Is Pluralism Tolerant? An assessment of the pluralist interpretation of world religions in light of...

8/2/2019 Is Pluralism Tolerant? An assessment of the pluralist interpretation of world religions in light of charges of Evangelic…

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c``hge gc |r``lf kdh ìanagd) k| ~ìi k| {p`|xagd| gc klkhèal c``hge) ea||agignq kdh adx`

ìanagp| hakignp`$ Xf` kii`nkxagd| k` gc Fadhprfgoak gd xf` rkx gc skagp| @skdnìalki



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eada|xa`| ~fg kae xg `dnkn` Fadhp| `skdnìa|xalkiiq$ Xf` kii`nkxagd| ~`` ì k|`h ad ?22> ad k

`rgx oq xf` Fadhp Keàlkd Cgpdhkxagd &FKC! `dxaxi`h Fqrìadm xg Fadhprfgoak= Gdiad`

Fkx`h) @vxèa|e kdh Oangxq Knkad|x Fadhp|$ Ekdq gc xf` eada|xa`| laxa{p`h ad xf` `rgx k`

ea||agd| kn`dla`| adsgis`h ad klxas` gpx`klf xg Fadhp| kgpdh xf` ~gih) xfgpnf xf` `rgx

ax|ìc ~k| iaeax`h xg xf` adx`d`x klxasaxa`| gc |plf ngpr|$

Ad `khadn xf` `rgx ax o`lke` krrk`dx xfkx ax `|rgp|`| dgxagd| gc ripkia|e kdh

xgi`kdl` xfkx fks` ogkh` aerialkxagd|$ Adh``h) ax |`è| xf`` k` rkkiiì| o`x~``d xf` FKC

`rgx‑| sa`~ gc ripkia|e) kdh dgxagd| gc ripkia|e xfkx fks` o``d rgegx`h oq klkhèal| ad

ìanagp| |xpha`| gs` xf` rk|x xf` h`lkh`|$ \r`lacalkiiq) A |`` |aeaikaxa`| o`x~``d xf`

ripkia|e gc xf` `rgx kdh |ge` gc xf` lgdl`rx| khsglkx`h oq Jgfd Falm ad fa| h`c`d|` gc k

ripkia|x krrgklf xg xf` {p`|xagd gc ìanagp| xpxf$ ^fai` A ke dgx knpadn cg kdq madh gc k

ha`lx iadm o`x~``d xf` x~g &xfgpnf A xfadm ax pdiamìq xfkx xf` FKC `rgx kpxfg| k` pdk~k` gc

Falm‑| ~gm!) A hg xfadm xfkx ogxf dgxagd| gc ripkia|e fks` lgeegd ngpdh$ Xf` ca|x rkx gc

xfa| rkr` ~aii nas` k oa`c gs`sa`~ gc Falm‑| xf`|a| gd ripkia|e ~axf |ge` laxalki

go|`skxagd|$ Xf`d k ha|lp||agd gc xf` FK_ `rgx gd Fadhpa|e ~aii cgiig~) ka|adn xf` {p`|xagd

k| xg ~f`xf` xfa| eanfx o` xf` ignalki gpxlge` gc xf` xqr` gc xfadmadn xfkx Falm rgegx`|$

Lgdliphadn lgee`dx| ~aii lgd|ah` fg~ ~` eanfx `|rgdh xg xf` lfkii`dn` ka|`h oq xf` FK_

`rgx$

Xf` Lk|` gc Falm‑| Ripkia|e

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Lfa|xakd| xg adx`r`xadn xfà ìkxagd|far$ Xf` xkhaxagdki e`xfgh gc `vlip|asa|e) g

rkxalpika|e) fgih| xfkx gdiq gd` gc xf` skagp| ~gih ìanagd| lkd pixaekxìq o` xp`$ Lfa|xakd



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`vlip|asa|x| fgih xfkx J`|p| a| xf` pda{p` adlkdkxagd gc xf` r`|gdki Xapd` Ngh kdh xfkx

|kiskxagd a| gdiq rg||aoi` xfgpnf ckaxf ad fae$ \ge`) opx dgx kii) `vlip|asa|x| fks` `dx`xkad`h k

fanfiq laxalki krrgklf xg gxf` ianagd|$ Adlip|asa|x| kn`` xfkx \kiskxagd a| pda{pìq `kiaz`h

oq kdh xfgpnf xf` ~gm gc J`|p| Lfa|x$ Fg~`s`) xf`q pdh`|xkdh xfkx gxf` ìanagd| ekq

cpdlxagd ad |ge` ~kq| k| k r`rkkxagd cg xf` fanf` sìkxagd gc Lfa|xakdaxq$ Xf`q fgih gpx

n`kx fgr` xfkx |adl`` cgiig~`| gc gxf` ckaxf| ekq o` |ks`h) xfgpnf xf`q oìa`s` xfkx xfa|

|kiskxagd a| pixaekxìq e`hakx`h xfgpnf Lfa|x) `s`d ac xf` gd` oàdn |ks`h a| pdk~k` gc xfa|$

Ripkia|x| k` iglkx`h kx xf` grrg|ax` `vxè` cge `vlip|asa|x|$ Xf`q oìa`s` xfkx dg gd` ìanagd

a| |pràg) g eg` xp` xfkd gxf`|) opx kxf` xf`q kii `r`|`dx `{pkiiq skiah e`kd| gc ìkxadn

xg Ngh g xf` pixaekx` `kiaxq$

Eq rprg|` f`` a| dgx xg hìs` h``r` adxg xf` hòkx` gs` xf`|` xf`` r`|r`lxas`| |adl`

xf`` a| ki`khq k ~ìi mdg~d oghq gc iax`kxp` xfkx hg`| |g &Falm) ;110= Gmfgie kdh Rfaiiar|)

;110= D`xikdh) ?22;= \admad|gd) ?22;= X`dd`dx) ?22?!$ Gxf`| fks` rgadx`h gpx skagp|

lgdxkhalxagd| kdh rgoiè| adf``dx ad Falm‑| s`|agd gc ripkia|e) |g xf`` a| dg d``h xg `r`kx

eg|x gc xfg|` knpe`dx| f``$ Ad|x`kh) A ~gpih iam` xg oa`ciq èkm gd kd aergxkdx rgadx gc

Falm‑| ripkia|e kdh |`` fg~ ax eanfx ìkx` xg xf` liaekx` xfkx rghpl`h xf` FKC `rgx$

^fai` Falm‑| h`sìgre`dx gc fa| ripkia|x krrgklf xg ìanagd a| |r`kh gpx gs` k

ska`xq gc rpoialkxagd|) ax ~k| fa| Kd Adx`r`xkxagd gc _ìanagd: Fpekd `|rgd|`| xg ìanagd

xfkx cgepikx`h ax eg|x cpiiq$ Ad k |po|`{p`dx) kdh eplf |fgx` ~gm) K Lfa|xakd Xf`gignq gc

_ìanagd: Xf` kadog~ gc ckaxf|) Falm `|xkx`h kdh h`c`dh`h fa| xf`|a| knkad|x fa| laxal|$ Eq

ha|lp||agd gc Falm ~aii cglp| gd |ge` m`q rgadx| k| |`x cgxf ad xfa| ikx` ~gm$



8

K li`k xfè` xfkx è`n`| ad Falm‑| ~axadn a| fa| ng~adn ks`|agd xg xf` dgxagd xfkx

xfg|` ~fg fks` dgx fkh kll`|| xg xf` ng|rì gc Lfa|x ~gpih) xf``cg`) dgx o` koi` xg `vrà`dl`

|kiskxagd$ Xfa| |`è| xg fae xg o` a`lgdlaikoi` ~axf xf` `sìkxagd gc Ngh‑| igs` ad J`|p|

Lfa|x$ Ad khhaxagd) fa| lig|` lgdxklx ~axf cgiig~`| gc gxf` ìanagd| i`h fae xg go|`s` xfkx

xf`q |`è xg |fg~ xf` |ke` cpax| gc |raaxpki ng~xf k| cgpdh ad Lfa|xakdaxq$ Xfa| a| xf` lk|` ad

ogxf adhasahpki cgiig~`| kdh `dxa` lpixp`| ~f`` k |r`lacal ìanagd a| rgead`dx &Falm) ;161)

r$ ;<;3!$

Xf` {p`|xagd gc |kiskxagd a| xfp|) l`dxki xg Falm‑| kn`dhk$ \adl` f` |``| xf` cpax| gc

|raaxpki iac` `{pkiiq ad kii ìanagd|) xf`d xfa| cpax ep|x adhalkx` xf` r`|`dl` gc |kiskxagd `{pkiiq

ad `klf lk|` k| ~ìi$ Opx ac xfa| a| |g) xf`d |kiskxagd k| Falm h`cad`| ax lkddgx rg||aoiq e`kd

iax`kiiq ~fkx xf` skagp| ~gih ìanagd| likae xfkx ax hg`|$ F`) fae|ìc) li`kiq klmdg~i`hn`|

xfkx xf`q x`klf lgdxkhalxgq hglxad`| dgx gdiq kogpx |kiskxagd) opx ki|g kogpx Ngh) kdh k fg|x gc

gxf` hglxad`|$ F` h`c`dh| fa| ripkia|e k| k e`kd| gc |fg~adn `|r`lx cg xf`|` hacc``dl`|

gs` knkad|x xf` `vlip|asa|x|) ~fg h`dankx` xfè k| oàdn cki|`) kdh xf` adlip|asa|x| ~fg

lgdh`|l`dhadniq àdx`r`x xfè k| lfkddì| cg k fahh`d Lfa|xakd cge gc |kiskxagd &Falm)

;110) r$ 8;cc!$ Q`x) ad gh` xg ekm` fa| fqrgxf`|a| ~gm| f` gcc | k h`cadaxagd gc |kiskxagd xfkx

~gpih dgx o` `lgndaz`h oq ekdq gc xf` xkhaxagd| f` ~a|f`| xg adx`r`x$

Xf` dgxagd gc |kiskxagd xfkx Falm rgrg|`| d`l`||axkx`| k `xfadmadn gc xf` dkxp` gc Ngh)

g xf` pixaekx` `kiaxq xg ~falf ìanagp| axpki|) oìa`c| kdh kcc`lxagd| k` ha`lx`h$ F` |plladlxiq

|peekaz`| xfa| oq dgxadn xfkx xf` n`kx ìanagp| xkhaxagd| ’k` ha`lx`h xg~kh| k

xkd|cgekxagd gc fpekd `va|x`dl` cge |ìcl`dx``hd`|| xg k `l`dxàdn ad ~fkx) ad gp

adkh`{pkx` xè|) ~` |r`km gc k| Ngh) g k| Pixaekx` _`kiaxq) g xf` Xkd|l`dh`dx) g xf` _`ki$ $$$



0

Kdh ~fkx a| skagp|iq lkii`h |kiskxagd g iao`kxagd g `dianfx`de`dx g k~km`dadn lgd|a|x| ad

xfa| xkd|cgekxagd cge |ìcl`dx``hd`|| xg _`kiaxq l`dx``hd`||― &Falm) ;110) r$ ;6!$ Ngh) g

Pixaekx` _`kiaxq) lkddgx lgdcge iax`kiiq xg kdq gc xf` dgxagd| gc hàxq cgpdh ad eg|x ìanagd|)

|adl` xfa| `dxkai| haccàdn dgxagd| gc |kiskxagd$

F`dl`) Falm grx| cg k d`gMkdxakd lgdl`rx) ~falf f` lkii| xf` _`ki) xfkx `r`|`dx| ’kd

pixaekx` ad`cckoi` _`kiaxq ~falf a| xf` |gpl` kdh ngpdh gc `s`qxfadn) kdh ~falf a| |plf xfkx ad

|g ck k| xf` ìanagp| xkhaxagd| k` ad |gxàgignalki kiande`dx ~axf ax xf`q k` lgdx`vx| gc

|kiskxagd'iao`kxagd― &Falm) ;110) r$ ?>!$ F` krr`ki| xg Mkdx‑| dgxagd gc xf` dgpe`dki xg

adhalkx` xfkx xfa| `kiaxq lkddgx o` mdg~d ad ax|ìc$ Fg~`s`) xf` hacc``dx adx`r`xkxagd| gc Ngh

kdh `kiaxq cgpdh ad xf` skagp| ìanagd| k` kii skiah fpekd `|rgd|`| xg xf` _`ki) |plf xfkx

ìanagp| hglxad`| k` dgx e`` fpekd rgj`lxagd| opx k` ok|`h gd lgdl`x` `vrà`dl`| gc k

xkd|l`dh`dx `kiaxq$

Skagp| laxal| gc Falm fks` rgadx`h gpx xfkx kii gc xfa| a| xkdxkegpdx xg k cikx h`daki gc

xf` xpxf skip` gc xf` hglxadki kccaekxagd| fìh xg ad Lfa|xakdaxq) A|ike) Jphka|e) Fadhpa|e kdh

|g cgxf &lc$ xf` ||kq| ad Gmfgie kdh Rfaiiar|) ;110= D`xikdh) ?22;= \admad|gd) ?22;!$ Ad `klf

lk|`) xf` khf``dx| k` likaeadn xfkx xfà `vrà`dl` gc Ngh a|) ad cklx) kd `vrà`dl` gc xf` cadki

pixaekx` `kiaxq$ K|ah` cge |ge` iao`kiiq eadh`h) eg|xiq klkhèal| &Rkpi Xaiialf lge`| xg

eadh!) xfg|` lkiiadn xfè|ìs`| Lfa|xakd| hg dgx pdh`|xkdh xfkx xf`` a| |ge` madh gc ad`cckoi`)

|prkr`|gdki ngpdh gc oàdn) oklm o`fadh xf` Xapd` Ngh `s`ki`h xfgpnf J`|p| Lfa|x$

Dàxf` hg xf` ekjgaxq gc Ep|iae| aeknad` xfkx Kiikf a| e`ìq xfà lpixpkiiq lgdhaxagd`h

`|rgd|` xg kd pdmdg~koi` eq|x`q$ ^f`d Fadhp| |r`km gc Okfekd k| xf` pixaekx` `kiaxq)

xf`q `kiiq hg xfadm xfkx ax a| xf` pixaekx` `kiaxq$ @klf ~gpih pdh`|xkdh Falm‑| rgrg|ki dgx k|



3

k eg` |grfa|xalkx`h kdh cka &g xgi`kdx! adx`r xkxagd gc xfà sa`~|$ Xf`q ~gpih {pax` anfxiq

|`` ax k| xf` aerg|axagd gc kd kia`d ~gih sa`~ gd xgr gc xfà g~d) kdh ad |plf k ~kq k| xg npx ax

gc ax| `||`dxaki lgdx`dx kdh èkm` ax adxg |ge`xfadn `dxaìq hacc``dx$ \pìq) xf`q ~gpih |kq)

xfa| a| dgx xgi`kdl`) opx kxf` kd `dlgpdx` ~axf k opx` cge gc ah`gignalki xgxkiaxkakda|e$

Falm a|) gc lgp|`) {pax` k~k` gc xf`|` xqr`| gc laxala|e kdh |``m| xg `|rgdh xg xfè$

F` k||`x| xfkx f` hg`| adh``h `|r`lx xf` s`q `ki ~gih sa`~ hacc``dl`| o`x~``d Fadhp kdh

Ep|iae sa`~| gc Ngh) g Ophhfa|x kdh Lfa|xakd dgxagd| gc |kiskxagd$ Fg~`s`) f` likae| xfkx

`s`d xfgpnf xf` ìanagd| k` hacc``dx) xf`q ’k` n`dàlkiiq xf` |ke` ad xfkx xf`q kii rgadx xg

|ge`xfadn iklmadn ad xf` r`|`dx kdh xf`q `klf rgrg|` k e`kd| cg kasadn kx k o`xx` cpxp`―

&Falm) ;110) r$ 8;!$ Lgdcgdx`h ~axf xf` rgoiè gc lgdcialxadn xpxf likae| kdh `{pkiiq

`hacqadn cpax|) xf`q ep|x o` |``d |ge`fg~ k| `{pkiiq skiah$ Fa| sa`~ a|) xf``cg`) dgx ok|`h gd

kdq |prrg|`hiq rasai`n`h g |pràg |xkdhrgadx$ Ax a| |aeriq k lgdlip|agd ok|`h gd èraalki

go|`skxagd &Falm) ;110) r$ 02!$

Ad kdq lk|`) f` lgdx`dh| xfkx f` a| dgx |kqadn xfkx xf` hacc``dx dke`| gc Ngh) Qkf~`f)

Kiikf) Okfekd) J`|p| Lfa|x) k` |aeriq hacc``dx ~kq| gc `càdn xg xf` |ke` pixaekx` `kiaxq$

Dg) `klf ’`c`| xg k hacc``dx r`|gdk gc xf` _`ki― &Falm) ;110) r$ 83!$ Xf`q k` dgx ah`dxalki

~axf xf` _`ki) opx k` hacc``dx ~kq| xfkx fpekd| ralxp` xf` _`ki$ ^fai` ax a| kheaxx`h xfkx xfa|

hg`| kegpdx xg k h`daki gc xf` iax`ki pdh`|xkdhadn xfkx `klf ìanagd fk| gc ax|ìc) xfa| a| jp|xaca`h

k| oàdn k saxp` |adl`) ’gdl` qgp‑s` lgdliph`h xfkx xfà egki kdh |raaxpki cpax| |`è xg o`)

kixfgpnf hacc``dx) eg` g i`|| `{pkiiq skipkoi`) qgp k` has`d xg xf` `kiazkxagd xfkx xf` _`ki a|

lkrkoi` gc oàdn `vrà`dl`h ad eg` xfkd gd` ~kq― &Falm) ;110) r$ 8>!$



H`|rax` Falm‑| h`daki|) ax |`è| kxf` li`k) cg `vkeri`) xfkx Lfa|xakdaxq ~k| h`la|as`;

xg xf` h`sìgre`dx gc egh`d |la`dl` k| k |ìc|p|xkadadn lpixpki `dx`ra|` ad k ~kq xfkx ~k|

dgx rg||aoi` ad Ep|iae) Fadhp kdh gxf` dgdLfa|xakd lpixp`|$ \`` xf` h`xkai`h |xphq gc

\xkdi`q Jkma &;112!$

>

Kx xfa| rgadx xf`` k` dpe`gp| goj`lxagd| xfkx lgpih o` kdh fks` o``d ka|`h$ Cg gp

rprg|`| f``) A ~aii iaeax eq|ìc xg rgadxadn gpx xfkx Falm‑| kxxèrx xg kd|~` fa| laxal| fk| dgx

|kiskn`h fa| |q|xè$ Ac kdqxfadn) fa| `|rgd|` |aeriq àdcgl`| xfà laxala|e|$ Ca|x gc kii) ax

a|d‑x d`l`||kaiq li`k xfkx Falm‑| `skipkxagd gc xf` |raaxpki cpax| gc xf` ~gih‑| ìanagd| k|

oàdn ìkxasìq `{pki a| h`c`d|aoi`$ L`xkadiq gd xf` lpixpki i`sì) xf`` |`è| xg o` nggh

`sah`dl` xg xf` lgdxkq$ Fg~`s`) `s`d ac xfa| go|`skxagd a| nkdx`h) ax |aeriq o`n| xf`;

{p`|xagd k| xg fg~ xf` xpxf likae| gc xf` skagp| ìanagd| |fgpih o` `skipkx`h$ ^fq |fgpih

adl`k|adn egki ngghd`|| o` xf` laxàgd gc h`xèadadn xfkx gd` a| o`lgeadn kiand`h ~axf xf`

_`ki7 Gd ~fkx ok|a| ekq ~` lgdliph` xfkx kd ad`cckoi`) pdmdg~koi` ko|gipx` a| nggh7

\admad|gd &?22;! k|m|) ’^fq |fgpih xf` Pixaekx` _`ki o` k Ngh gc pdas`|ki igs` kxf` xfkd k

lg|eal xqkdx7― &r$ ;3?!$ Adh``h) Falm j`lx| `vlip|asa|e gd xf` ok|a| xfkx ax a| adlgd|a|x`dx ~axf

Ngh‑| igs`) opx ad xf` `dh f` cada|f`| pr ~axf kd aer`|gdki ko|gipx` xfkx saxakx`| kdq rg||aoaiaxq

gc xf`` oàdn k Ngh gc igs` ad xf` ca|x rikl`$

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6

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1

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pdhìqadn xfa| |xkxè`dx$

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;2

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;;

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rklxal`| kdh oìa`c|$

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l`kxagd &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;0!$

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k||glakx`h ~axf |`vpki r`s`|agd kdh egki caixf) ~fai` Fadhp hglxad`| k` |poj`lx xg lph`



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?8!$

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ki`khq r``va|xadn c`k$ Kx i`k|x ax adhalkx`| r`jphal` xfkx iamìq go|lp`| xf` goj`lxasaxq gc xf`

laxal$



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adxgi`kdl`) ad d``h gc `r`||agd jp|x iam` xf` gxf`|$

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80!$

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k` ’ig|x― kdh ’ad hkmd`||―$ Ogxf gc xf`|` |xkxè`dx| k` erigq`h gd \gpxf`d Okrxa|x |ax`|

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;8

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kpxgekxalkiiq adhalkx`| r`jphal` kdh fkx`h ~falf lgpih `prx adxg sagi`dx r`|`lpxagd kx kdq

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|fgpih dgx rklxal` qgnk g xfkx xf` ngh| gc Fadhpa|e hg dgx `va|x k` ki|g k cge| gc fkx`h

&FKC) ?22>) r$ ?<) <?!$

K |aeaik iad` gc knpe`dxkxagd a| xkm`d pr ad xfkx lgd|xpki| gc Fadhpa|e k| fksadn kdq

d`nkxas` |glaki lgd|`{p`dl`| k` ki|g sa`~`h k| cge| gc fkx`|r``lf$ Xg knp` xfkx rgs`xq kdh

gs`rgrpikxagd &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;8! g iklm gc |glaki fpekdaxkakda|e ad Adhak k` ìkx`h xg

Fadhpa|e a| fkx`|r``lf &FKC) ?22>) r$ ;3!) ~fai` lk` a| xkm`d xg lfkklxàz` xf` lk|x`|q|xè

kdh ax| adf``dx ha|laeadkxagd k| dgx `kiiq oàdn rkx gc Fadhpa|e &FKC) ?22>) r$ 8;!$

Cadkiiq) xf` FK_ `rgx cikxiq |xkx`| xfkx xf` k||`xagd xfkx xf`` k` ha|xgxagd| ad

Fadhpa|e hp` xg ’pdxpxf― ad ax| x`klfadn| a| ax|ìc cki|` kdh ~gxfq gc oàdn lik||aca`h k| fkx`

|r``lf &FKC) ?22>) r$ <?!$ Krrk`dxiq ax a| adkrrgrakx` xg h`lik` xfkx kdq ìanagd a| cki|`) k| ax

dgx`| ad h`|laoadn gd` |ax`) ’Xf` |ax` a| caii`h ~axf lgdx`dx xqadn xg lgds`q xf` |pràgaxq gc xf`

Lfa|xakd ckaxf kdh xf` ‖cki|`d`||‑ gc gxf` ìanagd|― &FKC) ?22>) r$ ?8!$ Dgx` xf` |lk` {pgx`|

h`|and`h xg oadn adxg {p`|xagd xf` rg||aoaiaxq gc jphnadn xf` xpxfcpid`|| gc gd` ìanagd gs`

knkad|x kdgxf`$ Ripkia|e a| xfp| xf` `xfalki dge xfkx h`cad`| xf` dkxp` gc fkx`|r``lf$ Adh``h)

xf` `rgx èkm| gd xf` ’dgdripkia|xal kxxaxph`― gc xf` Ea||agd Cgdxa` gdiad` eknkzad` ad ax|

kii`nkxagd| gc kdxaFadhp fkx`h$ Kdq k||`xagd) xf`d) gc Lfa|xakd xpxf g |pràgaxq gs`

knkad|x Fadhp x`klfadn kdh rklxal` ep|x o` r`liph`h$



;0

Xf` `vkeri`| gc |r``lf `c``dl`h ad xf` `rgx ep|x o` grrg|`h |adl` xf`q ’`|rgp|`

lfkpsada|e kdh oangxq gs` xf` radlari`| gc ripkia|e kdh ìanagp| xgi`kdl`― &FKC) ?22>) r$

<<!$ Xfà e`xfgh a| ’xg `vgxalaz`) goj`lxacq kdh lgdxèrxpgp|iq ha|lkh― Fadhpa|e oq e`kd| gc

xèadgignq h`|laoadn ax k| ’hègdal) cki|`) fgrì`||) |kxkdal) lp|`h) `sai) caixfq) r`s`x`h)

eph`gp|) kdh |adcpi― &FKC) ?22>) r$ <<!$ \plf |r``lf a| ah`dxaca`h ~axf ’kdxa\èaxa|e)

fgegrfgoak) kla|e kdh gxf` cge| gc oangxq kdh fkx h― &FKC) ?22>) r$ <<!$ Xf` lgdlip|agd

gc xf` `rgx xf`d lka`| xf` knpe`dx xg xf` d`vx i`sì oq h`likadn xfkx ax a| k ca|x |x`r a|

kdkiqzadn kdxaFadhp fkx ngpr|$ \plf ngpr| k` k xf`kx o`lkp|` xfà ha|lgp|` ’xf`kx`d|

adx`ckaxf hakignp`) epxpki `|r`lx kdh lasai ha|lgp|` ok|al pdh`raddadn| gc Keàlkd lpixp`

kx o`|x) kdh pixaekxìq i`kh| xg sagi`dl` kx ~g|x― &FKC) ?22>) r$ <<!$

Ad |pe) ~` i`kd cge xf` FK_ `rgx xfkx Lfa|xakd ngpr| xkn`xadn Fadhpa|e cg

`skdnìa|e k` `||`dxakiiq kdxaFadhp fkx` ngpr|) rkxalpikiq ac) k| a| ad`saxkoi`) xf`q `dnkn` ad

kdq xqr` gc lgds`|kxagd xfkx rg|ax| xf` cki|axq gc kdq Fadhp oìa`c| g xfkx Fadhpa|e fk| kdq

d`nkxas` |glaki kdh lpixpki lgd|`{p`dl`| &FKC) ?22>) r$ <<!$ \plf k||`xagd| k` xf` `|pix gc

andgkdl` kdh h`ckekxgq kdh lkd gdiq o`|x o` ikoì`h k| fadhprfgoak$

Ad kd adx``|xadniq rkkhgvalki egs`) xf` `rgx lgdliph`| ~axf kd krr`dhav lgdxkadadn

CK[| kogpx Fadhpa|e) ~falf kae| xg |`x xf` `lgh |xkanfx lgdl`dadn ax| ok|al oìa`c| kdh

`||`dxaki rklxal`|$ Ad xfa| |`lxagd ~` cadh k s`q oa`c) q`x gop|x kccaekxagd gc xkhaxagdki

Fadhp dgxagd| gc hàxq) àdlkdkxagd) mkek) qgnk kdh e`haxkxagd) xf` dgxagd gc xf` kskxk) kdh

gxf`|$ Ngh) ~fg ekq ng oq ekdq dke`|) a| |kah xg o` xf` kii`dlgerk||adn `kiaxq xfkx lgdxkad|

xae` kdh |rkl`) k h`|larxagd xfkx adhalkx`| k rkdxfà|xal pdh`|xkdhadn gc hasadaxq$ Kllghadniq)

’Xf` S`hk| rgrgpdh xfkx kii oàdn|) cge xf` |ekii`|x gnkda|e xg ekd) k` lgd|ah``h



;3

ekdac`|xkxagd| gc Ngh kdh eèo`| gc k pdas`|ki ckeaiq― &FKC) ?22>) r$ 82!$ Ac xp` xfa|

~gpih ignalkiiq r`liph` kdq J`~a|f) Lfa|xakd g Ep|iae dgxagd gc hàxq k| oàdn kd kllpkx`

`r`|`dxkxagd gc Ngh‑| dkxp`$

Xf` |ke` lgpih o` |kah cg |kiskxagd$ Fadhp oìa`c a| kccae`h ad xf` dgxagd xfkx xfgpnf

xf` rgl`||`| gc mkek kdh àdlkdkxagd) xf` adhasahpki |gpi ekq `sgis` gs` ekdq iac`xae`| xg

xf` iao`kxagd gc pdagd ~axf ngh &FKC) ?22>) r$ <1!$ Knkad) ac xf` k||`xagd gc xfa| k| xp` a|

ignalkiiq xf` k||`xagd xfkx Lfa|xakd kdh Ep|iae sa`~| gc |kiskxagd k` |aeriq cki|`) pdi`|| ~`

k` xg `hpl` kii gc xf`|` hglxad`| xg e`` eqxfgignalki `|rgd|`| xg xf` ’_`ki― k| Falm

h`|lao`| ax$ Fg~`s`) ax |`è| xfkx |plf kd adx`r`xkxagd gc xf` Fadhpa|e gc xf` FK_ ~gpih o`

`vxèìq cgl`h kx o`|x$ Xf`` a| dg fadx xfkx xf` kpxfg| gc xfa| `rgx fgih xg kdqxfadn gxf`

xfkd k xkhaxagdki sa`~ gc Fadhp hglxad`|$

K||`||e`dx

Eq ca|x `klxagd prgd `khadn xfa| `rgx ~k| xg xfadm xfkx ac xf` ngki gc ax| kpxfg| a| xg

rgegx` k |axpkxagd ~f`` r`|gd| gc kii ckaxf| k` koi` xg c`ì |kc` kdh adliph`h) xf`d xf`q fks`

ckai`h |r`lxklpikiq) |adl` xf` `|pix ~k| xg ekm` xfa| @skdnìalki Lfa|xakd c`ì xf`kx`d`h)

kxxklm`h kdh g|xklaz`h$ Xfa| ~k| dgx k e`` e`dxki |rgd|`$ Xf` `rgx rgsgm`h k npx i`sì

c`k) k| A r`làs`h ax xg o` k cpdhke`dxki xf kx xg eq ìanagp| kdh klkhèal c``hge|$ Cpxf`

`ci`lxagd fk| eaxankx`h xfa| |ge`~fkx) ~axf ogxf xf` `kiazkxagd xfkx) kx i`k|x cg dg~) xf`` a|

iaxxi` lfkdl` gc ~ah`|r`kh `dcglè`dx gc xf` `rgx‑| `lgee`dhkxagd| kdh xfkx xf`` k` |ge`

k`k| gc i`naxaekx` lgdl`d xfkx xf` `rgx ka|`|$

\g kdq `|rgd|` xg xfa| ~aii fks` xg hg kx i`k|x x~g xfadn|$ Ca|x ax ~aii d``h xg fgd`|xiq

h`ki ~axf `vxèa|x `vkeri`| gc kdxaFadhp f`xgal) |ge` gc ~falf hg |`è xg rgegx`



;>

`vl`||asìq d`nkxas` |x``gxqr`| kdh adkllpkx` rgxkqki|$ Xfa| xqr` gc ha|lgp|` ep|x o`

lgdcgdx`h kdh `rphakx`h$ Gxf` lk|`| ekq r`|`dx laxala|e| gc Fadhpa|e xfkx r`fkr| k`

x`lfdalkiiq ad iad` ~axf k oaoialki k||`||e`dx) opx ~` fks` xg k|m gp|ìs`| ~f`xf` g dgx xf` p|`

gc ègxas` kdh adcikeekxgq ikdnpkn` a| kd `xfalki ekdd` xg lgeepdalkx` |plf ah`k|$ @s`d

cge k e`ìq rknekxal ok|a| ~` |fgpih k|m ~f`xf` g dgx |plf ikdnpkn` a| `kiiq xf` o`|x

e`kd| xg lgeepdalkx` gp lgdl`d| kdh `klf xfg|` ~axf ~fge ~` ha|kn``$

\`lgdhiq) gp `|rgd|` d``h| xg rgadx gpx xf` cik~| ad xf` `rgx‑| `skipkxagd gc xf`

|axpkxagd kdh gcc` k h`c`d|` gc xf` anfx gc @skdnìalki| &kdh gxf`|! xg `dnkn` ad laxalki

hakignp` kdh `skdnìa|xal gpx`klf ad xf` `dlgpdx` ~axf Fadhpa|e kdh gxf` ìanagd|$

Ad xf` ca|x lk|`) ~` lkd `khaiq kheax xfkx xf` p|` gc dke`lkiiadn &Fadhpa|e a| k ’ran

r`d ìanagd―! a| d`s` kd krrgrakx` ~kq xg lfkklxàz` kdqgd`) `nkhi`|| gc xfà ìanagp|

r`|pk|agd$ Pdi`|| k ikoì lgds`q| |ge`xfadn `||`dxakiiq h`|larxas` kdh kllpkx` xfkx fìr| xg

aiipeadkx` xf` lgds`|kxagd) ax a| k fadhkdl`$ Cpxfèg`) ax ha| |r`lx| xf` r`|gd `c``h xg= k

r`|gd ~fg a|) kcx` kii) ekh` ad xf` aekn` gc Ngh kdh xfp| h`|`sadn gc xf` `|r`lx hp` xg oàdn

Ngh‑| aekn` o`k $ \plf ha|lgp|` a| anfxcpiiq |``d k| gcc`d|as`$ Ax ~aii iamìq has` r`gri`

k~kq) g egs` xfè xg `xkiakx ~axfgpx nasadn |àgp| lgd|ah`kxagd xg ~fkx ~` fks` xg |kq$ Ax

|`è| xfkx o`cg` rg|xadn kdq èkm| kogpx gxf` ìanagd| gdiad` ax ~gpih o` nggh xg pd gp

~axadn xfgpnf xf` nah gc xf` Ngih`d _pi`$

K lggiikq xg xfa| a| xf` kxf` gosagp| radlari` xfkx ~fkx`s` ~` |kq kogpx gxf`

ìanagd| gpnfx xg fks` xf` saxp` gc oàdn kllpkx`$ ^fai` xfa| a| xkm`d cg nkdx`h ad klkhèak)

xf` adx`d`x a| c`` cge xf` |kc`npkh| xfkx |lfgik| fks` aerg|`h gd xfè|ìs`|$ Xf`` k` dg

r`` `sa`~| cg lfplf kdh ikq eada|xq |ax`|) ekmadn ax {pax` `k|q cg |pr`calaki kdh adkllpkx`



Xaegxfq X`dd`dx &?22?! gcc`| kd `vlìi`dx `vkeri` gc fg~ rghplxas` kdh `|r`lxcpi?

adx`ìanagp| hakignp` lkd o` khskdl`h ~axfgpx lgergea|adn xf` rkxalarkdx|‑ lgeeaxe`dx xg

xf` xpxf gc xfà ckaxf|$

;6

rgxkqki| xg rgiac`kx`$ Xaegxfq X`dd`dx fk| dgx`h xf` rk|x x`dh`dlq cg @skdnìalki x kxe`dx|

gc gxf` ìanagd| xg o` ’`hpl`h xg |aeria|xal lfkx| g |~``radn n`d`kiazkxagd| xfkx gr`kx` kx k

|pr`calaki i`sì― &X`dd`dx) ?22?) r$ ;?!$ @skdnìalki |lfgik| lkd rikq k rg|axas` gi` ad

lg`lxadn xfa|) dgx gdiq rghpladn |giah klkhèal ~gm| xfkx `dnkn` gxf` ìanagd|) opx ki|g ad

xkmadn kd adx`dxagdki adx``|x ad lfplf`|) ea||agd| kn`dla`| kdh ikq eada|xa`| xfkx |adl`ìq

h`|a` xg lkq xf` ng|rì xg xfg|` gc gxf` ckaxf|$ _kxf` xfkd jp|x laxalazadn xfè cge kck) ~`?

lgpih gcc` gp adsgisè`dx kdh fìr |plf xfkx xf`q k` koi` xg ksgah ea|xkm`| xfkx rgsgm` xf`

madh gc kdxa@skdnìalki fg|xaiaxq `sah`dl`h ad xf` FK_ `rgx$

@ccgx| kigdn xf`|` iad`| ~`` ekh` ad xf` rk|x ad @X\ ~axf xf` \gla`xq cg xf` \xphq gc

Kix`dkxas` _ìanagd| |xphq ngpr$ Pdcgxpdkxìq) xfa| ngpr |`è| xg fks` o`lge` `||`dxakiiq

h`cpdlx$ A ke dgx |p` ac xfa| a| o`lkp|` gc keoaski`dl` g r`fkr| `xal`dl` gc |ge` gc p| ~fg

k` {pkiaca`h ad xfa| k`k xg o` xgg lig|ìq k||glakx`h ~axf |ge` gc xf` |g lkii`h ’kdxalpix―

eada|xa`|) opx ax |`è| xg e` xfkx ac xf`|` eada|xa`| k` rgoièkxal xf`q k` gdiq ngadn xg

aergs` xfgpnf adx`klxagd ~axf |àgp| |lfgik| gd xf`|` {p`|xagd|$ Xf`` k` ki~kq| ngadn xg

o` eada|xa`| kdh gpx`klf`| i`h oq r`gri` ~fg hg dgx fks` khskdl`h klkhèal xkadadn$ Xf`q

d``h xf` `dlgpknè`dx kdh npahkdl` xfkx ~` lkd gcc`$ A xfadm xfkx xfà r`|`dl` f`` kx @X\

fk| hègd|xkx`h xfkx xf`q k` fpdnq cg xfa| xqr` gc adx`klxagd$ \g eq ca|x `|rgd|` xg xf`

FK_ `rgx a| xg `dlgpkn` p| xg hg |ge` |ìc`vkeadkxagd kdh li`kdadn gc gp g~d fgp|`|

~f`` ~` lkd) kdh xg khsglkx` cg k lig|` ìkxagd|far o`x~``d @skdnìalki |lfgik| gc ìanagd|



;1

kdh eada|xa`| ~fg k` gd xf` cgdxiad`| gc gpx`klf$ _`|p`lxadn xf` \gla`xq cg xf` \xphq gc

Kix`dkxas` ìanagd|) g |ge`xfadn iam` ax) ~gpih o` k nggh rikl` xg |xkx$

K| cg xf` FK_ `rgx ax|ìc) xf`` k` |`s`ki rgoiè| xfkx d``h xg o` lgdcgdx`h) cg ac

i`cx pdlfkii`dn`h ax khskdl`| kd kxxaxph` xfkx rg|`| k |àgp| xf`kx xg cpdhke`dxki c``hge| kdh

anfx|$ _kxf` xfkd oàdn k cgl` cg xgi`kdl` kdh lasaiaxq) `r`|`dx`h ad ok|al Keàlkd skip`|)

xf` `rgx ax|ìc a| k khalki kxxklm gd xfg|` s`q skip`| xfkx k` `||`dxaki cg fgd`|x kdh lasai

ìkxagd| o`x~``d xfg|` gc haccàdn rgadx| gc sa`~$

Ac ~` k` xg kll`rx xf` `rgx‑| k||perxagd xfkx |aeriq k||`xadn xfkx xf` sa`~| gc kdgxf`

ìanagd k` cki|` a| k cge gc fkx`|r``lf) xf`d kdq kdh kii |àgp| adx`ìanagp| hakignp`) dgx xg

e`dxagd kdq |àgp| ~gm gd xf` cpdhke`dxki rgoiè| gc rfaig|grfq gc ìanagd) ep|x lge` xg

k |l``lfadn fkix$ Xf` koaiaxq xg dnkn` ad |àgp| xfgpnfx) hakignp` kdh laxala|e gc cpdhke`dxki

dgxagd| lgdl`dadn xf` dkxp` gc Ngh kdh pixaekx` `kiaxq) fpekd h`|xadq) |raaxpki khskdlè`dx

kdh xf` lgeegd |glaki nggh) r`|prrg|`| xf` koaiaxq xg laxalkiiq lgerk`) ha||`lx kdh `skipkx`

haccàdn kdh grrg|adn rgrg|ki|$ Xf` opx` cklx gc xf` ekxx` a| xfkx hacc``dx ìanagd| hg nas`

lgdxkhalxgq kdh a`lgdlaikoi` kd|~`| xg xf`|` ok|al {p`|xagd|$ Xf` |`klf cg xpxf adsgis`|

lgerkadn xf`|` ah`k| cg xfà eàx| kdh ~`kmd`||`|$ Ac gd` a| xg fks` xf` c``hge xg kll`rx

gd` |`x gc ah`k| k| xp`) kdh xg nas` `k|gd| cg hgadn |g ad kxagdki kdh `|r`lxcpi klkhèal

ha|lp||agd) xf`d xf`` ep|x o` xf` lg`|rgdhadn c``hge xg `vr`|| xf` gradagd xfkx grrg|adn

sa`~| k` cki|`$ Xg k||`x xfkx `vr`||adn |plf kd gradagd a| k cge gc fkx`|r``lf a| xg saiacq

l`dxpa`| gc |àgp| |lfgik|far ad xf`gignq kdh rfaig|grfq gc ìanagd k| |aeriq k cge gc rg~`

rgiaxal|$ Xfa| a| dgx xgi`kdl` kdh ripkia|e kx kii$ Ax a| `vklxiq xf` madh gc ah`gignalki xqkddq

xfkx è`n`| ad Falm‑| xgxkiazadn ko|gipxa|x rg|axagd kdh ax rg|`| kd pd`xfalki) pdkll`rxkoi`) kdh A



?2

eanfx khh) k rgx`dxakiiq aii`nki xf`kx xf` ok|al klkhèal c``hge| xfkx kiig~ xf` klkhèq xg

khskdl` mdg~i`hn` ad xf` ca|x rikl`$

Ad khhaxagd ax |`è| |àgp|iq adlgd|a|x`dx cg xf` kpxfg| gc xf` `rgx xg o`kx` kdh

kllp|` Lfa|xakd| gc oàdn fkx` egdn`| cg `vr`||adn xfà ha|kn`è`dx ~axf Fadhp hglxad`|)

kdh xf`d xg r`|`dx kdh h`c`dh Fadhp hglxad`| k| xpxf$ Oq k||`xadn xfkx Fadhp dgxagd| gc

Okfekd `r`|`dx xf` dkxp` gc pixaekx` `kiaxq) g Ngh) xf`q k` xf`òq k||`xadn xfkx Lfa|xakd

dgxagd| k` cki|`$ A| xfa| dgx xf`d) k cge gc fkx`|r``lf oq xfà g~d h`cadaxagd| gc xf` xè7

K` xf`q dgx fkxègdn`| cg aeriqadn xfkx xf` Lfa|xakd Xadaxq hg`| dgx `va|x) |adl` xf`q k||`x

xf` adlgerkxaoi` hglxad` xfkx Ngh a| xf` kiiadlip|as` `kiaxq7 K` xf`q dgx adxgi`kdx cg

aeriqadn xfkx xf` Lfa|xakd dgxagd gc xf` cadki jphne`dx kcx` xfa| iac` a| cki|`) nas`d xfà

k||`xagd gc xf` xpxf gc àdlkdkxagd kdh mkek7 Ac ~` lkddgx k||`x xfkx kd grrg|adn sa`~rgadx

a| dgx xp`) fg~ xf`d lkd ~` kxagdkiiq k||`x xfkx gp g~d) lgdxkhalxgq sa`~|) k` xp`7 Hg`|

dgx xfa| `dxa` `v`la|` `dh` sklpgp| kdq madh gc xpxf likae| kx kii7 Ax |`è| xfkx kii xfkx

~gpih o` i`cx a| xf` e`` `vr`||agd gc x`dxkxasìq fìh gradagd| k xqr` gc kndg|xala|e xfkx ekq

o` ca`dhiq `dgpnf gd xf` |pckl`) opx xfkx iam` Falm) ègs`| xf` `ki lgdx`dx gc ìanagp| oìa`c

xfkx ekm`| fksadn k ckaxf ~gxf~fai` ad xf` ca|x rikl`$

Dg) A ~gpih dgx |kq xfkx xf`q k` fkxègdn`| cg k||`xadn xf` xpxf gc xfà rg|axagd kdh

xf` cki|axq gc Lfa|xakd xfà|e$ A ~gpih |kq xf`q k` e`ìq `v`la|adn xfà anfx| xg ìanagp|

c``hge xg oìa`s` k| xf`q ~a|f kdh xg rgrknkx` xfg|` oìa`c| ad k c ` |gla`xq$ A ~gpih jp|x k|m

xfè xg `|r`lx gp anfx| k| ~ìi$ Cg ax |`è| {pax` li`k xfkx xf` FK_ `rgx a|) ad cklx) kd

kxxklm knkad|x xf` ok|al radlari`| gc ìanagp| c``hge kdh c``hge gc |r``lf) ogxf gc ~falf k`

rgx`lx`h ad xf` Ca|x Ke`dhe`dx xg xf` Pdax`h \xkx`| Lgd|xaxpxagd$ ^f`d xf`q khsglkx` xf`



?;

gr`d kognkxagd gc xf`|` anfx| ~axf cki|` kii`nkxagd| gc fkx`) xf`d xf`q |`è xg fks` lg||`h xf`

iad` cge e`ìq rgrknkxadn xfà oìa`c| xg khsglkxadn klxas` r`|`lpxagd gc xfà r`làs`h

`dèa`|$

Xf`` a| dg `sah`dl` gcc``h) kcx` kii) xfkx xf`` k` kdq ekialagp| egxas`| o`fadh lkii|

cg Lfa|xakd| xg rkq cg Fadhp|= xfkx xfa| a| ok|`h gd klxpki fkx`h$ K||`xadn xfkx Fadhp| kdh

gxf` dgdLfa|xakd| k` ig|x) xfkx a|) xfkx xf`q k` gpx|ah` xf` rpsa`~ gc |kiskxagd) a| dgx kd

kxxklm knkad|x kdqoghq$ Ax a| k |aeri` go|`skxagd gc xf` |xkxp| gc kii r`|gd|) nas`d xf`

k||perxagd xfkx xf` cke`~gm gc xf` Lfa|xakd pdh`|xkdhadn gc l`kxagdckii`hèrxagd a| xp`$

^fq |fgpihd‑x Lfa|xakd| o` kiig~`h xg adx`r`x xf` ~gih xfgpnf xf` cke`~gm gc xfà

ìanagp| ~gih sa`~7 _kxf` xfkd rgsgmadn sagi`dl`) xf` ~ anfx gc fa|xgq |fg~| xfkx ax

p|pkiiq rgsgm`| lgerk||agd kdh lgdl`d kegdn|x |àgp| Lfa|xakd|$ A| ax fkx`h) kcx` kii) xfkx

rgerx| r`gri` xg nas` pr lgecgxkoi` ias`| ad xf` ~gih‑| eg|x ~`kixfq dkxagd) prggxadn

ckeaia`| gcx`d pdh` haccalpix lalpe|xkdl`|) ad gh` xg ng kdh r`klf xf` ng|rì gc Lfa|x ad

ikdh| ck cge fge` kdh gcx`d caii`h ~axf |àgp| haccalpixa`| kdh lfkii`dn`|7 ^fai` |ge` gc xf`

eg` `vxè` `vkeri`| lax`h ad xf` FK_ `rgx eanfx adhalkx` lgdxèrx kdh c`k) ekdq gc xf`

|ax`| ia|x`h `r`|`dx ea||agd| kn`dla`| ~fg|` li`k egxaskxagd ad `klfadn gpx xg Fadhp| a| xfà

n`kx igs` kdh lgerk||agd cg xfè$ Dg~) cge k Fadhp r`|r`lxas` xfa| ekq |`è ea|rikl`h)

opx |pìq xf`q lkd |`` xfkx ac ~` nkdx) `s`d cg xf` |km` gc knpe`dx) xf` Lfa|xakd

pdh`|xkdhadn xfkx kii r`gri` d``h Lfa|x cg `x`dki |kiskxagd) xfkx xf` egxas` a| dgx fkx` kx kii)

opx kxf` igs` kdh |ìc|klacal` ad gh` xg |fk` ~axf xfè ~fkx Lfa|xakd| fks` cgpdh xg o` gc

eg|x skip` ad iac`$



??

L`xkadiq ~f`d Fadhp| `dlgpkn` Lfa|xakd| xg |``m `dianfx`de`dx ad e`haxkxagd) xf` cklx

xfkx xfa| k||pe`| xfkx Lfa|xakd| k` i`|| `dianfx`d`h a| dgx `sah`dl` gc ikx`dx fkx`h$ Ax a| kxf`)

`sah`dl` gc lgerk||agd kdh lgdl`d gd xf` rkx gc Fadhp| xg aergs` xf` ~ìioàdn gc xfà

Lfa|xakd dànfog|$ Kd fgd`|x kdh lfkaxkoi`) xfkx a|) k dgdfkx`cpi k||`||e`dx gc |plf `ccgx|

oq ogxf |ah`| |fgpih o` ~aiiadn xg `lgndaz` xfa|$ Ad|x`kh) fg~`s`) xf` `rgx aerpx`| cki|`

egxas`| xg Lfa|xakd ea||agdka`| kdh xfà kn`dla`| kdh xfp| hkekn`| xf` lkp|` gc xp` xgi`kdl`

kdh lasaiaxq$ A hg dgx xfadm ax kd `vknn`kxagd xg |kq xfkx ac xf` |ke` |xkdhkh| xfkx xf` FK_

`rgx p|`| xg h`cad` fkx`h k` krria`h xg ax|ìc) xf`d ax khskdl`| knkad|x Lfa|xakd| xf` |ke` xqr`

gc fkx`h xfkx ax h`la`|$ Xfa| ekq dgx fks` o``d xf` adx`dxagd gc xf` `rgx) opx ac fkx`h a|

e`k|p`h oq xf` xèadgignq kdh xklxal| p|`h) xf`d ax krr`k| xg o` xf` lk|`$ Ac pdjp|xiq lk|xadn

gxf`| k| fkx`| kdh oangx| a| dgx ax|ìc k cge gc fkx`|r``lf) xf`d gd` a| i`cx xg ~gdh` jp|x ~fkx

a|$

Cadkiiq) ax a| gc |àgp| lgdl`d xg cadh xfkx xf` FK_ `rgx a| nas`d l`haoaiaxq oq ax|

k||glakxagd ~axf |lfgik| kdh |plf gnkdazkxagd| k| xf` \aegd â`|`dxfki L`dx`) ~fg|` ~gm

lgdl`dadn xf` salxae| gc xf` Dkza fgiglkp|x a| kheakoi`$ Xf` aerialax `{pkxagd gc Fadhp| k| k

rgx`dxaki salxae lik|| lgerkkoi` xg fgiglkp|x salxae| krr`k| xg ng o`qgdh xf` ogpdh| gc

kllpklq$ Ax a| xp` xfkx Fadhp| k` r`|`lpx`h ad |ge` rkx| gc xf` ~gih kdh xfa| a| lgeri`xìq

h`rigkoi`$ Fg~`s`) xf`` a| iaxxi` l`haoi` `sah`dl` gc kdq madh gc kd aer`dhadn ànd gc

r`|`lpxagd gc Fadhp| ad Dgxf Keàlk) g kdq~f` ì|` ad xf` ^`|x cg xfkx ekxx`) kdh xf`

rprg|` gc xpxf a| dgx |`s`h oq l`kxadn xf` aer`||agd xfkx xf`` a|$ Ax a| xf` lk|`) fg~`s`) xfkx

xf` |q|xèkxal kdh |`s`` r`|`lpxagd gc Lfa|xakd| oq khalki Fadhp ngpr| ad l`xkad rkx| gc

Adhak fk| o``d ngadn gd rklxalkiiq pdkokx`h cg |ge` xae` dg~$ Xfa| a| ~ìi hglpe`dx`h$ A



K||a|x D`~| \`sal`| &~~~$k||a|xd`~|$d`x! fk| hgd` kd kheakoi` jgo gc ì`k|adn kdh<

klfasadn kxali`| hglpe`dxadn xfa| x`dh$ \`klfadn xfà |ax` gd

fxxr:''~~~$k||a|xd`~|$d`x'eq|`klf'rkn`h`|pix|$k|r7\`klfX`vx5Fadhp%?2KDH%?2khalki|

qaìh| dpe`gp| |plf kxali`|$

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`làs` d`~ `rgx| ~axf |r`lacal `vkeri`| ad eq èkai kx i`k|x x~g g xf`` xae`| k ~``m$ Q`x

xfa| `kiaxq a| dgx khh`||`h ad xf` `rgx kdh iaxxi` a| |kah kogpx ax kx xf` FKC ~ò |ax`$<

Xf` saxpki andgadn gc xf` |q|xèkxal r`|`lpxagd gc Lfa|xakd| oq khalki Fadhp| ekq o`

e`ìq kd pdadx`dxagdki gs`|anfx gd xf` rkx gc xf` FK_$ R`fkr| xf` gnkdazkxagd a| dgx k~k`

gc ax$ Gd xf` gxf` fkdh) k eg` lqdalki krrka|ki ~gpih o` xèrx`h xg sa`~ xfa| k| rkx gc xf`

gs`kii hgpoi` |xkdhkh xfkx |`è| xg pdhìa` xf` FK_ `rgx$ Ad xpd) xfa| hgpoi` |xkdhkh

krr`k| xg `ci`lx xf` ikn` lpixpki |facx ad xf` h`cadaxagd gc xgi`kdl` kdh ripkia|e xfkx fk|

ki`khq r`skh`h |`lpik |gla`xq) rkxalpikiq xf` rgiaxalki i`cx) kdh eplf gc xf` |`lpik klkhèq

k| ~ìi$

Okh \x`x|gd kdh Jg|`rf Lgdxa fks` `vrg|`h xfa| |facx ad xfà ~ìi hglpe`dx`h |xphq)

Xf` Xpxf Kogpx Xgi`kdl` &?220!$ Xf`q fks` nas`d `sah`dl` xfkx eplf gc ~fkx rk||`| cg

xgi`kdl` kdh ripkia|e ad Keàlkd adxìi`lxpki iac` a| eg` kmad xg k ’okax kdh |~axlf― |lfè`)

ad ~falf ~gh| iam` lfgal`) lfkdn`) xgi`kdl` kdh has`|axq k` p|`h k| lgh` ~gh| xg ek|m kd

pdhìqadn kn`dhk gc `dcgladn rgiaxalki kdh egki lgdcgeaxq xg k rkxalpik |glaki |xkdl` xfkx

xgi`kx`| dg ha||`d|agd$ Xgi`kdl`) kxf` xfkd e`kdadn iasadn ad r`kl` ~axf ah`k| kdh r`gri`

~axf ~fge gd` ha|kn``| a| dg~ h`cad`h ad xè| gc kn`è`dx ~axf g kccaekxagd gc xfg|` ah`k|

&\x`x|gd kdh Lgdxa) ?220) r$ 12cc!$ F`dl`) xgi`kdl` gc fgeg|`vpkiaxq) cg `vkeri`) a| dgx

|aeriq kiig~adn nkq| xg rklxal` xfà iac`|xqi` ad r`kl $ Xgi`kdl`) ad xfa| d`~ h`cadaxagd) a|

dgxfadn i`|| xfkd h`likadn ax xg o` k dgeki kdh f`kixfq skakxagd gc fpekd |`vpkiaxq$ Xfa|



?8

li`kiq rkkiiì| xf` FK_ `rgx‑| rg|axagd xfkx kdqxfadn i`|| xfkd kccaeadn xf` xpxf gc

Fadhpa|e a| k cge gc fkx`cpi oangxq$

^` lgpih dgx`) xf`d) xfkx ogxf xf` FK_ `rgx kdh xf` Falm xf`|a| gd ripkia|e k`

rghplx| gc xf` xae`|$ Xf`q k` rkx gc k ikn` |glaki x`dh xfkx fk| o``d ad rgn`|| cg |ge`

xae` kx xf` adx`|`lxagd gc ikx` egh`daxq kdh rg|xegh`daxq$ Xf`q ogxf |fg~ k |xkdn` fqoah

gc rg|xegh`d ìkxasa|e ek|madn kd pdhìqadn fqrègh`da|x ko|gipxa|e$ Dàxf` h`ki|

kh`{pkxìq ~axf xf` ah`k| gc xfà laxal|$ Ad xf` `dh) xf`q |fgpih o` `|a|x`h oq kii ~fg skip`

klkhèal kdh ìanagp| c``hge ad xf` rp|pax gc xpxf$



?0

_`c``dl`|

Lkdkhakd R`||$ &?226) Jpd` ?6! Fpekd anfx| lgerikadx knkad|x Ekli`kd.| ha|ea||`h) Nigo`

kdh Ekai$ _`xa`s`h Jpd` ?6) ?226) cge fxxr:''~~~$xf`nigo`kdhekai$lge'|`si`x'

|xgq' _XNKE$?22623?6$~Ekli`kd|23?6'OD\xgq'Dkxagdki'fge`$

Falm) Jgfd$ &;162!$ Ngh Fk| Ekdq Dke`|$ Rfaikhìrfak: Xf` ^`|xead|x` R`||$

Falm) Jgfd$ &;161!$ Kd Adx`r`xkxagd gc _ìanagd: Fpekd `|rgd|`| xg xf` xkd|l`dh`dx$ D`~

Fks`d: Qki` Pdas`|axq R`||$

Falm) Jgfd$ &;110!$ K Lfa|xakd Xf`gignq gc _ìanagd|: Xf` kadog~ gc ckaxf|$ Igpa|saii`) MQ:

^`|xead|x` Jgfd Mdgv R`||$

Fadhp Keàlkd Cgpdhkxagd &FKC!$ &?22>! Fqrìadm xg Fadhprfgoak: Gdiad` fkx`h)

`vxèa|e kdh oangxq Knkad|x Fadhp|$ _`xa`s`h gd Dgs$ ;<) ?226 cge

fxxr:''~~~$fadhpkeàlkdcgpdhkxagd$gn'rhc'fkx`W`rgxW?22>$rhc$

JJkma) \xkdi`q$ &;112! \la`dl` # L`kxagd: Cge `x`dki lqli`| xg kd g|laiikxadn pdas`|`$

@hadopnf: \lgxxa|f Klkhèal R`||) ;1>8) `radx`h oq Ikdfke) EH: Pdas$ R`|| gc

Keàlk$

Igdn) J`cc`q H$ &?22>!$ ’Cg`~gh― Fqrìadm xg Fadhprfgoak: Gdiad` fkx`h) `vxèa|e kdh

oangxq knkad|x Fadhp|$ Fadhp Keàlkd Cgpdhkxagd$

D`xikdh) Fkgih$ &?22;!$ @dlgpdxàdn _ìanagp| Ripkia|e: Xf` lfkii`dn` xg Lfa|xakd Ckaxf #

Ea||agd$ Hg~d`| Ngs`: Adx`Sk|axq R`||$

Gmfgie) H`dda| I$ # Rfaiiar|) Xaegxfq _$ &;113!$ Cgp Sa`~| gd \kiskxagd ad k Ripkia|xal

^gih$ Nkdh _krah|: Zgdh`skd$

\admad|gd) Lfa|xgrf`$ &?22;!$ Xf` Pdas`|` gc Ckaxf|: K laxalki |xphq gc Jgfd Falmb| ìanagp|

ripkia|e$ ^kqd`|ogg) NK: Rkx`dg|x` R`||$

\x`x|gd) Okh # Lgdxa) Jg|`rf N$ &?220!$ Xf` Xpxf Kogpx Xgi`kdl`: Ripkia|e) has`|axq kdh

xf` lpixp` ~k|$ Hg~d`| Ngs`: Adx`Sk|axq R`||$

X`dd`dx) Xaegxfq L$ &?22?!$ Lfa|xakdaxq kx xf` _ìanagp| _gpdhxkoi`: @skdnìalkia|e ad

lgds`|kxagd ~axf Fadhpa|e) Ophhfa|e) kdh A|ike$ Nkdh _krah|: Okm` Klkhèal$

Is Pluralism Tolerant? An assessment of the pluralist interpretation of world religions in light of...

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