REPORTERIS&T

imaging.org

NIP29/Digital Fabrication 2013

3D Printing of Self-Glazing Ceramic Materials:An Investigation Inspired by Ancient Egyptian TechnologyDavid Huson, University of the West of England (UK)

Abstract: The inspiration and background research for thisproject is based upon Egyptian Faience because there is an inter-esting and coincidental synergy between the material propertiesof ancient Egyptian Faience and the material requirement for thesuccessful 3D printing of ceramic powders. Originating in the5th Millennium BC, Egyptian Faience was not made from clay,but instead composed of quartz and alkali fluxes and is distinctfrom Italian Faience or Majolica, which is a tin, glazed earthen-ware. In its original Egyptian context Faience was a versatile ma-terial, used in a variety of ways and in a number of differentforms, to create objects such as sculpture, vessels, funeral fig-urines, tiles, boxes and body ornamentation—all with a highlycoloured lustred glaze. In contemporary terms Egyptian Pastehas visual qualities desirable to many crafts practitioners.

This paper will chart the progress of the project to date anddetail the technical development of 3D printed self-glazing ce-ramics. The potential of the process will be demonstrated by theproduction of ceramic artworks using the techniques developedduring the project.

3D Printed ElectronicsSteven Ready, Fred Endicott, Gregory L. Whiting, Tse Nga Ng,Eugene M. Chow, and JengPing Lu, Palo Alto Research Center, Inc (USA)

Abstract: PARC has been a leading innovator in printed elec-tronics with over a decade of experience in large area electronics,application of novel and current printing technology to industri-al applications and the printing of electronic circuits and devices.We are currently applying this knowledge to the concept ofprinting multi-material 3 dimensional objects with electronic

To view the full papers of these abstracts for no fee go towww.imaging.org/ist/publications/reporter/index.cfm

* These papers were presented at NIP29/Digital Fabrication 2013, held September29 – October 3, 2013, in Seattle, Washington.

INSIDE THIS ISSUEHighlighted Abstracts: NIP29/Digital Fabrication 2013 . 1NIP29/Digital Fabrication 2013 Report. . . . . . . . . . . 3Standards Update . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Imaging Standards News: TC42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Honored MembersAwards presented at NIP29/Digital Fabrication 2013

IS&T Fellowships were presentedby IS&T President Alan Hodgsonto Robert Ulichney (left) of Hewlett-Packard Laboratories for landmarkcontributions in the field of digitalhalf-toning and to MohammadAlam (below) of the University ofSouth Alabama for contributions inthe areas of image processing,pattern recognition, and high-resolution image reconstruction.

The Chester F. Carlson Award, spon-sored by Xerox Corporation, was giv-en to Edward Gutman (above), whoretired from Xerox in 2001, for criticalcontributions in the realms of xero-graphic development and materials.

Thomas Boland (right), accepted theItek Award in recognition of the best student publication in an IS&T journalon behalf of his student, Maria Yanez (University of Texas at El Paso), for“Printed Cellular Scaffold Using Self-Crosslinking Agents,” JIST 56(4)040506-1–040506-5 (2012).

“THE WINDOW ON IMAGING”Vol. 28, No. 4 October - December 2013

Phot

os:D

iana

Gon

zale

z.

IS&T Reporter2

www.imaging.orgVol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013

and/or mechanical functionality. The concept is to develop capa-bility and provide means of manufacturing functional objectswhich may be difficult to manufacture or even not be manufac-turable by other means.

In this paper, we will outline the creation of a rapid digital man-ufacturing system and considerations for building such a “printer”with the ability to integrate a structural material with functionalelectronic materials. The printer incorporates inkjet and extrusiontechniques on the same platform, along with an in-line UV-curinglamp. This platform enables a wide processing window for struc-tural and electronic materials; i.e., it is capable of patterning inkswith viscosity ranging from 1 to 25000 cP The printer has been op-timized to yield smooth printed features (down to tens of microns)without implementing pressure-leveling steps.

Captive Continuous InkjetCarolyn Ellinger and Yonglin Xie, Eastman Kodak Co. (USA)

Abstract: Captive continuous inkjet (CIJ) is a potentially disrup-tive inkjet technology recently developed in the Kodak Technol-ogy Center. The captive continuous inkjet technology is expect-ed to deliver the best of both drop-on-demand (DOD) inkjet andcontinuous inkjet (CIJ) technologies: high resolution, compactsize, and low cost associated with traditional DOD technologiesand the high throughput and high reliability of traditional CIJtechnology. In this paper, we will provide a description of thisnew architecture, its function and why we believe it to be advan-taged over both traditional CIJ and DOD technologies. We willdiscuss the key technology elements with details on the design,fabrication, and characterization of captive CIJ devices, includingresults from simulations and experimental studies.

Balanced Aggregation—Snow Man Shaped or Tripod-Like(Fumed) Particles that Allow for Better Fixation on Toner ResinSurfacesAndreas Hille1, Yuki Amano2, Robert Johnson3, Naohiro Naito2, YusukeTosaki2, and Akira Inoue2; 1Evonik Industries AG (Germany), 2NIPPONAEROSIL CO., LTD. (Japan),and 3Evonik Corporation (USA)

Abstract: The aggregates for two types of fumed silica are com-pared with each other and with colloidal silica similar to one usedas a spacer additive for toner. These examples of fumed silica dif-fer in that one is made up of very large (sub-micron) sized pri-mary particles with a low degree of aggregation while the secondfumed silica example has a much higher, balanced, degree of ag-gregation. The aggregates of both forms of fumed silica disperseon a toner surface to result in effective particle diameters largerthan the colloidal silica particle. Also, because of their fractalmorphology, these dispersed aggregates are more likely to re-main fixed on the toner surface as compared to the colloidal-based additives.

Fabrication of Printed Drug-Delivery SystemsNatalja Genina, Ruzica Kolakovic, Mirja Palo, Daniela Fors,Helka Juvonen, Petri Ihalainen, Jouko Peltonen, and Niklas Sandler,Abo Akademi University (Finland)

Abstract: Printing technologies specifically digital inkjet print-ing, offer possibilities in the production of individualized medi-cines. The main advantage of inkjet printing includes the abilityto dispense uniform droplets in the picoliter range with high de-gree of accuracy to allow dose personalization. The pharmaceuti-cal ink formulation has to be designed with respect to its viscosi-ty and surface tension to guarantee continuous printing and highreproducibility of the forming droplets to allow dose uniformity.The aim of this paper is demonstrate the combined use of inkjetand flexographic printing to fabricate pharmaceutical soliddosage forms with controlled release properties of drug sub-stances. Also the characterization of substrates and final drug-delivery systems is studied with various techniques and discussed.

Novel Electrophotographic Toners for Providing Metallic EffectsDinesh Tyagi, Louise Granica and Kevin Lofftus, Eastman Kodak Co. (USA)

Abstract: In order to produce toners that are capable of provid-ing metallic sparkle and effect, a number of obstacles have to befirst overcome. Since having static charge is an important re-quirement for toners, it is not practical to use conductive metalflakes in metallic toner formulations. This difficulty was over-come by using mica or similarly based interference pigments.These nonconductive pigments not only provide a large flat re-flective surface but can be coated with inorganic and organiccoatings. By controlling the thickness of the high refractive indexinorganic coating over the mica flakes, the color of the reflectedlight changed and can be utilized to enhance the metallic sparkle.

These toners can be produced by minimizing the shear con-ditions in the extruder during the compounding of the tonercomponents. These can be created by optimizing the compound-ing temperature, screw configurations, molecular weight of thetoner resin etc. By imposing a convergence on the toner melt atthe die exit and by controlling the draw ratio of the melt slab af-ter the die exit, the pigment flakes can be forced to align in theprocess direction. The resulting toners have a flat shape as a con-sequence of the internal structure formed during the melt pro-cessing step.

Due to the large size of the pigment flakes in the finished ton-er, and its shape, these toners are capable of providing remark-able sparkle and metallic effects. These toners produce the metal-lic effect by themselves but alternatively they can be placed overor under other color toners to generate many interesting effectsthat were not possible before. A method of measuring the sparklein metallic images is also described. By measuring color proper-ties at various angles, “Flop Index” can be calculated and used toquantify the extent of metallic effect. �

This year’s NIP/Digital Fabrication con-ference marked a true change in direc-tion from the historic co-location of

NIP and Digital Fabrication, to an inte-grated single conference. The eventfocused on the traditional content of both,and on the connection between these twotopics, under the theme “Printing as Partof Something Bigger.” The definition of“printing” is expanding as technologiesused to print are being incorporated into arange of complex processes for manufactur-ing and production of a variety of objects.

The technical program included re-search and development in traditionaldigital printing, as well as in a wide rangeof emerging applications. Short coursesand special sessions complemented theconference presentations and posters tocreate an interactive environment, as dele-gates explored the use of printing tech-nologies in applications as diverse as 3D,biological, large-format, and cloud print-ing.

The conference location and layout en-couraged the interaction and inter-sessionnetworking for which this meeting is known.

Additive Manufacturing and DigitalProcesses Kick off MondayMonday morning began with a warm wel-come from the conference committee, andbrought news from IS&T President AlanHodgson and Steering Committee ChairReinhard Baumann. The combining of thetwo collocated conferences into a singleevent is just the beginning. In order tokeep pace with the rapidly changing tech-nology landscape, NIP/Digital Fabricationis changing to reflect the broader applica-tions of digital printing in a wide array ofmarkets unimagined a decade ago. Dele-gates were invited to participate in theevolution of the conference by contribut-ing ideas for a new conference name, top-ics and content, as the Society looks to-

ward next year’s conference in Philadel-phia. This news sparked many conversa-tions, some concerns, and great ideas.

Monday’s keynote speaker RichardHague (EPSRC Centre for InnovativeManufacturing in Additive Manufactur-ing) kicked off the week’s technical pro-gram with an excellent presentation onthe potential of additive manufacturing.Casting ideas into the audience, Haguehighlighted the need for reimagined de-sign tools to help designers capitalize on

the expanded degrees of freedom that dig-ital fabrication offers designers duringproduct conceptualization and optimiza-tion. “Design for Manufacturing” hasshifted with the advent of these technolo-gies and processes, and many of the limi-tations familiar to designers no longer ap-ply. Materials, color, and print speed werealso mentioned as areas for improvementand development.

In keeping with the new direction de-fined by the combined conference,Monday’s sessions focused on both tradi-tional and new applications. The morning’sApplications track continued the theme of3D printing, spanning topics from defin-ing appropriate applications to materials.The printing technology at the core of

3Society for Imaging Science and Technology

Vol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013www.imaging.org

From Digital Printing to Data Materialization—NIP29/Digital Fabrication 2013 Roundupby Kate Johnson, with input from Session Chairs and Roundtable Moderators

NIP/DIGITAL FAB 2013Attendees*: 354Oral Papers: 132Interactive Papers: 33Short Courses: 14Exhibitors: 29Dates: Sept. 29 – Oct. 3, 2013Location: Seattle, Washington*includes Short Course only and guests

Phot

o:D

iana

Gon

zale

z.

The Interactive Paper and Demonstration Session provided attendees the opportunity to really explore thescience behind and products generated by digital printing technologies.

Toshifumi Satoh (far right) from Tokyo PolytechnicUniversity presents “Luminescent Properties of HighColor Rendering Powder ElectroluminescentDevices“ during the Interactive Paper Session.

Phot

o:D

iana

Gon

zale

z.

IS&T Reporter4

www.imaging.orgVol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013

most of the discussed applications wasinkjet, leaving room for expansion of thistopic in future conferences. The track con-tinued with a session on E-paper displays.

The Materials track began with a ses-sion on Image Permanence and PrintQuality. Image permanence topics includ-ed an exploration of the potential impactof low temperature storage on the mitiga-tion of pollution-induced deterioration,and a study regarding the minimum forceneeded to initiate abrasion damage ondigital prints. Image quality papers in-cluded a new parallel processing approachto on-line reliability testing of inkjet print-heads, a Black Box model of electrophoto-graphic printing (EP) that was built onscanned images to predict the impact of

design factors. In addition, there was apresentation on a study exploring the im-pact of color temperature versus colorrendering index on perception of colornaturalness that indicated that color tem-perature appeared to have more impact.

The Processes for Applications trackfocused on Fusing, Curing, and Dryingand included two presentations address-ing concerns of EP and one for inkjet. TheEP papers included an estimation of fus-ing quality based on an analytical model oftoner deformation and an introduction ofa new type of surface heating fuser. Theinkjet presentation included analysis ofmethods of drying in high-speed inkjetprinting. The track continued with theThermal Printing session, including a

presentation highlighting the need for ac-curate estimation in thermophysical prop-erties and contact resistance of thermalpapers in direct thermal printing.

The afternoon brought a well-attendedSecurity Printing session with three focalpapers spanning topics from the currentchallenges and opportunities facing thefield of security printing, to progressivebarcodes (adding incremental data to 2Dbarcodes with inks that are not detected bytraditional 2D barcode readers), to circularencoding of information in print demon-strated in a Stegatone image. An interac-tive paper preview on the use of rare earthsas a security artifact led to a lively demoboth at the end of the session and at thedemonstration session later in the week.

Conferences afford attendees the uniqueopportunity to interact in-person in mean-ingful ways, to have conversations that im-pact various points on the value chain. Tofoster these types of conversations, thisyear’s conference offered four Technologyand Application Roundtable discussions,held on two days. During these roundta-bles, stakeholders with interest in the high-lighted topic took part in a group discus-sion with the assistance of a facilitator.

The Future of Digital Fabricationmoderated by Marcel Slot (Océ Technolo-gies BV and the Diginova consortium)The Future of Digital Fabrication round-table was seeded with several provocativequestions by the moderator and much ofthe discussion focused on whether massmanufacturing will be replaced by a moredistributed, local, on-demand model, andwhether we will see 3D printers in eachhome in the next decade. During thecourse of discussion, concerns regardingmaterials and sustainability, as well as 3Dprinting as novelty versus having truefunctional use in domestic settings createdperhaps more questions than answers.Top “opportunity domains” included

graphics and communication, additivemanufacturing, electronics, healthcare,and mega-scale digital fabrication (such asbuildings). Regardless of the application,production speed, material costs, currenttechnology limitations (single-material,for example), quality and sustainabilitywere all highlighted as challenges.

Digital Packagingmoderated by George Gibson (Xerox Corp.)and Omer Gila (Hewlett-Packard Co.)The majority of the conversation duringthe Digital Packaging roundtable centeredaround the market acceptance, require-ments, and barriers to penetration of digi-tal printing in the packaging domain. Oneof the most interesting points raised wasthat there is one packaging domain—casecoding—where digital has become nearlycompletely dominant. Digital printing offull color packages is, as yet, a niche. Thegroup spent a lot of time exploring thechallenges (cost, format and productivity,materials latitude, food safety, supplychain complexity, etc.) that continue topresent barriers to adoption. Members ofthe group had divergent opinions aboutthe potential role for true personalization

in packaging. That said no one in thegroup expressed any reservations aboutthe desired endpoint. Given the advan-tages of digital in inventory control, ver-sioning and prototyping, it seems clearthat there is a vibrant opportunity for dig-ital print in packaging.

University/Industry Collaborationmoderated by Trevor Snyder (Xerox Corp.)The focus of the University/Industry Col-laboration roundtable was to look at waysto enable and/or increase the rate of inno-vation and collaboration between industryand academia. There were three maingoals going into the meeting: Discuss andshare information related to industry/uni-versity collaboration, (for example, dis-cuss different methods using real worldexamples of how individuals currentlyachieve such collaboration); discuss howto get better representation at future IS&Tconferences from universities (staff andstudents), specifically those within about100 miles such that the cost barrier is min-imized; and discuss how future IS&T con-ferences can enhance and support thesecollaborations. Participants providedstrong representation and experience

Roundtables Offer Insight into Digital Printing/Fabrication Future

5Society for Imaging Science and Technology

Vol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013www.imaging.org

The Processes track focused on inkjet tech-nology with topics ranging from synthesisof dyes to production of printheads, withparticular audience interest in reactivedyes.

Special Session on PrintingTechnologies for Bio-engineeringMicrofluidics and bioengineering expertPaul Yager (University of Washington)opened Tuesday with a keynote on the re-markable development of sophisticated,low-cost, point-of-care diagnostic toolsusing paper’s inherent wicking properties.Introducing many attendees to the worldof 2DPN (2-dimensional paper networks),Yager discussed the transition from tradi-tional lab-on-chip methods to paper-

from both industry and academia, as wellas from the US, Europe, and Japan.

Ideas for collaboration included univer-sity affairs grants, senior design projects,informal arrangements (i.e., short-term,project-based internships), temporary em-ployment, and internship as part of degreeprogram (e.g. Rochester Institute of Tech-nology model). There was considerable dis-cussion around how to increase attendancefrom University staff/students. Timing ofthe conference was identified as an issueand creative ideas such as adjusting thetiming of limited portions of the program(e.g. student session in the evening) andcreating sessions in close collaborationwith local universities so that classes are notmissed were offered, and a young engineernetworking session was discussed. In sup-port of increasing university participationit was noted that there are many connec-tions already formed between IS&T anduniversities and/or between industry anduniversities that can be leveraged: identifychampions within universities, expand theuse of the current job board, and create in-formal meeting places for students andcompanies with entry-level openings. Theexcellent ideas generated during the session

will be used as a platform to work from aswe look to expanding student participationin future conferences.

Additive Manufacturingmoderated by Sascha de Peña (Hewlett-Packard Co.)Participants at the Additive Manufactur-ing (AM) roundtable arrived at some keyconclusions:• Materials and processes are extremely

[interdependent]. In order to grow theAM industry, a guided bootstrappingprocess will be necessary.

• Traditional and additive manufacturingwill end up being complimentaryprocesses (versus competitive), It is anerror to position additive manufacturingas replacement for traditional systems.

• There are many essential problems inthe current “file to print” workflow,but what seems to be an inherent lim-itation—that also will require a boot-strapping effort to overcome—is theadaptation of the design through cur-rent CAD/CAM systems to the manu-facturability with traditional process-es. To exploit the full potential of thedesign freedom enabled through AM,

the user interaction, design practicesand flexibility supported through fileformats also have to change.

• Though personal fabrication and thededicated printers may occupy a nicheposition in developed countries wherepart acquisition through print shopproviders and fast distribution systemscould be the better alternative, thesepersonal systems are well suited tomeet the specific requirements of smalland micro-businesses in emergingcountries and enable new local models.

• In terms of any needed changes to thecurrent ecosystem to protect IP, noth-ing different is required. Currentcopyright protections, if properly en-forced, should be equally valid for ad-ditive manufacturing processes andbusiness models derived.Several additional questions remained

open for future discussion: What con-cepts, technologies, and lessons from the2D printing industry can (and cannot) beleveraged to 3D printing? What new serv-ices business models can be enabled by ad-ditive manufacturing? Who will set thestandards for the AM industry and whatstandards are needed first? �

Each year ISJ and IS&T leadership meet to discuss the direction of the conference, clockwise: Hitoshi Nakai(Brother Industries, Ltd.), Masahiko Fujii (Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd.), Reinhard Baumann (Fraunhofer Einrichtungfor Electronic Nano Systems and Chemintz University of Technology), Alan Hodgson (3M UK PLC), Jun-ichiHanna (Tokyo Institute of Technology), Makoto Omodani (Tokai University), Suzanne Grinnan (IS&T),Teruaki Mitsuya (Ricoh Co., Ltd.) and Shinri Sakai (Tokyo University).

Phot

oco

urte

syof

Mas

ahik

oFu

jii.

IS&T Reporter6

www.imaging.orgVol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013

based methods that show great promise inaddressing the needs for low-cost, dispos-able, in-situ test kits for a wide range ofhealth-related issues. The clever use ofmaterials’ inherent properties was reallycaptivating—use of sponges for flowswitches, and using both materials andpath lengths for flow speed control repre-sent successful intersections of cuttingedge technology and simple materials.

Capitalizing on the groundwork set byYager’s keynote, Tuesday included a full-day, special session on Digital Biology.Topics ranging from Bio-ink, to 3-D bioprinting, to printed drug delivery systemsindicated the breadth of this field and thepotential for future exploration, expan-sion and collaboration. All of these talks,along with the four keynotes, can be foundat links via www.imaging.org.

Other talks presented Tuesday morn-ing included digital fulfillment discussionson topics such as adding printed texture tosurfaces, texture classification, and the de-velopment of an inkjet printhead offeringwide fluid latitude. In addition, we heardabout new developments in hybrid print-ing, prediction and correction of imagequality, visualization and toner-basedprocesses and materials (seed polymerizedemulsion for chemically prepared tonerand paper modeling in the simulationof the transfer process).

Networking HighlightedA Special Networking Session moder-ated by Marie Vans (Hewlett-Packard) on Tuesday afternoon

addressed the issue of collaboration/coop-eration between companies for solvingproblems of more universal interest. Itwas decided that the format would benefitfrom a more focused and pre-defined top-ic. To prepare for next year’s Special Net-working Session, a LinkedIn group hasbeen set up to identify a single specificchallenge and realistic solutions for dis-cussion with the goal of developing a pro-posal for business and academic groupswithin the printing industry. To join thegroup, you must first join the NIP (DigitalPrinting)/Digital Fabrication Conferencegroup on LinkedIn.

Exhibit Hall Hosts Interactive Papersand Demo Session during Happy HourTuesday concluded with the joint Interac-tive Paper and Demonstration Sessionheld in conjunction with the Exhibit HallHappy Hour. In its second year, thedemonstration session allows authors andattendees the chance to physically show-case a tangible object or computer pro-gram related to their talk. Presenter’s ta-bles were often packed several peopledeep, with lots of discussion and the abili-ty to interact directly with printed outputranging from glossy images to ceramichippos.

The exhibit hall reflected the diversityof applications and topics of this year’sconference with exhibitors offering com-ponents, materials, systems, and integrat-ed solutions important to both traditionalapplications and emerging uses of digitalprinting. Interaction with exhibitors wasencouraged through the use of a punchcard where visitors would collect stampsfrom exhibitors and submit their card fora prize drawing at the close of the exhibi-tion. This year’s winner was SivapackiaGanapathiappan (Hewlett-Packard Co.)who collected more than 12 stamps.

Wednesday Moves Us From CloudPrinting to Printed ElectronicsA wide-ranging presentation on cloud-printing by Phil McCoog (Hewlett-Packard Co.) highlighted new ways tothink about what printing means and howtechnologies must continue to adapt tokeep pace with our increasingly mobile-computing dependent culture. McCoogspent some time talking about the innova-tion that is taking place in the new arenaof crowd-sourced printer development.He asserted that crowd sourcing allowssmall companies and entrepreneurs tocycle quickly through multiple designiterations in a more public manner thanestablished companies dare. However, thetypes of offerings and the response tothese offerings might be truly instructivefor established players in the printingtechnology marketplace. Consumers areused to adopting and adapting to multiplegenerations of technology-based productsevery year, and these products and appli-cations are impacting how we think, howand where we work, and how we interactwith both each other and with technology.There is clear opportunity in fosteringagility in the adaption of traditional tech-nologies and methods to the unique chal-lenges and possibilities that arise as newtechnologies become part of the culturalvernacular.

In the Printed Electronics Session,there were several talks on inkjet printingof organics and metal layers, one talk oninternational standards for printed elec-tronics, and one on a current application

Twenty-nine companies participated in the2013 exhibit, which featured a happy hourand iPad drawing.Ph

otos

:Dia

naG

onza

lez.

7Society for Imaging Science and Technology

Vol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013www.imaging.org

of printed electronics in the production oftouch screens. The Materials track sessionon sustainability as it pertains to materialspost-printing, specifically addressed issuesarising from the need for successful de-inking of digitally produced printed mate-rials for inclusion in the recycling stream.The ink formulation session followed, withseveral interesting papers including agood introduction to challenges of usinglow migration UV ink and its use in foodpackaging. Before continuing with paperson toner-based processes and materials, theProcesses/ Materials track began with anengaging and informative ad hoc discus-sion on “The Future of EP”. The conversa-tion reinforced a genuine interest in con-tinuing EP content at future meetings.Page-wide printing was identified as an in-teresting topic for the future as it is presentsnew application opportunities for bothinkjet and EP technologies.

Conference Ends with Opportunities,Success Stories, and Industry ToursThursday morning began with remarksfrom IS&T President Alan Hodgson in re-sponse to the passionate feedback gath-ered onsite from attendees about the fu-ture direction and identity of theconference. Hodgson thanked all who hadvoiced their thoughts and affirmed IS&T’scommitment to NIP/Digital Fabricationas the industry-leading event for the ex-hange of information on topics related toits traditional core content, as well as torelated emerging technologies and appli-cations.

Following the closing remarks,keynote speaker Shinjiro Umezo (TokaiUniversity) discussed the importantpotential of using electrostatic patterningtechnologies in bio-printing applications

with the goal of some-day building organs forhuman transplantation.Highlighting the arrayof bio-applications ofthe electrostatic pattern-ing technologies and therange of technologiesthat this field truly en-compasses, Umezo gaveattendees a glimpse intothe intersection betweentraditional digital print-ing and deposition tech-nologies with thisemerging field.

Thursday’s technicalsessions included pre-sentations on industrialapplication for inkjet printing in solar cellfabrication, photonic sintering for func-tional inkjet inks, lab-to-fab technologytransfer, and a compelling talk using hy-brid technique of inkjet printing and laserprocessing to control surface energy dur-ing fabrication of high resolution TFT ar-rays. Challenges of legislation for foodproduct safety, materials costs in printedelectronics, droplet coalescence, and printmasking were presented in the session onfunctional materials. Technology develop-ments impacting image quality in EPsystems and system reliability in inkjetwere also discussed.

Digital SuccessesThe conference concluded with a groupdiscussion highlighting success stories of

the past year in a session moderated byWerner Zapka (XaarJet AB). In 2012, asimilarly styled session on lab-to-fab dis-cussed problems that prevented thespeedy implementation of new applica-tions; this year the session focused onwhat had gone right with specific imple-mentations. Several examples were pre-sented starting with the remarkableprogress achieved in ceramic tile manu-facturing. Worldwide, more than half ofthe manufacturing companies in this fieldhave converted from screen to inkjetprinting. In another presentation, theSchmid Group (Germany) described theirinkjet-based process and machine for pro-ducing the front metallization of Si solarcells. Molecular Imprints Inc. (USA) pre-sented their machine and results on pro-ducing 24nm resist pattern on 450mmwafers, with inkjet printing providingcompatible throughput to this technique.High-speed direct labeling on bottles andcans was demonstrated by KHS (Ger-many) and Tonejet (UK). A success storypresented by continued on page 14

Although rain was a part of the NIP/Digital Fabrication week in Seattle,the city provided great views, delicious restaurants, fun attractions, and anatmosphere conducive to learning and sharing.

Phot

o:A

lex

Fisc

her.

Networking that brings together individualsfrom industry and academia is an engagingand important part of the conference,whether it be during the DemonstrationSession, Interactive Paper Session, Exhibi-tion, or breaks. Ph

oto:

Ale

xFi

sche

r.

Phot

os:D

iana

Gon

zale

z.

Because this issue of StandardsUpdate will be my last, I am indulgingpersonal privilege and using it to rem-

inisce about the history of graphic artsstandards development.

I have decided that 2014 is the year forme to bow out of the standards activities.This decision is based on personal andfamily issues. I have been involved in thegraphic arts standards activities since 1982(as a volunteer since I retired from Kodakin 1999) and it has been a veryenjoyable and challenging experience.However, in recent years my wife can nolonger travel with me and I realize that Iam not as quick as used to be, so my goal isto be fully withdrawn from standards ac-tivities by my 80th birthday, October 2014.

Now to some reminiscences about mystandards journey.

The BeginningIn the late 1970s the printing and publish-ing industry in the United States had noformal (ANSI) standards activities andalthough there had been some earlieractivities to start an ISO committee it hadbecome dormant and essentially ceased toexist. The industry did use some of thestandards developed by the Photographicindustry—specifically densitometry, sen-sitometry, and viewing conditions. Butthese were not optimized for graphic artsuse. The prevailing attitude in the industrywas standards were the “lowest commondenominator” and no one printed that way.

The Wakeup CallIn late 1979, Scitex introduced the firstgraphic arts image manipulation system.Such systems were called CEPS or ColorElectronic Prepress Systems. The Scitexannouncement was quickly followed bysystems from Hell, Eikonix, Crossfield,and Dainippon Screen. Such systems were“practical” because the available computerprocessors and memory had finallybecome powerful enough to support theimage manipulation required by thegraphic arts industry. Then, and now, a

typical graphic arts 8.5 x 11 inch image isabout 30 MB. These early systems all costabout $1.5 million, had 2-4 MHz proces-sors, and less than 100 MB of online stor-age. Although such systems took about 20minutes to rotate an image, they worked.

The user community was immediatelyfaced with two issues. First, each of thesesystems stored data in a different formatand orientation. Second, the only mediaavailable to move data between systemswas 8-track magnetic tape. Those tapescarried no standard header or other infor-mation about the format of the data en-coded on the tape. Therefore, these sys-tems could not easily exchange data andthe industry remained isolated islands ofelectronic data manipulation that contin-ued to use film as its exchange media.

The industry desperately wanted to beable to exchange digital data between sys-tems, and more importantly between or-ganizations. Because this involved multi-ple companies in both the vendor and usercommunities, standards seemed to be thelogical direction to take. An ad hoc indus-try group was formed called DDES (Digi-tal Data Exchange Standards) in an effortto start the dialogue between vendors, andbetween users and vendors. This was thenucleus around which ANSI Image Tech-nology Committee 8 (IT8) was createdand chartered with NPES as the sponsor-ing organization.

The first approach was to simply ra-tionalize and document the various for-mats being used and to develop standard-ized file headers to identify the contents ofan individual tape. (ANSI IT8.1 to IT8.5,which became ISO 10755 through 10759).This was followed by the development ofmedia independent file formats based onTIFF called TIFF/IT (ANSI IT8.8, ISO12639) TIFF/IT was subsequently re-placed by the PDF/X data exchange fileformats (ISO 15930).

What Does the Data Mean?As long as halftone film was the principleexchange vehicle for printing “data” there

was usually a close coupling between theorganization preparing the film and theprinting organization. The only major ex-ception was the magazine publication in-dustry, which had very tight specificationson the preparation of hardcopy proofsthat were the formal agreement betweenthe advertiser, publisher, and printer. Theproof was the reference for printing.

Exchanging data seemed to be the key totaking advantage of the computer revolu-tion and the step that would allow thegraphic arts industry to move into the worldof electronics. However, we quickly realizedthat there was no point in moving data be-tween systems if you did not know what thedata meant and how to consistently repro-duce the images that they represented.

This led to a whole host of additionalstandards to define the meaning of the dataand its reproduction, and the creation ofthe ANSI Committee for Graphic ArtsTechnologies Standards (CGATS) forthose standards that were not file formatrelated.

The Move to ISOThis early standards work started in theANSI IT8 and CGATS committees. How-ever, by the late 1980s we realized thatthere was as much international involve-ment as US involvement and that US stan-dards were not easily referenced nor usedby participants from other countries. Asmall group was formed to investigate thereactivation of the dormant ISO TC 130committee. The secretariat for TC 130(Graphic technology) had been given upby France and accepted by Germany on acaretaker basis. However, they were reluc-tant to reactivate the committee. In addi-tion ISO/IEC JTC1 (Information technol-ogy) had been recently formed (1987) toconsolidate the work in information tech-nology. JTC1 took the position that any-thing involving computer data was withintheir area of responsibility and TC 130was not needed for data exchange issues.The US ad-hoc group prevailed in discus-sions with the ISO Technical Management

IS&T Reporter8

www.imaging.orgVol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013

Standards Update by David Q. McDowell, Editor

9Society for Imaging Science and Technology

Vol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013www.imaging.org

Board and Germany was requested to calla reactivation meeting of TC 130. Thatmeeting was convened by Germany onJuly 4, 1989 and was attended by represen-tatives from ten countries. Much of thework that was started in ANSI IT8 andCGATS was immediately moved into thenew TC 130 committee.

Data to Color RelationshipEarly in the process it was realized that akey to defining and understanding themeaning of the data was the relationshipbetween data and the color it represented.We naively thought that CIE (the Interna-tional Colour Commission) had definedcolor and all we had to do was use the CIEdefinitions as a reference. We quickly dis-covered that CIE offered too many op-tions (observer, illuminant, measurementgeometry, etc.). An early task was todefine a unique selection out of the manyoptions and we settled on many parame-ters that were already defined for viewingand or density measurements: D50, 2°observer, 0/45 geometry, black backing.These parameters were defined first inCGATS.5 and later ISO 13655.

The other half of the relationship be-tween data and color was the definition oftargets (the data). First was a scannercharacterization target (based on theKodak Q-60 target) where the layout of atarget was defined along with the method-ology for determining the colorimetricvalues for each patch. The development ofthis target was a joint activity in which allof the film manufacturers (Kodak, Agfa,Konica, Fuji, Polaroid), along with scan-ner manufacturers and users, participated.

It was the responsibility of the variousfilm vendors to actually construct the tar-gets on their photographic film or paperproducts and provide (sell) these with ac-companying measurement data. Thesewere the IT8.7/1 and IT8.7/2 targets (ISO12641). The current best estimate is thatmore than 700,000 of these targets havebeen sold for scanner calibration/charac-terization since implemented.

For calibration of printed output aCMYK target was defined to encompassthe printing gamut with reasonable dataspacing to allow interpolation and calibra-tion. The initial target had 928 patchesand was called the IT8.7/3. A later target,with 1617 patches, was designated theIT8.7/4 target. These became ISO 12642-1and ISO 12642-2.

To Control the ProcessIn the 1980s the only printing specifica-tion was for publication work. This wasdefined by SWOP (specification for weboffset publications) which defined theprocess control aims (paper, reference inksamples, solid ink densities, dot gain) forpress proofing for publications. The print-ed work was controlled by visual referenceto the standard proof.

Although initial off-press proofing sys-tems used colorants similar to the refer-ence inks, the use of colorants andprocesses that did not match the offsetproofing aims led to the development anduse of characterization data to define theaims. ANSI CGATS TR001, developed in1992, was the first standardized set ofgraphic arts characterization data pub-lished. This quickly became the definitionof SWOP for publication printing thatcould be used for the evaluation and con-trol of both proofing and printing.

The availability of both scanner andprinting characterization data and theassociated targets was clearly part of thetechnology that enabled the creation ofthe International Color Consortium (ICC)in 1993.

ISO TC 130, led by Germany, expand-ed the development of printing specifica-tions for both variations in substrate andprocess (offset, gravure, flexo, screenprinting; ISO 12647) along with specifica-tions for ink color and transparency (ISO2846 series). The ISO 12647 series depart-ed from earlier work by replacing densityaims with colorimetric aims for the solidsof the inks used.

Today, there is active discussion con-

cerning the preferred way to define print-ing: process control (ISO 12647) vs. charac-terization data (ISO 15339). Both ap-proaches have their proponents and thecurrent struggle is to find a way that theycan co-exist until user preferences deter-mine the preferred approach for the future.

Joint ActivitiesThere have been a number of joint activi-ties with other standards committees thathave played a major role in the support ofthe graphic arts standards. Most notablewith ISO TC 42 (Photography) to revisethe densitometry (ISO 5 series), viewing(ISO 3664), and color measurement (ISO13655) standards. This work has resultedin consistency between these standards, aswell as insured that the needs of both pho-tography and graphic arts were met in asingle set of standards.

There has been excellent cooperation be-tween TC 130, TC 42, and TC 171 (Docu-ment management applications) in themovement of the PDF reference specificationfrom an Adobe document to an internation-al standard (ISO 32000). This cooperationalso produced the PDF archiving standardsknown as PDF/A (ISO 19005 series).

Other ToolsAs printing has moved from a craft to amanufacturing process many other stan-dards have been developed to support var-ious aspects of the process, such as prepa-ration of test prints (ISO 2834), registersystems (ISO 11084), continued on page 13

IS&T sincerely thanks

DAVID Q. MCDOWELLfor 23 years of reporting onstandards activities for theSociety. His insight, historicknowledge, wit, and wisdomwill be missed in these pages.

THANK YOU

IS&T Reporter10

www.imaging.orgVol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013

This Imaging Standards News is focused is focused on bothU.S. national and international standards applicable to pho-tographic imaging, including analog, digital and print con-

cerns. IS&T imaging standards encompass the capture, commu-nication, and display of a photographer’s desired image content,the advancement and maintenance of analog photographic im-aging technologies, and the preservation of physical imagingmaterials; all practices essential to everyday enjoyment of pho-tography and to our photographic heritage.

ISO/TC 42: Working Groups and ProjectsTC 42 and its contributing experts are conducting current proj-ects within the following working groups and joint workinggroups. In each of these areas, experts are welcome to contributethrough their corresponding national committees. For meetingdetails for the working groups listed below, please contact theSecretariat, isotc42@ansi.org.

Working Groups with current projects within TC 42:� WG 3, Sensitometry, image measurement and viewing; next

meeting in Gunnersbury, West London, May 12-14, 2014,hosted by BSI.

� WG 5, Physical properties and image permanence of pho-tographic materials; next meeting in Gunnersbury, WestLondon, May 12-14, 2014, hosted by BSI.

� WG 18, Electronic still picture imaging; next meeting inYokohama, Japan, February 12−15, 2014.

Working Groups with current projects, joint with other ISOand IEC committees:� WG 8, Joint with TC 6, Photographic film and paper prod-

ucts – Dimensions; next meeting in Gunnersbury, WestLondon, May 12-14, 2014, hosted by BSI.

� JWG 20, Joint with IEC, Digital Still Cameras; next meetingin Yokohama, Japan, February 12−15, 2014.

� WG 25, TC 42/WG 18 joint with TC 130, Use of XMP fordigital photography; next meeting at in Yokohama, Japan,February 12−15, 2014.

� JWG 26, Joint with TC 46/SC 11 and TC 171, Imagingsystem capability qualification for archival recording andapproval; next meeting is a conference call, January 2014.

Upcoming ISO/TC 42 Standards PublicationsISO/TC 42 has reviewed, confirmed, published revised, andpublished new, forty standards as of November 1st, 2013. Cur-rently among the various working groups, there are twenty-fourprojects in development and under consideration. IS&T isgrateful for the ongoing sincere and diligent efforts of the inter-

national members of these project teams. Each standards proj-ect involves significant work to understand the related technicaland industry issues and to demonstrate viable standardizationcandidates, as prerequisites to developing the necessary stan-dardization consensus. Three standards in process for publica-tion and recently published warrant particular mention:� ISO 18937, Imaging materials − Photographic reflection

prints − Methods for measuring indoor light stability� ISO 18939, Imaging materials − Digital hard copy for med-

ical imaging − Methods for measuring permanence� ISO 12233 (Ed. 2), Photography − Electronic still-picture

cameras − Resolution measurements.

News from the October ISO TC 42 WG MeetingsISO/TC 42 WG 18, JWG 20, JW G23, and JWG 25Meetings, Oct. 8–11, 2013, New York City, USATwenty-nine representatives from five countries gathered atANSI Headquarters; progress was reported for approval of thefollowing standards:� ISO 15739:2013 (Ed. 2), Photography − Electronic still-pic-

ture imaging − Noise measurements, and 15740:2013 (Ed.3),Photography − Electronic still picture imaging − Picturetransfer protocol (PTP) for digital still photography devices,were published.

� The proof text of ISO 12233, Photography − Electronic still-picture cameras − Resolution measurements, is currentlyunder review.

� There is a ballot of the second CD 17850, Photography −Digital cameras − Geometric distortion (GD) measurements,closed November 6, 2013.

Ten approved projects are in development for CD ballot:� ISO 12234-2, Electronic still-picture imaging − Removable

memory − Part 2: TIFF/EP image data format� ISO 12234-3, Electronic still picture imaging − Removable

memory − Part 3: Use of XMP� ISO 17321-4, Graphic technology and photography − Colour

characterization of digital still cameras (DSCs) − Part 4:LED (Light Emitting Diode) colour target

� ISO 17957, Photography − Digital cameras − Shadingmeasurements

� ISO 18383, Photography − Digital cameras − Specificationguideline

� ISO 18844, Electronic still picture imaging − Flare measure-ment techniques for digital camera systems

� ISO 19084, Photography − Digital cameras − Lateralchromatic displacement measurement

� ISO 19093, Photography − Digital cameras − Measuring low

IMAGING STANDARDS NEWS: TC 42by Ann L. McCarthy, IS&T Standards Coordinator

11Society for Imaging Science and Technology

Vol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013www.imaging.org

light performance� TS 19247, Photography − Digital Still Cameras − Guidelines

for reliable camera testing� ISO 19262, Photography − Archiving Systems – Vocabulary

Five potential new projects are awaiting NP ballot:� TR 17321-3, Graphic technology and photography − Colour

characterization of digital still cameras (DSCs)� TS 19263, Photography − Archiving Systems − Best practices

for digital image capture of cultural heritage material� TR 19264, Photography − Archiving Systems − Image quali-

ty analysis� Photography − Digital cameras − Texture Blur measure-

ments� Calibration method for XYZ capture, and developing a wide

gamut color reference

During the JWG 20 session, Mr. Scott Geffert (USA), represent-ing the Metropolitan Museum of Art, presented “The ObserverReferred Imaging State: A key to modern cross-media imaging,”discussing the need for a device-independent intermediate col-or encoding workspace, not limited by early days digital colordevices and their related color encodings. Scott proposes a widegamut “output neutral imaging state free from the constraints oflegacy device Gamma encoding,” instead encoded with an L*tonescale. The ROMM RGB gamut, recently standardized inISO 22028-2:2013 (Ed. 1), Photography and graphic technology −Extended colour encodings for digital image storage, manipula-tion and interchange − Part 2: Reference output medium metricRGB colour image encoding (ROMM RGB), has a sufficientgamut to encompass source colors of interest, containing the“entire gamut of the popular DCSG characterization target andthat of most image sensors.” Scott emphasized the importanceof a late-binding workflow, constraining colors to an output

gamut in preparation for a particular visualization rather thanduring capture or prior to storage. The proposed approachwould enable camera readouts to match readouts in raw proces-sor applications, thereby allowing users more control duringimage capture. Standardization between cameras and raw imageprocessors is a significant opportunity to provide support forusers who routinely create content to be used across multipledestination media, e.g., print, web, video, and computer-gener-ated imagery.

CISO/TC 42 WG 5, WG 3, and WG 8 Meetings,October 21 – 24, 2013, Washington, DC, USASeparate sessions were conducted for ISO/TC 42 WG 5, ISO/TC42 WG 5 Task Group 2 and Task Group 3, ISO/TC 42 WG 3 andISO/TC 42 WG 8. Representatives of five countries gathered inthe James Madison Memorial Building of the U.S. Library ofCongress, in Washington, DC.

During the ISO/TC 42 WG 5 session, ISO/TC 42Copenhagen Resolution 2013-04 requiring update of the TC 42Strategic Business Plan by the end of 2014 was discussed. TheJapan National Committee representative, Mr. Yoshi Shibahara(Japan), ISO/TC 42 WG 8 Convenor, presented new fields of ac-tivity discussed within the Japan National Committee, for thepurpose of stimulating more ideas among representatives ofother national committees. Mr. Shibahara noted the followingimportant trends for consideration in developing the strategicplan: photo capture using smart phones is increasing while pho-tographic printing is decreasing; photo printing products suchas photo books and value added variety prints are increasinglyimportant; photographic prints and other photographic prod-ucts are important archival tools and contribute to the richnessof each nation’s cultural heritage; the expansion of photographyproducts and the associated output equipment capabilities haveblurred the lines between the photographic print domains ofISO/TC 42 and ISO/TC 130.

Progress on standards development was reported as follows:Encoding workflow diagram from “The Observer Referred Imaging State: A keyto modern cross-media imaging,” by Scott Geffert.

Imag

eco

urte

syof

Scot

tGef

fert.

Scott Geffert (USA) presenting an overview of standards adoption at TheMetropolitan Museum of Art to the ISO/JWG 20 members.

Phot

o:N

ancy

Rutle

dge,

The

Met

ropo

litan

Mus

eum

ofA

rt.

IS&T Reporter12

www.imaging.orgVol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013

� ISO 18902, Imaging materials − Processed imaging materials− Albums, framing and storage materials, was published2013/06/14.

� ISO 18913, Imaging materials − Permanence – Vocabulary,will be revised to accommodate common understandingwith ISO/TC 130.

� ISO 18927:2013 (Ed. 3), Imaging materials − Recordablecompact disc systems − Method for estimating the lifeexpectancy based on the effects of temperature and relativehumidity, is related to three different standards (ISO/IEC10995:2011, ISO/IEC 16963:2011 and ISO 18927:2008) inaddition to the ECMA industry standard 396, with theselection of the appropriate method depending on thecontent or use case of an optical disc. Consolidation is noworganized in JTC 1/ SC 23 (Digitally Recorded Media forInformation Interchange and Storage) / JWG 1, which isjoint with ISO/TC 42 and ISO/TC 171/SC 1.

� ISO 18935, Imaging materials − Colour images on paperprints − Determination of indoor water resistance of printedcolour images, will be revised and will incorporate an edgepenetration test into the Annex.

� The long-awaited ISO 18937, Imaging materials − Photo-graphic reflection prints − Methods for measuring indoorlight stability, was submitted for publication on 2013-07-20.

� The DIS for revision of ISO 18938:2008 (Ed. 1), Imagingmaterials − Optical discs − Care and handling for extendedstorage, has been submitted to ISO for ballot.

� Publication of ISO 18939:2013, Imaging materials − Digitalhard copy for medical imaging − Methods for measuring per-manence, was announced shortly after the close of themeeting.

� ISO 18940-1, Imaging materials − Reflection colour prints −Specifications for indoor stability (Part 1: Consumer Home),is in preliminary working draft stage. Resolution of commentsfrom the meeting will be incorporated into a new workingdraft which will accompany the upcoming NP ballot.

� The DIS ballot for ISO 18943, Imaging materials − Storage,Care and Handling of Magnetic Hard Disk Drives, resultedin 100% approval with comments. Comments are being ad-dressed to prepare document for direct publication.

� The DIS ballot for ISO 18944, Imaging materials − Reflec-tion colour photographic prints − Test print construction andmeasurement, resulted in 100% approval with comments.Comments were addressed and the document was submit-ted for direct publication. Following review of the ISOproof, publication was expected in Q4 2013.

� ISO 18947:2013, Imaging materials − Printed imaging mate-rials − Determination of abrasion, scuff, and smudge resist-ance of printed colour images, was published on 2013-05-02.

� The NP ballot for ISO 18948, Imaging materials − PhotoBooks − Test methods for Permanence & Durability, accom-

panied by WD 6 with the resolution of comments from thismeeting is planned to be issued before the end of January 2014.

Joint standardization projects are underway in three areas:In relation to the revision of ISO 11798, Information and docu-mentation − Permanence and durability of writing, printing andcopying on paper − Requirements and test methods, in ISO/TC 46,ISO/TC 42 has appointed Mr. Fumio Nakaya (Japan) as liaisonto ISO/TC 46 and PL on behalf of ISO/TC 42/WG 5. From the li-aison report provided by Mr. Nakaya, WG 5 was informed thatISO/TC 46 has decided to reactivate SC 10 in 2013. The ISO/TC46/SC 10 scope of work will include image permanence topics ofinterest to ISO/TC 42/WG 5 including: de-acidification of paper,document storage requirements, permanence of writing, print-ing and copying media on paper documents - requirements andtesting methods, and binding materials and binding practices. Anumber of current standards in ISO/TC 46 cover permanenceand durability issues that are of interest for WG 5.

At the June 2013 ISO/TC 42 Plenary in Copenhagen,ISO/TC 42 resolved to establish joint work with TC 130 / JTC 1SC 28 WG 4 / JWG 14 in order to participate in their work onimage quality for use in the context of image permanence, i.e.,being the change of image quality over time. Mr. Jürgen Jung(Belgium), ISO/TC 42/WG 5 Convenor, reported on theprogress of that joint effort. The work of JWG 14 is focused onthree areas: i) colour/gloss, ii) print uniformity (mottle, band-ing, noise), and iii) detail rendition (sharpness, line and letterquality). JWG 14 has begun the work to extend the existingmonochrome methods from ISO/IEC/JTC1 SC 28 to mono-chrome CMYK and colour. These new methods will be incor-porated into NWI ISO 18621. JWG 14 will separate standardi-zation of test methods and specifications, with JWG 14 focusingon test methods only. Specifications are anticipated to be han-dled by the committees having the scope pertaining to each ofthe use cases, e.g., ISO/TC 130/WG 3 for printing / graphicstechnology, ISO/TC 42/WG 5 for photographic printing. JWG14 does not plan to extend its scope to image permanence test-ing, and welcomes WG 5 address the permanence of line arts el-ements. For example, WG 5 is invited to investigate whether im-age quality test methods to assess print homogeneity would beapplicable to address visibility of artifacts that are introduced inthe course of weathering.

Further topics of interest are shared between ISO/TC130/WG 3 and ISO/TC 42/WG 5 due to the ongoing technolo-gy convergence in digital printing. Two initial clarifications willbe considered in WG 5 in an effort to harmonizing the termi-nology and test methods between the two working groups. First-ly, the definition of photography will be clarified in the revisionof ISO 18913. Secondly, WG 5 will investigate the applicabilityof ΔE metrics in place of the density reporting currently re-quired in its test method standards. ΔE metrics are commonly

continued from page 9

ink testing (ISO 2836, 12634, 12644),printing plate sizes (ISO 12635), and print-ing blanket requirements (ISO 12636).Other tools that both support printing andhave broader application include:— ISO 12640 series of SCID (Standard

Colour Image Data) image sets thatprovide standard images encoded invarious image states from plainCMYK images (Part 1) through scenereference image data (Part 5);

— Variable printing data exchange (ISO16612 series);

— ICC color management profile specifi-cation (ISO 15076);

— Black point compensation (ISO 18619);— Colour data exchange using CxF (ISO

17972 series);— Extensible metadata platform (XMP)

specification (ISO 16684 series).

The FutureThe standards work that started in the USin 1982 to solve the problem of file identi-fication to allow electronic data exchangehas grown into an activity that has revolu-tionized the printing and publishing in-dustry from a craft-based, largely localizedbusiness into an internationally basedmanufacturing operation. Standards haveplayed a major role, but the key enablingdriver has been the change in computingand data storage capabilities over this sametime period. Our role has been to help theindustry develop the common frameworkto take advantage of these capabilities.

It has been an exciting ride and I willbe sorry to become an observer ratherthan an active participant.

My sincere thanks to IS&T for allow-ing me a forum to report on standards ac-tivities in almost every issue of the Re-porter since 1990. Also my appreciation to

NPES for providing the support for traveland expenses to actively participate inthese activities since my retirement.

Thank you.

For suggestions for (or input to) future updates, orstandards questions in general, please contact AnnMcCarthy at standards@imaging.org.

13Society for Imaging Science and Technology

Vol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013www.imaging.org

understood in the Graphic Arts industry sector. In general, theapplicability of current ISO/TC 42 image permanence testmethods for analogue printing warrants investigation.

American National Standards NewsNearly 70 legal experts and other members of the standards andconformity assessment community came together on October 1,2013, for the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Le-gal Issues Forum. Focused on arbitration of RAND disputes,this year’s event examined significant issues connected to the li-censing of patents essential to the implementation of a givenstandard on reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) terms.

The forum was held by ANSI as part of the 2013 World Stan-dards Week (WSW) series of events.

In recent years, an increase in the number of high profilepatent disputes has focused increased attention on what RANDcommitments really mean and how they can be resolved with-out resort to litigation. Support was voiced for arbitration as amethod for resolving such disputes, with the noted advantagesthat arbitration proceedings are private and can be conductedby an individual with demonstrated technical expertise. Thecorresponding caveat is that there can be significant variation inoutcome depending upon the arbitrator. �

ARCHVING2014May 13-16, 2014 • Berlin, Germany

www.imaging.org/ist/conferences/archiving

JOINUSINBERLIN

IS&T Reporter14

www.imaging.orgVol. 28 No. 4 October – December 2013

continued from page 7

CeWe (Germany) talked about their digi-tal printing of photo books, and the firstworldwide installation of machines foronline printing of newspapers by Swedishcompany Meganews was also highlighted.

Where We’re HeadedAs this year’s conference came to a close,it was clear that traditional topics for dig-ital printing remain important, includingimprovements and innovations in mark-ing technologies, materials, processes, im-age permanence, and image quality.These familiar topics continue to be rele-vant, but they will also find increased rel-evance and opportunity in the fieldsopening up by innovative and novel ap-plications.

This year’s digital fabrication andemerging application content also ex-

posed a wide range of developmentopportunities in the areas of metrologyand inspection, standards, hybrid print-ing, and production processes, as well aswide-open opportunities for collaborativework with fields such as biology and addi-tive manufacturing. Several attendees not-ed that these sorts of collaborations couldtruly benefit from the printing process,color and imaging science, and paper/materials science expertise of our mem-bers and attendees.

As the Society looks toward the future,input received from attendees and stake-holders in Seattle will impact the course ofthe conference. We thank attendees somuch for the time they took to talk withstaff members, sharing ideas for futuretopics and areas of possible expansion. Weare dedicated to our evolving NIP/DigitalFabrication conference, and we look

forward to seeing you at the 2014 confer-ence in Philadelphia. �

Many attendees took advantage of our location inSeattle to visit Boeing (seen here), Microsoft, andPaul Yager’s lab at the University of Washington.

Phot

o:A

lex

Fisc

her.

February 2 – 6, 2014; San Francisco, CaliforniaElectronic Imaging 2014Symposium Chairs: Sergio Goma andSheila Hemami

May 13 – 16, 2014; Berlin, GermanyArchiving 2014General Chair: Christoph Voges

September 7 - September 11, 2014;Philadelphia, PennsylvaniaNIP30/Digital Fabrication 2014General Chair: Branka Lozo

November 3-7, 2014; Boston, MA22nd Color and Imaging Conference (CIC22) /2nd International Congress of the InternationalAcademy of Digital PathologyGeneral Chair: Jennifer Gille (CIC22)

IS&T EVENTS: 2014

For a list of IS&T

and other imaging-related meetings,

visit www.imaging.org

Held once ever four years, ICIS provides aunique forum for scientists from differentdisciplines of imaging—image processing,spatial optics, super resolution, photography,printing, display technologies, and remotesensing—to meet.

What: International Congress ofImaging Science (ICIS)

When: May 12-14, 2014Where:Tel Aviv, Israel

https://event.pwizard.com/icis2014/