2002

INSTITUTE OF SPACE AND ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies

Annual Report

2002

About the Cover: The photos on the cover of the 2002 ISAS Annual Report are of the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Radar Facility in Tromsø, Norway. The two EISCAT radars at Tromsø, along with the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) on the Norwegian island of Svalbard, are operated by the EISCAT Scientific Association, an international collaboration of research councils from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Japan, France, Great Britain, and Germany. The split-beam VHF (224 MHz) radar at Tromsø [lower photo] is a 120x40 meter parabolic cylinder antenna which can be steered vertically. The Tromsø UHF (931 MHz) radar [upper photo] has three fully steerable parabolic antennas. The VHF (500 MHz) ESR system on Svalbard has two antennas - a steerable 32 meter dish and a fixed magnetic field-aligned 40 meter dish.

Incoherent radars are capable of measuring many fundamental properties of the plasma in the Earth's ionosphere, such as the plasma density, the electron and ion temperatures, the ion composition, and the plasma drift velocity along the direction of the radar beam. More parameters can be deduced from the measurements; these include the electric field, the ionospheric conductances, ionospheric currents, Joule heating, and the neutral wind temperature and speed. The EISCAT data are useful for ionospheric, as well as magnetosphere and atmospheric research.

Dr. Koustov regularly studies data from EISCAT's common data pool for comparative studies of ionospheric convection, in which he compares EISCAT plasma drifts with those measured in the F-Region by the CUTLASS pair of SuperDARN radars and those in the E Region measured by the STARE radars. Dr. McWilliams has proposed and run several experiments on the EISCAT (Tromsø) VHF and ESR radars in support of studies of magnetospheric dynamics driven by the solar wind. EISCAT (Tromsø) is also the site of an MF radar that is jointly owned and operated by ISAS, and the Universities of Tromsø and Nagoya. Drs. Manson and Meek have completed several studies combining winds from the UHF and MF radars.

(page layout by D. Kowaliuk)

ISAS 2002 1

Table of Contents Advisory Committee University of Saskatchewan

Government Industry

2

Members of the Institute Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Faculty Members ISAS Staff ISAS Graduate Students

3 3 4

Chair’s Report University Administration Changes Canadian Research Chairs Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Programs The Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) Outreach: Technology Transfer Outreach: Media and General Funding, Staff and Programs

5 6 6 7 8 8 9

ISAS Facilities Observatory Facilities Field Sites Computing Facilities Optical and Electronic Laboratory Facilities Particle Calibration Facility Electronics and Mechanical Stores Facility

11 11 12 13 13 13

Research Programs A.H. Manson

G.J. Sofko A.V. Koustov, G.C. Hussey

E.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein

Atmospheric Dynamics Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Interactions Ionospheric Physics Aeronomy Research

15 23 30 36

Appendices Publications Presentations (Talks, Papers, Posters) Visitors to ISAS Graduate Student Theses Attendance at Meetings or Other Visits Services and Distinctions Vision Statement

44 47 51 52 53 54 55

ISAS 2002 2

Advisory Committee

University of Saskatchewan Peter MacKinnon Michael Atkinson

Mark Evered Michael Corcoran

Tom Wishart Ken Coates Keith Taylor R. Billinton Rob Pywell

Alan Manson

President Vice President (Academic) Associate V-P (Academic) designate Vice President (Research) Dean, College of Graduate Studies Acting Deans, College of Arts and Science Associate Dean, College of Arts and Science Dean, College of Engineering Head, Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Chair, Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies

Government Gerry Turcotte

William Sawchuk

Richard Coles

David Wardle

David Kendall

Prakash Bhartia

Dan McFadyen

President, Communications Research Centre Vice President, Radio Science Branch, Industry Canada, Ottawa Head, Geomagnetic Laboratory Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa Chief of Experimental Studies, Meteorological Service of Canada, Environment Canada, Downsview, ON Director, Science Program Development Space and Atmospheric Sciences, Space Science Program, Canadian Space Agency, Ottawa Director General, Defence Research Establishment Ottawa (DREO), National Defence, Ottawa President and CEO, Saskatchewan Research Council, Saskatoon

Industry Don Epp

Larry Cooper

Ben Dieterink

Dennis Johnson

Director, Corporate Planning and Communications SED Systems - a division of Calian Ltd., Saskatoon President, Scientific Instrumentation Ltd., Saskatoon President; Kipp & Zonen Inc., Saskatoon President, PAKWA Engineering Ltd, Saskatoon

ISAS 2002 3

Members of the Institute

Department of Physics and Engineering Physics Faculty Members ISAS Chair

A.H. Manson B.Sc., Ph.D. (Canterbury, N.Z.), Professor

ISAS Executive G.R. Davis

D.A. Degenstein

G.C. Hussey

A.V. Koustov

E.J. Llewellyn

G.J. Sofko

B.Sc. (McMaster), M.Sc. (Toronto), D.Phil. (Oxon.) Professor (until July 31, 2002) B.Sc., B.E., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan) Assistant Professor B.E., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan), P. Eng., Associate Professor M.Sc. (Leningrad State), Ph.D. (Moscow Institute of Earth Phys.), P. Eng., Assoc. Prof. B.Sc., Ph.D. (Exeter), D.Sc. (Saskatchewan) F.R.S.C., P.Eng., Professor B.A.Sc. (British Columbia), Ph.D. (Saskatchewan), P.Eng., Professor

Adjunct Professors R.L. Gattinger

D.R. McDiarmid

B.Sc., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan) B.A.Sc., M.A.Sc., Ph.D. (British Columbia)

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies Staff

Professional Research Associates D.A. André

N.D. Lloyd C.E. Meek

M. Watanabe

B.Sc. (Erlangen-Nurnberg), Ph.D. (Georg-August, Germany), P.Eng. B.Sc. (Hons.), Ph.D. (London) B.A. (Queen’s), M.Sc., Ph.D. (Saskatchewan) B.A., M.Sc., Ph.D. (Japan)

Research Assistants W.R. McMurray

C. (Qin) Li

J.K. Taylor

L. (Zeyo) Fan

B.Sc., B.Ed. (Manitoba), Data Assistant/ Archivist (until June 30, 2002) Comp. Eng. B.Sc., (China) Data Assistant/ Archivist (starting July 1, 2002) B.E., M.Sc. (Saskatchewan) Chemist (China) (6 month term)

Research Engineer H. Olivier C. Foley

M.Eng.(Electrical) (South Africa) B.Eng. (Saskatchewan)

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Technical and Support Staff D.M. (Kowaliuk) Jaroslawsky

W.L. Marshall S.F. Pfeil

ISAS Secretary B.Sc. (Hons.) (Saskatchewan), ISAS Technician ISAS Assistant

Graduate Students Post-Doctoral Fellows (Supervisor)

S. Petelina (Llewellyn) K. McWilliams (Sofko)

Odin Aerosol Studies

SuperDARN (NSERC PDF)

Ph.D. Students (Supervisor) L. Benkevitch (Koustov)

D.W. Danskin (Koustov)

J. Liang (Sofko)

Y. Luo (Manson)

R. Makarevitch (Koustov)

L. Xu (Koustov)

Ionospheric conductance effects in high-latitude phenomena Plasma processes in the high-latitude ionosphere as seen by coherent radars Studies of F-region echoes and field-aligned currents using SuperDARN Influences of planetary waves upon the dynamics of the MLT region (until May 2002) Theoretical and experimental studies of E-region plasma waves (until October 2002) SuperDARN-derived plasma convection: Comparison with other measurements and application to field-aligned current studies (until October 2002)

M.Sc. Students (Supervisor) A. Bourassa (Llewellyn)

T. Chshyolkova (Manson)

B. Hesman (Davis)

K. Lamont (Llewellyn)

P. Loewen (Llewellyn)

T. Wiensz (Llewellyn)

B. Wilcox (Llewellyn)

Odin IR operation Influences of Airglow upon the dynamics of the MLT region Ground-based Planetary Spectroscopy - James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT) project MOPITT-A Instrument

Odin IR Remote Validation Odin IR Modelling Odin Ground-based Validation (until September 2002)

Summer Students (Supervisor) A. Jelovic (Llewellyn) N. Wiebe (Llewellyn)

J. Cooper (Hussey) T. Roschuk (Llewellyn) M. Bathgate (Llewellyn) S Kunz (Llewellyn)

ISAS 2002 5

Chair’s Report

The two themes of the Terrestrial “Atmospheric Environment” (0-100 km) and the Terrestrial “Space Environment” (ionosphere, thermosphere, magnetosphere) are the focus of research within the Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies (ISAS). The work has prospered, due to the energetic leadership of our Professors, who also act as the Executive and as Principle Investigators (PIs) for the main programs of ISAS. The research activities are based upon a strong and diverse set of observational systems, including ground-based radars and optical systems; and optical systems on aircraft, rockets and space vehicles. The analysis of the data from these systems leads to complementary theoretical and modeling activities, and strong national and global collaborations.

University Administration Changes

As a Research Unit in the Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, which itself is administered within the College of Arts and Science, ISAS depends very much upon the Head and the Deans. As Chair I have spent considerable time working with those persons. Our Head, Professor Rob Pywell has been very supportive, and it has been a pleasure to work with him on a variety of ISAS and Department matters. The Systematic Program Review (SPR) for the whole Department was held in May, with the visiting Team present May 22-24th. The ISAS Chair and Professors made presentations on the Institute and its Programs, which were very well received. The SPR final report, including the responses of the Department to particular issues of importance within the College, was considered a very acceptable one for the entire Department.

There were significant changes during 2002. The Provost and Vice-President Academic, Michael Atkinson, took Administrative Leave for a year (July 2002-June 2003), and our Dean, Ken Coates, assumed those offices. Associate Dean (Science) Keith Taylor became the Acting Dean; and Professor Dick Neal (who had just retired as Associate Dean) became the Acting Associate Dean (Science).

These changes occurred near the beginning of the Integrated Planning Process

(IPP). The President, Peter MacKinnon, provided a Strategic Directions Statement, entitled Renewing the Dream, which was endorsed by the Senate, Council and Board of Governors in the spring of 2002. The University will be known for International Standards, Academic Pre-eminence, and its Sense of Place. There will be four strategic directions: Attract and retain outstanding faculty; Increase campus-wide commitment to research, scholarly and artistic work; Establish the University as a major presence in graduate education; Recruit and retain a diverse and academically promising body of students, and prepare them for success in the knowledge age. A companion White Paper was provided by Michael Atkinson (August 2002), which provided the framework for the planning process; this involves the evaluation and approval of college and unit plans in a multi-year timeframe. The IPP provides a challenge and an opportunity for Research Units such as ISAS. During 2002 our Department engaged strongly in the IPP process within the College, and I provided numbers of reports and planning documents for ISAS. Our Professors and scientists have been operating very effective and exciting programs of International relevance and quality, which made the production of these documents a pleasure. We are optimistic that ISAS will flourish under the competitive environment being established at the University of Saskatchewan.

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Canadian Research Chairs A summary of our progress is appropriate: the University had provided the “Strategic Research Plan for the CRC Program” August 31st, 2000. This includes six ‘thrusts’, including “Environmental Sciences”, which contains a “focus” on “Conservation and Climate Change”. ISAS was offered an allocation during 2001, following presentation of our Proposal. A candidate, in the area of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate Change was chosen by the Institute, the Department and the University’s CRC Overview Committee. A position was offered to the candidate in December 2001 by the CRC (Ottawa). During the spring and early summer of 2002 the University, in particular Mark Evered (Vice Provost), worked very diligently with the Candidate to arrange the move from another Canadian University. To the enormous disappointment of everyone, ISAS, the Theme Committee, the College and the Provost’s Office, satisfactory arrangements could not be made. Hence due to complex variety of issues the Candidate could not assume the CRC within ISAS.

The Chair has been very busy during 2002 seeking another opportunity for a CRC Chair within ISAS: advertising has proceeded throughout the year; another Allocation within the Environmental Sciences Theme has been sought; operating under a Candidate-Driven process two superb candidates have formally visited the University; and the Recommendation from ISAS and the Department has been provided to the Overview Committee. A substantial campus community in the area of Climate and Environment Change has been identified, and our Candidate would work with that group to enhance the impact of this research locally, nationally and globally. As such it is powerfully consistent with the IPP Strategic Directions document, Renewing the Dream.

Canadian Space Agency (CSA) Programs The Chair has been very close to these matters, as a member of the Advisory Committee (STRAC: Solar Terrestrial Relations) since 1991. I was appointed for a further 4 year term in 2001 to the new SAEAC Committee (Space and Atmospheric Environments Advisory Committee) with focus on the Atmosphere. My ISAS colleague, and Canadian PI for the International SuperDARN radar program, George Sofko, is also now a member of SAEAC with focus on the Space Environment sub-committee. The following is a brief summary of CSA activities and developments (most acronyms are defined, but satellite names are discussed in the specific reports from the Professors which follow my report).

There were two meetings of SAEAC in 2002: at St. Hubert’s CSA Headquarters in May, before which the two co-Chairs (Professors Yau from Calgary, and Drummond from Toronto) met with the Marc Garneau the new CSA President (November; 2001); and at ISAS in November (4,

5th). There was considerable activity during 2002. For the Space Environment community, the Geospace Monitoring Definition Group provided their report in July; the International Living With a Star (ILWS) program was officially sanctioned, and the CSA has a leadership role in the Ground-based component; and there was a Workshop in Kananaskis following the SAEAC meeting (November 7-9). The Geospace Monitoring program is of great significance for ISAS as it now includes the SuperDARN radars as a significant element in this activity, which effectively replaces the CANOPUS program. For the Atmospheric Environment, the CSA’s 4th Workshop was held in London from May 15-17th: highlights were the call for the Institution of an Advanced Studies Program (allowing for the further development of concepts and proposed missions); enthusiasm for ground-based measurements as complements for space-based missions: and the idea of a northern Network which would include the Eureka Labor-

ISAS 2002 7

atory. Planning for the latter has developed during 2002, and the name chosen is the Canadian Network for the Detection of Atmospheric Change (CANDAC). Funding is being sought during 2003. CANDAC would be

very important for ISAS, providing ground based observations to complement satellite missions, and allowing the radar work of the Atmospheric Dynamics Group to expand into the Canadian Arctic with a VHF meteor radar system.

The Natural Science and Engineering Research Council (NSERC) The awards from NSERC are the foundation of our Research Programs, and our Professors have done very well in acquiring a variety of grants. NSERC have developed a number of different categories of awards, and these have been well-used in supporting our larger Programmes: Collaborative Special Projects, Strategic Projects, Collaborative Research Opportunities, Major Installation, and Major Facilities Access. Dr. George Sofko has been the most successful in this regard, with the largest NSERC award on campus in 1999. These vehicles have been most suitable for SuperDARN. There was an NSERC G-17 ‘team’ visit to ISAS on September 24th, at which there were presentations by each Professor, a bound-copy of the Reports was provided, there was a Walking Tour, and then individual meetings were held. It was a valuable visit for us.

The NSERC budget for Individual/Group ‘Discovery Grants’ has not grown adequately in recent years, although the number of applicants continues to increase. Awards have diminished in general, nation-wide. We have also suffered to a degree here. The addition of ‘CRC’ Chairs to the applicant-group will place further pressures upon this essential budget. The Government appears to have been unresponsive to many overtures in this regard.

The CSA and NSERC have worked very well together (linked with SAEAC activity) over the last year in developing a strategy that will provide major CSA Projects with a much stronger likelihood of obtaining Awards. That will allow the ‘science’ areas of approved Projects to be well supported.

Finally, the ISAS professors continue to provide ‘User Fees’ for the support of ISAS services from their NSERC Research Grants, in lieu of the now obsolete Infrastructure Grants. These funds are specifically requested with our applications for ‘Discovery Grants’. These ‘User Fees’ are additional to the ongoing budget from the College of Arts and Science. This University of Saskatchewan seed-money is invaluable, and includes revenues from ISAS contract-overheads. The College budget encourages NSERC to provide these ‘User Fees’, and then allows for ISAS administrative services which cannot be funded from any other NSERC-CSA-MSC source. The ISAS Infrastructure budget is close to $80,000, while total revenues to ISAS Pls range from $1.5 to 2 M each year ($1.8M 2002/3).

ISAS 2002 8

Outreach: Technology Transfer

The support and promotion of our Research through the Office of Research Services, has been valuable. The Vice President (Research) was Dr. Michael Corcoran, and after his departure Acting V-P Bryan Harvey; the Director of Research Services is Julia Taylor; and the Communications Officer, Kathryn Warden. They have been very helpful with regard to the promotion of ISAS programs, as have their staff in matters such as CSA Contracts and the CRC activities. Two Saskatoon companies, SIL (with Larry Cooper, President) and Kipp and Zonen Inc. have worked with us over recent years. SIL

has provided fine research projects for the EP425 course on Engineering-Physics Systems in recent years. Both students and industrial partners enjoyed and benefited from this activity. SIL are also involved with the development of the CADI radar (Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde: Professor John MacDougall, UWO). One of his systems was operated for part of 2002 at the ISAS Park Site. We must note that Professor Ted Llewellyn interacts powerfully with several companies in Ontario associated with Odin: Routes, NORTEL.

Outreach: Media and General

ISAS has an effective and regularly upgraded web site (http://www.usask.ca/physics/isas/) which is linked with the CSA’s web site (http://www.space.gc.ca), and also the web sites of our collaborative partners. We are listed in SOURCES (for Editors, Reporters, Researchers), which has a hardcopy book, and also a web site. ISAS has a specific entry in the Canadian Technology Network (CTN), which is sponsored by the NRC and Industry Canada, and provides Canadian business with links to technology (http://ctn.nrc.ca/).

Posters and other ISAS materials are regularly posted to all Canadian Physics and Engineering Physics Departments and to 3rd and 4th year students to encourage more graduate students to join our community. Materials have been redesigned and updated by Secretary, Debbie (Kowaliuk)Jaroslawsky during 2002/03. Copies of these are also readily available upon request.

These new materials are also used by the Physics students and/or PEP Professors who attend CUPC (Canadian Undergraduate Physics Conference) events, for their Graduate Studies promotional event. Graduate students interested in working in ISAS can complete degrees in the disciplines of Physics, Engineering Physics or Environmental Engineering.

The University has been placing more emphasis upon Research and its promotion through advertising and special events. We play a full role in these events. Our professors continue to write articles for, and to be interviewed by, staff from the local newspaper, the Star-Phoenix; and to have articles in the University’s Campus News. The local TV stations have worked with us during major events e.g. Odin launch in 2001.

Finally, a video-conferencing system is in the ISAS Conference Room. The MOPITT team (Jim Drummond, University of Toronto, PI) provided this system, and ISAS provides operating costs. The system is available for ISAS and PEP staff.

ISAS 2002 9

Funding, Staff and Programs The research programs supported by ISAS are very diverse. This means that funds from both NSERC and the CSA have been sought and secured. The programs of ISAS have therefore been able to flourish despite some difficult years earlier in this last decade. As noted in the ‘NSERC’ section, our total incomes have ranged from $1.5-2M over the last 5 years ($1.8M 2002/03) The research and core staff comprised a total of approximately 30 persons during the last few years. Our numbers have grown recently to 35 due to strong CSA CHECK programs and SuperDARN. There are (2002 average) 6 PIs (Professors), 2 Adjunct Professors, 5 Post Doctoral Fellows/Research Associates, 4 Engineers/Research Assistants, 3 Staff-persons (Technician, Assistant-stores and finances, Secretary) and 12 graduate students. The ISAS community is an effective and productive group, with strong national and global collaborations due to the diversity of our programs. Graduate students, Research Scientists and Engineers are involved in the development of state-of-the-art experimental systems, in the analysis of data using sophisticated software and powerful computing systems, and the preparation of research reports and papers. The International research environment for our Professor-PIs is extremely competitive, as they are also committed university professors, with normal teaching and administrative duties; our competitors in the United States and Europe are often full-time researchers. We have 6 Professors, 5 of whom are Professional Engineers (Drs. Llewellyn, Sofko, Koustov, Hussey and Degenstein), with a desirable blend of youth and experience. Those five form a strong leadership unit for the Engineering Physics program in the Department. Our active Adjunct Professors are a very valuable resource: Drs. Dick Gattinger (Odin, Ted Llewellyn); and Don McDiarmid (SuperDARN, George Sofko). Over the next 3-5 years three of our Professors will retire, although their continued activity as Emeritus professors is highly likely, and the Chair with support of Institute and Department is leading a strong recruitment program.

The six PIs provide a well balanced coverage of the entire Solar Terrestrial Physics (STP)-Atmospheres area. No other Canadian “group” has such breadth. In the “Atmospheric Environment”, we study the chemistry and aeronomy of the lower atmosphere (troposphere 0-20 km); the chemistry, thermal structure, and dynamics of the middle atmosphere (30-100 km); and the coupling between dynamical processes, atmospheric waves, and thermal and chemical ‘structures’ (Professors Llewellyn, Manson and Degenstein). These topics relate to “Global Climate Change”, and include the effects of solar variability and of changing concentrations of Ozone and Green-House Gases (GHG) upon the Atmospheric Environment. In the “Space Environment”, we study the plasma instabilities of the E-and F-regions of the ionosphere; the convection patterns of the ionosphere/thermosphere as they respond to the disturbed sun and magnetosphere; the response of the magnetosphere and geospace-plasma to solar activity; the drifts of meteor trails in the D- and E- regions; and the effects of atmospheric waves upon the thermosphere (Professors Hussey, Koustov and Sofko). These topics relate to “Space Weather”, “Space Climate” themes, their effects upon space vehicles and energy-distribution systems on planet Earth, and have as a goal the development of a prediction capability. The coupling between the “Space” and “Atmospheric” Environments is also studied by Drs. Hussey, Sofko and Manson. This relates to the notion of “Solar Weather”, where the signal of solar variability is directly found in tropospheric weather and climate, and includes the impact of atmospheric dynamics upon auroral activity. Within Canada’s “Space Science” community, the two major themes are also the “Space Environment” and Atmospheric Environment”, so ISAS contributes fully to the national agenda. We have two representatives on the CSA’s “SAEAC” Advisory Committee. The principle influences upon our PIs during the last few years and during 2002 in particular are well summarized by the acronyms or titles of the following missions and programmes: the Odin-OSIRIS and MOPITT satellite systems for Ted Llewellyn and Doug Degenstein; WINDII-UARS, Odin and TIMED satellite missions, MF and

ISAS 2002 10

Meteor Radar Networks, along with SCOSTEP and CEDAR international studies and projects for Alan Manson; and SuperDARN, CANOPUS, CADI and related magnetospheric satellite missions for George Sofko, Sasha Koustov and Glenn Hussey. We are all involved with proposals for future satellite missions which directly or indirectly involve the CSA.

Given our Programs, and present Staff and Professors, we look forward to continued excellence and leadership in the areas of Solar Terrestrial Physics/Space Science and Atmospheric Science during the first decade of the century.

ISAS 2002 11

ISAS Facilities

Observatory Facilities

The majority of the optical and radar systems supporting the programs of the Institute are at the field sites described below. There are a number of additional systems which have been developed or purchased with Institute funds, or are operated for colleagues by ISAS staff.

These include the following: Three-component Magnetometer and ULF System

The Three-component Magnetometer and ULF system resumed operations in June 2001, after being damaged in the Park Site fire in 1999. The University of Tokyo operates the Magnetometer and ULF System.

T.V. All-Sky Camera

This has the following features: 2 filters and shutter to allow observations of specific wave-lengths; PC control for automatic field use; a photo-sensor for computer failure. This all-sky camera was returned to ISAS and is awaiting deployment to another field site.

Meridian Scanning Photometer (multi- wavelength) MSP

Five single-channel photometers are incorp-orated into this (Iwan Goza for Dr. McEwen, during 1992/93). It is PC (IBM-compatible personal computer) controlled. This MSP has been located at both La Ronge and Rabbit Lake, for Dr. McEwen’s CNSR/STEP research; it is now at Rabbit Lake (since the Spring of 1995). Spectral Airglow Temperature Imager (SATI-2)

In December 2000 a SATI-2 Imager began operating in the penthouse observatory on the roof of the Physics Building. The SATI-2 Imager

was moved from the Physics Building to Park Site in July 2001. The equipment is on loan from the Institute for Space and Terrestrial Science York University. The instrument measures perturbations of the rotational temper-atures and vertical column emission rate of the O2 Atmospheric nightglow layer at 94 km and the OH Meinel layer at 86 km.

Field Sites Rabbit Lake (58°20' N, 103°70' W)

This site was extensively used from 1985-1990 as part of the HILAT and VIKING satellite activities. A new trailer, obtained with CNSR funds, was located at Rabbit Lake during 1992 with a TV all-sky camera. The system was upgraded to a digital recording capability in the Fall of 1993, and operated until Spring of 1996 with visible, red and green filters. The CADI phase-coherent ionosonde system from the University of Western Ontario was removed from the Rabbit Lake site in 2001, and it is now operating at Park Site. A magnetometer operated by the University of Tokyo is still operating at Rabbit Lake. Park Site (52°12' N, 107°7' W)

The field site near Asquith continues to be used by the Atmospheric Dynamics Group with their large MF (2.2 MHz) radar system. This has extensive transmitting and receiving antenna systems for spaced antenna and interferometry studies of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (60-110 km). Turbulent scatter and meteor trails are used to provide winds, atmospheric waves and turbulence data as well as ionospheric data from D-, E- and F-regions. This internationally recognized system is fully automated and requires only occasional maintenance; this is normally provided by weekly visits. Data are made available to collaborators in International (e.g. STEP, MLTCS) and National (e.g. CNSR) programs.

ISAS 2002 12

In 2001 two new experiments were installed at Park Site. A CADI phase-coherent iono-sounde system from the University of Western Ontario was installed in the spring of 2001 using the Delta antenna at Park Site. The SATI-2 Imager from York University was moved to Park Site from the Physics building in July 2001, to solve the light contamination problem that was prevalent while running in an urban environment. The 160-acre site is leased from a local farmer, Mr. Charles Chappell, on a long term rental agreement. On July 13, 1999, a fire caused by lightning destroyed two of the three bays of the main receiver building. The other wing, the MF Radar wing, suffered extensive smoke and water damage. The two fires damaged wings were demolished and the other wing was cleaned and restored. The MF Radar transmitter and receiver systems both had to undergo extensive cleaning before being returned to the field. A new building was completed in April 2000. It was attached to the existing MF Radar Wing. The new building has a 600 sq. ft. cold storage area and a 600 sq. ft. working area. The new working area also contains the optical dome. Bakker’s Farm (52°15' N, 106°27' W)

In May 1997, SAPPHIRE operations were terminated at the Bakker Farm site. The associated SAPPHIRE transmitter sites at La Crete, Alberta and Gilliam, Manitoba were decommissioned in September 1997. The 6- and 2-meter antenna systems have been left standing to be used on a campaign basis. The building remains ready to be used for radar experiments. Currently the site is being prepared for development and installation of a new and novel 50MHz FMCW E-region experiment. Kernen Farm (52°9' N, 106°32' W)

The Kernen Farm is the site of the Saskatoon SuperDARN system. The site is comprised of two antenna arrays: 1. The main array: 16 log-periodic antennas mounted on 15 meter towers. Each connected to a 600W pulsed transmitter. 2. The vertical interferometer array: 4 log-periodic antennas mounted on 15 meter towers connected to an independent receiver to allow angle of arrival calculation.

Prince George (53°59' N, 122°35' W)

A new SuperDARN radar was built in 1999 on a site 15 km east of Prince George, British Columbia. The radar system is identical to the SuperDARN radar operating in Saskatoon. The radar has two antenna arrays: a main transmitting array and a vertical interferometer array. The radar point 5° west of north and is paired with a U.S. run radar on Kodiak Island, Alaska. Rankin Inlet (62°48' N, 92°10' W)

The field site is the former SAPPHIRE North transmitter site that was decommissioned in 1997. The University of Calgary now uses the site for their NORSTAR All-Sky Spectral Imager. The NORSTAR Imager was installed in the summer of 2000. ISAS installed a phase-coherent CADI ionosounde in September 2002 as a research and support instrument.

Computing Facilities An Institute with such extensive observa-tional systems, and data analysis programs, requires considerable computing facilities. A wide range of computer systems is available to ISAS scientists and graduate students. In addition to being used for data analysis, the DEC Alphaserver is mainly used as a mail server for ISAS because of its security against virus attacks. Analysis of the SuperDARN data has been moved from the Hewlett-Packard systems to a Linux based PC, mainly for cost reasons; but also, because the increased storage capacity allows all SuperDARN data to be kept online. The SuperDARN data distribu-tion has been changed from Exabyte tapes to CDs. For this a Rimage Protege CD duplicator and printer and a Young Minds AutoStudio interface to a Linux computer was acquired. Finally, most of the Institute’s observational systems have the capability of real-time analysis of data by dedicated PC systems, which has minimized the need for major main-frame computers or even work stations. The MF radar at Saskatoon (Atmospheric Dynamics Section, Dr. Manson), the VHF radar transmitter/receiver system known as SAPPHIRE, the SuperDARN MF radar at the Kernen Farm, and the Rabbit Lake/ Rankin Inlet All-sky Camera, are each

ISAS 2002 13

Computer controlled and generate processed data. These are then ready for detailed analysis. In addition, the engineers within ISAS

continue to demonstrate leadership by the use of transputer technology.

Optical And Electronic Laboratory Facilities The Optical Laboratory is under the direction of Bill Marshall and continues to provide general support for the research programs within the Institute. There are optical calibration standards for visible, UV and IR (200-900 nm). Low brightness sources (LBS) in the UV and IR were developed during the CNSR for medical research (ozone) and stratospheric measure-ments. In particular, calibrated detectors were obtained for the UV-A and B regions, and there was testing of sources and detectors over the 200 to 400 nm range. The Electronic Laboratory has network and spectrum analyzers, signal generators and test equipment to allow development of state of the art VHF/HF/MF radars. Marshall also maintains

this electronic test equipment and develops new systems/sub-systems for the optical and radar facilities of ISAS. Marshall is supported by ISAS funds (50%), NSERC funds from the MF radar group and the HF/VHF radar group. Projects of particular note include the following: • SuperDARN system support • Park Site MF radar system maintenance and development, and • General support for the electronic/

mechanical needs of 32-35 ISAS person-nel

• SATI-2 system management • CADI system management

Particle Calibration Facility The basis of this facility is the Canadian Space Agency electron calibration system (1-400 eV), with a cryogenically pumped vacuum chamber and clean room which was developed for FREJA-CPA, but has also been used for

various rocket systems. This facility is within the Optics Lab. It will allow calibrations for electron energies of up to 25 keV, which are of value for satellite and rocket systems sampling auroral electron populations.

Electronics and Mechanical Stores Facility Comprehensive electronic and mechanical Stores were maintained and administered by Shirley Pfeil (Dept. Assistant) for ISAS researchers throughout the year 2002. Shirley is supported 100% from ISAS funds and her hours remain at .80 FTE. Shirley handles all of the ISAS accounting and provides in-house monthly and annual budget summaries for all ISAS accounts, which are administered by herself and the ISAS Chair.

Materials and components are provided at cost and this has been of significant practical assistance in research programs. Turn-over of parts and purchase of equipment, and other related expenses in the year 2002 were in excess of 500,000 dollars in activity.

ISAS 2002 14

Research Programs

Atmospheric Dynamics Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Interactions Ionospheric Physics Aeronomy Research

ISAS 2002 15

Atmospheric Dynamics

A.H. Manson Team Members

Research Associate: Dr. C.E. Meek Research Assistant: R.A. McMurray/ C.(Qin) Li Technician: B. Marshall

Graduate Students: T. Chshyolkova Introduction The research of the Atmospheric Dynamics Group focuses upon the Middle Atmosphere (MA, 30-110km) and Mesosphere Lower-Thermosphere (MLT, 60-150 km), regions which are strongly affected by not only solar and auroral disturbances but also weather-related tropospheric/ stratospheric disturbances from below. National and International programs such as CEDAR (Coupling, Energetics, and Dynamics of Atmospheric Regions - U.S. sponsored), and SCOSTEP (Scientific Committee on Solar Terrestrial Physics) with its new programs (below), demonstrate the importance of the MA and MLT regions and the relevance of the ISAS work. There is a strong research interest in the MLT within Canada, and the linkages with researchers at the Universities of Toronto, York, London and New Brunswick are strong. The basis for our MLT research is the Saskatoon medium frequency radar (MFR, 2.2 MHz), operating in spaced antenna and interferometry modes at the nearby Park Observatory. It provides profiles of the horizontal and vertical wind, and of atmospheric waves, in real time and continuously. The sampling rate for profiles is 5 minutes, with 3 km samples from 60/75 - 100/110 km (day/night). This main radar facility was refurbished in 1997, using funds from an NSERC equipment grant. The system is now ready for another decade of operation. The second of our MF radars has been located at Platteville 40°N (the Boulder Aeronomy Research site) since December 1999. Our colleagues, Drs. Susan Avery and Denise Thorsen (University of Colorado) have an NSF grant to support the operation of the

system. We now have over 2 years of excellent data. The new radar has enabled us to create a new network: CUJO, Canada-U.S.-Japan Opportunity. The five MFRs form a unique middle-latitude network with a 7000 km longitudinal sector, and a 12-14° latitudinal variation at two longitudes: London (43°N, 81°W), Platteville (40°N, 105°W), Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W), Wakkanai (45°N, 142°W) and Yamagawa (31°N, 131°W). Several papers are now being written based upon CUJO. The third MF radar at Tromsø (70°N) involves three Universities: the University of Saskatchewan, the University of Tromsø (Auroral Observatory) and the University of Nagoya. Data may be seen at this web-site: http://atmos.phys.uit.no. Our principle colleagues are Drs. Chris Hall (Tromsø) and Satonori Nozawa (Nagoya). Dr. Hall monitors the operation of the MFR, and has led the research for many innovative studies. This is now part of a longitudinal Arctic radar/ optical network and project called DATAR: “Dynamics and Temperatures from the Arctic MLT Region”. It is associated with PSMOS (see below), chaired by Scott Palo (Boulder) and co-chaired by Yuri Portnyagin and Alan Manson, and comprising 8 radars: Resolute Bay, Dixon, Esrange, Andenes, Tromsø, Poker Flat, Svalbard and Point Barrow. In particular the radars near Tromsø (Andenes, Esrange) are named the “Scandanavian Triangle”. The spacings range from 150-260 km and allow unique spatial-temporal studies. The members of the ISAS group are Drs. Alan Manson and Chris Meek, principle scientists; Tatyana Chshyolkova, Ph.D. graduate student, who completed her MSc. in 2002 (studies of dynamic influences on the airglow, using the SATI-

ISAS 2002 16

imager on loan from our colleague Dr. Gordon Shepherd (York University)); and Carole Qin Li and Bill Marshall, research assistant (archiving; data analysis) and technician respectively.

International Programs The SCOSTEP programs, (1998-2002), have been very active in 2002. The first of these is S-RAMP (STEP Results, Applications and Modelling Phase). It has two major themes, which are to complete studies based upon observations during STEP (1990-1997) and to select observing intervals for new campaigns. These “space weather” campaigns emphasize coupling in the solar-terrestrial system from the Sun, through the magnetosphere, and down into the middle atmosphere and troposphere (Alan Manson is on the Steering Committee). Several of the 2002 projects have involved the use of data from the STEP years. There has also been vigorous activity within the other middle-high latitude SCOSTEP program in the post-STEP era (1998-2002): Planetary Scale Mesopause Observing System (PSMOS - Gordon Shepherd and Maura Hagan (NCAR - Boulder) PIs). The ISAS MFR systems are playing strong roles in this program. As well as the DATAR project, which had its beginnings at the SCOSTEP Longmont meeting (2001), there was activity with the new campaign GATDAT (2001-3) that was initiated by Juergen Scheer and Alan Manson (co-chairs of the ‘Airglow-Dynamics-Transitions’ project of PSMOS). “Global Airglow Transition Detection and Tracking” is providing a focus for the acquisition of airglow and dynamical data and the study of regional and global transitions in airglow emissions and their relationship with dynamical processes. The thesis work of Tatyana is an important Canadian contribution to GATDAT: she was able to demonstrate the strong seasonal changes in temperatures at the mesopause (87km) region, and the influences of auroral activity and a stratospheric warming upon the Atmospheric oxygen (0-1) and hydroxyl Meinel (6-2) airglow layers. The limitations of ground-based optical observations in comparisons with radars, due to lunar, auroral and cloud influences, was demonstrated. There are also climate changes issues, as the cloud occurrences have increased over the last 10 years. The final PSMOS conference was held in Brazil during October 2002, and Tatyana

presented her own GATDAT results, as well as a CUJO paper which was in collaboration with Drs. Manson and Meek.

Scientific Projects We will present brief summaries and figures from some of the major studies which were published during 2002. There is always difficulty in choosing studies to highlight, as there are often two year delays in publication, and papers discussed in the last two Annual Reports have only just been published during 2002 (see Publications in the Appendices). We have chosen three papers which demonstrate the range and direction of our research; two were published in 2002, and the other is now in Press (April, 2003). The format chosen is to provide Abstracts from the papers, and surround those with additional comments. 1. Non-linear interactions between tides and Planetary Waves (PW)

Understanding and knowledge of the inter-actions between tides and the other types of MLT waves is of particular importance as we attempt to understand the general causes of wave-variability, the related effects upon energy and momentum balance in the MLT, and chemical-constituent variability and coupling. This paper we consider a highlight of the PSMOS campaign of June-August 1999. It focused upon Global-scale tidal variability, a major theme of PSMOS, and used data from 18 MLT radars (MF and Meteor) located at middle to high latitudes of both hemispheres. The analysis is very sophisticated, and involves’ wavelets’ and ‘S-transforms’. There are 25 authors (whose addresses we do not show), but we worked closely with Dora Pancheva (the first author) during the development of the paper. This complements the comprehensive seasonal and hemispheric studies (3 papers) of the 16- d PW which Yi Luo (Ph.D. awarded 2002) led as part of his Research Program.

ISAS 2002 17

Global-scale tidal variability during the PSMOS campaign of June-August

1999: interaction with planetary waves

Pancheva D, Merzlyakov E, Mitchell NJ, Portnyagin Y, Manson AH, Jacobi C, Meek CE, Luo Y, Clark RR, Hocking WK, MacDougall J, Muller HG, Kurschner

D, Jones GOL, Vincent RA, Reid IM, Singer W, Igarashi K, Fraser GI, Fahrutdinova AN, Stepanov AM, Poole LMG, Malinga SB, Kashcheyev BL,

Oleynikov AN

JOURNAL OF ATMOSPHERIC AND SOLAR-TERRESTRIAL PHYSICS, 64 1865-1896, 2002

Abstract During the PSMOS Global-scale tidal variability experiment campaign of June 1-August 31, 1999, a network of radars made measurements of winds, waves and tides in the mesosphere/lower-thermosphere region over a wide range of latitudes. Clear evidence was found that fluctuations in tidal amplitudes occur on a global scale in both hemispheres, and that at least some of these fluctuations are periodic in nature. As demonstrated from wavelet analyses, the modulation of the amplitude of the 12 h tide was particularly evident at periods of 10 and 16 days, suggesting a non-linear interaction with planetary waves of those periods to be responsible. In selected cases, the secondary waves predicted from non-linear theory could be identified and their zonal wave numbers determined. In some, but not all, cases the longitudinal structure of the secondary waves supports the theory of planetary-wave/tidal interaction being responsible for the observed tidal modulation. This is the first time that such physical structures have been identified. It was noted also that beating between a 12.4-lunar and the solar tide could produce a near 16-day modulation of the 12 h tide amplitude that is frequently observed in late summer.

2. Non-linear Interactions between Planetary Waves Although some of the traveling atmospheric waves in the planetary spectrum (2-30 d) have been rather convincingly associated with ‘normal atmospheric modes’, an example being the 16-d PW discussed above, others have more complex characteristics. A strong PW with period near 7 days has been observed at many radar locations during the fall of 1993 (August-September), and we have been involved with two related studies. Clark et al. (2002) used middle latitude MLT radars, including the Saskatoon MFR, and were able to characterize the wave: it was a highly structured (spatially)

westward propagating wave with wave number 1. The favored source mechanism was that of an unstable mode excited in situ in the mesosphere. The same PW was collaboratively studied by ourselves with colleagues from the University of Wales. The paper as summarized in the abstract below, highlights a number of strategies which are becoming important in our Program: waves with periods of 6.5-7d were identified within the stratosphere using meteorological data as well as with our MLT radars; non-linear interactions with a standing PW (m=1) were inferred; and a 2-D numerical model was used to simulate the process.

ISAS 2002 18

Global free oscillations of the atmosphere and secondary planetary waves

in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region during August/September time conditions

Pogoreltsev AI, Fedulina IN, Mitchell NJ, Muller HG, Luo Y, Meek CE,

Manson AH

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES 107 (D24), 2002

Abstract Wind measurements made using ground-based mesosphere and lower thermo-sphere radar systems at Sheffield, UK (2°W, 53°N) and Saskatoon, Canada (107°W, 52°N) show an increase in long-period planetary wave (PW) activity at the end of August until the middle of September 1993. Some of these waves can be identified with the well-known normal atmospheric modes; however, the westward propagating wave with zonal wave number one (m = 1) and a period of about 6.5 days observed during this time interval cannot be explained using the classical theory of free atmospheric oscillations. Analysis of the UKMO assimilated fields shows that in the stratosphere the 7-day wave with m = 2 increases in amplitude during the time interval considered, and there exists a strong stationary planetary wave (SPW) with m = 1. A steady state two-dimensional numerical model of planetary waves has been used to simulate the free atmospheric oscillations and secondary planetary wave, which arises from a nonlinear interaction between the second asymmetric normal mode with m = 2 (the 7-day wave) and SPW with m = 1. The results of simulation show that an increase in long-period PW activity during August/September can be explained by seasonal changes of the zonal mean flow, which influence the wave propagation conditions, and that one of the possible sources for the 6.5-day wave is a nonlinear interaction between the 7-day wave and SPW with m = 1. It is suggested that the 6.5-day wave with m = 1 be referred to as a “secondary normal mode, ‘’ which has been generated by random meteorological motions in the lower atmosphere and involving interaction with a SPW of wave number 1.

3. Longitudinal and latitudinal variations in wave characteristics within CUJO

Tides are particularly important in the lower and middle atmospheres. Their forcing depends upon global ozone and water vapor distribu-tions, while their propagation, dissipation and development of smaller scale structure depends upon global mean winds, temperatures and GW-related turbulence. In the MLT region (60-150 km) these waves usually dominant the amplitude variability of the wind field, and they

accelerate the mean winds, create turbulence, and modify the distributions of trace-gas constituents Observations and modeling are essential to quantify these effects. We have used MF radars from 2-70°N to demonstrate the latitudinal effects (Annual Report, 2000, 2001), and have now established the new CUJO network to assess the longitudinal effects.

ISAS 2002 19

Ionospheric and Dynamical Characteristics of the MLT Region over

Platteville (40°N, 105°W) and Comparisons with the Region Over Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W)

Manson AH, Meek CE, Avery SK, Thorsen D

JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-ATMOSPHERES Abstract The newly installed MFR (medium frequency radar) at Platteville provides unique opportunities to assess latitudinal effects in both the ionosphere and MLT (Mesosphere Lower Thermosphere) by comparisons with the long established MFR at Saskatoon. The influence of the D-region “winter anomaly” is evident at both ionospheres, with the altitude and occurrence of radar scatter being much greater than expected in comparison with the summer. Descending “sporadic layers” (110 – 90 km) are identified, especially at 40°N, for the first time for MF radar systems; these are probably related to Sporadic-E processes. Preliminary comparisons with the wind measurements are made and the processes are identified as complex. Contour plots of mean winds, tides (12-, 24-h), and planetary waves (PW) (2-, 16-day) demonstrate significant trends over 12° of latitude (1100 km). The 24-h tide dominates at 40°N, the 12-h tide dominates at 52°N, and PW structures demonstrate spatial and temporal intermittency. The two radars are now part of a new network, CUJO, stretching from 81°W to 141°E.

We show in Figure 1 the descent of an ionospheric layer over Platteville during a summer night, with the wind vectors being consistent with those required for ion convergence. The seasonal mean winds and tides are provided in Figure 2, where the strong similarities of the 12-h tides, but differences in the 24-h tide (larger amplitudes and shorter wavelengths at 40°N) are clearly evident. This is the first series of such climatologies which show differences due to purely latitudinal variations in the radar locations. Finally in Figure 3 the seasonal amplitudes of the 2-d PW are shown. These show clearly, for the first time, the somewhat unexpectedly significant amplitudes and occurrences of the waves in winter months. Thus far the waves have been studied almost exclusively in the summer mesopause location.

This study has been extended to include the other MFR radars in the CUJO network, and those results will be reported in the 2003 Annual Report. Briefly however, seasonal and altitudinal changes in the characteristics of the various wave-types are being shown to be very substantial and distinctive with longitude (5500-7000 km), often exceeding the latitudinal variations over 12-14 degrees. Spatial spectral analysis is being used to determine the wave numbers of the tides and PW. Conclusion Many projects are now underway as this report is being written. Emphasis is upon the CUJO, DATAR and GATDAT projects which were described, as well as collaborations with the Odin-OSIRIS and TIMED satellite systems.

ISAS 2002 20

Figure 1. Height profiles of signal strength along with the associated wind vectors for Platteville (July 13, 2001; day 194) for the case of a descending layer.

ISAS 2002 21

Figure 2. Height versus time annual (2000-2001) contour plots of the E-W or zonal component of the mean winds, and of the diurnal and semidiurnal tidal amplitudes (A24, A12) and phases (P24LT, P12LT; local solar times): plots for Saskatoon and Platteville are shown. The times are for the maximum tidal wind in the eastward direction.

ISAS 2002 22

Figure 3. Height versus time annual contour plots of the zonal and meridional (EW, NS) components of the 2-d PW: plots for Saskatoon and Platteville are shown. The background mean winds are shown by continuous or dashed lines.

ISAS 2002 23

Magnetosphere/Ionosphere Interactions

G.J. Sofko, P.I., A.V. Koustov and G.C. Hussey Team Members of SuperDARN (Super Dual Auroral Radar Network) Faculty: Drs. G. Sofko, A.V. Koustov, G. Hussey Research Associates: Drs. D. André, M. Watanabe Post Doctoral Fellow: Dr. K. McWilliams Head Engineer: H. Olivier Technician: B. Marshall Graduate Students: J. Liang, L. Xu, D. Danskin

L. Benkevitch, R. Makarevitch

General Overview (by G.J. Sofko):

Plans for Expansion of SuperDARN and other Canadian ground-based instrumentation (a) Millstone Hill, StormDARN:

During 2002, Dr. Sofko made a one-month visit to the Haystack Observatory to work with Dr. Chaosong Huang, Dr. John Foster and the Millstone Hill radar group. One of the purposes of this visit was to become familiar with the physics of the midlatitude region which is normally equatorward of the auroral zone and is the location of the plasmatrough region, except during magnetic storms when the auroral zone expands equatorward. Plans are underway to expand the SuperDARN network so that coverage is provided in this midlatitude region and in particular over the Millstone Hill field-of-view. The expansion, called StormDARN, will encompass as many as six radars in the US, two at Wallops Island, VA, two at Omaha, Nebraska, and two in the west in California or Oregon. For the Canadian team, the Omaha location is particularly important since that radar would overlap with the Saskatoon radar and provide extended latitudinal coverage.

(b) PolarDARN:

During the year, Dr. Sofko continued to promote the PolarDARN expansion of Super-DARN, in which a radar pair is proposed to cover the entire polar cap region around the north magnetic pole (near Eureka on Ellesmere Island). Radar sites at Rankin Inlet and Inuvik were identified during trip in September and October, 2002, by SuperDARN Engineer Hercules Olivier, and both sites have the advantage of daily air access and good internet providers. These radars are particularly effective from the point of view of the planned US incoherent scatter radar for Resolute Bay; the two PolarDARN radars would have beams that intersect over Resolute Bay, and thus the PolarDARN pair would provide the large-scale convection map to provide the context for the more localized incoherent scatter observations over the ionospheric region near Resolute Bay. It should be noted that the combination of the StormDARN radars, the present Kodiak/ Prince George and Saskatoon/

ISAS 2002 24

Kapuskasing radars, and the PolarDARN radars, would provide virtually continuous latitudinal coverage from plasmasphere/plasmatrough latitudes through the auroral zone and across the magnetic pole. This would be a great improvement to the determination of global ionospheric and magnetospheric convection as part of the international space weather effort. (c) Canadian GeoSpace Monitoring (CGSM): Another significant 2002 experimental thrust in Canada was the formation of the Canadian GeoSpace Monitoring (CGSM) team, with a 7-member Supervisory Group (SVG), including 4 university representatives and 3 government

G.J. Sofko Energy-Dispersed Ions seen at Sub-auroral Latitudes While at Millstone Hill, Dr. Sofko gave a seminar and discussed the injection of particles into the trough by a mechanism similar to the interchange instability acting on regions of plasma pressure gradients around auroral arcs, except that the pressure gradient at lower latitudes would be that at the sharp plasmapause transition from plasmasphere to plasmatrough. Dr. Foster responded by presenting several DMSP energy spectrograms in which the ion energy in the trough showed very clear dispersive behaviour. While at the Haystack Observatory, Dr. Sofko pursued the idea that these ions, which show a strong undulation in time, resulted from sporadic injections across the plasmapause; these ion injections were referred to as “PUFs”, which stands for Plasma Undulation Filaments. When he returning to the Univ. of Sask-atchewan, Dr. Sofko discussed the DMSP observations in detail with Dr. Masakazu Watanabe, and found that there had been similar observations of ion energy dispersion on the GEOTAIL satellite and that Dr. Mukai and his colleagues had identified the source of the particles to be ionospheric structures, such as arcs, in which a profusion of secondary ions can be produced at lower energies. Such ions will bounce between hemispheres, while at the same

agency representatives, giving a broad input from the Canadian solar and space science communities. Dr. Sofko is a member of the SVG and attended the inaugural meeting at the University of Alberta on May 14 and 15. The plans are to expand the existing ground-based instrumentation network in Canada (which includes CANOPUS, SuperDARN, NORSTAR and CADI sites) to provide better coverage, and in particular in the Canadian northwest where the Kodiak and Prince George SuperDARN radars have their overlapping field-of-view. The new PolarDARN radars, if funded, would become a part of the CGSM network, along with the Saskatoon and Prince George radars.

time undergoing ExB drift. The ions undergo two different types of dispersion (Type A and Type B) that arise either because of the difference in their drift paths between the source region and the observing satellite, or because ions of different masses (O+, He+, H+) are being simultaneously observed. The original PUFs approach was therefore abandoned, and the analysis of the DMSP data was re-examined by Drs. Sofko and Watanabe, with the purpose of presenting the results at the 2003 SuperDARN Workshop in Finland.

Substorm Research Using a Multi-Instrument Approach (Together with Ph.D. student Jun Liang)

We investigated the two-dimensional structure and dynamics of a small substorm event on October 9, 2000 from multi-instrument observations by SuperDARN HF radars, NORSTAR all-sky imager, CANOPUS magnetometer and photometer array, and several satellites. The main results are summarized as follows:

1. A sequence of three optical intensifications and Pi2 bursts were found, in which the last auroral intensification and Pi2 burst corresponded to a small substorm expansive phase (EP) onset. A torch-like structure protruded from the auroral poleward border and extended into the center of the counterclockwise

ISAS 2002 25

convection vortex. The observations are interpreted as resulting from the drift-Alfven-ballooning (DAB) mode instability at the near-geosynchronous orbit plasma sheet [Erickson et al., 2000].

2. During the event interval, a well-defined small counterclockwise convection vortex marking the region of the downward field-aligned current (FAC) was observed. The vortex position, initially northward of the first optical auroral activation, moved gradually eastward during the pre-EP interval, and moved suddenly southward until it was at the same magnetic latitude as but eastward of the bright aurora 2-4 minutes before the EP onset. As a result, just prior to the onset time, the current system had the expected alignment as that for the usual substorm current wedge (SCW).

3. A Stage-2 auroral brightening was observed ~10 minutes after the substorm EP onset. These second optical auroral brightening, along with the change of convection flow pattern after the substorm onset, is consistent with the Stage-2 expansion scenario suggested by Erickson et al. [2000].

(Together with Dr. Kathryn McWilliams, NSERC Post Doctoral Fellow) In 2002, Kathryn returned to ISAS as an NSERC Postdoctoral Fellow after completing her Ph.D. with the SuperDARN group at the University of Leicester. In January, she began her PDF research, working with George Sofko and the rest of the SuperDARN group. During 2002 Kathryn undertook a multi-instrument study of magnetic reconnection. This study includes magnetically conjugate and simultaneous observations of flux transfer events (FTEs) at the magnetopause and reconnection signatures in the ionosphere. Although various data sets have previously been used successfully to study one or several features of reconnection, this new study is the first that has measurements for so many reconnection signatures during a single event. For each FTE event, the Geotail data were transformed into localised boundary-normal coordinates. The analysis showed clearly that the FTE signatures were consistent with a newly reconnected flux tube that was protruding from the magnetopause and traveling past the spacecraft. From the energy-dispersed cusp ions

detected by the DMSP F11 satellite (orbiting at 860 km altitude), the distribution of particles injected at the reconnection site was reconstructed. While ionospheric transients were seen at all times during the interval, Geotail saw FTE signatures only when the IMF was in a particular orientation , thus identifying the location of reconnection on the magnetopause and revealing the trajectory on which the reconnected flux tubes convected away from the reconnection site after merging. A major part of Dr. McWilliams’ research efforts was to build up collaborations through visits to other groups and attendance at conferences. Dr. McWilliams spent a total of 12 weeks visiting the Leicester SuperDARN group during two 2002 trips, and a week at JHUAPL in the spring of 2002, as well as attendance at several conferences, including the EGS General Assembly and the spring and fall AGU meetings. In October of 2002, Dr. McWilliams went to Norway to run an experiment she had proposed for joint observations using the EISCAT and ESR radars. The timing of the radar runs was selected such that it coincided with overflights of several spacecraft at favourable positions in the magnetosphere. Geotail was near the dusk magnetopause, the four Cluster spacecraft were traversing the dayside magnetospheric cusps, and IMAGE was photographing the aurora in the northern hemisphere. The CUTLASS Super-DARN radars werescanning over the EISCAT and ESR fields of view in a special mode designed to maximise temporal and spatial information. The geomagnetic conditions were extremely active during the campaign, with aurora seen as far south as Arizona. Despite the activity, almost all instruments gave indications of transient reconnection behaviour that normally would have been associated with quieter conditions. Based on this successful coordinated campaign, Dr. McWilliams has received informal requests to apply for more experiment time from the international data pool from Dr. Tony Van Eyken (Director of EISCAT) and from Ian McCrea (Chairperson of the EISCAT Scientific Advisory Committee). Near the end of 2002, Dr. McWilliams began developing and testing possible new transmission pulse sequences for the SuperDARN radars. One of her optimised pulse sequences provides an improved velocity determination capability,

ISAS 2002 26

and has the advantage of fewer “badlag” ranges along each SuperDARN beam. It is expected that this transmission sequence will soon be adopted as the standard for all fifteen SuperDARN radars. (Together with Dr. Maskaz Watanabe, Research Associate) In 2002, the following two research topics were pursued using SuperDARN data in conjunction with satellite and other ground-based observations: 1. Magnetospheric configuration for northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with an appreciable dawn-dusk component (BY) Polar cap phenomena for northward IMF are very complicated. They are certainly related to the solar wind–magnetosphere interactions associated with northward IMF, but the counterintuitive three-dimensional structure of the magnetosphere have prevented us so far from giving correct interpretations of the phenomena. Recently, however, MHD simulations have become a powerful tool for interpreting ionospheric observations. We discovered that ionospheric convection observed by SuperDARN during nonzero IMF BY periods can be interpreted by an MHD simulation by Tanaka [J. Geophys. Res., 104, 14,683, 1999]. Upon the basis of the MHD simulation results, we modeled a new magnetic field merging sequence that results in polar cap bifurcation and accompanying paired crescent-shaped cells in the ionospheric convection pattern. The sequence consists of front-side magnetopause reconnection, internal reconnection on the flank, and magnetotail reconnection (see Figures 1–3 below). This model has the advantages of being flexible enough to explain various convection patterns for northward IMF, and to provide a new perspective of the role of merging in the study of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling. 2. The ionospheric response to a stepwise southward turning of the IMF In late 1990s there arose a controversy on the nature and the timescale of the global magnetosphere-ionosphere response to a sudden increase of the dayside reconnection rate (ie. a northward-to-southward turning of the IMF).

In some reported results, it was suggested that the ionospheric convection change starts first in the midday sector and then propagates eastward and westward with speeds of 2–5 km/s; this would result in a significant (5–10 min) delay between the dayside and dawn/dusk responses (“slow mechanism”). In contrast, other authors argue that the ionospheric response is simultaneous in the entire polar region (“ultra fast mechanism”). In order to bring some resolution to this controversy, it is critical to investigate the initial three minutes of the ionospheric response using high time resolution (~5 s) data. We performed a case study of a well-defined stepwise IMF reorientation event, and found that the ionospheric response occurs in a two-step manner, with the primary response corresponding to the ultra fast mechanism and the secondary response corresponding to the slow mechanism. The secondary response starts ~105 s after the onset of the primary response.

Fig. 1

ISAS 2002 27

Figure 1. Sketches depicting the sequential reconnection in the southern hemisphere for BZ=BY>0: (a) from magnetopause reconnection to internal reconnection, and (b) from internal reconnection to magnetotail reconnection. The magnetopause reconnection occurs at Xp between the IMF and a closed field line C1, creating open field lines NB and SA whose foot points are in the northern and southern ionospheres, respectively (SA is not shown in Figure 1a). The internal reconnection occurs at Xi between NB and a closed field line C2, creating a new open field line NB' and a new closed field line. The new closed field line replaces the closed field line C1 that was lost in the magnetopause reconnection process. The magnetotail reconnection occurs at Xt between NB' and SA, creating a closed field line and an unconnected (IMF) line. The new closed field line replaces the closed field line C2 that was lost in the internal reconnection process.

Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Figure 2. Convection patterns and polar cap configurations in the ionosphere for BZ=BY>0: (a) the northern hemisphere, and (b) southern hemisphere. The dashed lines indicate open/closed field line boundaries. The points with the same number (1 and 1', 2 and 2', etc.) are geomagnetically conjugate. Field lines 1–4 and 1'–4' in Figure 1 correspond, respectively, to foot points 1–4 and 1'–4' in Figure 2. Figure 3. Topology of magnetic field lines for BZ=BY>0. The circle in the middle shows the ionosphere. The arrows inside the circle represent the ionospheric convection in Figure 2, with PE, SE, and RM denoting, respectively, the primary exchange cell, the secondary exchange cell, and the round merging cell (the nomenclature introduced in our paper). The light solid and dashed lines outside the circle represent magnetic field lines. C1 (C'1) is the closed field line connecting the PE cell in the northern (southern) hemisphere with the RM cell in the southern (northern) hemisphere. C2 (C'2) is the closed field line connecting the SE cell in the northern (southern) hemisphere with the RM cell in the southern (northern) hemisphere. When a dashed and a solid field line intersect, the former is behind the latter. The cross (bullet) in the equatorial region show the sunward (tailward) motion of the field line. The three reconnection processes in the southern hemisphere occur at Xp (magnetopause reconnection), Xi (internal reconnection), and Xt (magnetotail reconnection), as shown in the reconnection “equations” at the bottom.

ISAS 2002 28

A.V. Koustov Electrodynamic system of a Travel-ing Convection Vortex

(Together with L. Benkevitch, Ph.D. Student)

Physics of traveling convection vortices (TCVs) is one of the hottest topics of recent magnetospheric research. A major issue under discussion is the location of the source for these transient disturbances. In many studies, the ionospheric location of TCVs (commonly, the foci) is projected into the magnetosphere to understand underlying processes in the magnetosphere and/or the solar wind. Previous studies (e.g., L. Benkevich and W. Lyatsky, Detached vortices in equivalent ionospheric currents in the winter dayside ionosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 27, 9, p. 1375, 2000) showed theoretically that caution must be exercised when location of the TCV foci in the ionosphere is identified from solely magnetometer data. The reason is that the ionospheric conductance is not uniform, and for TCV observations with magnetometers there is a possibility that the foci are shifted to lower latitudes as compared to the imposed TCV-related electric field structure. Moreover, excita- tion of a secondary TCV is expected in the area of a sharp transition from the high and low conducting plasma (terminator). For these reasons, work is under way to assess the convection patterns associated with TCVs by

(a)

using SuperDARN convection maps. The task is difficult since normally a TCV crosses the radar field of view in several minutes. Figure 1 gives examples of SuperDARN 2-min convection maps (contours of the electric potential) with TCV-like cells (areas around the crosses) at the beginning and at the end of TCV event on December 4, 1994. Clearly, the structure progressed to north-east over the 8 minutes. The speed of motion was about 1.5 km/s. In Figure 1, we also show by vectors the equivalent convection derived from magneto-meter measurements over Greenland. In panel (a) one can see that vectors exhibit overall clockwise rotational flow around the focus of the SuperDARN cell (cross), and the latitude, at which the orientation of vectors changes, roughly coincides with the latitude of the Super-DARN focus. In panel (b), the focus of the SuperDARN cell is clearly several hundred kilometers poleward of the magnetometer- inferred rotational flow center indicated by the circle. Part of the above disagreement might be due to the smoothing effect of the process of building the SuperDARN convection map. Comparison of the magnetometer measured equivalent convection and SuperDARN radial velocities at ranges of comparison should give more realistic judgment on the degree of agreement of magnetometer and radar data in view that averaging time of the instruments is comparable, 5-20 and 7 s, respectively. This sort of a comparison is currently under way. All other reasons for the discrepancies between magnetometer and SuperDARN data are under investigation. Consideration of many TCV events is in plans.

(b)

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Figure 1. SuperDARN electric potential contours and magnetometer-inferred equivalent convection at the beginning and the end of a TCV event on December 4, 1994. The sloped straight line is the position of the terminator at 300 km. SuperDARN Convection and CADI Velocities (Together with L. Xu, Ph.D. student, now Postdoctoral Fellow at the College of Electronics and Information, Wuhan University, China) In this project, plasma convection measured by the Saskatoon-Kapuskasing SuperDARN radar pair is compared with plasma drift monitored by the Canadian Advanced Digital Ionosonde (CADI) at Cambridge Bay (69.1oN; 95oW, magnetic latitude 77.5o). The previous comparisons showed reasonable agreement between the convection data gathered by these instruments. However, the considered events were of low intensity with most velocities being

below 400 m/s. Figure 2 gives an example of high velocity observations. One can notice that the SuperDARN velocity magnitude is quite smaller than the CADI velocity magnitude while the directions are in reasonable agreement. The effect of SuperDARN velocity “under-estimation” for fast flows was previously reported for SuperDARN/Incoherent Scatter radar and Super-DARN/DMSP drift meter measurements.

Figure 2. SuperDARN-fit and CADI velocities (magnitude and azimuth) over Cambridge Bay on November 19, 1995.

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Ionosphere Physics

A.V. Koustov Formation of small-scale irregular-ities in the auroral ionosphere The Doppler velocity of coherent echoes is one of the most important parameters that is usually used to resolve the mechanism of E-region irregularity formation. Observations of the Doppler velocity at various wavelengths are of special interest since plasma instability mechanisms of irregularity formation are scale sensitive. Comparisons between VHF (50 MHz) and HF (12 MHz) velocities in Antarctica carried out over the last several years showed the usefulness of this approach for improving knowledge on the physics of electrojet irregularity formation. 1. Frequency effects in the velocity of E-region coherent echoes at HF (Together with R. A. Makarevitch, Ph.D. Student, now Research Associate at the University of Lancaster, UK) In this project, HF measurements at 5 radar frequencies between 9.3 and 15.7 MHz in Prince George (BC, Canada) are considered to study the scale effect in the velocity of decameter E-region irregularities. One event exhibiting an exceptionally regular variation of

the velocity with the radar frequency, slant range and azimuth of observations is analyzed in detail. Several effects were investigated for measurements at large azimuthal angles with respect to the electron flow. Estimations of the rate of the power and velocity decrease with the aspect angle were found to be in agreement with the well established VHF values. For example, it was found that the velocity decrease with aspect angle can be described by fluid theory with the nominal electron collision frequencies being replaced by anomalous collision frequencies that are about 5 times larger. It was also confirmed that the maximum velocity increases with radar frequency, which was interpreted as a result of deeper radar wave penetration inside the electrojet layer for higher frequencies. One important result of the study is the velocity variation with the flow (L-shell) angle, Figure 1. Here a systematic increase of the velocity (up to 250 m/s) with the L-shell angle decrease is seen. The increase is more pronounced at the higher radar frequency of 15.7 MHz and at the lowest flow angles. Overall, these velocity variations are not consistent with the expected “cosine” law for all radar frequencies (an example for the electron drift Voe of 600 m/s is presented in Figure 1 by the solid line).

Figure 1. Average Doppler velocity versus flow angle at all radar frequencies. From Makarevitch et al. (2002)

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2. Velocity of VHF E-region echoes (Together with D. W. Danskin, Ph.D. Student) In this project, a velocity comparison at 12 MHz and 144 MHz was performed. Data of the STARE and CUTLASS radars operating at Hankasalmi, Finland were considered. The geometry of observations is extremely convenient for such a work, Figure 2.

Figure 2. Field of view of the Hankasalmi CUTLASS HF radar for ranges between 300 and 1200 km at the height of 110 km. Dashed lines are slant ranges of 600 and 900 km. The lightly shaded sector is location of CUTLASS beam 5. The darker beam-like sectors are the location of the Finland STARE radar beam 3 and the Norway STARE radar beam 4. A solid dot denotes the area where ionospheric parameters were monitored by the EISCAT incoherent scatter radar. Also shown are PACE lines of equal magnetic latitudes Λ=600 and Λ=700.

The STARE beam 4 is nearly co-located with the CUTLASS beam 5 providing an opportunity for echo velocity comparison along the same direction. In this study we considered one event when STARE radar echoes were detected at the same ranges as CUTLASS radar echoes. The observations were complemented by EISCAT measurements of the ionospheric electric field and electron density at a range of 900 km.

Two separate situations were studied; for the first one, CUTLASS observed F-region echoes (including the range of the EISCAT measure-ments) while for the second one, CUTLASS observed E-region echoes. In both cases STARE E-region measurements were available.

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We show in Figure 3, panel (c), that F-region CUTLASS velocities agree well with the convection component along the CUTLASS radar beam while STARE velocities are typically smaller by a factor of 2-3 (panel (a)).

Figure 3. (a) Finland STARE (dots) beam 4 Doppler velocity in bin 27 versus time and the EISCAT convection component (solid line) along beam 3. The solid ragged line represents smoothed behavior of the STARE velocity. (b) Norway STARE (dots) beam 4 Doppler velocity in bin 17 and the EISCAT convection component (solid line) along beam 4 versus time. The solid ragged line represents smoothed behavior of the STARE velocity. (c) Hankasalmi CUTLASS beam 5 Doppler velocity (dots) in bin 16 and the EISCAT convection component (solid line) along this beam versus time.

For the second case, STARE velocities were found to be either smaller or larger than CUTLASS velocities, depending on range, Figure 4 (panels (b) and (d)). Further STARE/CUTLASS compare-isons are under way.

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Figure 4. Averaged slant range profiles of echo power (a, c) and Doppler velocity (b, d) for two 10-min periods of joint STARE/CUTLASS observations when CUTLASS observed E-region echoes and STARE observed E-region echoes. An asterisk (in b, d) shows EISCAT convection component along the direction of observations at the range of 900 km. Square and open diamonds (in a, c) show the average electron density at the heights of 250 and 110 km, respectively. Scale for the densities is shown to the right of panel (c).

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G.C. Hussey My investigations of the E-region for 2002 was focused mostly on mid-latitude studies. Mid-latitude research There is growing experimental evidence to suggest that mesoscale spread-F is linked to the occurrence of mid-latitude coherent backscatter from patchy sporadic-E layers, which are unstable to the gradient-drift and Farley-Buneman plasma instabilities. To validate this suggestion, a comparison of E-region backscatter and spread-F ionosonde recordings from approximately a hundred days of concurrent operation during summer was performed and there was found a one-to-one relation in the occurrence of both phenomena. Further, mid-latitude backscatter studies over the last few years have shown the existence of enhanced electric fields inside patchy sporadic-E. These electric fields are believed to be polarisation fields set up locally by neutral winds that transport the plasma patches horizontally in conjunction with the relatively large Hall-to-Pedersen conductivity ratios at E-region altitudes. Moreover, mid-latitude coherent echoes were found to be associated mostly with westward-

drifting sporadic-E patches, with typical scale lengths from 10 to more than 100 km, and perturbed eastward electric fields, with typical values from a few to maybe more than 10 to 15 millivolts per meter. In the paper, C. Haldoupis, M.C. Kelley, G.C.Hussey, and S. Shalimov, The role of unstable sporadic-E layers in the generation of mid-latitude spread-F, submitted March, 2003 to Journal of Geophysical Research, it was propose that the enhanced polarisation fields set up inside unstable sporadic-E patches can easily map up the magnetic field lines to the F-region and thus contribute to the formation of mid-latitude spread-F (see Figure 3 from the paper reproduced here as Figure 1). This new mechanism for spread-F generation is basically an image process that can account for key observational properties of the phenomenon. These phenomenan include the rapid plasma up-welling and the abrupt changes in height (uplifts) of the F layer, as well as the scale sizes involved and morphological characteristics.

Figure 1. Schematic illustrating a new mechanism for generation of mesoscale spread-F at mid-latitudes. In this process, the eastward polarisation electric fields set up inside unstable sporadic-E plasma patches can map along the magnetic-field lines up to the F-region. There, they cause rapid upward and northward ExB plasma transport that creates abrupt F-region uplifts and mesoscale spread-F.

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A continuation of mid-latitude investigations resulted in the submitting of the paper C. Haldoupis, A. Bourdillon, A. Kamburelis, G.C. Hussey, and J. A. Koehler, 50~MHz continuous wave interferometer observations of the unstable mid-latitude E-region ionosphere, in November 2002 to Annales Geophysicae. This paper describes the conversion of SESCAT (Sporadic-E SCATter experiment), a bistatic 50 MHz continuous wave (CW) Doppler radar located on the island of Crete, Greece, to a single (east-west) baseline interferometer. The first results show that SESCAT, which provides high resolution Doppler spectra and excellent temporal resolution, has its measurement capabilities enhanced significantly when operated as an interferometer, as it can also study short term dynamics of localized scattering regions within mid-latitude sporadic-E layers. The interferometric observations reveal that the aspect sensitive area viewed by the radar often contains a few zonally located backscatter regions, presumably blobs or patches of unstable

metallic ion plasma, which drift across the radar field-of-view with the neutral wind. On average, these active regions of backscatter have mean zonal scales ranging from a few kilometers to several tens of kilometers and drift with westward speeds from \sim 20~m/s to 100~m/s, and occasionally up to 150~m/s. The cross-spectral analysis shows that mid-latitude type 1 echoes occur much more frequently than has been previously assumed and they originate in single and rather localized areas of elevated electric fields. On the other hand, typical bursts of type 2 echoes are often found to result from two adjacent regions in azimuth undergoing the same bulk motion westwards but producing scatter of opposite Doppler polarity, a fact that contradicts the notion of isotropic turbulence to which type 2 echoes are attributed. Finally, quasiperiodic (QP) echoes are observed simply to be due to sequential unstable plasma patches or blobs which traverse across the radar field-of-view, sometimes in a wave-like fashion.

High-latitude research Specific topics were in the initial stages of being formulated and, as such, there is nothing significant to report for 2002.

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Aeronomy Research

E.J. Llewellyn and D.A. Degenstein Team Members of the Infra Red Group (IRG) Adjunct Professor: Dr. R.L. Gattinger Odin Project funded through PWGSC/CSA Contracts Research Associate: Dr. N.D.Lloyd Odin Project funded through PWGSC/CSA Contracts Post Doctoral Fellow: Dr. S. Petelina Odin Project funded through PWGSC/CSA Contracts and NSERC Grants Research Engineer: C. Foley Odin project until May 2002, funded through PWGSC/CSA contracts Graduate Students: A. Bourassa, K. Lamont, P. Loewen, T. Wiensz, B. Wilcox Y. Fan (exchange Graduate Student – November 2002) Summer Students: M. Bathgate, A. Jelovic, S. Kunz., T. Roschuk, N. Wiebe This report describes the research progress that has been made by the InfraRed Group (IRG) of the Institute during the last year. The major focus of the group is the Odin/ OSIRIS instrument, which completed one year of successful on-orbit operation on February 20, 2002, although there is a growing association with the MOPITT-A instrument. The Odin spacecraft that includes OSIRIS was launched from Svobodny, in Russia after an intensive period of assembly, integration and test. During the 2002 year the OSIRIS data stream has been continuous and has allowed us to implement a fully operational algorithm for the retrieval of global atmospheric ozone profiles. These profiles provide a new dimension to the study of atmospheric ozone as they allow TOMS like maps to be produced for each integer altitude between 15 and 35 km. On occasion the low altitude boundary for these maps is 10 km. These observations did allow the 2002 spring arctic ozone depletion to be studied and probably provided the greatest in-sight into the 2002 Antarctic Ozone depletion when the ozone hole split into two parts. This was possible as the satellite was pointed to make observations

out of the orbit plane and so permitted earlier than normal observations. OSIRIS detects ozone in the absorption of scattered sunlight so that the observed region must be sunlit and for normal operation this does not happen until October in the high latitude southern hemisphere. The ozone maps derived for this period are shown in Figures 1 and 2. It is apparent that while OSIRIS reveals the same total ozone column structure as that seen by the TOMS satellite the maps at individual altitudes reveal much more information. It appears that the split hole is not present at all altitudes and that by October 1 the double hole had collapsed into a single hole. The aerosol amounts also suggest that the vortex had been cleaned before September 25 so that the traditional PSC season was much shorter than normal. The apparent difference in the location of the ozone hole according to TOMS and OSIRIS is an indication of the rotation of the vortex as these two satellites sample the region at different times.

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The operational algorithm for the retrieval of atmospheric ozone was not implemented until mid-year but by using the entire bank of computers in the IRG it was possible to reprocess the data from the entire Odin mission and not fall behind in the data analysis. This reprocessing was run at the end of each working day by the students in the group with a lead responsibility being assumed by Mr. Tyler Roschuk. In April 2002 there was a series of major solar flares and Odin, particularly OSIRIS, was making associated measurements at that time. The SABER instrument on the TIMED satellite reported that there was a major change in the nitric oxide content associated with these storms. As NO can lead to significant changes in atmospheric ozone it was believed that OSIRIS would detect any such changes. The Odin satellite was only able to make a limited number of measurements at the height of the storm as the particle precipitation, and the associated bright spots in the star tracker images, caused the satellite to move to the safe-hold position. However, OSIRIS observations were possible for much of the time. There were no obvious effects of these major solar storms in the mesosphere and the airglow emissions continued in their normal way. Examples of the OH Meinel (3-1) band emission and the oxygen infrared atmospheric band emission are shown in Figures 3 and 4. These images represent the airglow emission averaged over an entire day. As the Meinel emission is directly related to the local ozone content the brightness variations reveal any changes in the ozone content. The brightening of the OH emission immediately after sunset is always observed, and is expected as there is an increase in the mesospheric ozone content at that time. The morning twilight reveals a sudden decrease in the OH emission, again this is expected as there is a decrease in the mesospheric ozone content at that time. The evening twilight enhancement had been predicted by Llewellyn and Gattinger in the late 1960’s but could not be detected in the ground-based observations that were possible at that time. Thus these OSIRIS measurements confirm some of our earlier ideas. The oxygen infrared atmospheric band emission in the dayglow is formed as a direct result of the solar photolysis of ozone and so follows any variation in the local ozone content.

In the case of the flare event the emissions are very close to those that were observed when Odin was first launched and so suggest that the flare effects did not reach down into the mesosphere. The tomographic retrievals that are made with the imager provide an opportunity to study atmospheric dynamics and their impact on the airglow. A series of orbits of the retrieved OH emissions are shown in Figure 5. These along the satellite track profiles reveal the highly dynamic nature of the emission and illustrate the problem of using a single orbit for comparison with the output of large global circulation models. Indeed the spatial scale for the observed emission is much smaller than that provided by the very large current computer models. Another use of the tomographic retrievals has been the study of atmospheric dynamics as revealed by the OH Meinel airglow, much of this work has been undertaken by Mr. Nathan Wiebe, one of our summer students. The tomographic retrievals are also being used by Mr. Truitt Wiensz, as part of his graduate thesis work, to derive new information on the mesospheric ozone content and its variation. The excellent results that are being reported for the OSIRIS instrument are only possible because of the efforts of various members of the group. Mr. Adam Bourassa has developed a complete set of procedures that allow the imager data to be corrected for scattered light and for dark current in the different imager channels. This work will be a major component of his graduate thesis. In the course of developing these procedures Mr. Bourassa was able to detect sub-visual cirrus clouds and it is possible to present maps of their distribution. This represents a major advance over the earlier work that has been reported by the SAGE satellite team. The health of the OSIRIS instrument is continuously monitored by the group and during the eclipse season we were able to advise the satellite operators, SSC in Sweden, of the status and when it was necessary switch on heaters to maintain OSIRIS at it operating temperature. Mr. Chris Foley and Mr. Matt Bathgate, one of the summer students, have developed simple displays that allow us to monitor the status of OSIRIS.

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Mr. Brad Wilcox used the OSIRIS DM in a ground-based OSIRIS validation program and his scattering model that identifies the various contributors to the observed sky spectrum. The ground based measurement set-up used a fibre optic/collimator mirror system to deliver sky-light to the DM version of OSIRIS that is housed in the ISAS clean room. As with the flight version of OSIRIS the instrument is operated remotely over the University remote access network. This work was a major component of Mr. Wilcox thesis that was submitted, and successfully defended, in September. A second validation effort is being undertaken by Mr. Paul Loewen who is building a new version of the TOI photometer that was used by Llewellyn and Evans for some their pioneering studies of the oxygen infrared atmospheric band airglow. It is planned to install this photometer at an arctic station in the last part of 2003 and collect sky-data as the sun sets at the beginning of the arctic winter an then rises at the end of the arctic night. These data will closely resemble the corresponding OSIRIS data and will allow a direct comparison of the satellite and ground-based data. Dr. Petelina is extensively involved in the Odin effort and in particular she has been associated with the validation of the OSIRIS ozone retrievals and with the detection of aerosols, primarily PMC’s. As we have noted in previous reports before launch we had anticipated that it would be possible to use the IRI tomographic procedure to identify regions of enhanced Rayleigh scattering and then to analyze the optical spectrograph data in order to determine the properties of the scatterers. In general this has proved not to be the case as the clouds are completely identifiable with the mesospheric scattered light spectrum measured by the spectrograph. However, on one occasion we have been able to detect a PMC with the imager. This suggests that the particle size may be much larger than the normally assumed, and derived, ~70 nm PMC particle size. This particular cloud detection is shown in Figure 6. A second study with PMC’s was made by Mr. Y. Fan, an exchange graduate student from the University of East Anglia in England. Mr. Fan was using the OSIRIS spectra to determine the

alkali metal content, notably sodium, in PMC’s. Ground-based lidar measurements have revealed that the clouds seemingly remove sodium atoms, presumably they are adsorbed on to the cloud particles. This work, which involved the development of an extensive radiative transfer model, was a major component of Mr. Fan’s thesis studies. Dr. Nick Lloyd, who has responsibility for the flight software and flight operations, is a very important member of the Odin/OSIRIS mission team. The various procedures and display software that he has developed enable the team to determine the overall status of the OSIRIS instrument and review the Level-0 data as soon as it is received. The quality of this effort is demonstrated by the fact that the OSIRIS observations are utilized in almost real time and can inform the team immediately of any problems with either the satellite or the instrument. In a separate study the MOPITT-A instrument, which is a major component of Mr. Kirk Lamont’s thesis work, was used to make measurements of CO and methane over Golden, BC. This field trip required a major planning and observing effort by the entire group. It is hoped that it will be possible to extend these measurements to Saskatoon in future years. The results and findings of many of our investigations are made publicly available on the group website, http://osirus.usask.ca. Ms. Sarah Kunz, a summer student, provided important support for this effort.

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Figure 1. Comparative maps of the total ozone column measured by OSIRIS and TOMS on September 25 and October 1, 2002. The small differences in the location of the ozone hole are due to the different local times of the orbits. The splitting of the ozone hole on September 25 is very obvious.

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Figure 2. Comparative maps of the ozone distribution measured by OSIRIS at 10 and 20 km altitude on September 25 and October 1, 2002. While the ozone hole shows a split at 20 km on September 25 at 10 km it still appears as a single hole. Thus the vertical profile capability really presents a new opportunity for the study of atmospheric ozone.

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Figure 3. Composite of the OH emission observed during a single day just after the solar flare event. Morning and evening twilight are at angles of 195 and 350 along the track angle. The evening twilight flash and the morning decay are readily apparent.

Figure 4. Composite of the infrared atmospheric oxygen band emission observed during a single day at the beginning of the solar flare event. Morning and evening twilight are at angles of 195 and 350 along the track angle. The slow evening decay and the finger emission during the day are readily apparent.

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Figure 5. Consecutive orbits of the tomographic retrieval of the OH emission showing the dynamic nature of the emission.

Figure 6. Single orbit retrieval of the OH emission showing a PMC near image 600.

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Appendices

Publications Presentations (Talks, Papers, Posters) Visitors to ISAS Graduate Student Theses Attendance at Meetings or Other Visits Services and Distinctions Vision Statement

ISAS 2002 44

Publications Benkevitch, L.V., W.B. Lyatsky, A.V. Koustov, G.J. Sofko, and A.M. Hamza, 2002. Substorm onset times as derived from geomagnetic indices, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29(5), 10.1029/2001GL014386. Clark, R.R., M.D. Burrage, S.J. Franke, A.H. Manson, C.E. Meek, N.J. Mitchell, H.G, Muller, 2002. Observations of 7-d planetary waves with MLT radars and the UARS-HRDI instrument. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, 1217-1228. Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, T. Ogawa, N. Nishitani, S. Nozawa, S.E. Milan, M. Lester, and D. Andre, 2002. On the factors controlling occurrence of F-region coherent echoes, Ann. Geophys., 20, 1385-1397. Gavrilov, N.M., S. Fukao, T. Nakamura, Ch. Jacobi, D. Kurschner, A.H. Manson, and C.E. Meek, 2002. Comparative study of interannual changes of the mean winds and gravity wave activity in the middle atmosphere over Japan, Central Europe and Canada. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, 1003-1010. Grieger, N., E.M. Volodin, G. Schmitz, P. Hoffmann, A.H. Manson, D.C. Fritts, K. Igarashi, and W. Singer, 2002. General circulation model results on migrating and nonmigrating tides in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. Part I: comparison with observations. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, 897-911. Haldoupis, C., Schlegel, K., Hussey, G.C. and Koehler, J.A., 2002. Radar observation of kinetic effects at meter scales for Farley-Buneman plasma waves, J. Geophys. Res., 107, (A10), 1272, doi:10.1029/2001JA009193. Hall, C.M., S. Nozawa, C.E. Meek, and A.H. Manson, 2002. On the response of fading times of upper homosphere radar echoes to solar and geomagnetic disturbances. Earth Planets Space 54, 699-705. Huang, C.-S., J.C. Foster, P. Song, G.J. Sofko, L.A. Frank, W.R. Paterson, 2002. Geotail observations of magnetospheric midtail during an extended period of strongly northward interplanetary magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 29, #4, 10.1029/2001GL014170, (pp. 15-1 to 15-4). Khabibrakhmanov, I.K., D.A. Degenstein and E.J. Llewellyn, 2002. Mesospheric Ozone: Determination from orbit with the OSIRIS instrument on Odin, Can. J. Phys. 80, 493-504. Koustov, A.V., D.W. Danskin, M.V. Uspensky, T. Ogawa, P. Janhunen, N. Nishitani, S. Nozawa, M. Lester, and S. Milan, 2002. Velocities of auroral coherent echoes at 12 and 144 MHz, Ann. Geophys., 20, 1647-1661. Llewellyn, E.J., 2002. The Odin Aeronomy Mission/La mission aéronomique Odin – an Editorial, Can. J. Phys., (Odin special issue) 80, vi-vii. Luo, Y., A.H. Manson, C.E. Meek, C.K. Meyer, M.D Burrage, D.C. Fritts, C.M. Hall, W.K. Hocking, J. MacDougall, D.M. Riggin, and R.A. Vincent, 2002. The 16-day planetary waves: multi-MF radar observations from the arctic to equator and comparisons with the HRDI measurements and the GSWM modelling results. Annales Geophysicae 20, 691-709.

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Luo, Y., A.H. Manson, C.E. Meek, T. Thayaparan, J. MacDougall, W.K. Hocking, 2002. The 16-day wave in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere: simultaneous observations at Saskatoon (52°N, 107°W) and London (43°N, 81°W), Canada. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, 1287-1307. Makarevitch, R.A., A.V. Koustov, D. Andre, G.J. Sofko, and T. Ogawa, 2002. Multi-frequency measurements of HF Doppler velocity in the auroral E region. J. Geophys. Res., 107(8),10.1029/2001JA000268.

Makarevitch, R.A., A.V. Koustov, K. Igarashi, K. Ohtaka, T. Ogawa, N. Nishitani, N. Sato, H. Yamagishi, and A.S.Yukimatu, 2002. Comparison of flow angle variations of E-region echo characteristics at VHF and HF, Adv. Polar Upper Atmos. Res., No 16, 59-83. Manson, A.H., C.E. Meek, J. Stegman, P.J. Espy, R.G. Roble, C.M. Hall, P. Hoffmann, and Ch. Jacobi, 2002. Springtime transitions in mesopause airglow and dynamics: photometer and MF radar observations in the Scandinavian and Canadian sectors. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, 1131-1146. Manson, A.H., C. Meek, M. Hagan, J. Koshyk, S. Franke, D. Fritts, C. Hall, W. Hocking, K. Igarashi, J. MacDougall, D. Riggin and R. Vincent, 2002. Seasonal variations of the semi-diurnal and diurnal tides in the MLT: multi-year MF radar observations from 2-70° N, modelled tides (GSWM, CMAM). Annales Geophysicae 20, 661-677. Manson, A.H., Y. Luo, C. Meek, 2002. Global Distributions of Diurnal and Semi-Diurnal Tides: Observations from HRDI-UARS of the MLT Region. Report #1, Atmospheric Dynamics Group, Institute of Space & Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan. Annales Geophysicae 20, 1877-1890. Manson, A.H., C.E. Meek, J. Koshyk, S. Franke, D.C. Fritts, D. Riggin, C.M. Hall, W.K. Hocking, J. MacDougall, K. Igarashi, R.A. Vincent, 2002. Gravity wave activity and dynamical effects in the middle atmosphere (60-90km): observations from an MF/MLT radar network, and results from the Canadian Middle Atmosphere Model (CMAM). Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, 65-90. McDade, I.C., K. Strong, C.S. Haley, J. Stegman, D.P. Murtagh, and E.J. Llewellyn, 2002. A Method for Recovering Stratospheric Minor Species Densities from the Odin OSIRIS Scattered Sunlight Measurements, Can. J. Phys., 80, 395-408. McLinden, C.A., J.C. McConnell, K. Strong, I.C. McDade, R.L. Gattinger, R. King, B. Solheim, E.J. Llewellyn, and W.J.F. Evans, 2002. The impact of the OSIRIS grating efficiency on radiance and trace-gas retrievals, Can. J. Phys., 80, 469-481. McWilliams, K.A., T.K. Yeoman, D.G. Sibeck, S.E. Milan, G.J. Sofko, T. Nagai, T. Mukai, I.J. Coleman, T. Hori, and F.J. Rich, 2002. Simultaneous observations of magnetopause flux transfer events and of their associated signatures at ionospheric altitudes, submitted to Annales Geophysicae. Murtagh, Donal, Urban Frisk, Frank Merino, Martin Ridal, Andreas Jonsson, Jacek Stegman, Georg Witt, Patrick Eriksson, Carlos Jiménez, Gerard Megie, Jerôme de la Nöe, Philippe Ricaud, Philippe Baron, Juan Ramon Pardo, Alain Hauchcorne, Edward J. Llewellyn, Douglas A. Degenstein, Richard L. Gattinger, Nicholas D. Lloyd, Wayne F.J. Evans, Ian C. McDade, Craig S. Haley, Chris Sioris, Christian von Savigny, Brian H. Solheim, John C. McConnell, Kimberly Strong, E. Harvey Richardson, Gilbert W. Leppelmeier, Erkki Kyrölä, Harri Auvinen, and Liisa Oikarinen, 2002. An overview of the Odin Atmospheric Mission, Can. J. Phys., 80, 309-319.

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Nishitani, Nozomu, Tadahiko Ogawa, Natsuo Sato, Hisao Yamagishi, M. Pinnock, J.-P. Villain, G.J. Sofko, and O. Troshichev, 2002. A study of the afternoon convection cell's response to an IMF southward turning, J. Geophys. Res., 107, #A3, 10.1029/2001JA900095 (pp. 3-1 to 3-15). Nozawa, S., A. Brekke, A. Manson, C.M. Hall, C. Meek, K. Morise, S. Oyama, K. Dobashi, and R. Fujii, 2002. A comparison study of the auroral lower thermospheric neutral winds derived by the EISCAT UHF radar and the Tromso medium frequency radar. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, No. A8, doi: 10.1029/2000JA007581. Oberheide, J., G.A. Lehmacher, D. Offermann, K.U. Grossmann, A.H. Manson, C.E. Meek, F.J. Schmidlin, W. Singer, P. Hoffmann, and R.A. Vincent, 2002. Geostrophic wind fields in the stratosphere and mesosphere from satellite data. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, No. D23, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000655. Pancheva, D., E. Merzlyakov, N.J. Mitchell, Yu. Portnyagin, A.H. Manson, Ch. Jacobi, C.E. Meek, Yi Luo, R.R. Clark, W.K. Hocking, J. MacDougall, H.G. Muller, D. Kurschner, G.O.L. Jones, R.A. Vincent, I.M. Reid, W. Singer, K. Igarashi, G.I. Fraser, A.N. Fahrutdinova, A.M. Stepanov, L.M.G. Poole, S.B. Malinga, B.L. Kashcheyev, A.N. Oleynikov, 2002. Global-scale tidal variability during the PSMOS campaign of June-August 1999: interaction with planetary waves. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, 1865-1896. Pancheva, D., N.J. Mitchell, M.E. Hagan, A.H. Manson, C.E. Meek, Yi Luo, Ch. Jacobi, D. Kurschner, R.R. Clark, W.K. Hocking, J. MacDougall, G.O.L. Jones, R.A. Vincent, I.M. Reid, W. Singer, K. Igarashi, G.I. Fraser, T. Nakamura, T. Tsuda, Yu. Portnyagin, E. Merzlyakov, A.N. Fahrutdinova, A.M. Stepanov, L.M.G. Poole, S.B. Malinga, B.L. Kashcheyev, A.N. Oleynikov, D.M. Riggin, 2002. Global-scale tidal structure in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere during the PSMOS campaign of June-August 1999 and comparisons with the global-scale wave model. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics 64, 1011-1035. Payne, W.F., E.J. Llewellyn, R.L. Gattinger and K.W. Smith, Flight Experience and Operation of the OSIRIS Instrument on Odin, Proceedings of the 12th CASI Conference on Astronautics - ASTRO 2002, Ottawa, ON. Accepted September 30, 2002. Pogoreltsev, A.I., I.N. Fedulina, N.J. Mitchell, H.G. Muller, Y. Luo, C.E. Meek, and A.H. Manson, 2002. Global free oscillations of the atmosphere and secondary planetary waves in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere region during August/September time conditions. Journal of Geophysical Research 107, No. D24, doi: 10.1029/2001JD001535. Sioris, C.E., W.F.J. Evans, R.L. Gattinger, I.C. McDade, D.A. Degenstein and E.J. Llewellyn, 2002. Ring effect measurements from ground-based viewing geometry with the OSIRIS DM, Can. J. Phys., 80, 483-492. Strong, K., B.M. Joseph, R. Dosanjh, I.C. McDade, C.A. McLinden, J.C. McConnell, J. Stegman, D.P. Murtagh and E.J. Llewellyn, 2002. Retrieval of Vertical Concentration Profiles from OSIRIS UV-Visible Limb Spectra, Can. J. Phys., 80, 409-434.

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Presentations (Talks, Papers, Posters) Bourassa, A.E., Degenstein, D.A., Lloyd, N.D., Llewellyn, E.J., Wiensz, J.T., Petelina, S.V., Limb-viewing with OSIRIS on Odin: Detection of anomalous scattering regions in the Stratosphere, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., 83(19), Spring Meet. Suppl. SA32B-08, Washington, D.C., May, 2002. Bourassa, A.E., D.A. Degenstein, E.J. Llewellyn, and N.D. Lloyd, Detection and Tracking of High Altitude Cirrus Clouds with the InfraRed Imaging System of OSIRIS on Odin, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., Fall Meeting Suppl. A52A-0091, San Francisco, CA, December, 2002. Brohede, S. C.S. Haley, C.E. Sioris, D.P. Murtagh, I.C. McDade, E.J. Llewellyn, and the ODIN Team, DOAS Retrievals of Stratospheric Minor Species from Odin/OSIRIS Limb-Radiance Measurements, 6th European Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone, Goteborg, Sweden, September, 2002. Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, and R. A. Makarevitch, 2002. Width of E-region HF echoes, DASP Meeting, Fredericton, NB, Feb. 21-23, 2002. Danskin, D.W., A.V. Koustov, R.A Makarevitch, and M. Lester, 2002. Range Effect in the Spectral Width of E-Region HF Coherent Echoes, Eos Trans. AGU, 83 (47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SM21B-0543, 2002. de La Noë, J., L. El Amraoui, P. Ricaud, N. Schneider, N. Lautié, J. Urban, D.P. Murtagh, P. Eriksson, C. Jimenez, S. Brohede, E.J. Llewellyn, R.L. Gattinger, N.D. Lloyd, C.S. Haley, C. von Savigny, I. McDade, F. Goutail, and A. Bazureau, Validation of Ozone Profiles Measured by the Odin Satellite Instruments, 6th European Symposium on Stratospheric Ozone, Goteborg, Sweden, September, 2002. Degenstein, D.A., E.J. Llewellyn and N.D. Lloyd, Preliminary tomographic results from the OSIRIS InfraRed Imager, DASP 2002 Winter Workshop, Fredericton, February, 2002. Degenstein, D.A., E.J. Llewellyn, N.D. Lloyd, and I.C. McDade, A new approach to remote sensing using limb images, 27th General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, April, 2002. Degenstein, D.A., E.J. Llewellyn, A.E. Bourassa and N.D. Lloyd, Limb Viewing with OSIRIS on Odin: Tomography with the InfraRed Imager, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., 83(19), Spring Meet. Suppl. SA31A-10, Washington, D.C., May, 2002. Degenstein, D.A., E.J. Llewellyn, N.D. Lloyd, A.E. Bourassa, N. Wiebe, R.L. Gattinger, and I.C. McDade, New Observations of the Meinel OH Bands with the OSIRIS Imager on the Odin Satellite, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., Fall Meeting Suppl. SA62A-0391, San Francisco, CA, December, 2002. El Amraoui, L., J. de La Noe, P. Ricaud, N. Schneider, J. Urban, D.P. Murtagh, P. Eriksson, E.J. Llewellyn, and C.S. Haley, Validation of ozone profiles measured by the Odin satellite instruments, 27th General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, April, 2002. Evans, W.F.J, S. Petelina, E.J. Llewellyn and R.L. Gattinger, Global Distribution of Stratospheric Aerosols on February 24 - 25, 2002, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., 83(19), Spring Meet. Suppl. SA31A-06, Washington, D.C., May, 2002.

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Gudnason, P. W.F. Evans, C. von Savigny, C.E. Sioris, C.S. Haley, D.A. Degenstein, E.J. Llewellyn, S.V. Petelina, R.L. Gattinger and the Odin Team, Validation of OSIRIS Ozone Inversions, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., Fall Meeting Suppl. A52A-0090, San Francisco, CA, December, 2002. Haldoupis, C., Schlegel, K., Hussey, G.C. and Koehler, J.A., Radar observation of kinetic effects at meter scales for Farley-Buneman plasma waves, EGS, Nice, France, April, 2002. Haley, C.S., C. von Savigny, C.E. Sioris, I.C. McDade, E. Griffioen, E.J. Llewellyn, and D.P. Murtagh, Retrieval of O3 and NO2 Profiles From Odin/OSIRIS Observations of Limb-Radiance Spectra, 27th General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, April, 2002. Haley, C.S., C. von Savigny, C.E. Sioris, I.C. McDade, E. Griffioen, E.J. Llewellyn, and the Odin Team, Results From the Optical Spectrograph and InfraRed Imager System (OSIRIS) on Odin, IGARRS Meeting, Toronto, June, 2002. Haley, C.S., von Savigny, C., Sioris, C.E., McDade, I.C., Griffioen, E.; Llewellyn, E.J. and Murtagh, D.P, Retrieval of ozone and nitrogen dioxide profiles from Odin/OSIRIS observations of limb-radiance spectra, COSPAR Meeting, Houston, TX, October, 2002. Hussey, G.C., C. Haldoupis, K. Schlegel and T. Bösinger, A statistical study of EISCAT electron and ion temperature measurements in the E-region, 2002 EGS, Nice, France, April, 2002. Hussey, G.C., G.J. Sofko, A.V. Koustov, and R. Gillies, SuperDARN to e-POP Ray Tracing, 2002 Canadian Space Environment Workshop, Kananaskis Village, Alberta, November, 2002. Koustov, A.V., D.W. Danskin, and R. A. Makarevitch, 2002. 12-, 50-, and 144-MHz velocities of E-region coherent echoes, DASP Meeting, Fredericton, NB, Feb. 21-23, 2002. Koustov, A.V., D.W. Danskin, R.A. Makarevitch, M.V. Uspensky, P. Janhunen, N. Nishitani, N. Nozawa, M. Lester, and S. Milan, 2002. Velocities of auroral coherent echoes at 12 and 144 MHz, 27-th General Assembly of EGS, April 22-26, 2002, Nice, France, Abstract # EGS02-A-00616, 2002. Koustov, A.V., G.J. Sofko, D. Andre, D.W. Danskin, and L. Benkevitch, 2002. Seasonal variation of F-region echo occurrence in the midnight sector, Eos Trans. AGU, 83 (47), Fall Meet. Suppl., Abstract SM72B-0624, 2002. Kozlovsky, A., A. Koustov, W. Lyatsky, J. Kangas, G. Parks, and D. Chua, 2002. Ionospheric convection in the postnoon auroral oval: SuperDARN and Polar UVI observations, 27-th General Assembly of EGS, April 22-26, 2002, Nice, France, Abstract # EGS02-A-00745, 2002. Kozlovsky, A., A. Koustov, W. Lyatsky, J. Kangas, G. Parks, and D. Chua, 2002. Response of the postnoon magnetosphere to IMF changes: SuperDARN and Polar UVI observations, 27-th General Assembly of EGS, April 22-26, 2002, Nice, France, Abstract # EGS02-A-00743, 2002. Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, R.L. Gattinger, N.D. Lloyd, S.V. Petelina, W.F.J. Evans, I.C. McDade, C.S. Haley, C.E. Sioris, C. von Savigny and D.P. Murtagh, The measurement of the troposphere and stratosphere from low earth orbiting satellites, Workshop to establish a Continental Network for Atmospheric Change to honour Mario Molina, San Luis Posoti, Mexico, January, 2002. Llewellyn, E.J., (On behalf of the Odin/OSIRIS Team), OSIRIS on Odin: the new opportunity for atmospheric study through the use of limb scanning, DASP 2002 Winter Workshop, Fredericton, February, 2002.

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Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, S.V. Petelina, and D.P. Murtagh, The retrieval of the mesospheric ozone profile from measurements of the oxygen infrared atmospheric band with the OSIRIS instrument on Odin, 27th General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, April, 2002. Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, J. Truitt Wiensz, A. Bourassa, R.L. Gattinger, and D.P. Murtagh, Limb Viewing with OSIRIS on Odin: Ozone retrieval and layers in the airglow profile, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., 83(19), Spring Meet. Suppl. SA32B-03, Washington, D.C., May, 2002. Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein and N.D. Lloyd, Daytime and Twilight Airglow Observations from OSIRIS on Odin, CEDAR Annual Meeting, Longmont, CO, June 2002.E.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, N. Wiebe, J.T. Wiensz, A.E. Bourassa, S. Petelina and R.L. Gattinger, OSIRIS Observations of the Neutral Atmosphere before, during and following the April Solar Flares, TIMED Storms Meeting, Applied Physics Laboratory, Baltimore, MD, August, 2002. Llewellyn, E.J., Degenstein, D.A., Lloyd, N.D., Gattinger, R.L., Bourassa, A.E. and Wiensz, J.T., Dynamical Structures in the Airglow as seen with the OSIRIS Instrument on-board Odin, COSPAR Meeting, Houston, TX, October, 2002. Llewellyn, E.J., and the OSIRIS Team, Upper troposphere and lower stratosphere observations and results from the OSIRIS instrument on-board Odin, COSPAR Meeting, Houston, TX, October, 2002. Llewellyn, E.J., D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, N. Wiebe, A.E. Bourassa, J. Truitt Wiensz, S.V. Petelina and R.L. Gattinger, The Investigation of Structures in the Meinel OH Bands and the Oxygen InfraRed Atmospheric Bands Observed during the April 2002 Solar Storms with the OSIRIS Imager on the Odin Satellite, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., Fall Meeting Suppl. SA21B-0465, San Francisco, CA, December, 2002. Lloyd, N.D., D.A. Degenstein, A.E. Bourassa and E.J. Llewellyn, A preliminary survey of O2 singlet delta observations from OSIRIS in the summertime upper stratosphere, DASP 2002 Winter Workshop, Fredericton, February, 2002. Lloyd, N.D., D.A. Degenstein, E.J. Llewellyn, J. Truitt Wiensz, A.E. Bourassa, R.L. Gattinger, and I.C. McDade, Diagnosis of Mesopheric Oxygen Chemistry using Odin/OSIRIS Observations at 1.27 �m and 762 nm, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., Fall Meeting Suppl. SA62A-0388, San Francisco, CA, December, 2002. Makarevitch, R.A., A.V. Koustov, G.J. Sofko, D. Andre, and T. Ogawa, 2002. Multi-frequency measurements of HF Doppler velocity in the auroral E region, 27-th General Assembly of EGS, April 22-26, 2002, Nice, France, Abstract # EGS02-A-01468, 2002. Petelina, Svetlana V. and Edward J. Llewellyn, Limb viewing with OSIRIS on Odin: PMC Observations during 2001/2002 with OSIRIS, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., 83(19), Spring Meet. Suppl. SA32B-07, Washington, D.C., May, 2002. Petelina, S.V., C.S. Haley, C. von Savigny, E.J. Llewellyn, M.J. Bathgate, W.F. Evans, R.L. Gattinger and D.P. Murtagh, Validation of OSIRIS on Odin: Ozone Profiles and Total Columns since November 2001, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., Fall Meeting Suppl. A52A-0092, San Francisco, CA, December, 2002. Ricaud, P., L. El Amraoui, J. de La Noë, J. Urban, N. Lautié, E. Le Flochmoën, E. Dupuy, N. Schneider, D. Murtagh, P. Eriksson, C. Jimenez, F. Lefèvre, A. Hauchecorne, F. Goutail, G. Mégie, B. Théodore, M. Guirlet, O. Hembise, E.J. Llewellyn, C. von Savigny, C.S. Haley, J. Waters and L. Froidevaux, Preliminary Results and Validation of Measurements from the Sub-Millimeter Radiometer Instrument aboard the Odin Satellite, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., 83(19), Spring Meet. Suppl. SA31A-07, Washington, D.C., May, 2002.

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Sioris, C.E., von Savigny, C., Haley, C.S., McDade, I.C., McLinden, C.A., Evans W.F.J., McConnell, J.C., and Llewellyn, E.J., Lower and middle stratospheric NO2 profiles measured by OSIRIS, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., 83(19), Spring Meet. Suppl. SA32B-05, Washington, D.C., May, 2002. Uspensky, M.V., A.V. Koustov, P. Janhunen, D.W. Danskin, A. Fabirovsky, and S. Nozawa, 2002. On estimation of the true electron drift velocity from STARE data, 25th Apatity Seminar "Physics of Auroral Phenomena", Feb 26 – March 01, 2002, Apatity, Russia, p.69-70. Uspensky, M.V., A.V. Koustov, P. Janhunen, R. Pellinen, D. Danskin, and S. Nozawa, 2002. On the ion drifsft contribution to the phase velocity of electrojet irregularities, 27-th General Assembly of EGS, April 22-26, 2002, Nice, France, Abstract # EGS02-A-02882, 2002. Uspensky, M., A. Koustov, K. Kauristie, R. Pellinen, A. Fabirovsky, D. Danskin, S. Nozawa, and M. Lester, 2002. STARE and CUTLASS velocity variations on the EISCAT flux tube, SuperDARN workshop, May 20-24, Valdez, Alaska, 2002. Wiensz, J. Truitt, A. Bourassa, E.J. Llewellyn, D.A. Degenstein, N.D. Lloyd, and R.L. Gattinger, Limb Viewing with OSIRIS on Odin: Ozone retrieval and layers in the airglow profile, CSA 4th Atmospheric Environment Workshop, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, May, 2002. Wiensz, J. Truitt, D.A. Degenstein, E.J. Llewellyn, N.D. Lloyd, A.E. Bourassa, R.L. Gattinger, I.C. McDade and D.P. Murtagh, Ozone Retrieval and the Investigation of Structures in the Oxygen Infrared Atmospheric Bands Observed with the OSIRIS Imager on the Odin Satellite, EOS Trans. Amer. Geophys. Un., Fall Meeting Suppl. SA62A-0384, San Francisco, CA, December, 2002.

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Visitors to ISAS

Dr. Eric Donovan U of Calgary, AB February 19 Dr. K. Takashi Japan July 22 -23 Dr. Paul Prikryl Communications Research Centre Ottawa, ON October 17 -24 Dr. J.-P. St.-Maurice U of Western Ontario, ON December 20 -24 Dr. Christos Haldoupis University of Crete, Iraklion, Greece Dec. 20 – Jan. 18

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Graduate Student Theses

Luo, Yi - Ph.D. Student Thesis: Influences of Planetary Waves upon the Dynamics

of the Mesopshere and Lower Thermosphere Graduated - May, 2002. Wilcox, Brad - M.Sc. Student Thesis: Ground Validation of OSIRIS scattered sunlight measurements

Graduated - October, 2002. Xu, Liang - Ph.D. Student Thesis: SuperDARN-derived plasma convection:

Comparison with other measurements and application to field-aligned current studies Successful Oral Exam. - October 18, 2002

Chshyolkova, Tatyana - M.Sc. Student Thesis: Influences of Airglow upon the dynamics of the MLT region

Successful Oral Exam. - October 23, 2002 Makarevitch, Roman - Ph.D. Student Thesis: Theoretical and experimental studies of

E-region plasma waves Successful Oral Exam. - December 20, 2002

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Attendance at Meetings or Other Visits G.R. Davis Wales, Edinburgh January 15 -19 E.J. Llewellyn Mexico re: Continental Network January 16 - 20 E.J. Llewellyn Stockholm, Sweden and UK re: OST February 6 -13 D. Degenstein, A.V. Koustov, E. Llewellyn, N.D. Lloyd, and G.J. Sofko Fredericton, NB re: DASP Meeting February 21-24 G.R. Davis UK April 3 - 6 G.J. Sofko Boston, USA re: MIT Haystack Observatory April 9 - May 4 E.J. Llewellyn Toronto, ON April 16 -19 G.C. Hussey and A.V. Koustov Nice, France re: EGS Conference April 21- 26 D.A. Degenstein and E.J. Llewellyn Nice, France re: EGS Meeting April 20 – May 2 G.R. Davis Toronto/Waterloo May 1 – 5 A.H. Manson London, ON (UWO) re: CSA Meeting May 15 – 17 G.J. Sofko Valdez, Alaska re: SuperDarn Workshop May 20 - 25 A.H. Manson and A.V. Koustov St. Hubert, PQ re: CSA /SAEAC May 23 – 26 G.J. Sofko London, ON June 3 - 5 G.R. Davis Hawaii June 6– 19 E.J. Llewellyn Longmont, CO re: CEDAR Meeting June 19 - 21 G.R. Davis The Hague, NL June 30 – July 3 H. Olivier King Salmon, Alaska July 16 - 19 G.J. Sofko Edmonton, AB July 15 – 20 E.J. Llewellyn Mexico re: Continental Network Meeting July 31– Aug 3 E.J. Llewellyn Baltimore, MD re: TIMED Solar Flare Workshop Aug. 6 – 11 D.A. Degenstein and N. Lloyd Golden, BC Aug. 18 – 23 E.J. Llewellyn Goteborg, Sweden re: Ozone Workshop Aug. 30 – Sept. 8 E.J. Llewellyn Graz, Austria re: Satellite Occultation Meeting Sept. 14 – 22 T.Chshyolkova Brazil re: PSMOS Conference October 4 – 8 E.J. Llewellyn Montreal, PQ re: Odin Science Team October 5 – 9 E.J. Llewellyn Houston, TX re: COSPAR Conference October 10 – 20 A.H. Manson Houston, TX re: COSPAR Conference October 13 – 19 A.H. Manson and G.J. Sofko Calgary, AB re: CSA /SAEAC meeting November 4 – 5 G.J. Sofko, G.C. Hussey and A.V. Koustov Kananaskis, AB re :CSE Workshop November 7 –9 E.J. Llewellyn Bremen, Germany and Goteborg, Sweden re: OSIRIS-Envisat Validation and Comparison Meeting November 16 -24 D.A. Degenstein Goteborg, Sweden re: OSIRIS-Envisat Validation and Comparison Meeting November 14 –28 D.A. Degenstein, A.V. Koustov, E.J. Llewellyn and N. Lloyd San Francisco, CA re: AGU conference December 5 – 11

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Services and Distinctions G.R. Davis - Co-investigator, ISO Long Wavelength Spectrometer project; Leader, LWS Solar System Team - Co-investigator, Herschel Spectrometric and Photometric Imaging Receiver project -Member of FIRST/Planck Steering Committee - PI, Measurements of the Unresolved Spectrum of the Earth Concept Study

G.J. Sofko - The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Group Achievement Award for ground based investigation by Team/SuperDARN, “in recognition of the highly successful exploration of geospace by the Global Geospace Science Program” - Member of CANOPUS Team - Member of SuperDARN Executive Committee - Principal Investigator, DSS/CSA contract for System Management at the Saskatoon CANOPUS node - Principal Investigator, NSERC CSP “The Canadian component of SuperDARN, Phase II”

D.A. Degenstein - Participant, Optical Aeronomy and Atmospheric Science experiment (OSIRIS) on the Swedish Odin satellite G.C. Hussey -Member of CANOPUS Team -Member of SuperDARN Team

A.V. Koustov -Member of CANOPUS Team -Member of SuperDARN Team

A.H. Manson - Vice-Chair, Commission C of COSPAR, (2002-2006) - Member, SAEAC (Space and Atmospheric Environments Advisory Committee) of Canadian Space Agency, (2000-2004) - Member of Steering Committee for Post-STEP International Programs; S-RAMP (STEP-Results, Applications, and Modelling Phase) (1997-2002) - Chair of COSPAR Sub-Commission C2, Middle Atmosphere and Lower Ionosphere (1994-1998, 1998-2002) -Editorial Advisory Board member, “Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics” (1994-present) -Chair, Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan (1991-1997; 1997-2003)

E.J. Llewellyn - Principal Investigator, Optical Aeronomy and Atmospheric Science experiment (OSIRIS) on the Swedish Odin satellite - Principal Investigator, satellite experiment: OGLOW II on STS-52 Mission - Co-investigator, satellite experiments: OGLOW (STS-17/41G); PHOTONS (STS-19); WINDII (UARS); ACE (Canadian SciSat); AEPI (EOM-1/1) renamed ATLAS; WAMDII; VIKING-UV Imager - Co-investigator, rocket experiment: GEMINI - Chairman, Time Allocation Committee for WINDII/UARS - Member of CAP/NSERC Committee for Review of Physics in Canada -Chairman, NASA Selection Panel for LCAS -Associate Editor Canadian Journal of Physics

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Vision for the 21st Century

INVESTIGATE

the Atmospheric and Geospace Environments of the Planet Earth: the Dynamics and Chemistry of the Middle Atmosphere and Troposphere; the Magnetosphere, Thermo-sphere and Ionosphere with the imbedded Aurora Borealis. Expand these studies to the other Planets where possible and relevant.

DEVELOP

a comprehensive suite of observational systems including ground-based, rocket and satellite; and support the development of comprehensive Space and Atmospheric Models consistent with observations. Strive to achieve levels of excellence in research consistent with the highest international standards in Solar Terrestrial Physics.

RELATE the investigations and observations to important societal issues such as the Understanding of Atmospheric Processes and Global Climate Change, and Geospace Weather Prediction.

ESTABLISH balanced and complementary links with Agencies and Councils involved in Atmospheric and Space Research – CSA, AES, NSERC – and with high-technology industries, especially those in Saskatchewan.

PROVIDE

a balanced working and educational ENVIRON-MENT for graduate students, scientists and engineers, including involvement with local industries, and with the wider life of the University of Saskatchewan – teaching and outreach.

ENCOURAGE collaborations within the Institute to maximize opportunities for comprehensive, comple-mentary studies of the Atmosphere and Geospace.

CONTRIBUTE to the community of Solar Terrestrial Physicists, and to the international community engaged in Solar Terrestrial Physics.

PROVIDE

the Saskatoon and Saskatchewan communities, including especially students and the media, with information and opportunities to share in the Solar Terrestrial Physics activity in the Institute; recognizing that these contribute to the economic health, quality of life and knowledge-base of the nation.

ISAS - University of Saskatchewan

INSTITUTE OF SPACE AND ATMOSPHERIC STUDIES

FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT:

Institute of Space and Atmospheric Studies, University of Saskatchewan 116 Science Place, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 5E2, Canada

Phone: (306) 966-6401 Facsimile: (306) 966-6428

Electronic mail: isas@dansas.usask.ca Web site: http://www.usask.ca/physics/isas