Is This Enough Money?

Hardware Components

Figure 2.1: Computer System Components

• System unit– Houses CPU and

memory

• All other devices are linked to the system unit

Hardware Components (cont)

Processing Characteristics and Functions

• Machine cycle time: time to execute the instruction phase and the execution phase

• Clock speed: electronic ______ produced at a predetermined rate ( pc sales # 3 gigahertz )

• Wordlength: number of ______ that can be processed at one time 4-8-16-32-64

• Physical characteristics of the CPU– Digital circuits on chips– Electrical current flows through silicon

Memory Characteristics and Functions: Storage Capacity

Table 2.1: Number of Bytes

Types of Memory

• Random access memory (______)– Temporary– Volatile

• ______ (read-only memory)– Usually nonvolatile

Multiprocessing

• Multiprocessing: simultaneous _________ of two or more instructions

• Parallel processing: linking hundreds or thousands of processors operating in parallel

• Grid computing: collection of computers working to solve a _________ problem

Secondary Storage and Input and Output Devices

• Secondary storage– Also called _________ storage– Nonvolatile– Greater capacity and _________ economy than

memory

Secondary Storage Access Methods• Sequential access: _________ must be retrieved

in order

• Direct access: records can be _________ in any order

Secondary Storage Devices

• Magnetic tapes

• Magnetic disks

• Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID)

• Compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM)

• CD-recordable (CD-R) discs (CD-RW) discs

• Digital versatile disc (DVD)

• Memory cards

• Expandable storage

Input Devices

• Personal computer input devices– Keyboard– Mouse

• Voice-recognition devices

• Terminals

• Touch-sensitive screens

• Bar-code scanners

• Optical data readers

Input Devices (continued)• Point-of-sale (POS) devices

• Automatic teller machine (ATM) devices

• Magnetic ink character recognition (MICR) devices

• Radio-frequency identification

Output Devices

• Display monitors

• Liquid crystal displays (LCDs)

• Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs)

• Printers and plotters

Computer System Types

• Handheld computers

• Portable computers

• Thin client

• Desktop computers

• Workstations

• Servers

• Mainframe computers

• Supercomputers

Overview of Software

• Computer programs: _________ of instructions

• Documentation: describes program functions

• Systems software: coordinates the _________ of hardware and programs

• Application software: helps users solve particular _________

Supporting Individual, Group, and Organizational Goals

• Sphere of influence: the scope of problems and opportunities addressed by a _________ organization– Personal– _________

– Enterprise

Table 2.5: Classifying Software by Type and Sphere of Influence

Systems Software: Operating Systems

Operating Systems are also responsible for the execution of the

following activities:

• Performing common _________ hardware functions• Providing a user _________ and input/output

management• Providing a degree of _________ independence• Managing system _________ • Managing _________ tasks• Providing _________ capability• Controlling _________ to system resources• Managing files

Current Operating Systems

Table 2.6: Popular Operating Systems Across All Three Spheres of Influence

Types and Functions of Application Software

• Proprietary software: unique _________ for a specific application, usually developed and owned by a single company

• Off-the-shelf software: _________ software

• _________ package

Personal Application Software

• Word processing programs

• spreadsheet programs

• database programs

• graphics programs

• ETC

Workgroup Application Software

• Workgroup application software: supports teamwork, whether _________ are in the same location or dispersed around the world

• Groupware: software that helps groups of people work together more _________ and _________

Enterprise Application Software

• Software that benefits an entire organization

• Enterprise resource planning (ERP) software: programs that manage a company’s vital business operations for an entire multisite, global organization

Programming Languages

• Sets of keywords, symbols, and a system of rules for constructing statements

• Allow humans to communicate instructions to be executed by a computer

• Syntax: a set of rules associated with a programming language

• Different languages have characteristics that make them appropriate for particular types of applications

Software Issues and Trends

• Software bugs– Program defects that keep it from _________

correctly

• Copyrights and _________

• Global _________ support