Is Protest Patriotic? · 8th Grade Patriotism Inquiry Is Protest Patriotic? Jim Ryan, a photograph...
Transcript of Is Protest Patriotic? · 8th Grade Patriotism Inquiry Is Protest Patriotic? Jim Ryan, a photograph...
NEWYORKSTATE SOCIAL STUDIES RESOURCETOOLKIT
T H I S W O R K I S L I C E N S E D U N D E R A C R E A T I V E C OMMON S A T T R I B U T I O N - N O N C OMM E R C I A L - S H A R E A L I K E 4 . 0 I N T E R N A T I O N A L L I C E N S E . 1
8thGradePatriotismInquiry
IsProtestPatriotic?
JimRyan,aphotographreflectingtheideathatmanywealthymenwereabletogetdraftdefermentswhileracialminoritiesandworking-classmenmadeupadisproportionatenumberofdraftees,c1970.PhotobyJimRyan,1976.Usedwithpermission.
SupportingQuestions
1. WhatwerethemainargumentsofVietnamWarprotesters?2. WhatmethodswereusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar?3. WhydidsomeAmericansconsidertheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic?4. WhydidtheVietnamWarprotestersconsiderthemselvespatriotic?
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T H I S W O R K I S L I C E N S E D U N D E R A C R E A T I V E C OMMON S A T T R I B U T I O N - N O N C OMM E R C I A L - S H A R E A L I K E 4 . 0 I N T E R N A T I O N A L L I C E N S E . 2
8thGradePatriotismInquiry
IsProtestPatriotic?NewYorkStateSocialStudiesFrameworkKeyIdea&Practices
8.9DOMESTICPOLITICSANDREFORM:ThecivilrightsmovementandtheGreatSocietywereattemptsbypeopleandthegovernmenttoaddressmajorsocial,legal,economic,andenvironmentalproblems.Subsequenteconomicrecessioncalledforaneweconomicprogram.
Gathering,Using,andInterpretingEvidence EconomicsandEconomicSystems CivicParticipationStagingtheQuestion StudentsreadexcerptsfromThomasPaine’sTheAmericanCrisis(1776)andusetheQuestion
FormulationTechnique(QFT)togeneratecompanionquestionsaddressingtheinquirytopic.
SupportingQuestion1 SupportingQuestion2 SupportingQuestion3 SupportingQuestion4
WhatwerethemainargumentsofVietnamWarprotesters?
WhatmethodswereusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar?
WhydidsomeAmericansconsidertheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic?
WhydidtheVietnamWarprotestersconsiderthemselvespatriotic?
FormativePerformanceTask
FormativePerformanceTask
FormativePerformanceTask
FormativePerformanceTask
Createapolitical,social,andeconomicchartoutliningtheargumentsusedbyVietnamWarprotesters.
CreateanannotatedposterofthemethodsusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar.
MakeaclaimwithevidenceaboutwhysomeAmericansconsideredtheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic.
MakeacounterclaimaboutwhysomeAmericansconsideredtheVietnamWarprotesterspatriotic.
FeaturedSource FeaturedSource FeaturedSource FeaturedSource
SourceA:Databank:VietnamWarstatisticsSourceB:MyLaiMassacrenewspaperfrontpageSourceC:ExcerptfromJohnKerry’stestimonytotheUnitedStatesSenateSourceD:ImageBank:EscalationintoCambodia
SourceA:“War”SourceB:Sourcebank:VietnamWarprotestsSourceC:Imagebank:WeatherUnderground
SourceA:“LegislatorsDemandStiffPenaltiesforDowChemicalProtesters”SourceB:Excerptfrom“AddresstotheNationontheWarinVietnam”SourceC:Sourcebank:Hardhatrallies
SourceA:Excerptfrom“NamingtheSystem”SourceB:Excerptfrom"ATimetoBreakSilence”
SummativePerformanceTask
ARGUMENTIsprotestpatriotic?Constructanargument(e.g.,detailedoutline,poster,essay)thataddressesthecompellingquestionusingspecificclaimsandrelevantevidencefromhistoricalsourceswhileacknowledgingcompetingviews.
EXTENSIONAdapttheseargumentsbyrewritingthelyricstoapopularsongtoaddressthecompellingquestionwhilealsoreferringtospecificdetailsandevidencefromthefeaturedsources.
TakingInformedAction
UNDERSTANDExaminethepresent-dayinvolvementoftheUSmilitaryinaconflictoverseas.
ASSESSAnalyzetheargumentsofthoseopposedtotheactionandthepatriotismoftheiractionsagainstUSmilitaryinvolvementoverseas.ACTUsingassortedmediaplatforms,designandcreateapresentationthatconveyssupportoroppositiontoAmerica’scurrentmilitaryinvolvementoverseas.
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Overview
InquiryDescription
Thisinquiryisfocusedonthecompellingquestion“Isprotestpatriotic?”ThequestionchallengesthenotionthatprotestagainstauthorityisunpatrioticandasksstudentstoconsiderwhetherAmerica’sdemocraticinstitutionsarestrengthenedthroughoccasionaloppositiontoAmericanleadership.ThisinquirydealswiththeVietnamWarera(1964–1973),focusingprimarilyonthenationalandinternationalchallengesAmericafacedduringthepresidentialadministrationsofLyndonJohnsonandRichardNixon.StudentshaveanopportunitytolearnaboutthereasonsforandagainsttheantiwarprotestsoftheVietnamWarera,themethodsusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar,andthewaysinwhichAmerica’stowns,schools,andfamiliesweredividedoverwarpolicy.Ininvestigatingthecompellingquestion,studentsgrapplewithissuesrelatedtomessageversusmethod:Couldoneagreewiththemessageofantiwarprotesterswhiledisdainingthemethodsofprotest?CouldonesupportNixon’sgoaltostemthespreadofcommunismwhileprotestingthebombingofVietnameseandCambodianvillages?Thisinquirychallengesstudentstoexaminetheirownviewsonpatriotismandevaluatewhetherasoldierwitharifleandaprotesterwithabullhorncanbeequallypatriotic.
InadditiontotheKeyIdealistedearlier,thisinquiryhighlightsthefollowingConceptualUnderstanding:
• (8.9c)TheGreatSocietyprogramsofPresidentLyndonJohnsonstrengthenedeffortsaimedatreducingpovertyandprovidinghealthcarefortheelderly,buttheVietnamWardrainedresourcesanddividedsociety.
NOTE:Thisinquiryisexpectedtotakefourtosix40-minuteclassperiods.Theinquirytimeframecouldexpandifteachersthinktheirstudentsneedadditionalinstructionalexperiences(i.e.,supportingquestions,formativeperformancetasks,andfeaturedsources).Teachersareencouragedtoadapttheinquiriesinordertomeettheneedsandinterestsoftheirparticularstudents.Resourcescanalsobemodifiedasnecessarytomeetindividualizededucationprograms(IEPs)orSection504Plansforstudentswithdisabilities.
StructureoftheInquiry
Inaddressingthecompellingquestion“Isprotestpatriotic?”studentsworkthroughaseriesofsupportingquestions,formativeperformancetasks,andfeaturedsourcesinordertoconstructanargumentsupportedbyevidencewhileacknowledgingcompetingperspectives.
StagingtheCompellingQuestion
StudentsreadexcerptsfromThomasPaine’sTheCrisis(1776)andusetheQuestionFormulationTechnique(QFT)togeneratecompanionquestionsaddressingtheinquirytopic.QFTisausefultoolfordevelopingquestionsthatconsistsofsixdeceptivelysimplesteps—determinethequestionfocus,brainstormquestions,refinetheemergingquestions,prioritizethequestions,determinethenextsteps,andreflect.
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SupportingQuestion1
Thefirstsupportingquestion—“WhatwerethemainargumentsofVietnamWarprotesters?”—laysafoundationfortheinquirybyfocusingontheissueshighlightedbyantiwarprotestersthroughouttheVietnamWar.BornduringorinthewakeofWorldWarII,agenerationofcollegestudentsandyoungadultshadcomeofageduringtheEisenhowerprosperityofthelate1950sandthepromiseoftheKennedyyearsoftheearly1960s.Someoftheseyoungpeoplesoughtindependencefromtheconformityoftheera,breakingwiththeirparentsinareasasvariedasfashion,music,andcinema—aswellaswithVietnamWarpolitics.Theformativeperformancetaskasksstudentstocreateachartthathighlightsthepolitical,social,andeconomicargumentspresentedbyVietnamWarprotesters.ThefeaturedsourcesincludeadatabankofstatisticsrelatedtotheVietnamWar,excerptsfromJohnKerry’sSenatetestimony,thefrontpageofanewspaperannouncingtheMyLaimassacre,andanimagebankreflectingtheescalationofthewarintoCambodia.
SupportingQuestion2
Thesecondsupportingquestion—“WhatmethodswereusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar?”—buildsonthefirst,buthasanarrowerfocusonthemethodsusedtoprotesttheVietnamWar.Theformativeperformancetaskasksstudentstocreateanannotatedposterthathighlightsthevariedtacticsandtechniquesprotestersused.Thefeaturedsourcesprovidestudentswithasamplingofthesetactics.FeaturedSourceA,thesong“War,”performedbyEdwinStarrandwrittenbyNormanWhitfieldandBarrettStrong,capturedthesentimentsofmanyAmericanswho,afterhalfadecade,hadlostanyhopethattheVietnamWarcouldhaveapositiveoutcome.FeaturedSourcesBandCareimagebanksfeaturingpeacefulandviolentformsofprotest,respectively.
SupportingQuestion3
Thethirdsupportingquestion—“WhydidsomeAmericansconsidertheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic?”—suggeststhatAmericanswerenotunitedintheiroppositiontotheVietnamWarandthatsomeweredisdainfulofantiwarprotestersandtheirideologicalviewpoints.TheformativeperformancetaskcallsonstudentstomakeaclaimaboutwhysomeAmericansconsideredtheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic.FeaturedSourceAisasetofexcerptsfromPresidentRichardNixon’sspeechonAmericanoppositiontothewarandhiscalltothe“silentmajority”fortheirsupportandcommitmenttoAmerica’scontinuedinvolvementinSoutheastAsia.FeaturedSourceBisanewspaperaccountoftheWisconsinlegislature’sdebateaboutstudentsprotestingtheVietnamWar.FeaturedSourceCintroducesthewaysinwhichtheVietnamWardividedeverydayAmericans:TheHardHatRiotofMay8,1970hascometosymbolizetheangermanyAmericans—particularlythemiddleclass—hadfortheantiwarprotesterswhotheyperceivedasentitledandungrateful.
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SupportingQuestion4
Thefinalsupportingquestion—“WhydidtheVietnamWarprotestersconsiderthemselvespatriotic?”—introducesthepositionthatantiwarprotesterssawthemselvesaspatriotsfightinginjustice,theimperialisticambitionsoftheUnitedStates,andmoralweakness.Theformativeperformancetaskcallsonstudentstomakeacounterclaiminresponsetothepreviousformativeperformancetask,whichfocusedontheideathatsomeAmericansconsideredtheVietnamWarprotestersunpatriotic.Thefeaturedsourcesincludetwospeeches:PaulPotter’s“NamingtheSystem”andDr.MartinLutherKingJr.’s“ATimetoBreaktheSilence.”BothspeechesaddressweaknessesinAmerica’scharacterthatwereexposedbycontinuedinvolvementandsupportofthewarinVietnam.
SummativePerformanceTask
Atthispointintheinquiry,studentshaveexaminedthereasonsandtacticsusedbyVietnamWarprotestersandhaveexaminedsourcessuggestingthattheprotestswerebothpatrioticandunpatriotic.Studentsshouldbeabletodemonstratethebreadthoftheirunderstandingsandtheirabilitiestouseevidencefrommultiplesourcestosupporttheirclaims.Inthistask,studentsconstructanevidence-basedargumentusingmultiplesourcestoanswerthecompellingquestion“Isprotestpatriotic?”Itisimportanttonotethatstudents’argumentscouldtakeavarietyofforms,includingadetailedoutline,poster,oressay.
Students’argumentswilllikelyvary,butcouldincludeanyofthefollowing:
• Protestingtheactionsofone’scountryinatimeofwarisunpatrioticbecauseitgivesmotivationtotheenemy.
• Protestingtheactionsofone’scountryinatimeofwarispatrioticsolongasthewarisunjustandthemethodsofprotestarepeaceful.
• Theanti–Vietnamwarprotestersexercisedtheirconstitutionalrighttocriticizetheirgovernmentpeacefullyandthusactedpatriotically.
• Theanti–Vietnamwarprotesterswenttoofarintheirprotests,riskedthesafetyofAmericansoldiersabroad,andthusbroughtshametothemselvesandtheircountry.
Studentscouldextendtheargumentsbyrewritingthelyricstoapopularsongtoaddressthecompellingquestionwhilealsoreferringtospecificdetailsandevidencefromthesources.
StudentshavetheopportunitytoTakeInformedActionbyexaminingacurrentprotest.Studentscanunderstandtheissuebyexaminingthepresent-dayinvolvementoftheUSmilitaryinaconflictoverseas.Studentscanthenassesstheissuebyevaluatingtheargumentsofthoseopposedtotheprotestandthosewhoseeitaspatriotic.AndtheycanthenactonwhattheyhavelearnedbyusingvariousmediaplatformstodesignapresentationthatindicatessupportoroppositionforAmerica’scurrentmilitaryinvolvementoverseas.Studentsmaypresenttheirworkinaclassroomorschool-widesetting.
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StagingtheCompellingQuestion
FeaturedSourceSourceA:ThomasPaine,apassagefromanessayinTheAmericanCrisis(excerpt),December23,1776
NOTE:ThomasPaine’spamphletCommonSensewastheclarioncallthatbegantheAmericanRevolution.AsGeorgeWashington'stroopsretreatedfromNewYorkthroughNewJersey,Paineagainrosetothechallengeofliterarywarfare.WithTheAmericanCrisis,hedeliveredthewordsthatwouldsalvagetherevolution.
Washingtoncommandedthatthefreshlyprintedpamphletbereadaloudtohisdispiritedmen;therousingprosehaditsintendedeffect.RecitingPaine'simpassionedwords,thebeleagueredtroopsmusteredtheirremaininghopesforvictoryandcrossedtheicyDelawareRivertodefeathungoverHessiansonChristmasnightand,onJanuary2,theBritisharmy'sbestgeneral,EarlCornwallis,attheBattleofPrinceton.WithvictoryinNewJersey,Washingtonwonnotonlytwobattlesbutalsotheloveandthanksofmenandwomen.
THESEarethetimesthattrymen’ssouls.Thesummersoldierandthesunshinepatriotwill,inthiscrisis,shrinkfromtheserviceoftheircountry;buthethatstandsitnow,deservestheloveandthanksofmanandwoman.Tyranny,likehell,isnoteasilyconquered;yetwehavethisconsolationwithus,thatthehardertheconflict,themoregloriousthetriumph.Whatweobtaintoocheap,weesteemtoolightly:itisdearnessonlythatgiveseverythingitsvalue.Heavenknowshowtoputaproperpriceuponitsgoods;anditwouldbestrangeindeedifsocelestialanarticleasfreedomshouldnotbehighlyrated.Britain,withanarmytoenforcehertyranny,hasdeclaredthatshehasaright(notonlytotax)but“tobindusinallcaseswhatsoever,”andifbeingboundinthatmanner,isnotslavery,thenistherenotsuchathingasslaveryuponearth.Eventheexpressionisimpious;forsounlimitedapowercanbelongonlytoGod.
Publicdomain.
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SupportingQuestion1
FeaturedSource SourceA:Databank:VietnamWarstatistics
Chart1:PublicperceptionoftheVietnamWar.JodieT.Allen.“PollingWars:Hawksvs.Doves.”PewResearchCenter,Washington,DC,November23,2009.http://www.pewresearch.org/2009/11/23/polling-wars-hawks-vs-doves/.
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Chart2:ChartofUnitedStatestroopdeathsintheVietnamWar.
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SupportingQuestion1
FeaturedSourceSourceB:ClevelandPlainDealer,front-pagereportingontheMyLaiMassacre,November29,1969
ThePlainDealerfrontpageonNovember20,1969.UsedwithPermissionofLandovmedia.Photo:RonaldL.Haeberle.TheLIFEImagesCollection/GettyImages.
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SupportingQuestion1
FeaturedSource SourceC:JohnKerry,testimonytotheUnitedStatesSenateForeignRelationsCommitteeasarepresentativeofagroupofVietnamveteransopposedtothewar(excerpts),April22,1971
FeelingsofMenComingBackfromVietnam
...Inouropinion,andfromourexperience,thereisnothinginSouthVietnam,nothingwhichcouldhappenthatrealisticallythreatenstheUnitedStatesofAmerica.AndtoattempttojustifythelossofoneAmericanlifeinVietnam,Cambodia,orLaosbylinkingsuchlosstothepreservationoffreedom,whichthosemisfitssupposedlyabuse,istoustheheightofcriminalhypocrisy,anditisthatkindofhypocrisywhichwefeelhastornthiscountryapart....
WhatWasFoundandLearnedinVietnam
Wefoundthatnotonlywasitacivilwar,aneffortbyapeoplewhohadforyearsbeenseekingtheirliberationfromanycolonialinfluencewhatsoever,butalsowefoundthattheVietnamesewhomwehadenthusiasticallymoldedafterourownimagewerehardputtotakeupthefightagainstthethreatweweresupposedlysavingthemfrom.
Wefoundmostpeopledidn’tevenknowthedifferencebetweencommunismanddemocracy.Theyonlywantedtoworkinricepaddieswithouthelicoptersstrafingthemandbombswithnapalmburningtheirvillagesandtearingtheircountryapart.Theywantedeverythingtodowiththewar,particularlywiththisforeignpresenceoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,toleavethemaloneinpeace,andtheypracticedtheartofsurvivalbysidingwithwhichevermilitaryforcewaspresentataparticulartime,beitVietCong,NorthVietnamese,orAmerican.
WefoundalsothatalltoooftenAmericanmenweredyinginthosericepaddiesforwantofsupportfromtheirallies.
WesawfirsthandhowmoneyfromAmericantaxeswasusedforacorruptdictatorialregime.Wesawthatmanypeopleinthiscountryhadaone-sidedideaofwhowaskeptfreebyourflag,asblacksprovidedthehighestpercentageofcasualties.WesawVietnamravagedequallybyAmericanbombsaswellasbysearchanddestroymissions,aswellasbyVietCongterrorism,andyetwelistenedwhilethiscountrytriedtoblameallofthehavocontheVietCong.
Werationalizeddestroyingvillagesinordertosavethem.WesawAmericalosehersenseofmoralityassheacceptedverycoollyaMyLaiandrefusedtogiveuptheimageofAmericansoldierswhohandoutchocolatebarsandchewinggum.
Welearnedthemeaningoffreefirezones,shootinganythingthatmoves,andwewatchedwhileAmericaplacedacheapnessonthelivesofOrientals.
WewatchedtheU.S.falsificationofbodycounts,infacttheglorificationofbodycounts.Welistenedwhilemonthaftermonthweweretoldthebackoftheenemywasabouttobreak.Wefoughtusingweaponsagainst“Orientalhumanbeings,”withquotationmarksaroundthat.WefoughtusingweaponsagainstthosepeoplewhichIdonotbelievethiscountrywoulddreamofusingwerewefightingintheEuropeantheater....
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RequestforActionbyCongress
WeareaskinghereinWashingtonforsomeaction,actionfromtheCongressoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica,whichhasthepowertoraiseandmaintainarmies,andwhichbytheConstitutionalsohasthepowertodeclarewar.
Wehavecomehere,nottothepresident,becausewebelievethatthisbodycanberesponsivetothewillofthepeople,andwebelievethatthewillofthepeoplesaysthatweshouldbeoutofVietnamnow....
Publicdomain.AvailableatthefacultypageofDr.ErnestBolt,UniversityofRichmond:https://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~ebolt/history398/johnkerrytestimony.html.
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SupportingQuestion1
FeaturedSource SourceD:ImageBank:EscalationintoCambodia
Image1:Herblock,politicalcartooncriticalofUSinvolvementintheVietnamWar,“Now,asIWasSayingFourYearsAgo,”1972.Herblock,cartooncriticalofUSinvolvementintheVietnamWar,“Now,asIWasSayingFourYearsAgo,”1972A1972HerblockCartoon,©TheHerbBlockFoundation.Usedwithpermission.
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Image2:TaylorOwen,maprepresentedbombingsites,“SitesBombed,”2006.NOTE:DespitenotbeingdirectlyinvolvedintheVietnamWar,neighboringCambodiawasthesceneofextensivemilitaryaction.NorthVietnamesetroopsusedareasofCambodiaasbasesfortheirmilitary,andtheUnitedStatesregularlybombedthesewesternCambodiabases.In1970,PresidentNixonorderedthesecretinvasionofCambodia.Thismap,producedbyTaylorOwenin2006,highlightssitesinCambodiathatwerebombedbytheUnitedStatesmilitary.Map©TaylorOwen.Usedwithpermission.Themapaccompaniedthearticle“BombsoverCambodia,”byTaylorOwenandBenKiernan,TheWalrus,October2006.Availableat“TheCambodianGenocideProject,”YaleUniversity:http://www.yale.edu/cgp/Walrus_CambodiaBombing_OCT06.pdf.
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SupportingQuestion2
FeaturedSource SourceA:NormanWhitfieldandBarrettStrong,lyricsfroma1960spopsong,“War,”1969
War,huh,yeahWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,ohhoh,ohWar,huh,yeahWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,sayitagain,y’allWar,huh,goodGodWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,listentomeOh,war,Idespise‘CauseitmeansdestructionofinnocentlivesWarmeanstearstothousandsofmothers’eyesWhentheirsonsgoofftofightandlosetheirlivesIsaidWar,huh,goodGody’allWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,justsayitagainWar,whoaLordWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,listentomeWar,itain’tnothin’butaheartbreakWar,friendonlytotheundertakerOhwar,isanenemytoallmankindThethoughtofwarblowsmymindWarhascausedunrestwithintheyoungergenerationInduction,thendestruction,whowantstodie?War,goodGody’allWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,sayit,sayit,sayit
War,uhhuh,yeah,huhWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,listentomeWar,itain’tnothin’butaheartbreakerWar,it’sgotonefriend,that’stheundertakerOh,warhasshatteredmanyyoungman’sdreamsMadehimdisabled,bitterandmeanLifeismuchtooshortandprecioustospendfightingwarsthesedaysWarcan’tgivelife,itcanonlytakeitaway,oohWar,huh,goodGody’allWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,sayitagainWar,whoa,LordWhatisitgoodfor?Absolutelynothing,listentomeWar,itain’tnothin’butaheartbreakerWar,friendonlytotheundertakerPeaceloveandunderstandingtellmeIstherenoplaceforthemtoday?TheysaywemustfighttokeepourfreedomButLordknowsthere’sgottobeabetterwayWar,huh,goodGody’allWhatisitgoodfor?Youtell‘em,sayit,sayit,sayit,sayitWar,goodLord,huhWhatisitgoodfor?Standupandshoutit,nothingWar,itain’tnothin’butaheartbreaker
War. WordsandMusicbyNormanWhitfieldandBarrettStrong.©1970(Renewed1998)JOBETEMUSICCO.,INC.AllRightsControlledandAdministeredbyEMIBLACKWOODMUSICINC.onbehalfofSTONEAGATEMUSIC(ADivisionofJOBETEMUSICCO.,INC.)AllRightsReservedInternationalCopyrightSecuredUsedbyPermission.ReprintedbyPermissionofHalLeonardCorporation.
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SupportingQuestion2
FeaturedSource SourceB:Sourcebank:VietnamWarprotests
Source1:JimRyan,aphotographreflectingtheideathatmanywealthymenwereabletogetdraftdefermentswhileracialminoritiesandworking-classmenmadeupadisproportionatenumberofdraftees,c1970.PhotobyJimRyan,1976.Usedwithpermission.
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Source2:FredLonidier,photographofyoungmenburningtheirdraftcards.TheSupremeCourtruledthattheburningofdraftcards,unliketheburningofAmericanflags,wasnotaconstitutionalright,c1970.©FredLonidier.Usedwithpermission.
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Source3:NihonDenpaNews,photographtakenofperhapsthemostnotoriousantiwarprotesterofhergeneration—actressJaneFonda,1972.©APPhoto/Usedwithpermission.
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ClayGuiltyinDraftCase;GetsFiveYearsinPrison
U.S.JudgeAlsoFinestheBoxer$10,000forRefusingInduction
ByMARTINWALDRON
Houston,June20--CassiusClay,thedeposedheavyweightchampion,wasconvictedbyajurytonightofviolatingtheUnitedStatesSelectiveServicelawsbyrefusingtobedrafted.
FederalDistrictJudgeJoeE.IngrahamsentencedClaytofiveyearsinprisonandfinedhim$10,000.Thiswasthemaximumpenaltyfortheoffense,whichisafelony.
Thejudge'ssentencewaspronouncedimmediatelyatClay'srequest.
"I'dappreciateit,"the25-year-oldboxersaid,"ifthecourtwilldoitnow,givememysentencenow,insteadofwaitingandstallingfortime."
Hislawyerssaidhe"wantstobeabletosleeptonight"withoutworryingwhatthesentencewouldbe.
Clay,whohadcontendedthathisstatusasaBlackMuslimministermadehimexemptfromthedraft,stoodpassivelyinfrontofthejudge'sbenchasthejudgepronouncedsentence.
Everyeyeinthecrowdedcourtroomwasonhimashestaredstraightahead,saying,"No,sir,"firmlywhenthejudgeaskedhimifhewantedtosayanythingthatmightgotowardmitigatinghissentence.
Beforethesentencing,MortonSusman,UnitedStatesAttorney,indicatedthathewouldfilenoobjectiontothejudge'sgivingClayalightersentencethanthemaximum.
"Theonlyrecordhehasisaminortrafficoffense,"saidMr.Susman.
HesaidthatClay,asanathlete,hadbroughthonortotheUnitedStatesbywinningintheOlympicsinRomein1960,andhadbroughtcredittohimselfbybecomingheavyweightchampionoftheworld.
"HebecameaMuslimin1964afterdefeatingSonnyListonforthetitle,"saidMr.Susman."Inmyopinion,histroublestartedwiththat--thistragedyandthelossofhistitlecanbetracedtothat."
AfterClayhadrefusedinApriltotaketheArmyinductionoath,theWorldBoxingAssociationandtheNewYorkAthleticCommissionstrippedhimofhistitle.
Mr.Susman,whowasaidedintheprosecutionbyaNegroassistant,CarlWalker,saidthathehadstudiedtheMuslimorder"anditisasmuchpoliticalasitisreligious."
Clay,whohadstoodstifflyinhisgraysilksuitandblackalligatorshoeswithoutspeaking,couldkeepquietnolonger.
"IfIcansayso,sir,"hesaid,"myreligionisnotpoliticalinnoway."
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TherewereanumberofMuslimmembersinthecourtroomfortheverdictandthesubsequentsentencing,buttherewasnooutcryandnodisturbance.AnumberofspecialagentsoftheFederalBureauofInvestigationwerewatchingtheaudiencealongwithFederalmarshals.
Thejury,sixmenandsixwomen,allwhite,stayedinthejuryboxduringthesentencing.
Clay'sattorneys,HaydenC.CovingtonofNewYorkCityandQuinnanA.HodgesofHouston,tookexceptiontoMr.Susman'sremarksabouttheMuslims.
DeniesMuslimInfluence
Mr.Covington,whohaswoncivilrightssuitsforJehovah'sWitnesses,areligioussect,inanumberofconstitutionalcases,said:"ItakeexceptiontoremarksthatthismanisundertheinfluenceoftheMuslimsinanyway."
Clay,hesaid,isoneofthefinestmenhehasevermetandactedfrom"sincerityandhonesty"whenherefusedlastApril28tostepforwardandbeinductedintothearmedservicesatHouston.
BothMr.CovingtonandMr.HodgesaskedJudgeIngrahamtoputClayonprobation.Failingthat,saidMr.Covington,theformerchampionshouldnotbegivenasentencemoreseverethanthosegiveninasimilarcases."That's18months,"hesaid.
JudgeIngraham,afterbeingtoldthatClay'sattorneyswouldappeal,saidthatnowwasnotthetimetoaskforclemency.Iftheconvictionshouldbethrownoutonappeal,"thesentencewouldbenil,"hesaid,butifitshouldbeupheld,thatwouldbethetimetoseekareductioninsentenceortoseekprobation.
Clay,whohadknownbothapplauseandboosinhissevenyearsasaboxer,didnotseemdowncastattoday'sturnofevents.
Hisstepwasasjauntyaseverashewalkedfromthecourtroomafterbeingreleasedon$5,000bond.Heheldhandswithtwoyoungwomenwhohadbeenwithhimduringintermissionsinthetrialandhesmiledatthecrowdthatgatheredaround.Heallowedthetelevisioncameramentosurroundhimandshufflehimoffdownthestreet.
Thejurywasoutconsideringtheverdictforonlyabout20minutes.EveryoneknewbeforeitretiredthatClaywouldbeconvicted.Heandhislawyershadnotattemptedtodenythathehadrefusedinduction.TheirmaincontentionwasthatthedraftboardsinLouisville,Ky.,andinHoustonhadactedimproperlyinnotgrantinghimadefermentasaminister.
AfterJudgeIngrahamhadruledthatastudyofthehugedraftboardfileoftheClaycasehadconvincedhimthatthedraftboardshadnotacted"arbitrarilyorcapriciously"inrefusingthedeferment.Clay'sconvictionbecameaforegoneconclusion.
PaysNoAttention
Claypaidnoattentiontothelegalmaneuveringduringtheday.Hesatatthedefensetable,drawingandchewinggum.
Duringrecesses,whileClaystoodoutinthecorridorsintheFederalCourthouseandsignedautographsforchildren,oneofhisattorneysshowedreporterssomeofthedrawingsthatClayhadmade.Oneshowedanairplaneflyingoveraheavilywoodedmountainrangetowardtherisingsun.Anotherportrayedashipsailinghead-onintoafjordbetweentwomountainranges.
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Clayhimselfexhibitedotherdrawings--mysticsymbols,cloudsandsoforth.Onewasanelaboratesketchofthewords"MuhammadAli,"whichishisMuslimname.
Inall,thejuryheardonlyanhourorsooftestimony,mostofitfromgovernmentwitnesses.
Source4:MartinWaldron,articleaboutCassiusClay(laterMuhammadAli)beingfoundguiltyofavoidingthedraft,NewYorkTimes,June21,1967.
FromtheNewYorkTimes,June21,1967©1967TheNewYorkTimes.Allrightsreserved.UsedbypermissionandprotectedbytheCopyrightLawsoftheUnitedStates.Theprinting,copying,redistribution,orretransmissionofthisContentwithoutexpresswrittenpermissionisprohibited.http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/big/0620.html#article.
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Source5:BernieBoston,photographofpeacefulwarprotesterswhowerealsopartofthecounterculturemovementandwerenicknamed“hippies,”TheWashingtonPost,October22,1967.©GettyImages/©TheWashingtonPost.
Source6:SpencerGrant,photographofantiwarprotesterataBostonrallywavingtheVietCongflagattheStateHousetoprotesttheKentStateUniversityshootings,c1970.©GettyImages/©SpencerGrant.
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SupportingQuestion2
FeaturedSource SourceC:Imagebank:WeatherUnderground
Image1:Photographerunknown,photographofdamagefromaWeatherUndergroundbombsetoffinawomen’sbathroomintheAirForcewingofthePentagon,May19,1972.BathroomBombatthePentagon©Corbis.
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Image2:Artistunknown,posterreflectingtheplanneddemonstrationsbytheWeatherUnderground,afactionoftheStudentsforaDemocraticSociety(SDS)inChicagofromOctober9to11,1969.SpecialCollectionsLibraryattheUniversityofWashington,[email protected].
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Image3:FederalBureauofInvestigation,mostwantedbulletinwith20peopleconnectedtotheWeatherUndergroundfactionoftheStudentsforaDemocraticSociety,c1970.Publicdomain.
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SupportingQuestion3
FeaturedSourceSourceA:RobertMeloon,newspaperarticleaboutstudentprotestsagainsttheVietnamWarattheUniversityofWisconsin,“LegislatorsDemandStiffPenaltiesforDowChemicalProtesters,”TheCapitalTimes(excerpts),October1967
NOTE:SoonafterstudentprotestsagainstDowChemical(manufacturersofnapalm)turnedviolent,UniversityofWisconsinofficialswerecalledonthecarpetatthestatehouse.Legislatorssuspectedtheirstateuniversityofhousingcommunists,incitingtreasonousbehavior,andimportingactivistsfromotherpartsofthenationtostirthingsup.Madison'sliberalafternoonnewspaper,TheCapitalTimes,waslosingreadership,partlybecauseofitsantiwarposition;itcoveredthelegislature'sreactionsinthisarticle.
StrictdiscipliningofcampusdemonstratorswasdemandedWednesdaybystatelegislatorsaftertheyreceivedareportontheviolencefromLt.Gov.JackOlson.
TheAssemblyadopted94to5aresolutioncallingforstiffpenaltiesforthestudentsandexpulsion“whenevernecessary.”
Theresolutioncalledtheprotests“aflagrantabuseandperversionofthetreasuredtraditionsofacademicfreedoms....”
Inhistalktothelegislators,Lt.Gov.Olsonalsocalledforaget-toughpolicyattheUniversity.
“AnyonewhohastakenpartinthistypeofriothasnoplaceintheUniversity,”hesaid.
IntheSenate,Sen.LelandMcParland(D-Cudahy)saidhewas“sickofstudentsrunningtheUniversity.”
“Weshouldshootthemifnecessary,”McParlandsaid.“Iwould,Iwould,becauseit’sinsurrection,”headded....
“CommunismisonthatUniversitycampusandit’soperatingtoday,”[Sen.Gordon]Roseleip[(R-Darlington)]said.Hecalledforalegislativeinvestigationofthedemonstrations.
Sen.ErnestKeppler(R-Sheboygan)cautionedthesenatorsthat“wearedealingwithonlyasmallpercentageofthestudentbody.”
“Butweshoulddealwiththemseverely,”headded....
AssemblymanEdwardMertz(D-Milwaukee)calledthestudents“long-haired,greasypigs”andinsistedtheLegislatureshouldtakeoverrunningtheUniversity....
[AssemblymanHarvey]Dueholm[(D-Luck)]calledtheAssembly’saction“masshysteria.”
“Letthelawtakeitscoursebutweshouldn’tsithereandtellthemwhattodo,”hesaid.“IthinktheRegentscanruntheUniversity.”
©CapitalNewspapers.Usedwithpermission.Availableat“TwoDaysinOctober,”TheAmericanExperience,PBSwebsite:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/twodays/filmmore/ps_legislators.html.
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SupportingQuestion3
FeaturedSourceSourceB:RichardNixon,speechabouttheprogressoftheVietnamWar,“AddresstotheNationontheWarinVietnam”(excerpts),November3,1969
Inspeakingoftheconsequencesofaprecipitatewithdrawal,ImentionedthatourallieswouldloseconfidenceinAmerica.Farmoredangerous,wewouldloseconfidenceinourselves.Oh,theimmediatereactionwouldbeasenseofreliefthatourmenwerecominghome.Butaswesawtheconsequencesofwhatwehaddone,inevitableremorseanddivisiverecriminationwouldscarourspiritasapeople.Wehavefacedothercrisesinourhistoryandhavebecomestrongerbyrejectingtheeasywayoutandtakingtherightwayinmeetingourchallenges.Ourgreatnessasanationhasbeenourcapacitytodowhathadtobedonewhenweknewourcoursewasright.IrecognizethatsomeofmyfellowcitizensdisagreewiththeplanforpeaceIhavechosen.HonestandpatrioticAmericanshavereacheddifferentconclusionsastohowpeaceshouldbeachieved.InSanFranciscoafewweeksago,Isawdemonstratorscarryingsignsreading:"LoseinVietnam,bringtheboyshome."Well,oneofthestrengthsofourfreesocietyisthatanyAmericanhasarighttoreachthatconclusionandtoadvocatethatpointofview.ButasPresidentoftheUnitedStates,IwouldbeuntruetomyoathofofficeifIallowedthepolicyofthisnationtobedictatedbytheminoritywhoholdthatpointofviewandwhotrytoimposeitonthenationbymountingdemonstrationsinthestreet.Foralmost200years,thepolicyofthisNationhasbeenmadeunderourConstitutionbythoseleadersintheCongressandtheWhiteHouseelectedbyallofthepeople.Ifavocalminority,howeverferventitscause,prevailsoverreasonandthewillofthemajority,thisNationhasnofutureasafreesociety.…Iknowitmaynotbefashionabletospeakofpatriotismornationaldestinythesedays.ButIfeelitisappropriatetodosoonthisoccasion.TwohundredyearsagothisNationwasweakandpoor.Buteventhen,Americawasthehopeofmillionsintheworld.Todaywehavebecomethestrongestandrichestnationintheworld.AndthewheelofdestinyhasturnedsothatanyhopetheworldhasforthesurvivalofpeaceandfreedomwillbedeterminedbywhethertheAmericanpeoplehavethemoralstaminaandthecouragetomeetthechallengeoffreeworldleadership.LethistoriansnotrecordthatwhenAmericawasthemostpowerfulnationintheworldwepassedontheothersideoftheroadandallowedthelasthopesforpeaceandfreedomofmillionsofpeopletobesuffocatedbytheforcesoftotalitarianism.Andsotonight—toyou,thegreatsilentmajorityofmyfellowAmericans—Iaskforyoursupport.
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IpledgedinmycampaignforthePresidencytoendthewarinawaythatwecouldwinthepeace.Ihaveinitiatedaplanofactionwhichwillenablemetokeepthatpledge.ThemoresupportIcanhavefromtheAmericanpeople,thesoonerthatpledgecanberedeemed;forthemoredividedweareathome,thelesslikelytheenemyistonegotiateatParis.Letusbeunitedforpeace.Letusalsobeunitedagainstdefeat.Becauseletusunderstand:NorthVietnamcannotdefeatorhumiliatetheUnitedStates.OnlyAmericanscandothat.Publicdomain.Availableat“Nixon,”TheAmericanExperience,PBSwebsite:http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/nixon-vietnam/.
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SupportingQuestion3
FeaturedSource SourceC:Sourcebank:Hardhatrallies
--fromtheNewYorkTimes,May21,1970
OnMay20,1970,between60,000and150,000constructionworkersandothersparadedthroughdowntownNewYorktoshowsupportforPresidentNixon'sVietnamwarpolicies.TheparadewasorganizedbytheBuildingandConstructionTradesCouncilofGreaterNewYork(ledbyPeterBrennan)inparttocounteractthewidespreadmediaimagesoframpagingconstructionworkersfromMay8withimagesofpeacefulpoliticalprotest.AblizzardoftickertapedrifteddownonthemarchersfromthewindowsofWallStreetoffices.
Thisarticleisnotnewscoverageofthemarchbutrather"arandomsamplingofsomemarchersandtheirviews."Thisisavaluablehistoricalsourceforuncoveringwhatthe"hardhats"themselvesthoughtandwhotheywere.Itisimportanttokeepinmind,though,thatthereporterandeditorsselectedthemarchersandviewstheyfoundmostnewsworthyorrepresentative.
RobertGeary,50,anofficeworkerfortheColonialHardwareCorporation:I'mveryproudtobeanAmerican,andIknowmyboythatwaskilledinVietnamwouldbeheretodayifhewasalive,marchingwithus....Iknowhediedfortherightcause,becauseinhislettershewrotetomeheknewwhathewasfightingfor:tokeepAmericafreeandtoavoidanytakingoverbyCommunists--atheisticCommunists,bytheway.
Ithinkmostofthem[collegedissenters]areinfluencedbyafewvilepeople...I'lltellyouonepersonwhosmudgedthenameofmysonandthatwasMayorLindsay.Whenhestandsupandsaysmenwhorefusetoserveinthearmedforcesareheroic,thenIpresumebythesamecategorythatmysonthatwaskilledinVietnamisacoward,thewayhethinks.
EightypercentofthepeoplearebehindAmericaandtheflag...Ibelievethatwhatwe'refightingforisworthit,yes,butnobodylikeswar.
Oftheflag:It'sme.It'spartofme.IfoughtforitmyselftwoorthreeyearsintheSecondWorldWar...It'sthegreatestcountryintheworld.Allthey[dissenters]havetodoismoveout.
Mrs.AllisonGreaker,411100thStreet,Brooklyn,marchingwithherchildren,RichardNixonGreaker,1,andAllison,2:We'repartofthesilentmajoritythat'sfinallyspeaking--andinanswertothecreepsandthebumsthathavebeenholleringandmarchingagainstthePresident.
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Ithinkhe'sdoingeverythinghecantobringaboutanhonorablepeace.IthinkmykidsaregoingtolivebetterwithNixonintheWhiteHouse.
TostopCommunistaggression[thewar]hasbeenworthit,yes...IftheyhadlistenedtoGen.DouglasMacArthurfromtheverybeginningandgoneintoManchuria,wewouldn'thavehadtheproblemswehave.WewouldhaveputtheCommunistsdownbackin1952.Ihavealotoffaithinthecollegekids...Ithinkthey'rebeingheardenough,andwe'reansweringrightnowtoday....They'vetriedtotakeovereducation,theCommunistshave,andIthinkthisiswhere[thestudentsare]gettingtheirviewpointsfrom.
CollectionofviewsexpressedbyduringaHardHatrallyinNewYorkCity,“FortheFlagandforCountry,TheyMarch”(excerpts),NewYorkTimes,May21,1970.FromTheNewYorkTimes,May21,1970©1970TheNewYorkTimes.Allrightsreserved.UsedbypermissionandprotectedbytheCopyrightLawsoftheUnitedStates.Theprinting,copying,redistribution,orretransmissionofthisContentwithoutexpresswrittenpermissionisprohibited.http://chnm.gmu.edu/hardhats/forflag.html.PhotographsbyGaryWinogradoftheHardHatrallyinSanFranciscoareavailableon-lineat:https://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/Collection/art-object-page.164190.html
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SupportingQuestion4
FeaturedSourceSourceA:PaulPotter,speechinoppositiontotheVietnamWar,“NamingtheSystem”(excerpt),April17,1965
NOTE:PaulPotter,presidentoftheStudentsforaDemocraticSociety,spokeinfrontof25,000peoplewhohadparticipatedinamarchonWashington,DC,onApril17,1965mtourgeanendtothewarinVietnam.
Thereisnosimpleplan,noschemeorgimmickthatcanbeproposedhere.Thereisnosimplewaytoattacksomethingthatisdeeplyrootedinthesociety.IfthepeopleofthiscountryaretoendthewarinVietnam,andtochangetheinstitutionswhichcreateit,thenthepeopleofthiscountrymustcreateamassivesocialmovement-andifthatcanbebuiltaroundtheissueofVietnamthenthatiswhatwemustdo.ByasocialmovementImeanmorethanpetitionsorlettersofprotest,ortacitsupportofdissidentCongressmen;Imeanpeoplewhoarewillingtochangetheirlives,whoarewillingtochallengethesystem,totaketheproblemofchangeseriously.ByasocialmovementImeananeffortthatispowerfulenoughtomakethecountryunderstandthatourproblemsarenotinVietnam,orChinaorBrazilorouterspaceoratthebottomoftheocean,butarehereintheUnitedStates.WhatwemustdoisbegintobuildademocraticandhumanesocietyinwhichVietnamsareunthinkable,inwhichhumanlifeandinitiativeareprecious.ThereasontherearetwentythousandpeopleheretodayandnotahundredornoneatallisbecausefiveyearsagointheSouthstudentsbegantobuildasocialmovementtochangethesystem.Thereasontherearepoorpeople,Negroandwhite,housewives,facultymembers,andmanyothershereinWashingtonisbecausethatmovementhasgrownandspreadandchangedandreachedoutasanexpressionofthebroadconcernsofpeoplethroughoutthesociety.Thereasonthewarandthesystemitrepresentswillbestopped,ifitisstoppedbeforeitdestroysallofus,willbebecausethemovementhasbecomestrongenoughtoexactchangeinthesociety.Twentythousandpeople,thepeoplehere,iftheywereserious,iftheywerewillingtobreakoutoftheirisolationandtoaccepttheconsequencesofadecisiontoendthewarandcommitthemselvestobuildingamovementwherevertheyareandinwhateverwaytheyeffectivelycan,wouldbe,I’mconvinced,enough.Tobuildamovementratherthanaprotestorsomeseriesofprotests,tobreakoutofourinsulationsandaccepttheconsequencesofourdecisions,ineffecttochangeourlives,meansthatwecanopenourselvestothereactionsofasocietythatbelievesthatitismoralandjust,thatweopenourselvestolibelingandpersecution,thatwedaretobereallyseenaswronginasocietythatdoesn’ttoleratefundamentalchallenges.
Usedwithpermission.
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FeaturedSourceSourceB:MartinLutherKingJr.,speechinoppositiontotheVietnamWar,"ATimetoBreakSilence,”April4,1967
NOTE:TheMartinLutherKing,Jr.ResearchandEducationInstituteatStanfordUniversitywebsitecontainsatranscriptandaudiorecordingofDr.King’sNewYorkspeechinoppositiontotheVietnamWar:http://kingencyclopedia.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/documentsentry/doc_beyond_vietnam/.