(ISIAM AND THE WORLD1

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T h W N &A2~lm @@R3- 3Jf@~m% .................................... \38@

(ISLAM AND THE WORLD)

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"The worship of saints and images, in particular, was then arrived at such a scandalous pitch that it even surpassed whatever is now practised among the Romanists."

f$%m qq-w o q- w * (a)-3 @l Cvm 4* ~ ~ m , 4 g * m ' f i ~ t ~ \ 3 ~ * c ~ m I)

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1. Sale's translation,.P. 62.(1896)

limr~flm-ym~*FhPB* W@R I m w . t w,q f?%w ~+FR ?on w e

1 o ~ ~ * r m ~ w 4 a % l - ~ ' 9 m * ~ * l m * * * W m @ m - w o \ 4 m % - @ h m - R * m m m . n a ; m ~ r n T I 7 wm f h I (Monopolies) Q~-TQRY~?-@ w - ~ f & - R M c r n a - t m ~ ~ ~ W ~ ~ s s a i ~ r a z ~ M W T P X ~ oh-- cfin c * a ~ a e q f 2 - 4 m m ~ m m ~ ~ ~ s c i : ~ ~ m 4 s n o ~ * * ~ m f ~ m f ; ; r ~ ~ ~ ~ 9 1 f 3 q m~m-qm ~ ~ w m m , c ~ w c m f + m r r c * * @ m ~ 1 w t h f h i S ( a : m ~ i m . r % 5 wfk~marnmq* W M ~ ~ q % ~ w i ? ~ ~ c 1 4 1 i l * ~ ~ m r n ' f ~ m 4 % & q"k m-Tpl m, Tim-- a m* 4?( rsr* W4i( d ~ i ~ f 9 i n - m s l i n ~ B ~ c m m m ~ 1 m 1 , ~ w ~ M ~ c ~ m ~ ~ 1 m s 2 ~ t m m l ~ 4 w ~ ~ m , m f i o 1. Alfied J. Butler, Arabs conquest of Egypt and last thirty years of the Roman Dominion, p. 29-30. 2. rnB, >W-bb; 3. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Art. Justin.

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'3- cela 4m dm l8 Historian's History of the

World-43 GFN : "That it (Byzantine Empire) had nevertheless suffered very

severely in the general decline caused by over-taxation, and by reduced commerce, neglected agriculture and diminished population, is attested by the magnificent ruins of cities ,

which had already fallen to decay, and which never regained their ancient prosperity."

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1. The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. WQ, 7. ~ 9 .

2. Sale's translation. p, 72. 3. Gibbon , The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. Vol. V. p. 31. 4. 3. Ibid, Vol. V. p. 31. 5. Historion's History of the World. vol. vii-p. 175.

Wt? TTT8 "From the fifth to the tenth century Europe lay sunk in a night of barbarism which grew darker and darker. It was a barbarism far more awful and horrible

: than that of the primitive savage, for it was the decomposing I body of what had once been a great civilization. The features 1 and impress of that civilization were all but completely effaced.

Where its development had been fullest, e.g., in Italy and Gaul. all was ruin, squalor, dissolution."

I m- q m t q , 4 f ; m t a ~ ~ ? ? * q * * m m m

q f % m w e * * - 4 k b a wo-f@im,-f+$ % (vf)-w 4~ fMi? q 3% M 4.r~ wtvm xv 63% 1. A shorf History of the World vol. vii-p. 170.

/ 2. Robert Brifault, The Making of Humanitv. v. p. 164.

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b. f%si% wm -9. I+% m-pty'"r TFT%%; 8.l Ua. q. *a? ~1-6: The Arabs conquest of Egypt. p. 133-34.

(f%&t, Cmhq, & Q firmm f%3tcf m5i I q* am rn ?. Histonon's History of the World. vol. viii-p.84.

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* ~ I ~ * Q s ~ Y ~ ~ Q ~ ~ $ ~ Q & & @ ~ ~ m m m T a n m 1 )

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?f?iD' FQTkV Fi The Discovery of India Q &tqj

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V A f3mi-R 1 (m %. q. ?bQ)

f >. Discovery of India, P. 201,203.

2. a%%;

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Tmi-Fa, rn-% a m-* 4- m - 3 g i m *W W I 5. ~ u s t a v e le Bon Les Civilisations de la lnde W Q%W:

"The Hindu, of all people. stands most unavoidably in the need of visible objects for religious worship. and although a t different times religious reformers have tried to prove monotheism in the Hindu faith, it has been a n unavailing effort. From the Vedic Age to the present day, the Hindu has been worshipping all sorts of things. Whatever he cannot

I understand or control is worthy of being adored as divine in his eyes. All attempts of Brahmans and other Hindu reformers in the direction of monotheism or in limiting the number of gods to three have been utterly unsuccessful. The

I-Iindus listened to them, and sometimes even accepted their teachings in principle, but in practice the three gods went on multiplying till they began to see a god in every article and phenomenon of nature. "

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I I G. Gustave le Bon -qq ERR X

We have seen that, towards the close of the Vedic Age, occupation had started become more or less hereditary, and

1 I the germ of the caste system had been sown. The Vedic

Aryans were alive to the need of maintaining the purity of their race by not mixing with the conquered peoples and when they advanced towards the east and subjugated vast populations, this need became still more manifest and the law-givers had to pay due regard to it. The Aryans understood the problems of race well; they had come to realize that if a ruling minority did

- not take proper care of itself, it was rapidly assimilated with the servile population and deprived of its identity.

' b ~ g t ~ r n ~ m m ~ m , ~ ~ w ~ 2 ~ ~ ~ ~ w t m ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ ~ w v i f % @ M i e ~ * y 4 ~ ~ * * w R 1 2 a F i a * 4 3 m ~ p ~ m , m m * % T m * * - c * m m m v cmmmi?TY&~'43m%m~Pia/murm m 4 ? Y m 4 m m & 4 ~ m m ~ m ~ * 43 ZfWtGr?4~1'S(m8 $% G% 4?0\ RTt?FKW (13 &

R.V.C. Bodley-T fiymrh Z%T?-6f%WFR The Messenger TiW em Wf%kW T IT qfm rrtmcl *m Tmj fm or WmR %3zFmtstl m e

"The Arabs did not command any respect in the sixth century world. As a matter of fact, no one counted very much. It was a moribund period when the great empires of Eastern Europe and Western Asia had already been destroyed or were at the end of their imperial careers.

"It was a world still dazed by the eloquence of Greece, by the grandeur of Persia, by the majesty of Rome, with nothing yet to take their places, not even a religion.

"The Jews were wandering all over the world, with no central guidance. They were tolerated or persecuted according to circumstances. They had no country to call their own, and their future was as uncertain as it is today.

"Outside the sphere of influence of Pope Gregory the Great, the Christians were propounding all kinds of complicated interpretations of their once simple creed and were busy cutting one another's throat in the process.

"In Persia, a last flicker of empire-building remained. Khusrau I1 was extending the frontiers of his domain. By inflicting defeat on Rome he had already occupied Cappadocia, Egypt and Syria. In 620 A.C. (after Christ), when Muhammad was about to emerge as a guide for humanity, he had sacked Jerusalem and stolen the Holy Cross and restored the might and grandeur of Darius I. It looked almost like a new lease of life for the splendour of the Middle East. Yet the Byzantine Romans still had a little of their old vitality. When Khusrau brought his army to the walls of Constantinople, they made ;n final effort to survive.

"Further away in the east, the march of events was leavi.lg few landmarks. India still consisted of many unimportant F. :tty states which struggled mutually for political and military supremacy.

''The Chinese, a s usual, were fighting among tPemselves. The Sui dynasty came into power to be replaced Ly the Tang which ruled for three centuries.

"In Japan, an Empress occupied the throne for the first time. Buddhism was beginning to take root and to influence Japanese ideas and ideals.

"Europe , 'ss gradually merging into the Frankish Empire, which would evelltually comprise France, Northern Italy, most

of the countries east of the Rhine as far as the present Russo-Polish border. Clovis was dead and Dagobert, the last great Merovingian ruler, was soon to be crowned.

"Spain and England were unimportant petty States.

"Spain was under the control of Visigoths, who had lately been driven out of France which they had occupied as far in the north as Loire. They were persecuting the Jews, who would, consequently, do much to facilitate the Muslim invasion which was to follow a century later.

"The British Isles were divided into independent principalities. One hundred and fifty years had passed since the departure of the Romans, who had been replaced by an influx of Nordic people. England herself was made up of seven separate kingdoms."

b ' a - 5 h W ~ - ~ ~ m ~ % ~ ~ ~ m m m 3 ~ m ? J t l ~ ~ * . ~ ? m Q q % ~ l 4 ~ m 4 T

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' ' ~ 1914 cW% (Gregory the Great)-3 WR -dfi* s m f * m w r n ~ ' m w ' m * ~ 4 ~ c r 4 ~ o , 4 % ~ m ~ . r m @ m m % l

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rnTt?@iJWi 9 I $ w ~ w f l ~ , m e m ? * m 1 \ 5 ? o f m ( ~ m ~ 9 1 . m*mmw T t E z w ) ~ ~ y s y w " \ 3 [ m * ~ & @ ~ ~ f m i 4% @ 3sT F@$VR m-qaW ~ 8 & TEff6JTq I

* B m a d 1 ,. The Messenger: The Life of Muhammad, P. 18-19 I

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I\stcqa w m q W m, qrge GGlrm W m, f&! r n - ~ ~ c i ~ ~ q ~ ~ ~ o r r n m ~ r n Tt%3 TEJ 4?"\ vrg E% VCT I @ (Robert Brifault) G f t W g t g ~ i ~ ~ ' ~ 8

"The intrinsic cause that doomed and condemned the Roman Empire was not any growing corruption, but the corruption, the evil, the inadaptation to fact in its very origin and being. No system of human organization that is false in its very principle, in its very foundation, can save itself by any amount of cleverness and efficiency in the means by which that falsehood is carried out and maintained, by any amount of superficial adjustment and tinkering. I t is doomed root and branch as long as the root remains what it was. The Roman Empire was, as we have seen, a device for the enrichment of a small class of people by the exploitation of mankind. That business enterprise was carried out with all honesty, all the fairness and justice compatible with its very nature, and with admirable judgment and ability. But all those virtues could not save the fundamental falsehood, the fundamental wrong from its consequence."

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m m p ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ s t % ~ . F m s f % m q ~ ~ ~ ~ e q V g m e m % ' l m m m m , r n g t g F i J

m q - & ; R ~ c M h ~ - m e ~ - ~ ~ m s f % ~ m q 3 c I C W * V % ~ * s ? ? m * q m m w m

Wi s t wqrn *a I R s m 6m-h mmn-arfrl, +Mw, WFmR e R3Pm-R mpri m ~ T P 4%

~ . - ~ ~ ~ r n ~ i i ~ ' m : ''The whole machinej of rule in Egypt was directed to the

sole purpose of wringing profit out of the ruled for the benefit of the rulers. There was no idea of governing for the advantage of the governed, of raising people in the social scale, of developing the moral or even the material resources of the country. It was an alien domination founded on force and making little pretence of sympathy with the subject race."

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- . . i- - '

). Robert Brifault, The Making of Humanity. p- 159. - - ?.Arabs. conquest of Egypt and the last Thirty years of the Roman Dominion, p-42.

b W % a q ~ q r '3 ~ ' Q R - c- cmm-%i%s ~ l m 5 t t * r ~ ~ ~ m e ~ l ~ s m m m m m e ~ m l B ~ + m m . m s m r n e ~ w q - t % ; i e m e f m ~ m m r & - m w ~ Zlfqlift mWrn~c61**mm'i?m: "- (;l'3rn'3%)-43 vJM%T Tqkm 91qI qqq *-

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7.) I

"When a social structure visibly threatens to- topple down, ruler's try to prevent it from falling by preventing it from mdving. The whole Roman society was fixed in a system of castes; no one was to change his avocation, the son must continue in the calling of his father."

>. EGlFI $?TIT, ~urf%@i-43 M , \10-09 7. I*. The ~aki11g of Humanity.

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- 6 t m p m 1 4 % q m m & ; m , m m * , ~ r n v f m l m h f j ~ * m ~ , ~ * 3 ~ ' ! ~ ~ * m * , m m m M * *

~ I W @ ~ W ~ T + T R ~ , ~ ~ ! M ~ ~ R C W &

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>.Vt"pX m, q. 'sol

"45-t 3mi-m =llzFlcnpmj * Q +m-ivm m* m 4T"\

m - * m m o l m I m m T I ~ ~ R I % @ * ~ G Q ~ ~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ B ~ I ~ 4 a m m ~ ~ * v ~ , m w ~ * s * glBmme 33 l %FTi-cm $phi ypi3 y y t f % % m f & f + r p m b h ~ c w ~ % e ~ - W m m w ~ m 3 p q ~ i a * m & m m q ~ - m * m ? t

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>. Islam At the Cross Roads, by Mohammad Asad, fomerly Leopold Weiss, p. 26-29.

? p l - c . r a m m a f * f * m * * ~ % - ~ m m m r - * m + m m a m ~ a ph wm m m m 1 mP f l q qzrm By-43 R w ~ 0 3 ~ ~ m ~ n ; m j J l a - r * q e m m * M 43: ~ T W M .TEKW, 43 U ~ ~ L Y ~ P I C I ~ vmm ~ 4 1 1 W m m % * l m * ~ , w Y ~ m

a ~ ~ m - ~ ~ @ ~ ~ m a m - I m-15 @?% (Robert Brifault) $3 The Making of Humanity W m:

"For Although, there is not a single aspect of European growth in which the decisive influence of Islamic civilization is not traceable nowhere is it so clear and momentous as in the geaesis of that power which constitutes the permanent distinctive force of the modern world and the supreme source of its victory-natural science and scientific spirit."

"Science is the most momentous contribution of Arab Civilization to the modern world ... I t was not science only which brought Europe back to life. Other and manifold influences from the civilization of Islam communicated its first glow to European life."

>. The Making of Hum'Snity. P. 190. q. The Making of Humanity, P. 202.

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FjfEt I -E$W ~v?lT *%3@ikT3 FFRl3: That the decline

of Islam began when people stared to lose faith in the sincerity of its

representatives. ~ Q f t ? 33-4 ?W a CW QF W G l f h Wj? ~ ~ m - m ~ ~ r n , ~ ~ ~ - c r n ~ 1 m T t m m ~ & m q * l .. -1 < _

m m m m m m ? W g t . r * * m e ~ q ~ * m c l W m

(Metaphysics) W W-4 (Theology) f$73 lTIi7Xtq CW Pi? mcl a$&$ (Natural Science) T&W Wq w - m ~ ~ ~ m , ~ * 4 ? & ~ \ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~

( ~ y t h o l o ~ y ) h %@ ;Tt TIT? WT/ ?VXVJFI m g w ~ ~ e ~ ~ 4 * ~ c m c r n ~ l T 3 t ~ ~ * S m * ~ *e- ~ W ~ T ~ ~ ~ G ~ R J G Q ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ M ~ I ~

e w m $ S C ~ Y ~ C ~ L Y ~ C Q ) 4% T@& ~ Q W C W ? J J F W ~ ~ ; ~ ~ ~ T " \ ~ B W T W ~ ~ T t a e f s , ~ ~ ~ q * m e \ ~ ? * & m e m w m ~ * m * m ~ e ~ c l 4 ? o , ~ ~ ~ e ~ ~ ' ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ e m ~ ( ~ ~ * e . r t ~

"The crusaders penetrated like a wedge between the old wood and the

new and for a while seemed to cleave the trunk of Mohamadan Empire into splinters."

" q m 4- m 4- - qc+ 9i*1' rn qpTt ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 1 ~ c ~ m ~ 1 ~ ~ w 4 ~ . r ~ @ v r m , m & v i i w i % p y ~ ~ 3 ~ m ~ @ p w w$m m 1"'

"So terrible, it is said, was the carnage which followed that the horses of the Crusaders who rode up to the mosque of Omar were knee-deep in the stream of blood. Infants were seized by their feet and dashed against the walls or whirled over the battlements, while the Jews were all burnt alive in their synagogue."

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- 1

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q?t% m W w m f m ~ a m - - m 1'

"A Single Saracen was seen dragging some thirty Christians he had taken prisoners and tied together with ropes. The dead lay in heaps, like stones upon stones, whilst mutilated heads strewed the ground like a plentiful crop of melons,"

u 4 - 4 ~ * m m m ~ f * m * , U I G I ? R G ~ , O T W * ~ , * * ~ & Y ~ * I ~

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4'Riq PI- * TCp f@i m.r FEqnm m TmyFr mm m m I"'

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e l (3-mm-t BIZh m7.m m my V J g t q M f cFmmyq apTzrsrt;Jatmmor~,~**\3mcm~m ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ; ~ 1 - l 3 ' 3 ~ ~ 1 b \ a l Y G Q 1 ~ ~ \ 3 ~ - - ~ ~ ~ % E ~ I ~ o ~ % ~ ~ . J ~ R

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B * 3 * - m 3 w % - t w - m v T F R :

"If the taking of Jerusalem were the only fact known about Saladin, it were enough to prove him the most chivalrous and great-hearted conqueror of his own and perhaps of any age."

The Holy War was over; the five years' contest ended. Before the great victory at Hittin in July, 1187. not an inch of Palestine west of the Jordan was in the Muslim's hands. After the peace of Ramla in September, 1192, the whole land was theirs except an arrow strip of coast from Tyre to Jaffa. Saladin had no cause to be ashamed of the treaty.

"All the strength of Christendom concentrated in the third Crusade had not shaken Saladin's power. His soldiers may have murmured at their long months of hard and perilous service year after year, but they never refused

I I to come to his summons and lay down their lives in his cause ............."

Kurds, Turkmans, Arabs and Egyptians, they were all Moslem's and his servants when he called. In spite of their differences of race, their national jealousies and tribal pride, he had kept them together as one host-not without difficulty and, twice or thrice, a critical waver.

9ilWQl dFT* Baron Carra de Vaux % RW Qq Islamic

Thinkers-43 3 4 W ?pJTi TPXT T9736' fm aGim: "The victory of Mohammad, the Conqueror, was not a gift of fortune or

the result of the Eastern Empire having grown weak, The Sultan had been preparing for it for a long time. He had taken advantage of all the existing scientific knowledge. The connon had just been invented and he decided to equip himself with the biggest cannon in the world and for this he acquired the services of a Hungarian engineer who constructed a connon that could fire a ball weighing 300 K.G's to a distance of one mile. It is said that this cannon was pulled by 700 men and took two hours to be loaded, Muhammad marched upon Constantiople with 3,00,000 soldiers and a strong artillery. His fleet, which besieged the city from the sea, consisted of 120 warships, By great ingenuity the Sultan resolved to send a part of his fleet by land. He launched seventy ships into the sea from the direction of Qasim Pasha by carrying them over wooden boards upon which fat had been applied (to make them slippery.)

(Q) mi&&F qxm G m % =Tam ** &rn ~ e r n m ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ q ~ m q + ~ q r n ~ y c m S i r ~ ~ m W l ~ i r m m M ~ 3 n m e ~ T i m 9 - 4 - q~w'3lcat.r ~3 4m-1TFi 4+

m ~ & m m ( ~ ? , r ? f ; r a ' o m ) ?I-W & t ? % ~ r n & ~ % m ~ m ~ ~ ~

"If a World-Government ever came to be established, Constantinople alone would be an ideal capital for it."

~ ~ W R ~ ~ ~ I + I ~ ~ T T ~ S T ~ ~ F ~ J ~ W W 43irmmm*m3J3*wi