CHAPTER 12 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES · CHAPTER 12 LIGHT-EMITTING DIODES ... chapter 12
IS740 Chapter 12
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Transcript of IS740 Chapter 12
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Principles of Information Systems, Tenth Edition
Chapter 12 Systems Development:
Investigation and Analysis
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Principles and Learning Objectives
• Effective systems development requires a team effort from stakeholders, users, managers, systems development specialists, and various support personnel, and it starts with careful planning – Identify the key participants in the systems
development process and discuss their roles– Define the term information systems planning and
list several reasons for initiating a systems project
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Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
• Systems development often uses tools to select, implement, and monitor projects, including prototyping, rapid application development, CASE tools, and object-oriented development– Discuss the key features, advantages, and
disadvantages of the traditional, prototyping, rapid application development, and end-user systems development life cycles
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Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
– Identify several factors that influence the success or failure of a systems development project
– Discuss the use of CASE tools and the object-oriented approach to systems development
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Principles and Learning Objectives (continued)
• Systems development starts with investigation and analysis of existing systems – State the purpose of systems investigation– Discuss the importance of performance and cost
objectives– State the purpose of systems analysis and discuss
some of the tools and techniques used in this phase of systems development
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Why Learn About Systems Investigation and Analysis?
• In this chapter:– You will see how you can initiate the systems
development process – You will see how you can use the systems
development approach to start your own business
• First two steps of the systems development process:– Systems investigation and systems analysis
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An Overview of Systems Development
• In today’s businesses:– Managers and employees in all functional areas
work together and use business information systems
• This chapter will: – Help you avoid systems development failures or
projects that go over budget
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Participants in Systems Development
• Development team:– Determines objectives of the information system– Delivers system that meets objectives
• Project:– Planned collection of activities that achieves a goal
• Project manager:– Responsible for coordinating all people and
resources needed to complete a project on time
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• Stakeholders:– People who ultimately benefit from project
• Users:– People who will interact with the system regularly
• Systems analysts:– Professional who specializes in analyzing and
designing business systems
• Programmer:– Responsible for modifying or developing programs to
satisfy user requirements
Participants in Systems Development (continued)
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Participants in Systems Development (continued)
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Individual Systems Developers and Users
• Individual systems developer:– Person who performs all of the systems
development roles
• Individual users:– Acquire applications for both personal and
professional use
• End-user systems development:– Describes any systems development project in which
business managers and users assume the primary effort
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Initiating Systems Development
• Systems development initiatives:– Arise from all levels of an organization– Can be planned or unplanned
• Mergers and acquisitions can trigger many systems development projects
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Initiating Systems Development (continued)
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Information Systems Planning and Aligning Corporate and IS Goals
• Information systems planning:– Translating strategic and organizational goals into
systems development initiatives
• Aligning organizational goals and IS goals:– Critical for successful systems development effort
• Developing a competitive advantage:– Creative analysis– Critical analysis
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Information Systems Planning and Aligning Corporate and IS Goals
(continued)
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Establishing Objectives for Systems Development
• Mission-critical systems:– Play pivotal role in organization’s continued
operations and goal attainment
• Critical success factors (CSFs):– Factors essential to success of a functional area of
an organization
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Establishing Objectives for Systems Development (continued)
• Performance objectives:– Output quality or usefulness– Output accuracy– Speed at which output is generated– Flexibility of the system– Ease of use of the application– Scalability of resulting system– Risk of the system
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Establishing Objectives for Systems Development (continued)
• Cost objectives:– Development costs– Costs related to the uniqueness of the system
application – Fixed investments in hardware and related
equipment– Ongoing operating costs
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Systems Development Life Cycles
• The later in the SDLC an error is detected, the more expensive it is to correct– Reason for mounting costs:
• Previous phases must be reworked
• More people are affected
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Systems Development Life Cycles (continued)
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Systems Development Life Cycles (continued)
• Common systems development life cycles:– Traditional– Prototyping– Rapid application development (RAD)– Individual development
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The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle
• Systems investigation:– Identifies problems and opportunities and considers
them in light of business goals
• Systems analysis:– Studies existing systems and work processes to
identify strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement
• Systems design:– Defines how the information system will do what it
must do to obtain the problem’s solution
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The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (continued)
• Systems implementation:– Creates or acquires various system components
detailed in systems design, assembles them, and places new or modified system into operation
• Systems maintenance and review:– Ensures the system operates as intended– Modifies the system so that it continues to meet
changing business needs
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The Traditional Systems Development Life Cycle (continued)
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Prototyping
• An iterative approach
• Operational prototype:– Prototype that works– Accesses real data files, edits input data, makes
necessary computations and comparisons, and produces real output
• Nonoperational prototype:– A mock-up, or model– Includes output and input specifications and formats
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Prototyping (continued)
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Rapid Application Development, Agile Development, and Other Systems
Development Approaches• Rapid application development (RAD)
– Employs tools, techniques, and methodologies designed to speed application development
• Other approaches to rapid development– Agile development– Extreme programming (XP)
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Rapid Application Development, Agile Development, and Other Systems
Development Approaches (continued)
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Outsourcing and On-Demand Computing
• Reasons for using outsourcing and on-demand computing approaches:– To reduce costs– To obtain state-of-the-art technology– To eliminate staffing and personnel problems– To increase technological flexibility
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Outsourcing and On-Demand Computing (continued)
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Factors Affecting Systems Development Success
• Successful systems development:– Delivers a system that meets user and
organizational needs on time and within budget
• Critical for most systems development projects:– Getting users and stakeholders involved
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Degree of Change
• Continuous improvement projects versus reengineering:– Continuous improvement projects have a high
degree of success– Reengineering projects tend to have a high degree
of risk but also a high potential for benefits
• Managing change:– It is essential to recognize and deal with existing or
potential problems
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Degree of Change (continued)
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Quality and Standards
• Quality of project planning:– Bigger the project, the more likely that poor planning
will lead to significant problems
• Capability Maturity Model (CMM):– One way to measure organizational experience
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The Importance of Planning
• The bigger the project:– The more likely that poor planning will lead to
significant problems
• Important factor for systems development success:– Organizational experience with the systems
development process
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Use of Project Management Tools
• Project schedule:– Detailed description of what is to be done
• Project milestone:– Critical date for completion of a major part of the
project
• Project deadline:– Date that the entire project is to be completed and
operational
• Critical path:– Activities that, if delayed, would delay the entire
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Use of Project Management Tools (continued)
• Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT):– Creates three time estimates for an activity:
• Shortest possible time
• Most likely time
• Longest possible time
• Gantt chart:– Graphical tool used for planning, monitoring, and
coordinating projects
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Use of Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools
• CASE tools:– Automate many tasks required in a systems
development effort – Encourage adherence to SDLC
• Upper-CASE tools: – CASE tools that focus on activities associated with
the early stages of systems development
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Object-Oriented Systems Development
• Combines logic of systems development life cycle with power of object-oriented modeling and programming
• OOSD tasks:– Identifying potential problems and opportunities that
would be appropriate for OO approach– Defining what kind of system users require
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Object-Oriented Systems Development (continued)
• OOSD tasks (continued):– Designing the system– Programming or modifying modules– Evaluation by users– Periodic review and modification
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Systems Investigation
• What primary problems might a new or enhanced system solve?
• What opportunities might a new or enhanced system provide?
• What new hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, personnel, or procedures will improve an existing system or are required in a new system?
• What are the potential costs (variable and fixed)?
• What are the associated risks?
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Initiating Systems Investigation
• Systems request form:– Submitted by someone who wants IS department to
initiate systems investigation– Information included:
• Problems in or opportunities for system
• Objectives of systems investigation
• Overview of proposed system
• Expected costs and benefits of proposed system
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Participants in Systems Investigation
• Members of development team change from phase to phase
• Keys to successful investigation teams:– Cooperation and collaboration
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Feasibility Analysis
• Assesses:– Technical feasibility– Economic feasibility– Legal feasibility– Operational feasibility– Schedule feasibility
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Feasibility Analysis (continued)
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Object-Oriented Systems Investigation
• Object-oriented approach:– Can be used during all phases of systems
development
• Use case diagram:– Part of the Unified Modeling Language (UML) that is
used in object-oriented systems development
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Object-Oriented Systems Investigation (continued)
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The Systems Investigation Report
• Summarizes results of systems investigation
• Summarizes the process of feasibility analysis
• Recommends a course of action:– Continue on into systems analysis– Modify the project in some manner– Drop the project
• Reviewed by steering committee
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The Systems Investigation Report (continued)
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Systems Analysis
• Overall emphasis of analysis:– Gathering data on existing system– Determining requirements for new system– Considering alternatives– Investigating feasibility of solutions
• Primary outcome of systems analysis:– Prioritized list of systems requirements
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General Considerations
• Steps of a formalized analysis procedure:– Assembling participants for systems analysis– Collecting data and requirements– Analyzing data and requirements– Preparing a report on existing system, new system
requirements, and project priorities
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Participants in Systems Analysis
• Includes members of the original investigation team
• Systems analysis team develops:– List of objectives and activities– Schedule for meeting the objectives and completing
the specific activities – Deadlines for each stage– Statement of the resources required at each stage
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Data Collection
• Identifying sources of data:– Internal and external sources
• Collecting data:– Interviews– Direct observation– Questionnaires
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Data Analysis
• Data modeling
• Activity modeling
• Application flowcharts
• Grid charts
• CASE tools
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Requirements Analysis
• Purpose is to determine user, stakeholder, and organizational needs
• Techniques used to capture systems requirements:– Asking directly– Critical success factors (CSFs)– IS plan– Screen and report layout– Requirements analysis tools
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Requirements Analysis (continued)
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Object-Oriented Systems Analysis
• Identify problems or potential opportunities
• Identify key participants and collect data
• With the OO approach a class is used to describe different types of objects
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The Systems Analysis Report
• Elements:– Strengths and weaknesses of existing system from a
stakeholder’s perspective– User/stakeholder requirements for new system – Organizational requirements for new system– Description of what new information system should
do to solve the problem
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Summary
• Systems development team:– Stakeholders, users, managers, systems
development specialists, and various support personnel
• Five phases of the traditional SDLC:– Investigation, analysis, design, implementation, and
maintenance and review
• Advantages of the traditional SDLC:– Provides for maximum management control– Creates considerable system documentation– Produces many intermediate products for review
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Summary (continued)
• Rapid application development (RAD):– Reduces paper-based documentation– Automates program source code generation– Facilitates user participation in development
activities
• Factors that affect systems development success:– Degree of change introduced by the project– Continuous improvement and reengineering– Use of project management tools
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Summary (continued)
• Participants in systems investigation:– Stakeholders, users, managers, employees,
analysts, and programmers
• Data collection methods: – Observation, interviews, questionnaires, and
statistical sampling
• Requirements analysis:– Determines the needs of users, stakeholders, and
the organization in general
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