IS 6774 (2006): Classification of essential oil-bearing ... · AROMATIC PLANTS (First Revision) 1...
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IS 6774 (2006): Classification of essential oil-bearingaromatic plants [PCD 18: Natural and Synthetic FragranceMaterials]
IS 6774:2006
Indian Standard
CLASSIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL-BEARING
AROMATIC PLANTS
(First Revision)
ICS 71.100.70
(3 BIS 2006
BUREAU OF INDIAN ST AN DA”RDSMANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002
April 2006 Price Group 7
Natural and Synthetic Fragrance Materials Sectional Committee, PCD 18
FOREWORD
This Indian Standard (First Revision) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draft finalized by theNatural and Synthetic Fragrance Materials Sectional Committee had been approved by the Petroleum, Coal andRelated Products Division ‘Council.
This standard was first published inprevalent international practices.
Information has been covered on the
. .
1972. This revision is carried out to update the classification in line with
proper identity of the basic plant material, yield of essential oil, harvestingseason and such other relevant data of interest to producers, consumers and the trade. This standard tabulatesavailable data on these and other important aspects considered useful for optimum and economic production andutilization of essential oils fi-om aromatic plant material.
This standard, of necessity, does not include information on all essential oil-bearing plants but only those which areat present considered important from economic point of view.
Since among other data, the essential oils are of major interest to the users of this standard, these have been listed inalphabetical order in Table 1, co] 2.
A number of Indian Standards on natural essential oils are available and a few more are at different stages ofpreparation. Table 1, co] 5 gives information regarding the current publication of Indian Standards for essential oil.This column necessarily is subject to modification and/or supplementation, whenever an old standard is revised or anew one is published.
... .
1S 6774:2006
Indian Standard
CLASSIFICATION OF ESSENTIAL OIL-BEARING
AROMATIC PLANTS
(First Revision)
1 SCOPE
This standard covers classification of aromatic plantsused for the production of essential oils, which are atpresent of interest to the Indian Perfumery Industry. Itprovides information in Table 1, on the botanical identityof the essential oil-bearing aromatic plants, their patternof availability, habitats, economic stage of growth, andharvesting seasons; parts of the plants used for processing,method of processing and yields of essential oils; existenceof Indian Standards and important uses of the plantmaterials and/or oils.
2 REFERENCES
The following standards contain provisions, whichthrough reference in the text, constitute provisions ofthis standard. At the time of publication, the editionsindicated were valid. All standards are subject to revisionand parties to agreements based on this standard areencouraged to investigate the possibility of applying themost recent editions of the standards indicated below:
IS No. Title
327:1991 Oil of lemongrass — Specification(second revision)
328:1992 Oil of eucalyptus globules —Specification (second revision)
329:1993 Oil of sandalwood — Specification(second revision)
512:1988 Specification for oil of citronella (.Iava)(second revision)
526:1988 Specification for oil of palma rosa(second revision)
IS No.
528:1999
533:1998
587:1997
761:1988
1177:1996
1615:1996
3146:1991
3147:1992
3398:2003
4403:1979
6597:2001
Title
Oil of mentha aarvensis —Specification first revision)
Gum spirit of turpentine (oil ofturpentine) (second revision)
Oil of geranium — Specification (third
revision)
Specification for oil of ginger @rstrevision)
Oil of vetiver (cultivated and khus) —Specification (second revision)
Oil of himalayan cedar wood —Specification (second revision)
Oil of celery seed — Specification ~rst
revision)
Oil of dill seed — Specification @st,., ,revision)
Oil of patchouli — Specification (@revision)
Specification for AJOWAIN (first
revision)
Glossary of terms relating to fragranceand flavour industry
15068:2001 Oil of cardamom (Ellettariacardamomum maton) — Specification
3 TERMINOLOGY
For the purpose of this standard, definitions given in1S 6597 shall apply.
Table 1 Classification of Essential Oil-Bearing Plant Materials(Foreword and C[ause 1)
SI Essential Oil Botanical Identi@ Part(s) of Indian Habitat Pattern ofNo.
Economic Harvesting Processingof Plant Plant Used Standard Availability Stage of Season
Plant
(1)Growth
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1. Agarwood Aquilaria
maiaccensls Lam,
syn. A. agallocha
Roxb. (Thymelaea-
ceae)
2. Ajowain Trachyspermum
ammi (Linn.)Sprague ex Turril
N syn. Carumctipttcum BenthexHiern. (Apiaceae/
Umbelliferae)
3. Anise Pimpinella arusum
L. (Apiaceae)
Wood Eastern Himalayas,Bhutan, parts ofWest Bengal, and
particularly Assamon the hill forests of
Khasia, Garo, Naga,Cachar and Sylhet
Fruit Is 4403 Cultivated as rabtcrop in Indian plains
Fruit
4. Bellary leaf Neoiiisea cass~a L. LeafKosterrn (Lauraceae)
5. Bergamot Citrus aurantiumLinn. subspbergamia (Risso &Poit) Wigbt and AM.(Rutaceae)
Fruit
— Native of Greeceand Egypt, also
cultivated in China,Vietnam, Russia and
Europe
— Forests of Western
Ghats, the Nilgirisand other parts ofSouth India also inAustralia
— Calabria (Italy) inalluviti soil, rarely inIndia
Indigenous Usually 50 to All round the Chips are soaked60 years old year in water for 4.-5
trees infested days, then
with fungus groudded to small
pieces, futiher
soaked in waterfor 2 days and
steam-distilled
Indigenous Mature fruits, Aprd Streamfresh and air- distillationdried
Imported
Indigenous
Imported
4 months
after sowingseeds
Mature
1j40 yearsold treeswhen theyield of oil ismaximum
Early spring do
Meld of Uses/RemarksEssential Oil,
Percent
(i]) (12)
0.09-2.19
4.0-6.0 of
oilcontaining4j-55percentthymol
2-3
Wood stem-
carrninative,
aphrodisiac; ATTARis highly priced in
perfumev industry
Fruit, used as
stomach-carminative in colicand flatulence etc:the od IS a source ofnatural thymol
Mainly in flavoursfor dentifrices,
liquors, etc
All round the Steam distillation 0,05 -o.z2 ‘Theoil has a sweetyear and fractionation sharp odour
under retiuced resembling unripepressure mangoes
December to Expression About O 5 [n pefiumery andNlareh when cosmeticsthe fmitapproachesmaturity
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) [9) (10) (11) (1.?)
6. Boise de a) Antba rosaeodora
Rose Ducke var.
amazonica
(Lauraceae)
b) Aniba parv[j70raMez (Lauraceae)
c) Ocotea caudataMez syn. Llcaria
gurunensrs Aubl.(Laoraceae)
d) Protnimaltiss[mzim March(Burseraceae)
w7. Caiarnus. AcOrus ca[umus
Sweet flag Lirrn. (Araceae)
8, Cananga Cananga odorala
(ylang (Lam.) Hook. f. &
ylang) Thorns
(Annonaceae)
9. Caraway a) Carum car-viLinn. (Apiaceae/Umbelliferae)
(aboutl kgper tree)
Wood Brazil, French, Imported 10- I5 yeah April-.lulyGuiana
Steam distillation 0.7-1.2 In the isolation ofold trees with linalool; in soapsabout 30 cm and fine pertlancsdiameter
— Brazil . — —
— Guiana — —
— — Tropical ,imerlca
Rhizomes Throughout Indld inmarshes, at theslopes of Himalayasat I 500 m heights
Flowers — First introduced in
India m 1797, it isnolv occasionally
planted in gardens
Fresh fruits Cultivated mainly inforeign countries,found in small
, patches in Kashmii
— —
Indigenous
indigenous
Mainlyimported
Mature inabout a year,1X tonne of
dry rhizomesper acre
After thetrees are
about fouryears old.
Only mature,yellowflowers
15 monthsafter sowingin coldregions
Flowers are
collectedabout dawn,
during warman sunnyweather.
Should bedistilled soon
aftercollection
Morninghours of
sunny days
—
—
—
—
—
Steam distillation 1,5-3.5 Emetic, used in
dyspepsia and colic.oil used intlavouring hquorsand perfumes
do 0.4-2.~5 Used for the finestand high class
perfumery
preparations and
cosmetics. Cheapergrades used in soapmaking. May also
be used as a fixative
do 3-7
*
Oil and carvonemm
separated from it are 2used in medicine as A
stomachic and. .
carminative; also s
z
Table 1 (Contirzue~
SI Essential Oil Botanical Identity Part(s) of Indian Habitat Pattern of Economic Harvesting ProcessingNo.
Yteld of Uses/Remarks
of Plant Plant Used Standard Availability Stage of Season Essential Oil,Plant Percent
(1)Growth
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
A
10.
11.
12.
Cardamom
CedarwoodHimalayan
Celery seed
b) Bunium perslcum
Fedts. syn.Carum
bulbocastanum
Clarke non-Koch(Black Caraway)(Apiaceae/
Umbelliferae)
Elettaria
cardamomum Ivtaton(Zingiberaceae)
Cedrus deo~ara
(Roxb,) Loud.(Pinaceae)
Apium graveolens
Linn. (Apiaceae/
Seeds (andtubers)
Fruit
Sawdustchips &
fresh woodshavings
Seeds anddry fruits
—
1S 15068
IS 1615
IS 3146
Kashmir eastward toGarhwal andICumaon at1 500-3000 mheights; Baluchistan
and Afghanistan
Grows a.. plantmainly in Kerala.Tarnil Nadu andKamataka
NorthwestHimalayas from
Kashmir to Garhwal(1 800-3000m)
Seasonal rabi crop,cultivated mainly in
Mainlyindigenous
Indigenous
Indigenous
Exotic,
cultivated in
When most June toof the fruit is Octobermature
Green fruit Malabm —August to
January;Mysore —August to
April
On maturity Throughoutof tbe tree the yearwhen there is
fulldevelopment
of heartwood
When the When fruits
seeds are ripe are fully ripe
used in perfumeryand toiletpreparations and in
the flavoring offood products, such
as sausage, picklesand confectionery,
as well as liquors
Steam distillation About 2 As spice and as
carminative inindigenousmedicines. Also toprotect woolen clothagainst insect pests
do
do
do
3-7 For flavoring cur-ries, cakes, bread,
liquors and other
culinary purposes.In medicine used as
carminative
1.5-2.5 As an ingredient in
deodorants and insoap perfumes
2-3 from Seeds and seed oil
dry fruits as cordial carmi-
w
(1) (2) (3)
.
(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
Umbelliferae) the Punjab plains India (8-9 months) and shade natwe, and diuretic:
dried used in bronchitis,
asthma and for liverand spleen disorder.Also as flavoring
agent and as aningredient in
perfumes
13, Cinnarnombark Cirrrranromum verum Stem-bark —Presl syn.
C. zeylanicum 13i.
(Lauraceae)
14. C mnamom leaf Ci17natnomum verum LeavesPresl syn.
C. :ey[anicum B1.(Lauraceae)
15. Citronella Cymbopogon nardus Leaves(Ceylon) (L.) Rendle var.
nardus syn..4ndropopon
nurdus L. (Poaceae/
Gramineae)
16. Citronella
(Java)
17. Clove tree
CymbopogonWm/er/anus Jowitt
syn, Andropogon
nardus auct, non
Lintt. (Poaceae /Gramineae)
Sy2ygium
aromaticum (Linn. )Merr. & L. M. Perrysyn, Eugenia
—
Native of Ceylon, Indigenous Fully Rainy season
cultivated in India developed
shoots when1.2-2.5 mhigh
Wild in Ceylon, Indigenous 3 years atier Just beforecultivated in South planting leaves areIndia fully mature
IS 512 Locally calledIenabatu, Batu andPana Pengiri formscultivated on a large
scale in Ceylon. Alsoin Seychelles, Java
and Tanganikyas.Also cultivated inIndia
Leaves IS 512 indigenous inTaiwan, and
hrddnesia. Alsocultivated in India
Flower bud — Native of Moluccas
stem, leaf cultivated in Southand roots India
Imported
andindigenousproductionalso
Largelyimported,
smallindigenousproduction
Imported
do 0.2-1.0 Flavoring agent infoodstuffs, also in
perfumes andmedicine
do 0,5-I.O A source ofeugenol
X MOISthS 1 hmu~hcrut Steam dtstfllatlonatter planting the year of partially dried
grass
-. -. .0.22-0.85 As ingredient uf
soap perfhne: alsoas a mosquito
repellant
After 2-5 Thrice a year Water and steam
years of distillation ofplanting partially dried
gass
Trees above 8 Janua~ and Steam distillationyears old July
0.5- 1.2 .4s a source of
gemniol and
citronella. Alsoused as such inperfumery
aBuds 14- Dried clove buds 323; stem, used in confec- &
leaf and tionery and spice. ~
roots 4-6 Oil in medicine and ~“.
Table 1 (Continued Ea.I-s&
SI Essential Oil Botanical Identity Part(s) of Indian
. .
Habitat Pattern of Economic Harvesting ProcessingNo.
Yield of Uses/Remarks zof Plant Plant Used Standard Availability Stage of Season Essential Oil, o
mPlant Percent
(1) (2) (3)Growth
(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
18.
19.
m
catyophyllata
Thunb. (Myrtaceae)
Coriander Corlandrum sainmm
Linn. (Apiaceae/
Umbelliferae)
Costus roots Suussurea costus(Falc.) Lipsch. syn.S lappa Sch. -Bip.(Asteraceae/Composite)
20. Cumin
21.
Cummurn cyrnurum
L. (Apiaceae/
Umbell iferae)
Davaoa Artemma pa[lens
Wail. ex DC.
(Asteraceae/
Composite)
Fruits Cultivated - Indigenouscommercially inIndia
Roots Found wild in IndigenousWestern Himalayasat2000–4000mheight. Cultivated inChamba, Lahul,
Spiti and Pangiregions of HimachalPradesh
Fruits Cultivated in India Indigenous
Leaves and Seasonal winter crop IndigenousFlowers cultivated in Mysore,
Andhra, lvladr~ andKerala
Mature fruits Mainly Jan- Steam distillation 0.15-0.25uary-Aprd
3-4 years old During do 06-0,28plant Autumn
months (Sep-Oct) whenaerial parksbegin to diedown
Mainly
January -April
Mature fruit
Ten weeks Late autumnafter
transplantingwhen a fewflowers are
filly openand othersare in buds
do
do
3.0-7.0
0.15-0.5from air dry
herb
perfumery; is asource of eugenol
for conversion intohigh grade vanillin
Flavoring agent infood stutfs
Roots as tonic, andcamrinative, also mskin disease andrheumatism. Oil-
aromatic, used on asmall scale inperfumery; burnt asincense in Buddhist
temple
Flavoring of the
food products, and
confect ionery
ln high grade
perfume
.
(1) (2) (3) (4) (j) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
22. Dill a) Anethum
grave olens
(Linn.)vx.submqinatirn
Leiune et
Courtois(Apiaceae/
Umbelliferae)
b) Arrethum soItJa
Roxb. (Apiaceae/
Umbelliferae)
23. Dill Seeds a) Anethum
grave o[ens
(European dill)Lion. var.
submarg[t?atlm~
Leiune etCourtois(Apiaceae/
Umbelliferae)
b) Anethutn SOJVO
(Indian dill)Roxb. (Apiaceae/
Umbelliferae)
24. Eucalyptus a) Euculyptas
citriodora Hook.
(Myrtaceae)
b) Eucalyptus
globulus Lab ill.(Myrtaceae)
Fresh leaves
Fresh leaves
Seeds/fruits
Seeds/fruits
Leaves
Leaves
European dill isunder experimental
cultivation
Is 3147 Indian dill cultivated
throughout the
country
— European dill is
under experimentalcultivation
[s 3147 India dill cultivated
throughout thecountry
— Mainly in North
India. Nilgiris andMysore
IS 328 Nilgiris(l 520-
2530 m) Annamalaiand Pahri Hillsonsmall scale. Shimla(HP)(1 220-2140 m) adShillong Hills :(Assam) NE
Imported Three months Herbs at do Fresh herb - Largely as a foodafier sowing fruiting stage 0.062 to 1.5 Flavour in Europeof seed depending and America
upon thestage ofmaturity
Indigenous — —
Imported When the Sutimer Steam distillation 3.0-3.5 Oil from the seeds
seeds are just carminative, usefulmatured and in flatulence of
green children. An ingred-ient of gripe waterand ddl waters
Indigenous Three months Summer
after sowingof seed
lnrported: Atier three
also years of
introduced planting
in India;indigenous
Introduced When the
in India plant is about8 years old
Three clip-ings a year
dependingupon theclimate
Throughout
the yearexceptingwinter when
the oilcontent islow
do 0.062 to For food tlavouring
1.500 in Europe and
depending Amertca
upon thestage ofmaturt ty
do 0.5-2.0 in perfumery Also a
source ofcitronellal
do 0.9-1.2 In medicine,perfume~ and forisolation of cineole
G6++a. .
Tablel (Continued)
SI Essential Oil Botanical Identity Part(s) of Indian Habitat Pattern of Economic Harvesting Processing Yield of lises/RemarksNo. of Plant Plant Used Standard Availability Stage of Season Essential Oil,
Plant Percent
(1)Growth
(2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
25. Garlic Album sativum L. Bulbs Cultivated in India Indigenous
(Liliaceae)
Steam distillation 0.1-0.2 Fla\,oring agent for
meat preparations,
soups, canned
goods and table
sauces
Mature bulbs Whter
season
Just beforethe planttlowers
When the
leaf stemtLILilS @]OW
When the
plant is infull bloom
(October -December)
April-May
and Octbber-November
The bestyield and
26. Geranium Palargonium
grave olens L.‘Herit ex Aiton’
(Geraniaceae)
Leaves IS 587 Native of East Largely,Africa, cultivated in imported.India small
indigenousproduction
2nd year ofgrowth
Fully matureRhizomes
Fltwering
stage beforeseeding
2nd yearonwards
1-15 years ofplantation
Water distillation 0.15-0.20 Perfumery and toilet
goods
w2-1. Ginger Zmgiber offlcmale Rhizomes B 76 I Widely cultwated m Indigenous
Rose. India
(Zingiberaceae)
Steam distillation Driedrhizomes -I .5-3.0:air dry
scrapings -about 0.8
Rhizome as camli-native and tlavour-ing agent: oil
marketed in Europefor food Flavours
and stirnuiatin~remedies
28. Ginger grass Cymbopogon Upper leaves IS 526 Grows wild mainly
martinil (Roxb.) and in Madhya Pradesh,
Wats. var. sojia Rdwermg Andhra Pradesh,
(Poaceae/ tops Maharashtra and
Gramineae) Mysore
Water and steam 0.15-040distillation
Oil as an ingredient
of soap perfumedo
Steamdistillation 0.01-0,02 In perfumery and fordyeing the hair
Lawsonia inermis Leaves — Cultivated
(L.) syn. L. alba (L.) throughout India
(Lythraceae)
do29. Hina
Entleurage or 0.22-0.26solvent extraction
In perfumery.Blends very wellpractically with any
30. Jasmine Jasminum ofjcinale Flo&er — Cultivated
L. var. grandlflorum throughout India
(L. ) Kobuski,
do
quality of or steam
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
Jasminium sambac perfume is(Oleaceae) obtained
from flowers
collectedearly in themorning
distillation floral scent, Ieadmgto smoothness and
elegance
31. Kasturi Manjal Curcuma aromatica Rhizomes — Wild throughout do
(Turmeric wild) Salisb. Indiz cultivated
(Zingiberaceae) chiefly in Bengal andKerala
— When the
leaves start
browning
Steam distillation About 6.0 Tonic and camli-native: externally
applied in
combination withastringents
32. Kewda Pcrndanus
fasciculur,s Linn.(Pandanaceae)
Flowers — Grows mainly inmarshy places.Cultivated in Orissawhich accounts for
90 percent of Indianproduction
do Mature July-Octoberplants
do 01-03 Kewda. Attar and
Kewda water arepopular on festiveoccasions such asmarriages
m
33. Lavender Lavandu[a august-
(French) /folia Mi 1.officlrralis Chaixand vera DC.(Lamiaceae/
Labiatae)
During fullbloom in 4th/5th year of
growth
August.
October
Fresh
blossomingtips
Native of Imported
Meditemanean indigenous
region, South France also
and Italy. Alsocultivated in India
Water and steam 0,7-0,9 In perfumery and
distillation soap industry
—
34. Lavandin Lavandula hybrids
Rever then
(Lamiaceae/
Labiatae)
Fresh
blossomingtips
South France Imported When theplants are inM bloom
August- Water distillation
September
0.5-1.0 Perfumery and spap
industry
35. Lemon Citrus limon (L.)Burro. fsyn. Citrus
rnedica Linn. var.Iimonrmr
Citrus IimonumRisso (Rutaceae)
Fresh rind ofthe nearly
ripe fruits
— India, Sicily, Mainly
California. Calabria. importedSpain Brazil and
Argentina
Winter and ExpressionSummer
Economicfruiting
commencesin 6th year
0.3-0.6 In perfumery and
soap industry
N
Water and steam 0.25-0.50 tnperfumery, soaps ~a
36. Lemoh-grass Cymbopogon Leaves and Is 327 Wild growth as well Indigenous 2nd and 3rd ARer
Table 1 (Continued)
s] Essential Oil Botanical Identity Part(s) of Indian HabitatNo. of Plant Plant LJsed Standard
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6)
Pattern of Economic Harvesting Processing Yield of Uses/RemarksAvailability Stage of Season Essential Oil,
Plant Percent
Growth
(7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
jlexuosus (Ness LX
Steud). Wats.(Poaceae/Gramineae)
flouer[og as cultivatedtops commercially
year ofplanting
(fresh)
0.20-0.48
Air dryhosk – 10-
14
3.0-5.8
0.5-1.0
and cosmetics, and
as a rdw material in
chemical industry
maturity at
the end of
May andthen every35 or40
days tillNovember /
December
distdlation
37. Lime C’/trus at/rurrf!jio//a Skin ot’the
(Christm.) Swsyn. fru]t
C. medico var aclda
Hook. f. (Rutaceac)
Cultivated mamly InSouth lodia
Indlgenoos
EMtlc;
cukivated
Aprd-.August Cold expresslunand steamdistillation
4-5 years ofgrowthmature fruits
Unripe fruit asdigestive. to!iicappetizer Oil main-ly used in confect-ionery, pharma-
ceuticals. and toiletpreparations
Bdrsera38. Linaloe Berries Husk oftbe Native of Mexico,berries under small scale
cultivation in Iodia
Folly ripeberries
Maturebemiesproducedanouallyfrom a plant
of 6-7 yearsage and
onwards
Water and steam
distillationIn high gradeperfumery.
cosmetics arid soapdelpechiana Poiss,ex Engl.(Burseraceae)
39. Mullilam ihrtho~hmn Fruit
lirrronell/a (Dennst)A1ston. syn.Z rhetsa (Roxb.) DC(Rutaceae)
Mainly in Mysore,Keraia. Kashmir and
Fruiting When the
fruits arefully ripe
Steam distillation Fruit-aromatic,
astringent, stomachstimulant prescribedin dyspepsia. In
perfumery
Meghalaya
40. Nagarmo-tha or Cyperus scariosus Rhizome
Cyperus R. Br (Cyperaceae)Common in dampplaces and in crop
do One year of All round the do Tubers-aromatic,cordial; oil-aromaticgrowth when year
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
fields in Bengal the tubers areformed
and in perfumery
41. Nutmeg Myrtsticafiagrans FruitHoutt.
(Myristicaceae)
Mainly found inIndonesia and WestIndies. Cultivation isconfined to gardens
of the Nilgiris,Kerala, Andhra
Pradesh and West
Bengal
Exotic Trees bearcultivated fruits from
7th year; full
bearing at 20to 30 years
Fruiting all
the year
round
At the timeof flowering
do
Wheneverthere is a
good flush ofleaves
do
Low pressure
steam distillationNutmeg 5-16, Mace 4-15
0.3-0.5
0.38-0.7
About 0.1
03-0.7
0.018-0.050
1,6-2.5
Use in toiletpreparations,
medicinal products,
flavoring essences,
chewing gums, etc
—
42. Ocimom a) Ocimum Leaves.hast[!cum L. stalks and(Lamiaceae / tlov, erirrgLabiatae) tops
Cultivatedoccasionally ingardcrrs (indigenousto Punjab)
Wild
Indigenous Afler oneyear
Steam distillation
and rectificationin vacuum
As a flavoringagent
b) 0. anrericanum doL. (Lamlaceae/Labiatae)
do
do
do do In soap perfumesand cosmet]cs
Cultivatedc) 0. grakwmum L. do(Lamiaceae/
Labidtae)
do do Expectorant and
antiseptic
d) 0. sanctum L.
(Lamiaceae/Labiatae)
do do do do do Expectorant andantiseptic
43. OriionA[lnmr cepa L. Bulb(Liliaceae)
Cultivated in India do Mature bulbs Winter
seasonSteam distillation Flavourmg of meats
sausages, soups
table sauces andother culinarypreparations
44. Orange bitter Citrus awarrtium L. Peel of tiuit Mainly in Andhra Imported Mature fruits June to earlyssp. amara Linn. Pradesh (lctober(Rutaceae)
do A valuable adjunctG
in the flavourirrg of ~beverages, confec- :tionery, and baked &
goods; also used in “~perfumes, toilet o
0m
Table 1 (Cdntinued)
SI Essential Oil Botanical Identity Part(s) of Indian Habitat Pattern of Economic Harvesting ProcessingN
Yield of Uses/Remarks ~, 0. of Plant Plant Used Standard Availability Stage of Season Essential Oil, g
Plant Percent
(1) (2) (3) (4)Growth
(5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
waters and
cosmetics
45.
46.
OrangeMandarin
(Loose skinned)
Orange (sweet)
Citrus rellculata
Blanco (Rutaceae)
C/o-us .sirretrsis(L.)Osbeck (Rutaceae)
Whole fruit — Mostly cultivated in
and peels Assam, MP. Punjab
and Coorg (Mysore),also in Sikkim
Rind of fruit — Mainly in NorthIndia, Andhra
Pradesh andMaharashtra
47. Pahnarosa Cymbopogon Upper two- [S 526
martirri (Roxb. ) thirds of theWats. var mo(ia plant(Poaceae/
Grarnineae)
48. Patchouli Pogostemon cablin Leaves IS 3398Benth. syn. R
patclrozdi Pellet. var.suaws Hook.(Lamiaceac/Labiatae)
Grows wild mMadhya Pradesh.Maharashtra, Andbra
Pradesh and Mysore.Also cultivated
Indigenous Mature fruits November- Expression (cold About O.I
December pressed)
do do Mainly Steam distillation 0.11-0.58November- on wholeMarch fruit
do At full bloom Flowering Water and steam 1,22-1.50
stage distillation (dry weight)
0.25-0.30(fresh)
Grown in !ndonesia Imported 1-3 years of Twice a year
and Malay$ia. and growth before the
Cultivated in India indigenous leaves turn
also brown
do 3.0-3.5
49. Pepper Piper nigrum Linn. Fruits(Piperaceae)
Malabar is the Indigenous Mature fruits December- Steam distillation 1-3.5
original home March
Fruit-laxative.
aphrodisiac,
astringent, tonicrelieves vomiting
Flavoring agent forfood products; alsoemployed inpharmaceutical andoral preparations inorder to convertobjectionableodours; also used inperfumes, and toiletpreparations
In perfumery, soap
and cosmeticindustry. AISCIfor
industrial isolation
of geraniol
For high gradeperfumery,cosmetics and soaps
For tlavouring offoodstuffs and
beverages
(1) (2) ($ (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
50
51
Source of menthol;used in medicines,
toiletries andcosmetics
When theplants are inflowers
When the
plantis inflowers
3 to4 timesper year
Early hoursof morningin March
August-Septemberafterflowering
Mature tree
do 0.4-0.5Peppermint a) A4entha ar+errsis
L. (Lamiaceae/Labiatae)
Whole aerial IS 528 Cultivated in India
plant
Indigenous
Mainlyimported
Imported
4 months
after planting
dob) A4entha piperita
Linn. (Larniaceae/
Labiatae)
Whole aerial — Native of
plant Mediterraneasr
countries. Introducedin India in Kashmir,
Uttar Pradesh andNiIgiris
ARer firstyear ofplanting
0.2-0.4 [n medicines as acarminative; alsoused to flavour
pharmaceuticals and
oral preparations
Leaves and — Paraguay, also Brazil
twigs and South Europe
4 years after
pldnting
0.25-0.50
Steam distillation 0.01-0.03soon after
Perfumery, colognes
and for soapsPetitgrain Citrus aurantium L,
var. bigardia Wath(Rutaceae)
do
Flowers — Commerciallycultivated mainly inUP
In high gradeperfumes largely forflavoring softdrinks, alcoholic
liquors and tobacco,
particularly snuffand chewingtobacco. Also usedin lotions and eyewashes
52. Rose Rosa damascena
Mill. (Rosaceae)15 monthsafter startingcultivationbut themaximumnumber offlowers are
obtained tillthe 4th or the
5th year.CaretWymaintainedplantations
remainproductive
up to 40years
w
53.
54.
Rosemary Rosmarinus
oficinalls Linn,(Lamiaceae /Labiatae)
Leaves, — Native of
twigs and Mediterraneanflowering countries cultivated
tops in India also
Imported
andindigenous
Indigenous
Harvesting
every thirdyear
Water and steam 0.4-0.8distillation
Pertiumery and soapindustry, flavoringfood and inmedicine
Heartwood IS 329 Grows wild inMysore, Andhra
Sandal-wood Santalum album
Linn. (SantaIaceae)
After till
developmentSteam distillation 4.5-6.0 High grade
perfumery and
~] Essential Oil Botanical IdentityNo. of Plant
(1) (2) (3)
Part(s) of Indian Habitat Pattern of Economic Harvesting Processing Yield of [Jscs/RemarhsN
Plant Used Standard Availability Stage of Season Essential Oil, zm
Plant Percent
Growth(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12)
55.
56.
57.
Spearmint Mentha spicata L
(Lamiaceae)
Spike Lavender Lcrvarrdsda laitfo[ia
Madic. (Lamiaceae/Labiatae)
Tomarseed Zantho@um
acanthopodmm DC(Rutaceae)
Pradesh, Madras.
and Mabarrrshtra.Also cultivated
Stem and Mainly USA; Also [reportedleaves cultivated in China and
and India indigenous
Flowenrrg Temperate counries do
tops bordering \VcsternMediter-ranean
Fruit Sub-tropical Indigenous
Himalayas from
58. Turpentine Plrrus ro.xburghi! CXeoresin of 1S 533
Sargent and other tree
Pinus Spp. exudation
(Pinaceae)
59. Vetiver Ikiweria :tzanioldes Roots
(cultivated) (Linn.) Nash
Kumaon to Slkkim(OP to 3000 mheight) and KhasiaI-Iills from 1000 to
2000 m height
Outer HimalayanRanges from hrdusto Bhutan
(450-2 300 m) and P
Hrasiana) in EasternHimalayas
of hearhvood cosmetics
4 months When Steam distillation 0.3-0.4 Flavour for
after planting tloJ~ering deoifrices and
chewing gum
After Augus[- Water and stemn (}.88-1 10 t’erhmx~ and soapflowering September distillation industry
Mature fruits Steam dist!ltation 1,5-1.6 Fro it ascarminative. oil asaromat!c
do Ahoot 30 cm March-in diameter November
and above150 cm in
height
do 18-19 oil. Oil as source of acontain 40 large number ofu&~ industrialpinene chemicals,
perfumerycompounds andisolates. Resin in
solder flux, soapsand paints andvarnishes
IS 1177 Cultivated Indigenous 8-19 months October- Water distillation 0.18- 1.0 M perfumery and
throughout India, old plants December flavoring agents
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (s) (9) (lo) (11) (12)
(Poaceae/ mostlv m South
Gramineae) India
60. Vetiver (Khus) Jb(/veria zizanioides Roots IS 1177 Grows wild in North do 15-19 DV period
(Linn.) Nash India and utilized months old
(Poaceae/ commercially in plants
Gramioeae) Bharatpur
(RaJasthan)
do 0.3-0.5 do
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