvby‡liAwfÁZv,M‡elYv, wPšÍv-†PZbvIweÁvb-cÖhyw³iDbœwZimv‡_
mv‡_gvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡biaviYviIcwiewZ©Zn‡”Q|d‡jAvaywbK¯‹jvi‡`ig‡Z,Bmjv‡gi
`„wó‡Zgvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡biAvbylw½Kwelq¸‡jvi†¶‡ÎI†hvMn‡q‡QwewfbœbZzbwelq|ZvB
ejvhvq,gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvniAv‡jv‡Kgvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡biDcv`vb¸‡jveûgvwÎKGes
eûavivqwef³|GmeDcv`v‡big‡a¨†hgbi‡q‡Q,gvby‡liRxe‡biRb¨¶wZKimewelq
†_‡KZv‡KwbivcËv†`qv,†Zgwbi‡q‡QZviweKvkIKj¨v‡Y¨iRb¨cÖ‡qvRbxqmeDcv`vb|
gvbeRxe‡biRb¨Kj¨vYKiwelq‡qig‡a¨i‡q‡QZviA_©‰bwZKDbœqb,wk¶v,¯^v¯’¨,cywó,
cwi‡ek,RxebgvbAveviZviweKv‡ki†¶‡ÎcÖwZeÜKwel‡qig‡a¨i‡q‡Q,Ab¨vq,Ryjyg,
Kzms¯‹viBZ¨vw`†bwZevPKwelqhv`~iKivRiæwi|Rxebmsi¶‡Yiwelq¸‡jv‡K`yÕfv‡M
fvM Kiv hvq :
µwgK DcKvix ev Kj¨vYKi wRwbm AR©b Kiv ¶wZKi wRwbm `~i Kiv
01 my¯^v¯’¨ Rxe‡biIciAvµgY(wb‡RievA‡b¨iØviv)
02 DbœZRxebgvb N„Y¨Aciva
03 cwiwgZ †fvM m¤§vbIgh©v`vnvwb
04 gh©v`v,AvZ¥m¤§vb,åvZ…Z¡Imvg¨ ¶wZ(wb‡RievA‡b¨iØviv)
50 Rv‡miAvI`v,cÖv¸³,c„.7|
104| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
µwgK DcKvix ev Kj¨vYKi wRwbm AR©b Kiv ¶wZKi wRwbm `~i Kiv
05 Av`j ev b¨vqwePvi AmyL
06 Ava¨vwZ¥KIˆbwZKDbœwZ A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek
07 ¯^vaxbZv ¶zav
08 wk¶viDbœqb `vwi`ª¨
09 Kg©ms¯’vb I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb fq I wbivcËvnxbZv
10 AvqIm¤ú‡`imylgeÈb Aciva I `yb©xwZ †iva
Gg.DgiPvcovBmjvgxkixÔAvniGKwUg~jD‡Ïk¨wndRAvb-bdmevRxebmsi¶‡Yi
†¶‡ÎgvbeKj¨vY-mvabIDbœq‡bigva¨‡gZv‡`iRxeb‡Kc~Y©iƒ‡cweKwkZKiviRb¨14wU
¸iæZ¡c~Y©Dcv`v‡biK_vD‡jøLK‡i‡Qb|†m¸‡jvn‡jv:
51
1. gh©v`v (dignity),AvZ¥m¤§vb,åvZ…Z¡Imvg¨2. Av`j (justice) ev b¨vqwePvi
3. Ava¨vwZ¥KIˆbwZKDbœwZ(spiritual and moral uplift)4. Rvbgv‡ji wbivcËv (security of life and property)5. ¯^vaxbZv (freedom)6. wk¶v(education)7. mykvmb (good governance)8. Pvwn`vc~iY(need fulfilment)9. Kg©ms¯’vb I AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb
10.AvqIm¤ú‡`imylgeÈb
11. weevn I mšÍvb cÖwZcvjb
12. cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK msnwZ
13. Aciva I `yb©xwZ †iva
14.gvbwmKcÖkvwšÍImyL|
11.1. wndR Avb-bdm ev Rxeb msi¶Y
gvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡bicÖ_‡gBAv‡mgvby‡liRxe‡biAw¯ÍZ¡¡i¶vKiv|Av‡M†eu‡P_vKviwbðqZv
Zvici Av‡m Zvi myß cÖwZfv weKv‡ki K_v| G Rb¨ Bmjvgx kixÔAvn wndR Avb-bdm ev
gvby‡liRxebmsi¶Y‡KAZ¨waK iæZ¡w`‡q_v‡K|wndRAvb-bdmevRxebmsi¶Yej‡Z
m¤§vwbZIgh©v`vevbgvby‡liRxebi¶v‡KeySv‡bvnq|cÖK…Zc‡¶gvbeRxe‡bimsi¶YI
weKv‡k gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvni cwiwa e¨vcK I we¯Í…Z|
51 Gg.DgiPvcov,cÖv¸³c„.9|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 105
RxebmËvi†ndvRZevwbivc`i¶Yv‡e¶Y`yÕfv‡en‡Zcv‡i|cÖ_gZ,Rxe‡biRb¨¶wZKi
mewKQy†_‡KRxeb‡Ki¶vKiv|GwU‡Kmsi¶Yg~jKe¨e¯’v(protective activity) ejv nq|
wØZxqZ,mgv‡RemevmKvixgvby‡liPvwn`vc~i‡Yigva¨‡gZ‡`i¯^vfvweKweKvkavivmgybœZ
ivLv|GwU‡Kmn‡hvwMZvg~jKe¨e¯’v(supportive activity) ejv nq|
bdm ev Rxeb i¶vi cÖ_g `vwe n‡jv, gvbyl‡K nZ¨v bv Kiv Ges Zvi A½-cÖZ¨½ KZ©b
evRLgmnmeai‡bimxgvj•Nb †_‡KZv‡Ki¶vKiv| wØZxqZ,gvbyl‡KAcev` †`qv,
Mvjg›`KivIZvigh©v`viRb¨nvwbKiGgbmeai‡bimxgvj•Nb†_‡KZv‡Ki¶vKiv|
Z…ZxqZ,gvby‡liKg©,wPšÍv,AwfgZIemev‡mi ^vaxbZvi¶vKiv|PZz_©Z,gvby‡liRxebaviv
weKv‡ki mye¨e¯’v Kiv|
cÖK…Zc‡¶gvbeRvwZiAw¯ÍZ¡,weKvkIm¤§vbi¶vihveZxqwelqwndRAvb-bd‡mig‡a¨
kvwgji‡q‡Q|Av‡ivms‡¶‡cejvhvq,Rxebmsi¶Yn‡jvmgv‡RemevmKvixwewPί^fve
Iˆewkó¨gwÐZgvby‡liwbivcËv,k„•LjvIweKvkavivmgybœZKi‡Yigva¨‡gZv‡`i‡Kmywbw`©ó
j¶¨ID‡Ï‡k¨†cuŠQv‡bvicÖ‡qvRbxqe¨e¯’vKiv,hv‡ZZv‡`iRxebavivq†Kv‡bviƒcûgwK,
fxwZI¶wZicwiw¯’wZm„wóbvnq|
Rxe‡bimsi¶Yej‡ZïayRxebeuvPv‡bvbq|AveviïayRxe‡biwe`¨gvbAe¯’viAebwZ
†_‡Kmyi¶vig‡a¨Bmxgve×bq; eisRxe‡bi we`¨gvbAe¯’viDbœwZIDrKl©mvab‡KI
AšÍf©y³K‡i|Z‡eRxe‡biAw¯ÍZ¡¡i¶vKivgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnib~¨bZgch©vq|
11.2. eyw×-we‡e‡Ki msi¶Y
eyw×e„wËiDrKl©gvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡bi¸iæZ¡c~Y©Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ePbvKivnq|gvKvwm`
Avk&kixÔAvni GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wndR Avj-AvKj ev eyw×-we‡e‡Ki msi¶Y ej‡Z
eySvq gvby‡li eyw×-we‡eK‡K åvšÍ AvwK`v-wek¦vm I wPšÍv-†PZbv †_‡K i¶v Kiv| †Kbbv,
åvšÍAvwK`v-wek¦vm,evwZjgZv`k©IwPšÍvavivi†bwZevPKcÖfv‡ewe‡eKevbe¨w³Imgv‡Ri
†evSv,g‡›`iDrmI¶wZiKviYn‡qhvq|hviAvKjmyôzIweKvigy³,†m†`k,RvwZI
mgv‡RiKj¨v‡Yf~wgKvivL‡Zcv‡iAvihviAvKjweåvšÍIwebó†mmgv‡Ri†evSv¯^iƒc|
AvKjeveyw×n‡jvGgb¶gZvimgwóhvigva¨‡gD‡Ïk¨c~Y©fv‡emwVKKvRwUKivhvq,
hyw³c~Y©fv‡ewPšÍvKivhvqGesh_v_©fv‡emZ¨‡KDcjwäKivhvq|Ab¨fv‡eejvhvq,eyw×
n‡jve¨w³iGgbGKwU¶gZvev†hvM¨ZvimgwóhviØviv†mRMrIRxebm¤ú‡K©mwVK
ÁvbjvfKi‡Zcv‡i,wewfbœNUbvimgš^qmvabKi‡Zcv‡iGesmgm¨vimgvav‡bmwVK
wm×všÍMÖnYKi‡Zcv‡i|
eyw×-we‡eKgnvbAvjøvn&-cÖ`ËGKwUeowbqvgZ|g~jZAvK‡jiKvi‡YBgvbyl‡KAb¨me
cÖvYxiIci†kªôZ¡cÖ`vbKivn‡q‡Q|AviGKvi‡YBgvby‡liIcignvbAvjøvn&kixÔAvn
cwicvj‡bi iæ`vwqZ¡Ac©YK‡i‡Qb|AvjKziAv‡beûevignvbAvjøvn&we‡eKm¤úbœ†jvK‡`i
m‡¤^vab K‡i‡Qb Ges Zuvi wb`k©bvewj wb‡q wPšÍv-M‡elYv Kivi wb‡`©k w`‡q‡Qb| gnvb
106| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Avjøvn&e‡jb,Ôwbtm‡›`‡nG‡Z†evakw³m¤úbœm¤cÖ`v‡qiRb¨i‡q‡Qwb`k©b|Õ
52
ÔGgwbfv‡e
Avwg†evakw³m¤úbœ†jvK‡`iwbKUwb`k©bvw`wek`vKv‡ieY©bvKwi|Õ
53
ÔGKgvΆevam¤úbœ
†jv‡KivBeyS‡Zcv‡i|Õ
54
AvKjeveyw×icÖ‡qvRbxqZvm¤ú‡K©BgvgMvh&hvwji.e‡jb,ÔAvKjn‡jvcÖevwnZSibvavivi
g‡ZvGesGwUÁv‡biwfwË|e„¶†_‡K†hgbdj,m~h©†_‡K†hgbAv‡jvGesbqb†_‡K
†hgb`„wóiDrcwˆZgwbAvKj†_‡KÁv‡biDrcwË|
55
weKj AvKjm¤úbœ e¨w³ mgv‡Ri †evSv¯^iƒc| Avq-†ivRMvi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †m mgv‡Ri
†Kv‡bvKv‡RAv‡m bv| eis †mmgv‡RiIciAwZwi³ Pvcm„wóK‡i|GRb¨AvK‡ji
msi¶YIweKvkcÖ‡qvRb|
11.3. wk¶vMZ Dbœqb
wk¶vBRvwZi†giæ`Ð|ZvBgvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡bwk¶vi†Kv‡bvweKí†bB|ejvn‡q_v‡K†h,
ÁvbBkw³Aviwk¶vn‡jvÁvbvR©‡bigva¨g|cÖK…Zc‡¶wk¶vgvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡biGKwU
†gŠwjKDcv`vb|Ávb, ¶Zv,gvbwmKZvIeyw×gËviDbœqbIweKv‡kwk¶vif~wgKvA¯^xKvi
KiviDcvq†bB|gvby‡limyßcÖwZfviweKvkIwe‡klwe‡kl†¶‡Î bcyY¨AR©‡bicÖwk¶‡Yi
†¶‡Îwk¶vBwfw˯’vcbK‡i†`q|GQvovgvbyl‡Km‡PZbK‡i,we‡eK-eywׇKRvMÖZK‡i,
mgvRImf¨ZviM‡o†Zvjvi†¶‡Îwk¶viAe`vbAb¯^xKvh©|
gvbyl‡Kmf¨K‡iM‡o†ZvjvIZv‡`imvwe©KKj¨v‡YiRb¨BmjvgmeviRb¨wk¶vAR©b
Kiveva¨Zvg~jKK‡i‡Q|wk¶vigva¨‡gcÖ‡Z¨‡KZviAvKj-eyw×weKv‡kimy‡hvMcvq,hv
w`‡qmgvRIivóªjvfevbn‡q_v‡K|wk¶vigva¨‡gÁvbvR©‡bicÖwZ¸iæZ¡cÖ`v‡biwelqwU
D‡VG‡m‡QAvjKziAv‡bicÖ_gAeZxY©AvqvZ¸‡jv‡ZB|†hLv‡bejvn‡q‡Q,ÔcvVKiæb
Avcbvii‡eibv‡gwhwbm„wóK‡i‡Qb|Õ
56
GQvovcÖ‡Z¨‡KiRb¨ÁvbvR©beva¨Zvg~jKK‡i
ivm~jyjøvn&mv.e‡j‡Qb,ÔcÖ‡Z¨Kgymwj‡giIciÁvbvR©bKivdiR|Õ
57
AvKj weKv‡ki Rb¨
†hgb `xwb wk¶v AR©‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv i‡q‡Q †Zgwb gvby‡li cwic~Y© Kj¨vYmva‡bi Rb¨
weÁvbIcÖhyw³MZwk¶vIcÖ‡qvRb|
52 Avj KziAvb, 13 : 4|
53 AvjKziAvb,30:28|
54 Avj KziAvb, 29 : 43|
55 Bgvg Mvh&hvwj i., GnBqvD DjywgÏxb,cÖv¸³,gw`bvcvewj‡KkÝ,2010,L.1,c„.195|
56 Avj KziAvb, 96 : 1|
57 Be‡b gvhvn|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 107
11.4. eskaviv msi¶Y I cvwievwiK eÜb
eskaviv†ndvRZKivgvbeRvwZiRb¨AZxe¸iæZ¡c~Y©GKwUwelq|Gigva¨‡gBc„w_ex‡Z
gvby‡liAvev`Pj‡QeûKvja‡i|gvbweKms¯‹…wZiAw¯ÍZ¡Gesc„w_ex‡Zgvby‡liwLjvdZ
ev cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡i `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi avivevwnKZv wbf©i K‡i eske„w× I cÖRb¥cÖwµqv myôzfv‡e
cwiPvjbviIci|GRb¨eskavivmsi¶YKivAvek¨K|
bvix-cyiæ‡licweÎ wgj‡bigva¨‡ggvby‡lieskavive¨vcKfv‡e we¯ÍviKivgnvbAvjøvn&i
cwiKíbv| c„w_ex‡Z gvby‡li eskaviv msi¶‡YiRb¨ Bmjvg bvix-cyiæ‡li cweÎ wgj‡bi
Rb¨ weev‡nie¨e¯’vK‡i‡Q|eskavivmsi¶‡Yi †¶‡ÎAvjKziAv‡bewY©ZAvjøvn&ievYx,
Ô†Zvgv‡`i¯¿xiv †Zvgv‡`iRb¨km¨‡¶Î|Õ
58
GAvqv‡Z¯¿x‡Kkm¨‡¶Î wn‡m‡eAvL¨vwqZ
KivicÖavbD‡Ïk¨ n‡jv¯¿xi ˆbKU¨jv‡figva¨‡gmšÍvbRb¥ †`qv| †Kbbv,km¨‡¶‡Îi
AvmjD‡Ïk¨n‡jvZvPvlvev‡`igva¨‡gdmjDrcv`bKiv|
eskavivmsi¶‡YiRb¨ïayeûgvbylRb¥wb‡jBn‡ebv|Zv‡`ig‡a¨_vK‡Zn‡eHK¨,msnwZ,
fv‡jvevmv,cweÎeÜbGesAvjøvn&iB”Qvev¯Íevq‡bkvixwiK,gvbwmK, ˆbwZKIeyw×e„wËK
†hvM¨Zv|Gme†hvM¨ZvAR©‡bBmjv‡gicvwievwiKRxebe¨e¯’vAvkvbyiƒcdjcÖ`vbK‡i|
11.5. ˆbwZKZv I g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKv‡k Øx‡bi msi¶Y
ˆbwZKZv I BwZevPK g~j¨‡ev‡ai weKvk gvbem¤ú` Dbœq‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡`©kK| †Kv‡bv
gvby‡ligv‡SAv`k©,DbœZg~j¨‡eva,b¨vq‡eva,mZZv,gnvbyfeZvBZ¨vw`BwZevPKg~j¨‡ev‡ai
weKvkhZ†ewk†mZZBmgv‡RiRb¨Kj¨vYKim¤ú`wn‡m‡eM‡oDV‡e|AviGai‡bi
gvby‡limsL¨vhZevo‡e†`kZZDbœq‡biw`KGwM‡qhv‡e|
gvby‡liˆbwZKg~j¨‡evaweKv‡ki†¶‡Îa‡g©iAe`vbAb¯^xKvh©|Avjøvn&ZvÔAvjvic¶†_‡K
cÖ‡Z¨KwUØxbG‡m‡Qgvbyl‡KDbœqbIKj¨v‡YiDchy³nvwZqviwn‡m‡eM‡o†ZvjviRb¨
mnvqZvKi‡Z|Øxbgvbyl‡KcÖK…Zgvbylevbvq|gvby‡licÖwZwUwPšÍvIK‡g©iIcii‡q‡Q
Øx‡bi GK”QÎ AvwacZ¨| Zvi ¯^fve, AvPvi-AvPiY, Rxebc×wZ, wPšÍv-†PZbvi BwZevPK
cwieZ©‡bi†¶‡ÎØx‡bicÖfveAcwimxg|ïaye¨w³Rxebbq,mvgwóKRxe‡biIciIi‡q‡Q
Øx‡bi me©vZ¥K cÖfve| g‡bvweÁv‡bi †¶‡Î †h M‡elYv n‡q‡Q, Zv Avgv‡`i †Pv‡L AvOzj
w`‡q†`wL‡q w`‡q‡Q,ag©gvbwmK¯^v¯’¨Imy‡LiRb¨GKwUcÖ‡qvRbxqDcv`vb|M‡elYvi
ciM‡elYv†_‡K¯úón‡q‡Q†h,hvivag©PP©vK‡i,ZvivAvZ¥nZ¨v,cvbvf¨vm,gv`Kvmw³,
ZvjvK,welYœZvBZ¨vw`mvgvwRKmgm¨vi†gvKv‡ejvqAwaKZiMÖnY‡hvM¨I¯^v¯’¨Kiwm×všÍ
MÖnYKi‡Zcv‡i|`v¤úZ¨-Rxe‡bZ…wßcvIqvicÖavbkZ©I†hag©wek¦vmIag©PP©v,GmZ¨wU
†ewi‡qG‡m‡Q†mBmeM‡elYv†_‡K|Õ
59
58 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 223|
59 Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Post secular World, Prima Publishing,
California,1997, P.60-61.
108| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
11.6. m¤ú` msi¶Y I A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb
AvaywbK Kv‡j Dbœq‡bi AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wb‡`©kK n‡jv A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb| GwU gvbem¤ú`
Dbœqb‡KAv‡ivMwZkxjK‡i|ejvhvq,A_©‰bwZKDbœqbIgvbem¤ú`DbœqbGKBgy`ªvi
GwcV-IwcV|A_©‰bwZK†¶‡ÎkixÔAvniweavbcÖ‡qv‡MiD‡Ïk¨n‡jv,gvby‡li†gŠwjKPvwn`v
c~iYKiv,`ytL-Kó`~iKivIRxebgvbDbœZKiYmne¨w³ImgwóimecÖ‡qvRbc~i‡Yi
gva¨‡gZv‡`iA_©‰bwZKKj¨vYmvabKiv|
gvby‡liA_©‰bwZKKj¨vYmva‡biRb¨cÖ‡qvRbm¤ú`|mgvRImgvRfy³cÖwZwUgvby‡li
ˆ`bw›`bRxe‡bimech©v‡qBm¤ú‡`icÖfvee¨vcKImy`~icÖmvix|m¤ú`QvovRxe‡biMwZ
¯’wei n‡qc‡o,Dbœq‡bi PvKv †_‡ghvq|m¤ú`QvovAbœ, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, wk¶v, wPwKrmv
IAb¨vb¨RiæwicÖ‡qvRbc~iYKivm¤¢enqbv|RvZxqIAvšÍR©vwZKch©v‡qIGKBK_v
cÖ‡hvR¨|cÖ‡qvRbxqm¤ú‡`iAfv‡ee¨w³Rxe‡b †b‡gAv‡m`vwi`ª¨| e¨w³`vwi‡`ª¨icÖfve
mgMÖRvwZiIcic‡o|Gfv‡e e¨w³mgwói`vwi‡`ª¨icÖfve †MvUvRvwZ‡Km¼UvcbœK‡i
†Zv‡jGesRvwZgvbgh©v`vnvivq|GKvi‡Ym¤ú‡`imwVKcÖ‡qvRbxqZviwelqwUD‡jøLK‡i
mywdqvbi.e‡j‡Qb,ÔeZ©gv‡bm¤ú`n‡jvnvwZqvi¯^iƒc|Õ
60
Ab¨w`‡K`vwi`ª¨gvby‡liAvwK`v-wek¦vm,ˆbwZKZv,wPšÍv‡PZbv,cwievi-cwiRbImgv‡Ri
Ici†bwZevPKcÖfvewe¯ÍviK‡i|GgbwKm¤ú`nxbgvbylAfv‡ei`n‡b`»n‡qwnZvwnZ
Ávbnvwi‡qKzdzwiic‡_cvevovq|GcÖm‡½ivm~jyjøvn&mv.e‡j‡Qb,Ô`vwi`ª¨gvbyl‡KKzdzwii
c‡_ avweZ K‡i|Õ
61
gvby‡liA_©‰bwZKDbœq‡bcÖ‡qvRbm¤ú‡`imyôze¨e¯’vcbv|GKvi‡YBmjvgxkixÔAvnm¤ú`
msi¶Y‡KZvig~jj¶¨wn‡m‡eMÖnYK‡i‡Q|
11.7. gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`vc~iY I Rxebgvb DbœZ Kiv
mgv‡Ri me gvby‡li †gŠwjK Pvwn`v c~iY I Zv‡`iRb¨ m¤§vbRbKRxweKvi e¨e¯’v Kiv
BmjvgxkixÔAvnwfwËKA_©bxwZiGKwUD‡Ïk¨|BmjvgcÖ‡Z¨‡Kim¤§vbRbKRxweKvwbwðZ
KivI ytL-KójvN‡eigva¨‡gZv‡`iRxebgv‡biDbœqbNUv‡ZPvq|Lv`¨,e¯¿,evm¯’vbGes
Av‡ivhvhvcÖ‡qvRbZvie¨e¯’vKiviv‡óªi`vwqZ¡|AvaywbKhy‡Mg~L©Zv`~iKiviRb¨wk¶vi
e¨e¯’vKivkixÔAvniD‡Ï‡k¨iAšÍf©y³|†Kbbv,g~L©e¨w³Zvrch©MZfv‡eg„Z|GKBfv‡e
wPwKrmvIweev‡nie¨e¯’vKivIBmjvgxkixÔAvnig~jD‡Ïk¨-j‡¶¨iAšÍfy©³|
W.Gg.DgiPvcovBgvggynv¤§`Be‡bnvhg,BgvgkvwZwe,gvIjvbvgI`~w`,BDmydAvj
KvihvwfiAwfgZwn‡m‡eD‡jøLK‡i‡Qb†h,ÔMwie‡`i†gŠwjKPvwn`vc~i‡Yi`vwqZ¡MÖnY
gymwjgmgv‡Rimw¤§wjZ`vwqZ¡(di‡RwKdvqv)|
62
60 Bgvg KziZzwe, Avj-RvwgD wj-AvnKvwgj KziAvb, Altafsir.com,AvqvZzZ`vwqb(m~ivAvjevKvivn:AvqvZ-282-
283)-Gie¨vL¨v`ªóe¨|
61 Avj-gyËvKx Avj-wn›`x, Kvbhyj D¤§vj,Aa¨vq:Avh-hvKvZ,Aby‡”Q`:Avj-dvKiæjBmwZivwi, eiæZ:gyqvm&mvmvZzi
wimvjvn,1989,L.6,nw`mbs-16682|
62 W.GgDgiPvcov,Bmjvg I A_©‰bwZK P¨v‡jÄ,cÖv¸³,c„.200|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 109
11.8. gvb-m¤£‡gi wbivcËv weavb
gvbm¤§v‡biwbðqZvgvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡bi¸iæZ¡c~Y©wb‡`©kK|BmjvgxkixÔAvngvby‡ligvb-
m¤§vbB¾Z-Aveiæmsi¶‡YiwbðqZv†`q|gvby‡liKv‡QZviRxebIm¤ú`LyeBwcÖq|
AveviKL‡bv KL‡bv ZviRxebI m¤ú‡`i †P‡q gvbgh©v`v eo n‡q †`Lv †`q| Bmjvgx
kixÔAvn&cÖ‡Z¨Ke¨w³igvbm¤§vbIB¾Z-Aveiæi wbivcËvweav‡bcÖ‡qvRbxqe¨e¯’vMÖnY
K‡iGes†hmewelqG¸‡jv‡K¶zYœK‡i†m¸‡jv‡Kwbwl×K‡i|
gvbweK gh©v`vi ¯^xK…wZ I g~j¨vqb Bmjvgx kixÔAvni GKwU we‡kl w`K| e¨w³‡Z¡i g~j¨vqb
I gh©v`vi ¯^xK…wZi gva¨‡g cÖK…Z b¨vqwePvi cÖwZwôZ nq, gvby‡li myß cÖwZfvi weKvk N‡U
IAvZ¥wek¦vmM‡oI‡V|BmjvgRvwZ-ag©-eY© wbwe©‡k‡lgvbeZvi †kªôZ¡Igh©v`v¯^xKvi
K‡i‡Q|Gm¤ú‡K©gnvbAvjøvn&e‡jb,ÔAvwg†ZvewbAv`g‡Kgh©v`v`vbK‡iwQ|Õ63
11.9. Av`j ev b¨vqwePvi cÖwZôv
b¨vqwePvievAvB‡bikvmbnxbDbœqbgvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡bi†¶‡ÎKvh©Kif~wgKvcvjbKi‡Z
cv‡ibv|GRb¨b¨vqwePviDbœq‡biGKwU¸iæZ¡c~Y©wb‡`©kK|e¨w³,mgvRIiv‡óªime©¯Í‡i
Av`jIBbmvdcÖwZôvKivBmjvgxkixÔAvniGKwU¸iæZ¡c~Y©D‡Ïk¨|mywePviQvovgvby‡li
m¤§vb,AvZ¥m¤§vb,åvZ…Z¡,mvgvwRKmvg¨m‡e©vcwigvby‡lime©v½xYKj¨vYwbwðZKivhvqbv|
GKwUmgvRIiv‡óªiDbœwZImg„w×wbf©iK‡iAvB‡bikvm‡biIci|AvB‡bikvmbQvov
`y‡ói`gbIwk‡óicvjbm¤¢ebq|b¨vqwePvinxbmgv‡Rnvbvnvwb,i³cvZQwo‡qcovi
Kvi‡Y†mRvwZaŸs‡migy‡LcwZZn‡Zcv‡i|ivm~jyjøvn&mv.e‡j‡Qb,Ôhw`†Kv‡bvRvwZi
g‡a¨mywePvicÖwZwôZbv_v‡KZLbZv‡`ig‡a¨i³cvZQwo‡qc‡o|Õ
64
Av`jevb¨vqwePvicÖwZôviRb¨KziAv‡bieû¯’v‡bwb‡`©kcÖ`vbKivn‡q‡Q|ÔwbðqBAvwg
Avgviivm~jMY‡K†cÖiYK‡iwQmy¯úócÖgvYmnGesZv‡`im‡½w`‡qwQwKZveIb¨vqbxwZ,
hv‡Z gvbyl mywePvi cÖwZôv Ki‡Z cv‡i|Õ
65
11.10. mvgvwRK mvg¨ cÖwZôv
gvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡bmvgvwRKmvg¨GKwU¸iæZ¡c~Y©Dcv`vb|BmjvgxkixÔAvniGKwUD‡Ïk¨
n‡jvmvgvwRKmvg¨cÖwZôvKiv|Bmjv‡gmvg¨m¤úK©xqD”PZi`„wófw½ i‡q‡Q|Bmjvg
†Kv‡bv†kªwY‰elg¨ ^xKviK‡ibv|gvby‡lgvby‡l,†kªwY‡Z†kªwY‡Z†Kv‡bve¨eavbm„wóiAeKvk
Bmjv‡g †bB|
BmjvgxkixÔAvnimvg¨bxwZi`ywUw`Ki‡q‡Q|cÖ_gZ,Rb¥MZfv‡emegvbylGKIAwfbœ|
ZvivmevBGKAv`gIgvwU†_‡Km„wón‡q‡Q|gvbweK†PZbv,Pvwn`vIAbyf~wZiw`K†_‡K
63 Avj KziAvb, 17 : 70|
64 gyqvËv, wKZveyj wRnv`|
65 Avj KziAvb, 57 : 25|
110| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Zv‡`ig‡a¨†Kv‡bvcv_©K¨I wefvRbˆZwiKivmgxPxbbq|A_©‰bwZKcv_©‡K¨i wfwˇZ
Kv‡ivgh©v`vicv_©K¨wePvh©bq|wØZxqZ,AvB‡bi†Pv‡LmevBmgvb|abx-`wi`ª we‡ePbvq
AvBbcÖ‡qv‡Mi†¶‡Î†Kv‡bvZviZg¨n‡Zcv‡ibv|
Bmjv‡gmv¤cÖ`vwqKI eY©ev‡`iAw¯ÍZ¡ †bB e‡jBAvgiv Dgi iv.-GiK‡Éïb‡ZcvB,
ÔAveyeKiiv.Avgv‡`i†bZvAviwZwbAvgv‡`iGK†bZv†ejvjiv.-†KAvhv`K‡i‡QbÕ|
66
eY©ev‡`i weiæ‡× we`vq n‡¾i HwZnvwmK fvl‡Y ivm~jyjøvn& mv. †NvlYv K‡i‡Qb, Ô†Kv‡bv
Abvi‡eiIciAvi‡ei †kªôZ¡ †bB,AvibvAv‡Q †Kv‡bvAvi‡eiIciAbvi‡ei †kªôZ¡|
†Kv‡bvKv‡jviIci†Kv‡bvmv`vi†kªôZ¡†bB,AvibvAv‡Q†Kv‡bvmv`viIciKv‡jvi†kªôZ¡,
Z‡eZvK&IqvQvov|Õ
67
BmjvgGgbGKRxebe¨e¯’v†hLv‡bRvwZ-ag©,eY©-†MvÎ,abx-`wi`ª,†QvU-eome†f`v‡f`
gy‡Q†djviZvwM`†`q|mvgvwRKAmgZv`~i,bvixigh©v`vcÖwZôv,`vm‡`iAe¯’viDbœwZ
weavbKivigva¨‡gBmjvgxkixÔAvngvby‡ligv‡SmgZvcÖwZwôZKi‡ZPvq|
11.11. ¯^vaxbZv
gvbeRxe‡bi c~Y©weKv‡ki Rb¨ ûiwiqvZ ev ¯^vaxbZv GKwU Acwinvh© Dcv`vb| GwU Qvov
gvbeZvi mvwe©K DbœwZ I Kj¨vYmvab m¤¢e bq| Z`ycwi ¯^vaxbZv gvby‡li GKwU †gŠwjK
AwaKvi|BmjvgxkixÔAvngvby‡liGBAwaKvimsi¶‡YiwelqwU‡K¸iæ‡Z¡imv‡_we‡ePbv
K‡iGesgvbyl‡Kgvby‡lik„•Lj†_‡Kgy³K‡iZvimyßcÖwZfvIm¤¢vebvweKv‡kimy‡hvM
m„wóKiv‡KkixÔAvnij¶¨-D‡Ïk¨wn‡m‡ew¯’iK‡i|
Bmjv‡gi`„wó‡Z¯^vaxbZvgvby‡liRb¥MZAwaKviGesc„w_ex‡ZcÖwZwUgvbylBGKGKRb
Lwjdv ev cÖwZwbwa|GLv‡b †KDKv‡iv `vm bq|ZvBmgv‡Rime †kªwY‡Km‡¤^vabK‡i
Bmjvgب_©nxbfvlvq†NvlYvK‡i,Ô†ZvgivG‡KAc‡iimgvb|ÕBmjvgmegvby‡liGKB
Drm¯’jIcÖZ¨veZ©b¯’‡jicÖwZ `„wóAvKl©YK‡i wek¦evmx‡KRvwb‡q †`q, Ô†ZvgivmevB
Av`‡gimšÍvbGesAv`g‡Km„wóKivn‡q‡QgvwU†_‡K|Õ
68
Bmjv‡gi`„wó‡Zgvbyl‡KmvgvwRK,ivR‰bwZKIA_©‰bwZK†Kv‡bv†¶‡ÎB`v‡mcwiYZKiv
hvqbv|†Kv‡bve¨w³,GgbwKivóªIgvby‡liG¯^vaxbZvniYK‡iZv‡K`v‡mcwiYZKivi
AwaKviiv‡Lbv|gvbylRb¥MZfv‡egy³I¯^vaxb|†Kv‡bve¨w³iIci†Kv‡bve¨w³icÖvavb¨
I†kªôZ¡†bB|†KDKv‡ivcÖfybq,Avevi†KDKv‡iv`vmbqÑGUvBBmjv‡giwk¶v|wØZxq
LwjdvDgiiv.Bmjv‡giGBgnvbwk¶v‡Kev¯Í‡ecwiYZK‡iwQ‡jb|ZuviGKwUweL¨vZ
Dw³ gvbeZvi gyw³i BwZnv‡m D¾¡j n‡qAv‡Q|†mwUn‡jvÑÔ†ZvgivKLb†_‡Kgvbyl‡K
`v‡mcwiYZKi‡ZïiæK‡iQ,A_PZv‡`igvZv‡`i‡K¯^vaxbiƒ‡cRb¥w`‡q‡Qb?Õ
69
66 mwnnAvjeyLvwi,wKZvey dvhvwqwjm mvnvev, evey gvbvwKey wejvwj ewb ivevn|
67 Bgvg Zvevivwb, gyÕRvgyj Kvwei, PZz_© Aa¨vq|
68 mwnn gymwjg I mybvb Avey `vD`|
69 AvwjAvj-ZvbZvweIbvwRAvj-ZvbZvwe,AvLeviæDgi,1959,c„.268|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 111
11.12. bvixi AwaKvi I gh©v`v msi¶Y
bvixi AwaKvi I gh©v`v cÖwZôvq Bmjv‡gi Ae`vb Ab¯^xKvh©| bvix‡`i‡K mgv‡Ri wbôzi-wb`©q
Ae¯’v †_‡Kgy³K‡iZv‡`i‡KDËgiƒ‡cjvjb-cvjb, wk¶v`vbImgv‡RiDbœwZij‡¶¨
Dchy³K‡iM‡o†ZvjvBmjvgxkixÔAvniGKwUD‡Ïk¨|
bvixi AwaKvi I gh©v`vi welqwU eZ©gvb we‡k¦ me‡P‡q †ewk Av‡jvwPZ welq¸‡jvi GKwU|
bvixgyw³ Av‡›`vj‡bi cÖe³v‡`i g‡a¨ †KU wg‡j, Rv‡g©b wMÖqvi, †gwi Dj÷b, A¨vwb †emvšÍ,
gvM©v‡iUmv½vi,myjZvbvivwRqv,†eMg†iv‡KqvcÖgy‡Libvg†kvbvhvq|wKš‘gvbemf¨Zvi
BwZnv‡m bvixi AwaKvi I gh©v`v cÖwZôvi Rb¨ me©cÖ_g Ges me‡P‡q †ewk †h e¨w³ †mv”Pvi
wQ‡jbwZwbn‡jbbexKwigmv.|mwZ¨KviA‡_©wZwbBbvix‡KmgvR-msmv‡iiAwe‡”Q`¨I
Acwinvh© Ask wn‡m‡e me©cÖ_g ¯^xK…wZ †`b Ges cvwievwiK I mvgvwRK Rxe‡b bvixi AwaKvi
cwic~Y©fv‡ecÖ_gcÖwZôvK‡ib|cÖK…Zc‡¶wZwbBbvixRvMiYIbvixgyw³icÖ_gcÖe³v|
ZvBGK_vejvAZy¨w³n‡ebv†h,ÔRxe‡bAb¨wKQybvKi‡jIïaybvixRvMi‡Yi†¶‡ÎZuvi
Ae`vbBwek¦gbxlvqgynv¤§`mv.-†KmyD”PAvm‡bmy`„pfv‡eAwawôZKi‡e|Õ
70
ivm~jyjøvn&mv.-GiRb¥Kv‡jwe‡k¦i†Kv_vIbvixi†Kv‡bvm¤§vbwQjbv,GgbwKZv‡Kgvbyl
wn‡m‡eIMY¨Kivn‡Zvbv|Zv‡KÔ†fv‡Mie¯‘Õ,ÔjvÃbvÕ,ÔAcqvÕIÔcv‡cicÖwZg~wZ©ÕGes
A¯’veim¤úwËig‡ZvÔm¤úwËÕg‡bKivn‡Zv|
Rvwnwjmgv‡RbvixicÖwZwb`©qZvIwbôziZvwQjGKwU¯^vfvweKe¨vcvi|†mmgqmgv‡R
bvixi†Kv‡bvAwaKviwQjbv|Zv‡`i‡KAb¨vb¨A¯’veim¤úwËIRxeRš‘ig‡ZvBIqvwik‡`i
g‡a¨ eÈb I n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv n‡Zv|
Rvwnwjmgv‡Rgvby‡libvixm¤úwK©ZgbgvbwmKZvieY©bvw`‡qAvjKziAv‡bejvn‡q‡Q:
ÔAvihLbZv‡`iKvD‡KKb¨vmšÍv‡bimymsev`†`qvnqZLbZvigyLgÐjKv‡jvn‡qhvq,
†mAmnbxqgb¯Ív‡cwK¬ónq|Zv‡K†hmsev`†`qvnqZviMøvwb‡nZz†mwbRm¤cÖ`vqn‡Z
AvZ¥‡MvcbK‡i| †m wPšÍvK‡i nxbZvm‡Ë¡I †mZv †i‡L †`‡e bv gvwU‡Zcuy‡Z †dj‡e!
mveavb!Zvivhvwm×všÍ†bqZvKZBbvwbK…ó!Õ
71
mgv‡RihveZxqcw¼jZv †_‡Kivm~jyjøvn&mv.bvixmgvR‡K †U‡bZz‡jG‡bgvby‡ligh©v`v
w`‡jb|AvjKziAv‡b †NvlYvKiv n‡jv, Ôbvix‡`i †Zgwb b¨vqm½ZAwaKviAv‡Q, †hgb
cyiæl‡`iAv‡QZv‡`iIci|Õ
72
11.13. ¯^v¯’¨ msi¶Y I Dbœqb
¯^v¯’¨gvbem¤ú`Dbœq‡bi¸iæZ¡c~Y©Dcv`vb|Av_©mvgvwRKDbœqbIme©vwaKcÖe„w×my¯^v‡¯’¨i
Iciwbf©ikxj|¯^v¯’¨evbevwb‡ivMbvn‡jDrcv`bcÖwµqvqAskMÖnYm¤¢ebq,d‡jme©vwaK
70 ˆmq`AvkivdAvjx,m„wói†kªô,mxivZ¯§iwYKv,BmjvwgKdvD‡Ûkbevsjv‡`k,wn.1417,c„.23|
71 AvjKziAvb,16:58-59| 72 AvjKziAvb,2:228|
112| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
Drcv`bIDbœqbm¤¢enqbv|gvby‡li¯^v¯’¨msi¶‡YcÖ‡qvRbcywóKiLv`¨,DbœZ¯^v¯’¨‡mev,
nvmcvZvjm¤cÖmviY,wK¬wbK†mev,¸YMZ¯^v¯’¨‡meviwbðqZv|cvkvcvwkgvbwmK¯^v‡¯’¨i
cÖwZhZœevbnIqvIRiæwi|
gvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvni`„wó‡ZÔwndRAvj-wmn&nvÕ(protection of health)ev¯^v¯’¨msi¶YÔwndRAvb-bvdmÕ-GiAšÍf©y³|gvby‡liRxebmsi¶‡YiRb¨¯^v¯’’¨msi¶YRiæwi|¯^v¯’¨
msi¶YIwk¶vAR©‡bi¸iæZ¡†evSvhvqgnvbAvjøvn&iGKevYx†_‡K|ZvjyZ‡Kev`kvn
wbhy³Kivn‡jZvim¤cÖ`v‡qi†jv‡Kivejj,ÔZv†KgbK‡inq†h,ZvikvmbAvgv‡`i
Ici Pj‡e|A_P ivóª¶gZvcvIqvi †¶‡ÎZvi †P‡qAvgv‡`iAwaKviB †ewk|Avi †m
m¤ú‡`i w`K †_‡KIm”Qjbq|bex ej‡jb, wbðqBAvjøvn& †Zvgv‡`iIciZv‡KcQ›`
K‡i‡QbGes¯^v¯’¨IÁv‡biw`Kw`‡qcÖvPzh©`vbK‡i‡Qb|Õ
73
Bmjv‡gmy¯^v¯’¨,kw³,Kj¨vY‡KAvjøvn&ZvÔAvjvic¶†_‡Kgvby‡licÖwZGKgnvbAbyMÖn
ev`vbwn‡m‡ewe‡ePbvKivnq|my¯’ZvQvovmy›`ifv‡eBev`ZIm¤úv`bIm¤¢enqbv|G
Rb¨ivm~jmv.my¯’ZviRb¨`yÕAvKivi wk¶v w`‡Zb|GKRbAvieivm~jm.-†K wRÁvmv
K‡iwQ‡jb,cÖwZw`bcuvPIqv³diRmvjv‡Zi†k‡lAvjøvn&ZvÔAvjvKv‡QKx`yÕAvKi‡ev?
ivm~jmv.DËiw`‡jb,my¯^v‡¯’¨iRb¨`yÕAvK‡iv|†jvKwUcybivqGKBcÖkœKi‡jwZwbGKB
DËiw`‡jb|†jvKwUcybivqGKBcÖkœKi‡jwZwbej‡jb,Avjøvn&iKv‡Qmy¯^v¯’¨KvgbvK‡iv
Ges BnKvj I cviKv‡ji Kj¨vY Kvgbv K‡iv|
74
Avjøvn&ZvÔAvjvgvbeRvwZ‡K†`qv¯^v¯’¨bvgKwbqvgZm¤ú‡K©wR‡ÁmKi‡eb|¯^v¯’¨i¶v
KivGesGimبenv‡iiRb¨gvbylAvjøvn&ZvÔAvjviKv‡QRevew`wnKi‡Zeva¨|Avevi
BmjvgxAvBbAbyhvqx¯^v‡¯’¨iAb¨vqI¶wZKie¨env‡iiRb¨Zv‡Kkvw¯Í†fvMKi‡Zn‡e|
gnvbAvjøvn&e‡jb,ÔAviAvjøvn&iwbqvgZ†cuŠ‡QhvIqvici†KDhw`ZvicwieZ©bK‡i†`q,
Z‡eAvjøvn&iAvRveKwVb|Õ
75
11.14. kvwšÍ I w¯’wZkxjZv msi¶Y
gvbeKj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq GKwU Dcv`vb n‡jv kvwšÍ I w¯’wZkxjZv we`¨gvb _vKv| Bmjvgx
kixÔAvn KL‡bvB AkvwšÍ, wek„•Ljv, gvivgvwi, KvUvKvwU, i³cvZ, hy×weMÖn, jyUZivR,
†evgvevwRBZ¨vw`mg_©bK‡ibv;eisAkvwšÍie`‡jkvwšÍ,Ryjy‡gie`‡jBbmvd,Amv‡g¨i
e`‡jmvg¨,civaxbZvie`‡j ^vaxbZv,AÜKv‡iie`‡jAv‡jv,g~L©Zvie`‡jwk¶v, vwi‡`ª¨i
e`‡j mg„w×, cvkweKZvi e`‡j gvbweKZv cÖwZôvB Bmjvgx kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨| Bmjv‡g
AkvwšÍIwek„•Ljv‡KnZ¨vi†P‡qI¸iæZiwe‡ePbvKivnq|†hgb,Avjøvn&ZvÔAvjve‡jb,
ÔwdZbv-dvmv`nZ¨vi†P‡qIKwVbAciva|Õ
76
Ô†Zvgivc„w_ex‡ZAkvwšÍm„wóK‡ivbv|Õ
77
73 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 247| 74 Rv‡g AvZ wZiwgwh|
75 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 211|
76 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 191
77 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 11
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 113
ÔBmjvgÕ cwifvlvwUi g~j kã n‡jv ÔwmjgybÕ hvi A_© kvwšÍ, cÖkvwšÍ, wbivcËv BZ¨vw`| gymwjgiv
kvwšÍwcÖqRvwZ|ZvivcÖ‡Z¨Kw`bcuvPIqv³mvjv‡ZAvjøvn&ZvÔAvjviKv‡QkvwšÍKvgbvK‡i|
mvjv‡Zi†k‡lGesZv‡`iKv‡ivmv‡_Ab¨Kv‡ivmv¶vrn‡jBme©cÖ_g†hevK¨wewbgqK‡i
Zv n‡jv ÔAvmmvjvgy AvjvBKzgÕ ev ÔAvcbvi Ici kvwšÍ ewl©Z †nvKÕ| Zviv abx-Mwie, ivRv-
cÖRv,¯^vgx-¯¿xmevBmKvj-mܨvIiv‡ZGBGKBm¤¢vlYwewbgqK‡iÑÔmvjvgÕevkvwšÍ|
ZvB ejv hvq, kvwšÍ I w¯’wZkxjZvi cÖPvi I cÖwZôvB Bmjvgx kixÔAvni D‡Ïk¨|
11.15. cwi‡ek msi¶Y
Avgv‡`iPvicv‡kiRxeIRoRM‡ZimewKQy wb‡qBAvgv‡`icwi‡ek|cwi‡e‡kime
Dcv`v‡big‡a¨GKwUMfxim¤úK©i‡q‡Q|gvby‡liRxebIAw¯ÍZ¡cwi‡e‡kimv‡_RwoZ|
ZvBgvbeRvwZiAw¯Í‡Z¡i¯^v‡_©Bcwi‡ekmsi¶YRiæwi|
Bmjvg †Kejgvby‡liAw¯ÍZ¡ i¶viK_vB e‡j bv; eis gvby‡limv‡_cwi‡ek,Rxe-Rš‘,
cï-cvwL,KxUcZ½mnmem„wóiAwaKvii¶vicÖwZ¸iæZ¡†`q|G¸‡jvAvgv‡`icwi‡e‡ki
Ask|gvby‡liRxe‡bimyL-mg„w×, weKvk,DbœwZIAMÖMwZ wbf©iK‡icwi‡e‡kicÖvPzh©I
my¯’ZviIci|cwi‡e‡kimewKQyBm„wóKivn‡q‡Qgvby‡licÖ‡qvRbc~i‡YiRb¨|gnvbAvjø-
vn&e‡jb,Ôwhwbc„w_ex‡K†Zvgv‡`iRb¨weQvbvIAvKvk‡KQv`¯^iƒcK‡i‡QbGesAvKvk
†_‡Kcvwbel©YK‡iZvw`‡q†Zvgv‡`iRxweKviRb¨djg~jDrcv`bK‡ib|Õ
78
cwi‡ek msi¶‡Yi ¸iæZ¡ wb‡`©k K‡i gnvb Avjøvn& e‡jb, Ô†Zvgiv c„w_ex‡Z wech©q m„wó
Ki‡Z†P‡qvbv,wbðqBgnvbAvjøvn&wech©qm„wóKvix‡KcQ›`K‡ibbv|
79
†Kbbv, Ôgvby‡li
K…ZK‡g©i iæYR‡jI ’‡jwech©qQwo‡qc‡o|Õ
80
gvby‡liØvivm„ócwi‡ekwech©‡qicwiYvg
Zv‡KB†fvMKi‡Znq|gnvwe‡k¦i†h‡Kv‡bvwech©‡qiKvi‡YBm„wónq ywf©¶,k‡m¨iDrcv`b
n«vm,Abve„wóIAwZe„wóig‡ZvcÖwZKyjAe¯’v,hvgvby‡liAw¯Í‡Z¡iRb¨ûgwK¯^iƒc|c„w_ex‡Z
gvby‡liAw¯Í‡Z¡i¯^v‡_©Bcwi‡ekmsi¶YKivRiæwi|d‡jAvaywbKBmjvgx¯‹jviMYcwi‡ek
msi¶Y‡KkixÔAvniGKwU¸iæZ¡c~Y©D‡Ïk¨wn‡m‡eMÖnYK‡i‡Qb|
12. gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn m~PK
gvbem¤ú‡`i Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î wZbwU †gŠwjK Dcv`v‡biAwR©Z mvd‡j¨i msw¶ßmvi n‡jv
HDI (Human Development Index)evgvbem¤ú`Dbœqbm~PK|GwZbwUDcv`vbn‡jv,Rxe‡bi `xN© ¯’vwqZ¡ (longivity of life), `¶Zv Dbœqbm¤ú„³ Ávb (knowledge related to development of skills) I Kg©ms¯’vb ev AvZ¥Kg©ms¯’vb (self employment or formal employment)|
78 Avj KziAvb, 2 : 22
79 AvjKziAvb,28:77
80 Avj KziAvb, 30 : 41
114| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
gvbem¤ú`Dbœqbm~P‡Kigva¨‡ggvbeDbœq‡biLvZ¸‡jviev¯ÍeAe¯’vdz‡UI‡V|Gigva¨‡g
wk¶v,¯^v¯’¨,Rxebgvb,`vwi`ª¨we‡gvPbBZ¨vw`Lv‡ZAwR©Zmvdj¨cwigvcKivhvq|wKš‘
BmjvgxkixÔAvni`„wó‡KvY†_‡KD³Dcv`vb¸‡jviAv‡jv‡Kgvbem¤ú`Dbœqbm~PKwbY©q
KivKwVb|†Kbbv,ïaygvby‡li`xN©Avqy®‹vj,`¶ZvIKg©ms¯’vbevo‡jBZviKj¨vYn‡q‡Q
GK_vejvhvqbv|KviY,Kj¨vYn‡jvgvby‡liKv‡Ridjvdj,hvïayBnKv‡jBmxgve×
bq;eisP~ovšÍKj¨vYjvfKivhvqciKv‡j|GRb¨GKRbwek¦vmxgvbylAfve-AbUb,
wec`-Avc`,AmyL-wemy‡Lhw` ah©aviYK‡iGUvIZviRb¨Kj¨vY|GicÖwZdj†mciKv‡j
jvfKi‡Zcvi‡e|GcÖm‡½ivm~jmv.-GievYxLyeBcÖwYavb‡hvM¨|ivmyjyjøvnmv.e‡j‡Qb,
ÔgyÕwg‡biAe¯’vwe¯§qKi|meKvRBZviRb¨Kj¨vYKi|gyÕwgbQvovAb¨†KDGˆewkó¨
jvfKi‡Zcv‡ibv|ZvivmyL-kvwšÍjvfKi‡jïKzi-¸RviK‡iAviAm”QjZvev`ytL-
gywme‡ZAvµvšÍn‡jmeiK‡i,cÖ‡Z¨KUvBZviRb¨Kj¨vYKi|
81
Z‡egvbem¤ú`Dbœqbm~P‡Kigva¨‡g†hgbAvqy®‹vj,wk¶vMZ†hvM¨ZvIRxebgv‡biAe¯’vb
cwigvcKivhvq†ZgwbgvKvwm`Avk&kixÔAvnm~P‡Kigva¨‡gØxb,Rxeb,AvKj,eskI
m¤ú‡`i †¶‡Î AwR©Z mvdj¨ cwigvc Kiv hvq| G‡¶‡Î h_vh_fv‡e Bmjvgx kixÔAvni
wewaweavb cwicvwjZ n‡j gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn m~PK ev MS (Maqasid Al Shariah) ev‡oe‡j a‡i †bqv nq| ev¯Íe Rxe‡b kixÔAvni Abykxjb wKfv‡e gvKvwm` Avk&kixÔAvn m~PK
evovqwewfbœ`„wó‡KvY†_‡KZviwKQyeY©bvZz‡jaivn‡jv|
1. Rxeb msi¶Y bxwZ
1.1 wbivcËv :Rxe‡biwbivcËvevo‡jMS (Maqasid Al Shariah)m~PKev‡o|1.2 ¯^v¯’¨ :¯^v¯’¨myweavevo‡jMSm~PKev‡o|1.3 mg‡qi mبenvi :kixÔAvnm¤§ZKvh©µ‡gigva¨‡gmg‡qimبenviKive‡jMS
m~PKev‡o|
1.4 kvixwiK †hvM¨Zv :ˆea†Ljvayjv,e¨vqvgIKv‡Rigva¨‡gkvixwiK†hvM¨Zvevo‡j
MSm~PKev‡o|1.5 ¯^vaxbZv : ¯^vaxbZv cÖ‡Z¨‡Ki e¨w³‡Z¡i weKvk mvab K‡i e‡j MSm~PKevovq|1.6 mywk¶v :mywk¶vinvievo‡jMSm~PKev‡o|1.7 cÖwk¶Y :cÖwk¶Y†ckv`vwi‡Z¡¸YMZcwieZ©bevovqe‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
2. wek¦vm msi¶Y bxwZ
2.1 wek¦vm :wek¦vmKg©‡Kcwiï×K‡iMSm~PKevovq|
2.2 mvjvZ : wbqwgZ mvjvZ Av`vq MSm~PKevovq|
81 mwnngymwjg,wKZveymRynw`IqviivKvK,eve,Avj-gyÕwgbyAvgiæûKzjyûLvBiæb,nv.bs-7390|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 115
2.3 mvIg :mvIgcvjbAvwZ¥KIkvixwiKDrKl©e„w×igva¨‡gMSm~PKevovq|
2.4 hvKvZ :hvKvZm¤ú`IhvKvZ`vZvicweÎZvIcwiï×Zve„w×igva¨‡gMS m~PK
ev‡o|
2.5 n¾ :n¾m¤úv`bMSm~PKevovq|
2.6 Bmjvgx wk¶v :¸YMZBmjvgxwk¶vMSm~PKevovq|
3. AvKj msi¶Y bxwZ
3.1 ÁvbvR©b :ÁvbvR©‡biAevamy‡hvMMSm~PKevovq|
3.2 ¶wZKi :eyw×gËviRb¨¶wZKiwelq`~iKivn‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
3.3 Abykxjb :Bmjvgxwk¶v‡KKv‡RcwiYZKivn‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
3.4 wk¶v :mywk¶vi¯ÍiDbœZn‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
3.5 M‡elYv : ev¯ÍewfwËK I ¸YMZ M‡elYv MSm~PKevovq|
4. eskaviv msi¶Y bxwZ
4.1 weevn :weevneskavivicweÎZvi¶vigva¨‡gMSm~PKevovq|
4.2 cvwievwiK Rxeb :myLxcvwievwiKRxebMSm~PKevovq|
4.3 mvgvwRK eÜb :cwievwiKeÜbmy`„pn‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
4.4 ˆbwZKZv :ˆbwZKKvh©µgevo‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
4.5 gv‡qi kªg :mšÍvbjvjb-cvj‡bgv‡qikªgevo‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
4.6 m¤§vb :evev-gv‡qicÖwZm¤§vbMSm~PKevovq|
5. m¤ú` msi¶ bxwZ
5.1 ¯’vbvšÍi :hvKvZImv`vKvn&igva¨‡gabx‡`i†_‡KMwie‡`icÖwZm¤ú` ’vbvšÍwiZ
n‡j MSm~PKev‡o|
5.2 SuywK :m¤ú‡`iSuywKKg‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
5.3 mÂqb :hvKvZImv`vKvncÖ`v‡bicimÂqevo‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
5.4 g~jab MVb :mÂqmgv‡e‡kigva¨‡gg~jabMwVZn‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
5.5 wewb‡qvM :my`gy³A_©vqbc×wZ‡Zwewb‡qvMev‡oe‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
5.6 DcvR©b :nvjvjevˆeac‡_m¤ú`AwR©Zn‡jMSm~PKev‡o|wKš‘A‰eac‡_m¤ú`AwR©Zn‡jMS m~PK K‡g|
5.7 e¨q :nvjvjevˆeac‡_e¨qevo‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
5.8 eÈb :BbmvdwfwËKeÈbwbwðZn‡jAvq‰elg¨K‡gd‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
116| Bmjvgx e¨vswKs
5.9 e¨w³gvwjKvbv :e¨w³gvwjKvbvm¤ú`msi¶YwbwðZK‡ie‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
5.10 w¯’wZkxjZv :Kj¨vYg~jKA_©‰bwZKe¨e¯’vcÖwZwôZn‡jA_©‰bwZKw¯’wZkxjZv
ev‡oe‡jMSm~PKev‡o|
13. Dcmsnvi
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AR©b KivI kixÔAvni D‡Ï‡k¨i AšÍfy©³|
kixÔAvni GKwU g~jbxwZ n‡jv Ae¯’vi I mg‡qi cwieZ©‡b Kj¨v‡Yi cwieZ©b n‡j ûKz‡gi
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gvbeRvwZ| wZwbgvby‡licÖwZK‡i‡QbKiæYvGesZv‡`i‡Kc_ †`Lv‡bviRb¨hy‡Mhy‡M
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Rb¨AvBbcÖYqbK‡i‡Qb†Zgwbwek¦-cÖK…wZ‡Kmy›`iImyPviæfv‡ecwiPvjbviRb¨IcÖYqb
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Dbœqbm¤¢e|mve©RbxbgvbevwaKvi,gvbeKj¨vYIgvby‡liAwaKvicÖwZôvi†¶‡ÎBmjv‡gi
wPišÍbbxwZI†KŠkj¸‡jvïayZ‡Ë¡ig‡a¨mxgve×bv†i‡Lmgv‡Rime†¶‡ÎGiKvh©Ki
cÖ‡qv‡MicÖ‡PóvqGwM‡qAvmvmegvbeZvev`xicÖavb`vwqZ¡|
Bmjvgx e¨vswKs| 117