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lndianMETHODS OF

I S : 2720 Part VI ) - 1972StandardTEST FOR SOILS

PART VI DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORSFi rs t Revi si on )

Fifth Reprint AUGUST 1993

UDC 624131434

0 copyrrght 1972BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

Gr 3 July 1972

( Reaffirmed 1995 )

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IS:Z;IZO Part VI)-1972

Indian StandardMETHODS OF TEST FOR SOILS

PART VI DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS

First RevisionSoil Engineering Sectional Committee, BDC 23

ChairmanPROF DINESH MOXAN

Members

ReprtscnlingCen~o~rk~~ilding Research Inrtitute ( CSIR ),

SHRI D. R. NARAHARI ( Altcrnalc toProf Dinesh Mohan )PROF ALAM SINGU University of J odhpur, J odhpurDR A. BANERJ EE Cementation Co Ltd. BombaySHRI S GUPTA ( AlkrnatcSHRI B. B. L. BHATNACJA~ Land Reclamation, Irrigation Power ResearchInstitute, AmritsarSHRI K. N. DADINA In personal capacity (P-820, ew A arc, Calcutta 53)SHRI A. G. DASTIDAR Hindustan Construction Co Ltd. BombayS~nr R. L. DEW_\N Bihar Institute of Hydraulic Allied Researcn,Khagaul, Patna13~ G. S. DHILLON Indian Geotechnical Society, New DelhiPROF R. N. Do~:R.* Indian Institute of Technology, New DelhiSHRI S. I(. GULHATI Allernote )

JOIST DIRECTOR RESEARCEI FE ), Railway Board ( Ministry of Railways )KDSODEPUTY DIRECTOR RESEARCHSOIL MECHAXICS ), RDSO( Alternate )SHRI S. S. JOSHI Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army HeadquartersSWRI S. V~RAD~RAJA ( Alternate )

SHRI I. P. K.XPILA Central Board of Irrigation Power, New DelhiSHRI G. KUECKELJIANN Rodio Foundation Engineering Ltd; and HazaratCo, BombaySHRI A. H. DIVANJI ( A lcmote jSHRI 0. P. XIALHWRA Pllblic Works Department. Government of PunjabSHHr 11. A. hleH.rA Concrete Association of India, BombaySHRI T. hi. hfENoN (,~~lcmale)

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAK BHAVAN. 9 BAHADU.R SHAH ZAFAR MARG

NEW DELHI 110002

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IndianMETHODS OF

IS 2720 Part VI ) - 1972StandardTEST FOR SOILS

PART VI DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS

F i r st Revi si on0. FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard ( Part VI) ( First Revision ) was adopted bythe Indian Standards Institution on 25 February 1972, after the draftfinalized by the Soil Engineering Sectional Committee had been approvedby the Civil Engineering Division Council.0.2 With a view to establish uniform procedures for the determination ofdifferent characteristics of soils and also for facilitating a comparativestudy of the results, the Indian Standards Institution is bringing outthis Indian Standard methods of test for soils (IS : 2720) which isbeing published in parts. Thirty-three parts of this series have beenpublished so far.0.3 This part, first published in 1964, deals with the methods of test forthe determination of shrinkage factors for soils. Factors, such as theshrinkage limit, shrinkage ratio, shrinkage index and volumetric shrinkagemay be. .etermined from the results of the test described. The methodfor determining the value of linear shrinkage on the basis of results of testconducted for obtaining the shrinkage limit has been found unsatisfactoryand a direct method for determining this property has been covered inIS : 2720 ( Part XX )-1966*. Hence reference to linear shrinkage hasbeen deleted from this revision. As weight measurements can be mademore accurately than volume measurements, the former method has beenspecified in this revision for the determination of the volume of the soilpat. The inside edge of the shrinkage dish has been rounded so that airentrapped during the measurement of the volume of the pat is minimized.Recently it has been recognized that shrinkage upon drying is alsoindicative of the structure of the soil. The greater the shrinkage themore dispersed the strcture. It is possible, therefore, to study theshrinkage behaviour of undisturbed soil of natural or man-made depositsand get an idea of its structure. In this revision the term shrinkage limit( undisturbed soil) has been introduced to define this property and amethod included for its determination. Consequently, the term originallyknown as shrinkage limit has been re-designated as shrinkage limit( remoulded soil ).- - ~_..

*Methods of teat for soils: Part XX Determination of linear shrinkage.3

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IS : 2720 ( Part VI ) - X9720.4 In the formulation of this standard due weightage has been given to.international co-ordination among the standards and practices prevailingin different countries in addition to relating it to the practices in the fieldin this country.0.5 In reporting the result of a test or analysis made in accordance withthis standard, if the final value, 0bserve.d OY calculated, is to be roundedoff, it shall be done in accordance with IS : 2-1960*.

1. SCOPE1.1 This standard ( Part VI ) lays down the method of test for obtainingdata from which the shrinkage factors, namely shrinkage limit( remoulded soil ), shrinkage limit ( undisturbed soil ), shrinkage ratio,shrinkage index and volumetric shrinkage of soils may be calculated.2. TERMINOLOGY2.1 For the purpose of this standard, the following definitions shall apply.For definitions of terms not given below, reference may be made toIS : 2809-1972t.

2.1.1 Shrinkuge Index ( 1, ) -The numerical difference between theplastic limit and shrinkage limit (remoulded soil ).2.1.2 Shrinkage Limit Undisturbed Soil ) ( wsu ) - The maximum watercontent expressed as percentage of oven-dry weight at which any furtherreduction in water content will not cause a decrease in volume of thesoil mass, the soil mass being initially of soil in its undisturbed state.2.1.3 Shrinkage Limit Remoulded Soil) ws ) - The maximum watercontent expressed as percentage of oven-dry weight at which any furtherreduction in water content will not cause a decrease in volume of the soilmass, the soil mass being prepared initially from remoulded soil.2.1.4 Shrinkage Ratio R) -The ratio of a given volume change,

expressed as a percentage of the dry volume, to the corresoonding changein water content above the appropriate shrinkage limit, expressed as apercentage of the weight of the oven-dried soil.2.1.5 Volumetric Shrinkage Volumetric Change ) Vs ) - The decrease involume, expressed as a percentage of the soil mass when dried, of a soilmass when the water content is reduced from a given percentage to theappropriate shrinkage limit.*Rules for rounding off numerical values ( reaised ).tGlosary of terms and symbols relating to soil engineering (jirsf revision .

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IS I 2720 Part VI) - 19723. APPARATUS3.1 Evaporating Dish - two, porcelain, about 12 cm in diameter witha pour out and flat bottom, the diameter of flat bottom, being not lessthan 55 mm or an enamel iron tray with pour out.3.2 Spatula- flexible, with the blade about 8 cm long and 2 cm wide.3.3 Shrinkage Dish-circulaK, porcelain or non-corroding metal dishine,rt to mercury having a flat bottom and 45 mm in diameter and 15 mmheight internally. The internal corner between the bottom and thevertical sides shall be rounded into a smooth concave curve.3.4 Straight Edge - steel, about 15 cm in length.3.5 Glass Cup - 50 to 55 mm in diameter and 25 mm in height, thetop rim of Lvhich is ground smooth and level.3.6 Glass Plates -- two, each 73 x 73 mm, 3 mm thick. One plateshall be of main alass and the other shall have three metal prongs inert

DET IL OF GLASSPLATE WITH PRONGS

BEFORE AFTERSHRINKAGE SHRINKAGE

GLASS PLATEWITH PRONGS

7

L*OP OF GLASS CUPGROUND SURFACE) 1

/ MERCURY DISPLACEDDRY BY SOIL PATSOIL PAT

METHOD OF OBTAININGDISPLACED MERCURYAll dimensions in millimetres.

FIG. 1 APPARATUSFOR DETERMININGOLUMETRICHANQE5

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IS :272Q PartVI)-19723.7 Oven- thermostatically controlled to maintain the temperaturebetween 105 and 1 lOC, with interior of non-corroding material.3.8 Sieve - 425-micron IS Sieves.3.9 Balances -sensitive to 0.1 g and 0.01 g (see IS : 1433-1965* ).3.10 Mercury - clean, sufficient to fill the glass cup to overflowing.3.11 Desiccator -with any desiccating agent other than sulphuric acid.4. SOIL SAMPLE FOR TEST4.1 For Shrinkage Limit ( Remoulded Soil ) Test (and Determi-nation of Other Allied Properties )-Take a sample weighing about100 g from the thoroughly mixed portion of the material Fassing the 425-micron IS Sieve which has been obtained in accordance withIS : 2720 (Part I )-19721_.4.2 Shrinkage Index ( Undisturbed Soil ) Test

4.2.1 Preserve the undisturbed soil sample received from the field in itsundisturbed state.4.2.2 Trim from the undisturbed soil sample soil pats approximately45 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height. Round off their edges to pre-vent the entrapment of air during mercury displacement.

5. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE LIMIT( REMOULDED SOIL) AND OTHER ALLIED PROPERTIES5.1 Preparation of Soil Paste- Place about 30 g of the soil sampleobtained in 4.1 in the evaporating dish and thoroughly mix with distilledwater in an amount sufficient to fill the soil voids completely and to makethe soil pasty enough to be readily worked into the shrinkage dish withoutentrapping air bubbles. In the case of friable soils the amount ofwater required to obtain the desired consistency is equal to or slightlygreater than the liquid limit; in the case of plastic soils it may exceed theliquid limit by as much as 10 percent.5.2 Weight and Volume of the Shrinkage Dish- Determine theweight of the clean empty shrinkage dish and record. Determine thecapacity of the shrinkage dish in cubic centimetres, which is also thevolume of the wet soil pat, by filling the shrinkage dish to overflowingwith mercury, removing the excess by pressing the plain glass plate firmlyover the top of the shrinkage dish in such a way that the plate is flushxvith the top of the dish and no air is entrapped, weighing the mercuryheld in the shrinkage dish to an accuracy of 0.1 g and dividing this weightby the unit weight of mercury to obtain the volume. Record this volumeas the volume of the wet soil pat, v.

*Specification for beam scales irevirrd).tMc=thnds f test for zoils: Part I Preparation of dry soil samp es lor various testsJrsl reviri on ).

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IS :2520 Part VI ) - 19725.3 Filling the Shrinkage Dish- Coat the inside of the shrinkagedish with a thin layer of silicone grease or Vaseline or some other heavygrease to prevent the adhesion of soil to the dish. Place in thecentre of the shrinkage dish an amount of the soil paste equal to aboutone-third the voiume of the shrinkage dish, and allow the paste to flow tothe edges by tapping the shrinkage dish on a firm surface cushionedby several layers of blotting paper, rubber sheet or similar material.Add an amount of the soil paste approximately equal to the first portion,and tap the shri,lkage dish as before until the paste is thoroughly com-pacted and all included air has been brought to the surface. Addmore soil paste and continue the tapping until the shrinkage dish iscompletely filled and excess soil paste stands out about its edge. Thenstrike off the excess soil paste with a straight edge, and wipe off all soiladhering to the outside of the shrinkage dish.5.4 Weigh immediately the shrinkage dish as filled in 5.3 and record theweight as the weight of the shrinkage dish and wet soil pat. Allowthe soil pat to dry in air until the colour of the pat turns frcm dark tolight. Then oven-dry the pat in the shrinkage dish to constant weightat 105 to 1 IO , cool in a desiccator and weigh immediately after removalfrom the desiccator. Record the weight as the weight of shrinkage dishand dry soil.5.5 Volume of the Dry Soil Pat - Determine the volume of the drysoil pat by removing the pat from the shrinkage dish and immersing it inthe glass cup full of mercury in the manner given in 5.5.1.

5.5.1 Fill the glass cup to overflowing with mercury and remove theexcess mercury by pressing the glass plate with the three prongs (see Fjg. 1 )firmly over the top of the cup, collecting the excess mercury in a suitablecontainer. Carefully wipe off any mercury which may be adheringto the outside of the cup. Place the cup, filled thus with mercury, inthe evaporating dish taking care Ilot to spill any mercury from theglass cup, and place the oven-dried soil pat on the surface of the mercuryin the cup. Then carefully force the pat under the mercury by means ofthe glass plate with the same prongs ( see Fig. 1 ) and press the platefirmly over the top of the cup, the displaced mercury being collected inthe evaporating dish without spilling out of it. Care shall be taken toensure that no air is trapped under the soil pat. \Veigh the mercuryso displaced by the dry soil pat to an accuracy of 0.1 g and determine itsvolume by dividing this weight by the unit weight of mercury. Recordthis volume as the volume of the oven-dry soil pat, T-0.6. PROCEDURE FOR DETERMINING SHRINKAGE LIMITUNDISTURBED SOIL )6.1 Keep the specimen as prepared in 4.2 in a suitable small dill: and

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IS : 2720 Part VI ) - 1972air-dry it. Then dry the specimen in the dish to constant weight in an ovenat 105 to 110C. Remove the specimen from the oven and smoothen theedges by sand papering. Brush off the soil dust from the specimen by asoft paint brush. Place the specimen again in the cleaned dish and dry itin an oven to constant weight. Cool the oven-dry specimen in adesiccator and weigh it with the dish. Determine the oven-dry weight ofthe specimen, ll,,.6.2 Determine the volume VU, of the oven-dry specimen of 6.1 as describedin 5.5.1.6.3 Determine the specific gravity of the soil in accordance withIS : 2720 ( Part III )-1964.7. CALCULATIONS7.1 Moisture Content w ) - Calculate the moisture content of wetsoil pat ( see 5 ) as a percentage of the dry weight of the soil as follows:

11 - IV,zp)=-- Mo x 100

where w = moisture content of the pat ( see 5 ),1V = weight of wet soil pat obtained by subtracting the weightof the shrinkage dish from the weight of the dish and wetpat, and

LV, = weight of dry soil pat obtained by subtracting the weightof the shrinkage dish from the weight of the dish and drypat.7.2 Shrinkage Limit Remoulded Soil ) wB - Calculate theshrinkage limit using the following formula:

,,=,-( y, 100where

ws = shrinkage limit in percent,w = moisture content of wet soil pat (see 7.1 ) in percen.,V = volume of wet soil pat in ml,V0 = volume of dry soil pat in ml, and

W0 - weight of oven-dry soil pat in g.NOTE -When the specific gravity of thesoil is known the shrinkage limit may alsolethods of test for soils : Part III Determination of specific gravity.

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IS : 2720 Part VI ) - 1972be calculnted by the following formula ( in this case, step indicated in 5.4 is notrequired ):

+_ ) 100where

w8 = shrinkage limit in percent,R = shrinkage ratio ( set 7.4 ), andG = specific gravity for the fraction used in the test determined in accord-ance with IS : 2720 ( Part III )-1964.

7.3 Shrinkage Index I, Calculate the shrinkage index using thefollowing formula: I s = I p - ws

whereIp = plasticity index [ determined in accordance withIS: 2720 ( Part V)-19707 1.

7.4 Shrinkage Ratio R Calculate the shrinkage ratio using thefollowing formula:iuflR-- Y.where

W, = weight of oven-dry pat in g, andY0 = volume of oven-dry soil pat in ml.

7.5 Volumetric Shrinkage Volumetric Change ) Y8) - Calculatethe volumetric shrinkage using the following formula:Y, = ( ZLJ~ ws ) Rwhere

WI = given moisture content in percent,ws = shrinkage limit ( see 7.2 ), andR = shrinkage ratio ( see 7.4 ).

7.6 Shrinkage Limit Undisturbed Soil ) ( wsu ) - Calculate theshrinkage limit ( undisturbed soil ) using the following formula ( of samplereferred in 6 ):

wall = ( Y 1--%_--00Ml,, G )wherewslc = shrinkage limit

*Methods of test for soils: Part IIItMethods of test for soils: Part(first reviszon ) .

( undisturbed soil ) in percent,Determination of specific gravity.V Determination of liquid and plastic limits

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IS : 2720 Part VI) - 1972V,, = volume of oven-dry specimen in ml see 6.2 ),

tv,, = weight of oven-dry specimen in g see 6.1), andG = specific gravity of soil determined in accordance withIS : 2720 Part III )-1964*.

8. REPORT8.1 The observations and results of the test shall be reported suitably.A recommended pro forma for the record of results is given inAppendix A.8.2 The tests shall be repeated at least three times for each soil samplean< the average of the results thus obtained reported. If any individualvalue varies from the average by more than f 2 percent, it shall bediscarded and the test repeated.

APPENDIX A( Clause8.1 )

PRO FORMA FOR REC,oRD OF TEST RESULTSa) Shrinkage Limit (Remoulded Soil )Project:Name of work:

Laboratory number of sample:Description of soil sample:Soil fraction taken for the test:

Location Bore/Trial Pit No. Depth Test No.Determination No.Shrinkage dish No.Weight of shrinkage dish in gWeight of shrinkage dish + wetsoil pat in gWeighr. of shrinkage dish + drysoil pat in gWeight of oven-dry soil patCW, I in e

I ,1iVeight of water in 4hfoisti~re content (w ) of soilpat, percentEvaooratine dish No. (dish intowhich mercury filling shrinkagedish is transferred for weighing) in gWeight of mercury filling shrinkagedish + weight of evapfxating dish10.II. Weight of eoapo,xting dish~...__-.-___--_ _

::i:5.6.7.8.9.

-

-\Iethoc s of test for soils: part III Determination of specific gravity.

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IS : 2720 Part VI ) - 1972( Confinucdfrom page 2 )

Members RepresentingSFIRI S. K. G~LHATC Indian Institute of Technology, New DelhiSum S. S. J ORHI Engineer-in-Chiefs Branch, Army HeadquartersSHRI 0. P. MAL HOTRA Buildings Roads Research Laboratory, PublicWorks Department, Government of PunjabDR I . S. UPPAL ( Alfern )SHRI R. S. MELKOTE Central Water Power Commission, New DelhiDEPUTY DIKECTOR (CENTRALSOIL MYCHANICS RESE.ZRCKSTATIOX ) ( Alternafc)SHRI D. R. NARAHAKI Central Building Research Institute ( CSIR ),

RoorkeeSI lRI G. S. J .41~ (Alfern )DR V. V. S. RAO United Technical Consultants Pvt Ltd, New DelhiSHRI K. K. GUPTA ( Allcrnate )REPRESENT-UTILE Public Works Department, Government of UttarPradeshSHRI H. C. VERXA Associated Instrument Manufacturers ( India ) PvtLtd, New DelhiSHRI M. N. BAL ICA ( tlllcrnofe )

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BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSHeadquarters:Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, NEW DELHI 110002Talephones : 331 01 31, 331 13 75 Telegrams : Manaksanstha( Common to all offices )Regional Oflces:Central : Manak Bhavan, 9 Behadur Shah Zafar Marg,NEW DELHI-I 10002Eastern : I/I4 C.I.T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road.Maniktola, CALCUTTA 700054Northern : SC0 445-446, Sector 35-C,CHANDIGARH 160036Southern : C. I. 1. Campus, MADRAS 600113tWostern : Manakalaya, EQ MIDC, Marol, Andheri East),BOMBAY 400093Branch Oflces:Pushpak Nurmohamed Shaikh Marg, Khanpur,AHMEDABAD 380001Peenya Industrial Area, 1 st Stage, Bangalore Tumkur Road

BANGALOR E 660058Gangotri Complex, 5th Floor, Bhadbhada Road, 1. T. Nagar,BHOPAL 462003Plot NQ. 82/83, Lowis Road, BHUBANESHWAR 76100253/5, Ward No. 29, R. G. Barua Road, 6th Byelane,GUWAHATI 7810035-8-56C L. N. Gupta Marg ( Nampally Station Road),HYDERABAD 500001R14 Yudhlster Marg, C Scheme, JAIPUR 302005117/418 B Sarvodaya Nagar, KANPUR 268005Patliputra Industrial Estate, PATNA 800013T.C. No. 14/1421, University P.O., PalayamTRIVANDRUM 695035lnspectlon Oflce (With Sale Point) :Pushpanjali, 1st Floor, 205-A West High Court Road,Shankar Nagar Square, NAGPUR 440010Institution of Engineers ( India ) Building, 1332 Shivaji Nager,PUNE 411005

*Sales Offlcs in Calcutta Is at 5 Chowrlnohso Approach, O. PrlncspStrset, Calcutta 700072TSales Offics In Bombay Is at Novelty Chambers, Grant Road,Bombay 400007%3alss Office In Banoalore Is at Unlty BulldIng, Naraslmharala Square

Sangaloro 560002

Telephonesll 33 01 31331137536 24 99

[ 2184331641

{41 24 4241 251941 29 166329296

1263482 63 49[

38 49 5538 49 5666716

5 36 273317723 1083

16 34716 98 32[ 21 68 7621 82 9262305

[ 621 04621 172 61 715243627 65 0089 65 2522 35 71

lntod at SlmsoPrlntlno Prorm. Dolhl. lndlr

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AMENDMENT NO. 1 DECEMBER 1982TO

IS : 2720 (Part VI ) -1972 METHODS OF TESTFOR SOILSPART VI DETERMINATION OF SHRINKAGE FACTORS

First Revision /Alterations

Page 5, clauses 3.1 to 3.6 ) - Substitute the following for the exis-ting clauses and re-number the subsequent clauses: 3.1 The evaporating dish, spatula, shrinkage dish, straight edge, glasscup, prong plate, plain plate and measuring cylinder shall conform toIS : 10077-1982*.

( Page 5, Fig. 1 ) - Delete.( Page 8, clause 6.3; page 9, clause 7.2; and page 10, cluus~ 7.6 ) - Sub-stitute IS : 2720 Part III/Set 2 )r1980* for IS : 2720 Part III )-1964* wherever appearing.( Pages 8,9 and 10, foot-note with * mark ) - Substitute the followingfor the existing foot-note:

*Method of test for soils : Part III Determination of specific gravity, Section 2 Fine,medium and cdarse grained soils first revision ). Addenda

( Page 5 ) -Add the following foot-note at the bottom: tSpecification for equipment for determination of shrinkage factors.

BDC23)Printed at Slmco Prlntlno Press. Delhi. lndla