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Transcript of IS 376 October 1, 2013 Robotics, The New Industrial RevolutionRobotics, The New Industrial...
IS 376October 1, 2013
“The Rise of the
ROBOT WORKER”
By Erico Guizzo and Evan Ackerman
IEEE SpectrumOctober 2012
“Robotics, The New Industrial
Revolution”By German Carro Fernandez, Sergio
Martin Gutierrez, Elio Sancristobal Ruiz, Francisco Mur Perez, and Manuel Castro
Gil
IEEE Technology and Society Magazine
Summer 2012
October 1, 2013IS 376 Page 2
WORKPLACE AUTOMATIONAutomating processes that were once performed by
humans is an age-old means to relegate tedious tasks to machines, which are better able to perform them consistently and correctly, without succumbing to
boredom.Examples:
Printing instead of
photocopying
Universal Product Codes instead of price stickers
Direct deposit
instead of payroll checks
Self-checkout instead of regular checkout
Pre-recorded drive-through
greetings
Automated doctor
appointment reminders
In The Office:
In The Grocery: In Daily Interaction:
October 1, 2013IS 376 Page 3
ROBOTSThe term “robot” was coined by Karel Čapek in his 1921
play “R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots)”, about a factory that produces artificial people, who ultimately rebel and
drive humanity to extinction.
October 1, 2013IS 376 Page 4
INDUSTRIAL ROBOTSRobots are extremely popular in factories, where their
endurance, speed, precision, and programmability make them perfect for such jobs as:
• Assembly
• Painting• Welding• Packagi
ng• Palletizi
ng• Loading• Inspecti
ng• Testing
October 1, 2013IS 376 Page 5
INDUSTRIAL ROBOT STATISTICS
October 1, 2013IS 376 Page 6
TECHNICAL PARAMETERSIn order to program industrial robots to perform precisely,
various parameters must be specified and closely monitored.
Working EnvelopeThe region of
space that the robot is able to
reach.
KinematicsThe arrangement of rigid sections and flexible joints making up the robot.PayloadThe amount of weight the robot is capable of lifting.
Degrees of Freedom
The set of rotational and
translational movements of
which the robot is capable.
PrecisionThe accuracy with which the robot can reach a particular position.RepeatabilityThe robot’s ability to return to an exact position.
October 1, 2013IS 376 Page 7
BAXTER$22K factory robot from
Rethink Robotics Behavior-Based
Intelligence(adapts to changing
environment)
Human Presence Detection(360° sonar & front-face
camera)User Interface(navigator
on arm; expression
on face)
Force Sensing
& Control(at each
joint)
Vision-Guided
(movement & object
identification)
Natural Compliance(spring-based sensors detect bumping into
people/objects)
Direct Training
(tasks taught via
arm movement
, not programmi
ng)
October 1, 2013IS 376 PAGE 8
VIVA KIVA!Kiva Systems in Massachusetts has developed a robot
that works in warehouses to identify and retrieve warehouse inventory, usually for mail order businesses.
Full pallets of products are delivered to
cabinet replenishment
stations.
Items are selected from cabinets to be
included in specific orders.
Completed orders are delivered to
the loading dock.
October 1, 2013IS 376 Page 9
DANGER! DANGER!Robots are commonly used for tasks that would be too
dangerous for humans.
Explosive Ordnance Disposal
Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle
On-Orbit Servicing
Search & Rescue Underwater Oil Capping
Firefighting
October 1, 2013IS 376 Page 10
ROBOT AVATARSTelepresence robots are designed to stand in for humans
who are in remote locations, in this case with a video screen hat and camera and laser pointer eyes.
Using a Web browser, the human controls the robot from home, using the robot’s mobility and voice and video capabilities to participate in meetings and interact with coworkers.
Stuffed
Animal
October 1, 2013
THE UNCANNY VALLEY
IS 376 Page 11
Familiarity
Human
Likeness
Industrial
Robot
Humanoid
RobotBunra
ku Puppe
t
Corpse
Zombie
Prosthetic
Hand
Healthy
Person
StillMoving
In 1970, cognitive scientist Masahiro
Mori noticed a relationship
between how close an object
approximates a human likeness and the ease with which people respond to
the object.
A child hugs a doll more than a pillow. An industrial robot looks utilitarian, while primitive
humanoid robots look “cute”.
Mori observed that past a certain point,
however, a simulated human likeness strikes
people as “creepy” unless it literally
cannot be distinguished from a
real human.
October 1, 2013
EMOTIONAL ATTACHMENT
IS 376 Page 12
Recent research indicates that military personnel are
increasingly forming emotional attachments to
their EOD (explosive ordinance disposal) robotsWhile soldiers insist that
attachment to their robots does not affect their performance, they
acknowledged they felt a range of emotions such as frustration, anger and even
sadness when their field robot was destroyed.
This has resulted in speculation that outcomes on the battlefield could be compromised by human-robot attachment, or the
feeling of self-extension into the robot described by some
operators.
It has been suggested that the next generation of EOD robots should be designed to have less personality,
and be more like tools, so that they're harder to form
relationships with.