Islam, Militarism and the 2007 Elections in Pakistan

7/29/2019 Islam, Militarism and the 2007 Elections in Pakistan

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CarnegieP a P e r s

Islam,

mIlItarIsm, an

the 20072008

electIons

In PakIstan

Frdric Grare

South Asia

Project

nb 70

ag 2006


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6 C E I P. A s sv.

N p s p p s s pss C E. Ps qs :

C E I PPs Dp19 Mssss Av, NWWs, DC 36P: -483-6Fx: -483-184www.CarnegieEndowment.org

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v India, China, Russia: Intricacies o an Asian riangle.


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contents

Te MMA and the 2002 Elections 5

Religious Political Parties and the Military: Long-erm rends and actical Mistakes 6T L R Is-Ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pkss Iss Ps D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Does the MMA Matter? 10

Te 20072008 Elections: One Central Issue 12

T U.S. F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

F E Ss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

P Ip R Pks Nz S Bz B

Up Es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Policy Implications 17

Notes 19


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3

he year 2007 will be crucial Pks. I s P As Ms S A Nz s , ps s pv s J 3, 8. As s sz U Ss s, ss , p s, s p ps, M Mjs--A (MMA). M s Ws v Pks p s s s Isss ps MMA

Ps Pvz Ms Pks A. Hv, s Is s . T p v s p s . T qss s s p 8 s s s Is ps p pss.

T MMA Pk-A Ds C, -sx Iszs ss D ps s U Ns - As. T s s 1. I J , sx s j ps MMA pp s O. T MMA pss v S zs JU--Is M Fz R , J U--Is S -Hq ,

J U--Pks, J--Is, J--H Sp, k--Is.

F , sss MMA pv s s sps s. I s, v, ss . A Sp C v M , q s s v, s N Ass pv sss s p s vs. T s ps pvs v . P s sv L Fk O (LFO) ss s, ps ssv N Ass N S C,

vs p v.1

T pp s Iss p s s s s k z s . M , sp U Ss, s v Ms p v . A Sp 11, 1, s ks U Ss, s s s v pp Iss s k Pks s s pv p -s Is v.


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Islam, mIlItarIsm, andthe 20072008 electIonsIn PakIstan

4

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Is s pss s psss Pks . As s, s sp s , USs.

T 8 s k p x, s.Pks s pv s p s s k U Ss s . Pkss s s pv. As s, sss Isszs s s, v ssss .

A Pks pps ss sv s , s pv. T x s s s. F PsMs p, s s p

. F s p s, p ppsps s s Pks Pps P (PPP) Pks Ms L Nz (PML-N), s kp ( kp) pss z x s, Bz B Nz S, spv. F pp, s , s s, v s pss xs ss.A sk, s s k s s.

O p s : Is s. T s,s s , s . A pps, MMA s sv z v pss,

k spp . I p, MMA s s v LFO pss P. Ev MMA ps s ss, s pv v spp s . T MMA s pps vs s s . T MMA s pssvv p s v s ps s sk s s MMA s k v. Y, s s s MMA ss Msv s s s, spp v .

F MMA, s s-s s; v s z s. Dsp spps v MMA s svs, p v. I

s s p sp; v, s k s k . I s s s s.

T s MMA ss s ss sss sp Isss . T p k s pss s s vs . Hs, v, s s p sp Isss, v p p s p v spp v js s.


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FrdrIc Grare

D pss s s s j s pp. I sks v s vs v s Msp ps MMA . F , s x ps ss.

the mma and the 2002 electIons

T MMA s s v pv s.M s s p s s Is. As 1 ss, v, MMA v 11.1 p v , PPP x p s Bz B ( v .1 p), p-MsPks Ms L Q--Az (PML-Q, v 4.81 p), PML-N x p s Nz S (11.3 p). T s s s, ,sps: T PML-Q s s s p, ss, MMA, sp

11.1 p v, s-s ,

3 ss 34 N Ass.3 T MMAs s s p ps ps s PPP, 6 ss. M p,pps, MMA s v pvs As. IBs, s p PML-Q, NWFP s v s .

tb 1. B, b P, f Vig s i Pi G ei, 2002

P

V

(ii)

s f v

(p)

nb f

*

PPP 7.39 25.01 62

PML-Q 7.33 24.81 77

PML-N 3.32 11.23 14

MMA 3.19 11.10 53

* The number of seats does not include the reserved seats for women and minorities, which are apportioned according to

the percentage of votes obtained in the general vote.

Source:International Crisis Group,Pakistan:TheMullahsandtheMilitary,ICG Asia Report 49 (Islamabad/Brussels:

International Crisis Group, 2003), pp. 1718.

Sv s v pps xp s MMA s.

A-As s s NWFP s s s v, p s pp s ssv Pss As. O pp s p ss s s s p pss s .4 S s s p sss v s pp, pz ss pp v p.


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Ss s s s q vs s. 8 T EOsv Mss : T pss s k s q s, s [] ss [] sp p ps.9 F xp,vs s s q, ss ps s qv. Ts

s s v MMA, p Bs, s ps s vs s pv v sv pvs xs s v s pv.Rs s spks p. T p s s .

Ts ss pp sv. F xp, PML-N PPP pss z s, MMA s . Mv, s MMAp ss sss sqs, x s s vs, sv s ps v.1

relIGIous PolItIcal PartIes and the mIlItary:lonG-term trends and tactIcal mIstakes

T MMA pp s -Ms p, s v . T p s ss s x Isss . Ts sp s sss pps vs: T Isss s p s s xp , s ss s s s p z s xpss. Ts, xs s ps pv pxs s s s sps.

Ex s pspv, s s vs. M Ws svs:T ss v p ss s ps Pks.11 Hs s:

T p Is s s p. I v s s s ps ps p p s ss s s. U , , k s ss s s s. T s


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FrdrIc Grare

s Is sp s . I s v sps Is p, pss s S, ss v ss ss ps Is ps ks.1

B Pks q s Is 13 s

s . I s s s spp Issps s k s ps Pks ps s . A s Iss v s s v p v Isss spps ps.14

T vs s ss xp s p pspv s p ps. I s ss Isss s vs sp s s sp p s ps ps. F s, MMA s ss p k s ss s sk

s.1

Hv, s s sss s. Pkss ps v Is s , ss p . O , s Is s ks xp pss.

U, s sp Iss ps : v Ov R qs s Is-s, s, p-Iss ss p s ss p s Pkss, pv s v vs ummah;16 Issps . Ts s Isss sp v ss.

t lg r t I-niiI s s v zs pps 194 p S As s s k ummah, vs. Is, s s sp vv Pkss ps s s s v ummah, v -p sp.

Ts p s s s v J--Is (JI). As v, MMA s sx Iss ps1 pp O s. B, s p , zs s . Ts, J U--Is (JUI), D z,18 s s p.

T JUI s v J U--Is M Fz R (JUI-F) J U--Is S -Hq (JUI-S), Fz R S -Hq,spv. H - ss N Ass - MMAs ss s NWFP, JUI-F s s; s s, , s p p .19

T s z, JI, s s Is Pks, s s s s. Hv p sv ss O


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8

s, JI s s-s p MMA, s s s p ss. Is v pzs ss v p Is s, p Pks.

T pps JI, S A A M,

Pks s s qs-Mxs s , s Is -Is p ss s. M v s s Is -Is Is v Is S s s s p Is .1T sss Is s v s s s s. Is Isz s s.

T s JI s s spp , , jv ss Is s z, s js p s. A s s vvs v, JI p p. F , jv k v s pv v p, JI s ps s , s , v

Is ss.U 19s, s JI pps s ps. B

p G M Z -Hq s. T ss pp. T JI s v. Mv, As, Z -Hq s v JI Pkss p. T JIs p s s, Pkss s vv As, Ks, C Ass p ss .

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Pi Ii Pi d

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sps , s v ss p s s p svv.

T M A K s, p Z -Hq, p s Iss ps. Lk p ss, Iss ps As , v s,, s vs. Bs s ps pv sss, s ps k v s v


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FrdrIc Grare

9

s s, s sp. Bs sv s G, p v, s p p svv. D s s s pps s p.

Dsp s sps Z -Hq, Iss ps p p s s Zs p. Ts p s p JI s Isz p . Hv B s Is D, JI s sppv Zs p, s s . A pss s, JI pp v, ss s vs ps s. Rs s S s xs s Is xp s , x ss, vk ss S.

S Z -Hq 1988, s p ps v v s p

s ss s. O , v svvp, v ps v p s xp. O , Isz pz spp , pvs JI s Pks sps s. I p, s s s s s p s spp .

PervezMusharra and the MMA. P s JIs v v s JI, Qz Hss A, 1999 p. Ps , sp s , G Ms,

x j sss v Nz S, ss v s p E Css ps , s , .Qz Hss A s sv s ps s .3 T JIs s v s s, sp s v MMA s z.

Legal Framework Order. T ps s s sp Iss . T v LFO s s s MMA s pp s sp p .

F s, MMA s j p-Ms ps.Ts ps , vss, v, ks PPP s s ps. T Pks ps s -s j v s s LFO ( )ppv P, spp s ps.

F s, MMA s s pps A Rs D (ARD).4 T j s LFO


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1

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W MMA sp v Mss ps s .

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j -s spj.6 Gv s v pss, v, ss s ss s.

T MMA vs s.T Sp C s sq s ss s sss s pss xs Es, U, Pks ss. TI Css Gp s s s kp pss Ak D, NWFP MMA s, Fz R, JUI-F pps N Ass, NSC.8

As s s ps, MMA s PML-Q NWFP, JI s s K M Q Mv (MQM). Bs,

JUI-F sx s nazim ss, s xp.9 Gv ss pv, v s ps p ps s NWFP. T ss s : W sq MMA ps s p SpC, s p p x.

N j j N Ass s s p v pss s s ss s p , s ps. Mv, v pps MMA . W s s pps x MMA ARD,

z s s s ppss k.

does the mma matter?

T qs ss p MMA ( sq s p s p s v). N s MMA ss ss , s s


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FrdrIc Grare

11

s ps sss. Lk s ps, MMA s pps vs vs--vs . I J 6, s JI Pkss p k, p, , s sp spp psp.3 Lk s s ps, v pps, MMA sps s pps vs.

S, MMA s ss . O J3, 6, xp, shura JI pss s s s v xpss pps s spv s s p sv. T s s sp pss s ss p ss sss p p, p j.31

Uk JI, MMAs s Is s s. T JI s s pps ps sss: Isz p. F sMMA s, Isz p k.

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T s s s p . D ps sv s, MMA s Ms s xssv p s U.S. ps,sp Sp 11, 1, U- Pkss A p. B s, s xp U.S. spp vs, s ps v

U Ss v z s spp . Y MMA s s p Pkss Ks A ps. JUI sss spv p, ps, s s JI, v Ks. A p v, MMA pp s pss s ss v pp spp.


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1

the 20072008 electIons: one central Issue

T v s sp s p v, , p Pkss p sp. Sv ss vs Iss p s s s s s. A p

ss: pss s s s. Es ps, N Ass, pv sss sp sss, ps s s s S. I s, s z p k.

Ms s Ap , v v N Ass, S, pv sss.33 I s ss Mss p svv s v PML-Q. Hs s s ps s s s psps .

R s s s GMs p. Hv p s, s v

s s s kp s ps s. Ts pps ss pv ss s. O sp s s s ,v s p .

T ssp s Ms s p s . F s s k Pks, ss vs Ms, sp s ps Pks s .34 Mp ps s p vs xs ss s s xs -s ps v nazims, p pv xv , , ssv.

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N As O s k s pps ps, Ms s k s spps p s.38 L s s Mss s p, s s s v z s. Bs PML-Q s, j pss ps p ss.

T s s k s ss, QzM Fq, Sp C j , M 1, , v p Ms ss s ss. Fq s ss vs ss, v . H s k spss, Js A H D, v k p. As v, Js A H D ps sp.


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FrdrIc Grare

13

T MMA, k s p ps , s s k sk s:

T ss s s pp sq (Ms s Nv 1, , s pv s

6 s sss s); T Ms sp s ps s s s

.

A sq Ms p s v.

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k v, s p-1999 s, p ss.4

t u.s. F

T s U Ss ss Pkss s sv ps . T qs s p p , s, x s ss ps Pkss p p s U.S. ss. W spps Pks ps sp ps ssq p s- - ss.

T s psp Ms v s s ps s s.T ps U.S. s sv Pksps. T s psss s Pks s Ms s s ps s ps Iss ps.

W vs Pks Ap , 6, U.S. Asss S S R Bs Bs s s v v v Pks.41 Ak G Mss s ps sp , B s ss ss Pks ps. B vsv qs

U Ss p Ps Ms s s.4

Ts ss U Ss s s Pks.A U Ss pp vs (ss National Security Strategy o the United States o America43), U.S. ss, s s p U.S. ps s p v. W p U.S. ps S


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14

As , U.S. qs Ms s s s ks.

F e si

F ss s. p s U Ss ps Ms s s s psss s ps p s psss x z Pks.

Scenario 1: In exchange or implicit U.S. acquiescence in Musharra continuing in uniorm,Musharra distances himsel urther rom the Islamist parties. Ts s s, sx, xs . S LFO s pss P, G Ms sss s s ps s v, v s . I s, s s

s s ps ss ss pvsss.

Es s k s ps qv ss s vs s sppss q ps pssss vs . S s s ps s Bs NWFP. Gv ps Bs, s s s k. T JUI v spp pv.

A pss s x MMA s, s s p . Qz Hss A, MMA, s s

sv ss, sp MMA s v pvk sp z, s s s p . Qz Hss s s MMA s p.44 As , sp ss, MMA s pv sv v .4 Mv, v s s p k Is p, z.

T pspv pps , s s USs Ep U . Ts ss MMA s pps s ARD s s, MMA s v.

T ss Ms MMA MMA s ps.46 S ps xp MMA (, , U.S. p s p ps s) p v MMA k , s p s. W xp ps, s p s s v, MMA s pps. T pp pz. T MMA


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FrdrIc Grare

1

, z s ss pp s v sp Isss.

Scenario 2: Musharra continues in uniorm despite U.S. pressure and decides to avor the

Islamist parties to ease the pressure, repeating the 2002 scenario. S s MMA, s s ssv s s. Is p p ss , p k pss Isz, p s .

Ts s s k s ss:

, s v spvs s, s j,ks s, s PML-Q v v s ps.

T s sp, v p p.

Y s sss s pss s .F Bs vs Pks Ap , 6, PML-Q s s s , q Az K, U Ss []Ps Ms ss,4 s pps s v.

Mv, s ps (PML-N PPP) v s s, p ss Nz S Bz B, pv Pks k v s .48 F MMA, s s s s s ps. TIss p v, v s s ss s .

Scenario 3: Musharra disappears rom the political scene. A s s s sk, s p s s x. Ns s ss , s s s p ss: Ms ssss, s s spsv s.

T ssss Pkss s s k s psp s. Wv s s, v MMA,s ps ps ks j vs x ss .

M ss p s Ms, s pp A K. S s , xp, , v v s , v ss p Ms v p s ps.

T s Wzs s Bs k s sp, s s v s . S s k ps p , xp, Bz B k s


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16

z pp s . A s k s, s pss sss. T p sk Ms s v ss p kp s vs p.

S Ms x p s s, p

ss pss ppx . T p vs p p p , pv ss s , , pvs p.

I s s, MMA s p s s p Pkss p s ss ss q s , pps p.

Scenario 4: Musharra resigns his position o chie o army staf, and the national andprovincial elections are held in a ree and air manner. Ts s s s k

s z Pkss p . F MMA, s p s s 3.

Pi Ip f r Pi f nz sif Bzi B

upig ei

Uss s s, G Ms s v k p x p ss, Nz S Bz B. T p BzB s As Z s k, s s p p. S, x Nz S s xp s . I s p s Sz,

s Pj, Pks s.T v ( Ps -

sss) s p ss Nz S Bz B M 1, 6, C D x ss s s s s s , s p ps, x s s ps49s pss pp s v, v s p x s Pks s, s .

S , s p PML-Q

Ms. A v ss, .

I s 1 ( x p U.S. qs Ms ,Ms ss s Iss ps), ps S B, , Mss p pv MMA Pj S, spv ss. I , v, k , s k v vss PML-Q s s s


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FrdrIc Grare

1

p j PML-N. ss vs, p PML-N PPP ss s Ms. I x Ms v s s . I j s, pss Ms .

S (Ms s s U.S. pss s v Iss ps s pss, p s) p s S B k. T MMA vs s . A s ss v s k s s, MMA k s s Pj S. A, Ms s ps p PPP PML-N .

I ss 3 (Ms spps p s) 4 (Ms ss sps s, pv s ), ps S B ps k MMA s s p, s s vs.

F, s s s pss ss s , p s 1. I s s MMA s pps, v s v. S pss ss MMA, v,s s pss s. I s pss, MMA s p v s sj k p ps. I s s s, MMA s k s ps s p.

U, MMA s p -8 s, PML, s s s ps . N ss pps vss s Iss

, MMA s ss Pj S Nz S Bz B pv . I s v s vs s p Iss kv ss s s ( s, p I-Svs I ), sp pv pv.

PolIcy ImPlIcatIons

Wv pv s, Is s , , p v . I s , Ms s k v s s pps sss s .

T MMAs sss s s, 9/11, s spps pss x xs. T s s sxs s p Is. T p s s z s pvs s zs, s s Sp--S, p


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18

s, , s vs ss ss v s . A v , ss sp , , j s v. F , s Wzs, ss pv s , pp.

Hv s pp, s , p ss s. I s , s ss s s ps. T A NP s NWFP, MQM z sp pps K s S. T s p Bs s s s, p xp vss s sk N P, z, j vs -MMA , s k s MMA s ss pv ss pp v. Ov, PML-Q j p s s ss. T ps, v,

ss PML-Q v.I, ss sss s s s

s pps, Nz S Bz B, pv s. T PPP p s p s PPP s p . T s ps , MMA, s ssv PPP ks.

T MMA spp p s. Dp v s, v p ps s s . B v p p spk p . T MMAs ,

, pp spp k ss ss s MMA v v ss v ps A s . P, v, MMA k s ps pps p p s ss ps.

Wv MMAs , s s v Pks. Dsp s, , p ps p Is p . Js s MMAs v sss s v p Pks , s MMAs jv p Pks s. R s vs sv Ws s

Ws pps s s Is s. T ss Pks s Iss, s.


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FrdrIc Grare

19

notes

1 M Ws, Te 2002 Elections in Pakistan (Is: Q--Az Uvs, I RsDp, 3), p. 3.

I Css Gp, Pakistan: Te Mullahs and the Military, ICG As Rp 49 (Is/Bsss: ICss Gp, 3), .

3 I.4 Ws, Te 2002 Elections, p. 33. I.6 I., p. 18, 1. EU E Osv Mss Pks, Final Report o the European Unions Observation Mission to Pakistan:

National and Provincial Assembly Election (1 O ), p. 31, .

8 I., p. 3.9 I., p. 33.1 I Css Gp, Pakistan: Te Mullahs and the Military, p. 16.11 Ws, Te 2002 Elections, p. .1 I.

13 J Mk, Colonization o Islam: Dissolution o raditional Institutions in Pakistan (L: V Bks, 1996), p. 8.14 F G, Pakistan: Te Myth o an Islamist Peril, P B 4 (Ws, D.C.: C E

I P, 6), .1 Ws, p. ., p. 6.16 S Ov R, L s sq O, Esprit, Ap 1996, p. 8.1 F v p MMA, s I Css Gp, Pakistan: Te Mullahs and the Military,

pp. 6.18 D zs H s. T q svs s s

s 186 D, D. A J Mk, ps v svs s, ss s s s, ss s s s, ss s p s s. Mk s, Pp sp ss (p) s Ds. T pj s p ps s ps . I s ss, vv s , hic et nunc.T pz s . S J M k, Colonization o Islam, pp. 4.

19 I Css Gp,Authoritarianism and Political Party Reorm in Pakistan, ICG As Rp 1 (Is/Bsss: I Css Gp, ), p. 13, .

I.1 S V Rz Ns, Te Vanguard o Islamic Revolution: Te Jamaat-i-Islami o Pakistan (L: I. B. s, 1994),

p. 16. Pakistan Political Perspectives, Nv 11, 1999, p. 44.3 Pakistan Political Perspectives, D 1, 1999, p. .4 S K. A Ks, Pakistans Domestic Political Developments, Rp N. RL361 (Ws, D.C.:

Css Rs Sv, Sp 19, ), p. 16, . I.6 I. I., p. .8 I Css Gp, Pakistans Local Polls: Shoring Up Military Rule, As B 43 (Is/Bsss:

I Css Gp, ), p. 6, .

9 I., p. 11.3 I.31 JI Media News, JI S Rs P S, J 3, .


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3 Pks Ns Sv, Pk., D 1, 4.33 O s s, ss s s ss s ss pv sss,

s q .34 Pks Is D, Daily imes, M 6, 6, .3 I Css Gp, Pakistans Local Polls, p. 4.36 I., p. 1.3 Z Hss, T G E F, Newsline, Sp .38 F p p s, s I Css Gp, Pakistans Local Polls.39 MMA B Es Ms: Qz,JI Media News, M 14, 6, .4 Qz Ds Ms s Rs, Ck Gv,JI Media News, M 6, 6, .41 Qss Akq, U.S. Ws Cv R: B: N F, F Ps Sss, Dawn, Ap 6, 6,

.4 I.43 National Security Strategy o the United States o America(Ws, D.C.: W Hs, M 6), p. 39,

.44

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2006

. Islam, Militarism, and the 20072008 Elections in Pakistan (F. G)69. Reorm in Syria: Steering between the Chinese Model and Regime Change68. Te Saudi Labyrinth: Evaluating the Current Political Opening(A. Hz)6. Islamist Movements and the Democratic Process in the Arab World (N. B, A. Hz M. O)66. Evaluating Egyptian Reorm (M. D)6. Pakistan: Te Resurgence o Baluch Nationalism (F. G)64. Lebanon: Finding a Path rom Deadlock to Democracy(J. C)

2005

63. Te Dangers o Political Exclusion: Egypts Islamist Problem (B. K)6. Why Did the Poorest Countries Fail to Catch Up?(B. Mv)61. Legalism Ss Fs? U.S. Rule-o-Law Aid in the Arab World(D. M)6. Te Complexity o Success: Te U.S. Role in Russian Rule o Law Reorm (M. Sp)9. Evaluating Palestinian Reorm (N. B)8. Judicial Reorm in China: Lessons rom Shanghai(V. H)

. Lessons Not Learned: Problems with Western Aid or Law Reorm inPostcommunist Countries(W. C)

6. Evaluating Middle East Reorm: How Do We Know When It Is Signicant?(M. O). Competing Denitions o the Rule o Law: Implications or Practitioners(R. B)

2004

4. E.U.Russia Relations: Interests and ValuesA European Perspective(R. S)3. Te Political-Economic Conundrum: Te Anity o Economic and Political Reorm in the Middle East

and North Arica(E. B). Political Reorm in the Arab World: A New Ferment?(A. H)1. Cambodia Blazes a New Path to Economic Growth and Job Creation (S. Psk)

. Integrating Democracy Promotion into the U.S. Middle East Policy(M. D)49. Islamists in the Arab World: Te Dance around Democracy(G. F)48. Democracy and Constituencies in the Arab World(M. O)4. Development and Foreign Investment: Lessons Learned rom Mexican Banking(J. S)46. Deterring Confict in the aiwan Strait: Te Successes and Failures o aiwans

Deense Reorm and Modernization Program (M. S)4. Europes Uncertain Pursuit o Middle East Reorm (R. Ys)44. Middle Eastern Democracy: Is Civil Society the Answer?(A. H)43. Small Enterprises and Economic Policy(A. s, S. Js)4. Womens Rights and Democracy in the Arab World(M. O)

2003

41. Beyond Rule o Law Orthodoxy: Te Legal Empowerment Alternative(S. G)4. Strengthening Linkages between U.S. rade Policy and Environmental Capacity Building

(J. A, V. U)39. Is Gradualism Possible? Choosing a Strategy or Promoting Democracy in the Middle East(. Cs)38. Veriying North Korean Nuclear Disarmament(J. Ws, F. MGk, S. C)3. Liberalization versus Democracy: Understanding Arab Political Reorm (D. B)

For a complete list of Carnegie Papers, go to wwwCarnegieEndowmentorg/pubs

Islam, Militarism and the 2007 Elections in Pakistan

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