Is IEEE 802.11 Scalable?

IEEE 802.11: how large can it be?

Bandwidth: • Up to 54 Mbps• Good for a few hundred nodes

Timing Synchronization Function• Not scalable

Basic Service Set (BSS)

BSS: building block of 802.11 LAN Infrastructure BSS Independent BSS (IBSS) -- Ad Hoc

AP

IBSSInfrastructure BSS

802.11 Timers (Clocks)

Timer: 64 bits, ticking in microseconds. Accuracy: within + 0.01%, or +100 ppm. Time synchronization needed for:

Frequency hopping Power management

∆ = max tolerable difference between clocks.

Frequency Hopping

f1

f2

f4

f3

f5

Power Saving

sleep

Beacon window ATIM window

Beacon interval

timesleep

802.11’s Time Sync Function (I)

Time divided into beacon intervals, each containing a beacon generation window.

Each station: waits for a random number of slots; transmits a beacon (if no one else has done so).

Beacon: several slots in length.

window

beacon interval

802.11’s Time Sync Function (II)

Beacon contains a timestamp. On receiving a beacon, STA adopts beacon’s

timing if T(beacon) > T(STA). Clocks move only forward.

faster adopts

12:01 12:00

slower not adopts

12:01 12:0212:01

Problems with 802.11’s TSF

Faster clocks synchronize slower clocks. Equal opportunity for nodes to generate beacons.

1:10

1:11

1:12

1:13

1:14

1:15

1:13

1:13

1:13

1:13

1:14

1:15

1:16

1:17

1:18

1:19

1:21

1:23

1:18

1:18

1:18

1:19

1:21

1:23

+3

+4

+5

+6

+7

+8

+3

+4

+5

+6

+7

+8

1:21

1:22

1:23

1:25

1:28

1:31

1:23

1:23

1:23

1:25

1:28

1:31

The Out-of-Sync Problem

When number of stations increases

Fastest station sends beacons less frequently

Stations out of synchronization

Two Types of Out-of-Sync

Fastest-station out-of-sync – fastest station is out of sync with all others.

k-global out-of-sync – k percent of links are out of sync.

Questions: How often? For how long?

Fastest-station out-of-sync (1)

Clock1 and Clock2: two fastest clocks d = their difference in accuracy T = length of beacon interval (0.1 sec.) Clock drift: d*T per beacon interval. In /(d*T) intervals, fastest-station will be out

of sync with all others.

T

Fastest-station out-of-sync (2)

n = number of stations. w = size of beacon window. P’(n,w) = prob(fastest station wins beacon contention)

Prob(Fastest station sends a beacon)

Fastest-station out-of-sync (3)

H = # beacon intervals with F.S. out-of-sync. L = # beacon intervals between async periods. E(R) = E(H)/[E(H)+E(L)] = percent of time in

which the fastest station is out of sync with all others.

LH

How often does fastest-node get out of sync with others?

Percentage of time fastest station out of sync with all others

802.11a54 Mbps∆ = 224 s d = 0.003%

Global Asynchronism

Lower bound on E(H) Upper bound on E(L)

LH

How often does 25%-async occur?

Percentage of time with 25 percent of links out-of-sync

802.11a54 Mbps∆ = 224 s d = 0.01%

Percentage of channels out of sync

How to fix it?

Desired properties: simple, efficient, and compatible with current 802.11 TSF.

Causes of out-of-sync Unidirectional clocks Equal beacon opportunity Single beacon per interval Beacon contention (collision)

1nProb <

Improve fastest station’s chance

Let the fastest station contend for beacon generation more frequently than others.

Adaptive Clock Sync Protocol

Station x participates in beacon contention once every C(x) intervals.

Initially, C(x) =1. Always, 1 < C(x) < Cmax. Dynamically adjust C(x):

x

faster C(x) +1x

slower C(x) -1

Once the protocol converges

Fastest station, C(x) =1

Other stations, C(x) = Cmax (Cmax= ?)

What if the fastest node leaves the IBSS?

The previously second fastest now becomes the fastest. Its C(x) will decrease to 1.

What if a new fastest node enters the IBSS?

The previously fastest now no longer the fastest. Its C(x) will increase to Cmax.

Compatible with current TSF

Suppose some nodes do not implement the new protocol.

Performance of Modified TSF

802.11 Performance of TSF ATSP ATSP.pdf TATSP Performance of Modified TSF

Performance of TSF

Performance of Modified TSF

Summary

Showed: the IEEE 802.11 Timing Sync Function (TSF) is not scalable.

Proposed: a simple remedy compatible with the current TFS.

What’s Next?

IBSS: single-hop

MANET: multihop ??

transmission range

欲知後事如

何 ,

且待下回分

解 .