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IS 2212 : 1991

I ndian Stan& dBRICK WORKS-CODE OF PRACTICE

( F irst RevisionFirst ReprintOCIOBER 1998

UDC 693-22006-76

Q BIS 1991BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSMANAKBHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARO

NEW DELHI lMNlO2

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Building Construction Practices Sectional Committee, CED 13

FOREWORDThis Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the draftfinalized by the Building Construction Practices Sectional Committee had been approved by the CivilEngineering Division Council.This standard was first published in 1962. In this revision types of bricks mentioned in the Table 1 havebeen modified to bring it in line with IS 1077 : 1991 Common burnt clay building bricks (jiiiir revision ).Further the materials to be used for mortar have been modified on the basis of IS 2250 : 1981 Codeof practice for preparation and use of masonry mortwa ( jirst rmision ).Figures showing a typical arrangement of cut-brick in a corner has been modified to show the normalpractice adopted by Central Public Works Department and other organizations.The provisions of this standard do not limit its application to cases where only modular bricks are used; onthe other hand, they can be applied with equal advantage to traditional bricks constructions as well asspecial size brick constructions. It is considered that this unified approach in the standard will be parti-cularly advantageous during the period of transition from traditional brick construction to modular brickconstruction resulting in significant saving in bricks, mortar and labour.it may be noted that the requirements bearing directly QII the dimensions of bricks have been so wordedas to be applicable both to modular and traditional bricks. For example, when the requirements for thick-ness of wall is stated as one brick this will mean 20 cm nominal thickness in case of modular brick and9 ineh nominal thickness in the case of traditional brick of size 9 in x 44 in x 3 in.This standard is intended chiefly to cover the technical provision relating to brickwork and it does not coverall the necessary provisions of a contract,This standard is one of a series of Indian Standards codes of practice covering masonry. Other standardsin the series cover stone masonry and concrete block masonry.For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with, the finalvalue, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordancewith IS 2 : 1960 Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revi sed . The number of significant placesretained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the specified value in this standard.

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I ndian StandardBRICK WORKS - CODE OF PRACTICE

( F irst Revision)1 SCOPE1.1 This standard covers the construction of brickmasonry in general and the erection of brickwalls in particular.1.2 Only masonry with clay bricks is dealt within this standard. Use of unburnt bricks ( kacMubricks ) and use of mud mortar arc notrpccificallycovered in thii standard.

The Indian Standards listed in Anncz A arenecessary adjucts to this zuuxhud.3 TERMINOLOGY3iO For the purpose of this code, the followingdefinitions shall apply.3.1 GeneralBsam Fi ui?lg The fil Jingof the gap between theceiling level and the wall bearing level excludingportions occupied by beams, r&em, etc.BOnd The arrangement of the bricks in succcs-sive courses tie the brickwork together bothlongitudinally and transversely; ,the arrangementis usually daigncd to ensure that no vertical jointof one coume is ezactly over the one in the neztcourse above or below it, and there is the greatestpossible amount of lap,coping O? w6Oth6TiUg - The cover applied over orthe geometrical form given to a part of tructureto enable it to shed rain-water.Corba A cantilcvcr projecting from the face ofawailtoformabearing.Co& 6 - Horizontal ornamental feature projcct-ing from the face of a wall.COWS6 - A layer of bricks including bed mortar.

Damp-proof urs6 - A layer of impervious mate-rial laid or inserted in a structure to arrest thepermeation of dampness.E&OT6666nC6~- A powdery encrustment of salts leftby evaporation. This may be visible on the aurfaccor may bc below surface. In the latter case, this istermed as crypto-florescence.

1

Footings A projecting course or courses formedat the base of a wall to spread the load.H6dV- A brick laid with its length across thewall.Ind6nting The leaving of reccsscs into whichfuture work can be bonded.Jamb The part of the wall at the side of anopening.Joint - A junction of bricks.B6d Joint - Horizontal joint in brickwork ormasonry.Cross oint - A joint other than a bed point nor-mal to the wall face.J ointing - The operation of finishing joints as themasonry work proceeds ( s6# ah 6.5.2 ).JKominal Thi cktuss f a Wall - Thi r ia he thicknessof wall that is stated in the cztimatcs for calcula-tion of quantities. It iz a gCCtitiOd dimension,which is neither the actual thicknas of wall cz-eluding rurfacc finishes like pla&cr, rtndwing, ctc,nor necessarily the overall thickness includingsuch iinishcs. The following example will illustratethis point:

%&J l ActualTtiknatJ ThieknusFor traditional brickof 9 in length ( withallowance of f: infor mortar joint ):

One-brick wall 9 in1 -brick wall 84 to 8f in134 13 to 134 ininP-brick wall 18 in 17) to 173in

For modular brick ( withallowance of 1 cm formortar joint ):One-brick wall 20 cm 19 cmIi-brick wall 30 cm 29 cm2-brick wall 4Ocm 39 cm

Parapet A solid or pierced guard wall for flatterrace of a balcony ( or a bridge ) or a curb wallat the lower part of a pitched roof, which is cx-posed to atmosphere on face, back and top.Prrpsnd An alignment of cross joints whicn canbe checked with a plumb line.

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I S 2212 I 199kPointi ng - The operation of finishing joints subs+quent toalso 6.5.3 ). the completion of masonry .( see

Pro& - A guide used for setting out brickworkaccurately.Quoin - An external corner in brickwork; theterm may also denote the masonry unit based toform the quoin.Racking Back - Stepping of the unfinished end ofthe wall masonry. 1A SquintRrvcal - The visible part of each side of a recessor opening of a wall.Slef&erWall - A dwarf wall usually honeycombedto carry a plate or sleeper supporting a joistedfloor.Squint - A brick of special shape used at anobligue quoin ( see Fig. 1A ),

Stretcher - A brick laid with itsdirection of wall.

Tuothing - Bricks left projectingcourses to bond with future work.3.2 Materials

length in the

in alternate

Bat - Any portion of a brick, cut or broken acrossits length usually known according to its fractionfrom the whole size, for example, l/2-bats, 3/4bats, etc.Closet - Part of a brick either manufactured orcut from a whole brick and used to maintainbond.Bevelled Closer - Illustrated in Fig. 1B.King Closer - Illustrated in Fig. 1C.Queen Closer - Illustrated in Fig. 1 D.Facing Br icks - Bricks which, being exposed toview as in the case of unplastered surfaces, arerequired to have pleasing appearance, sufficientresistance to penetrations by rain and greaterdurability than common bricks.Flashing - A sheet of impervious material fixedto a structure so as to cover an intersection orjoint where water will otherwise leak through.lemplet - A pattern of sheet metal used as aguidefor setting out specific section and shape,

1B Bevelled Closer

1C King Closer

1D Queen CloserL - Length of modular brickW = Width of modular brickH = Height of modular brick

FIG. 1 DIFFBRJZNTYPES OF PART-BRICKS2

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Temjhte or Bad Block - A block of stone or con-crete bedded on a wall to distribute the pressurefrom a concentrated load.hearths, flues and chimneys in the brick-work.

3.3 Tools and Accessories3.3.1 Tools required for brick masonry work, suchas plumb line, rules, straight edges, trowels, etc,are described in IS 1630 : 1984.3.3.2 Scafolding and StagingThese are temporary frame works commonly ofbamboo, timber or tubular /steel, having verticals,horizontals and diagonal braces secured or leashedtogether with nails, ropes or other types of faste-ners, such as clamps. These are used for support-ing ramps and working platforms from which theconstruction work at higher levels is carried out.Scaffoldings are of two types, namely, single anddouble scaffolding. Single scaffolding consists of arow of verticals connected to walls by horizontalssupsea tF rted on and tied to the structure. Doubleolding consists of two rows of verticals securedor leashed together with horizontal and diagonalbracings, forming essentially a structure indepen-dent of the building. It may, however, be alsoconnected $0 the structure at convenient pointsfor the sake of better stability.

4.2 All information as in 4.1 shall be made avail-able to those who are responsible for the masonrywork. Necessary drawings and instructions forplanning the work shall be furnished.4.3 Arrangements shall also be made for theproper exchange of information between thoseengaged in masonry work and all those whosework will affect or will be affected.5 MATERIALS5.1 Bricks5.1.1 Unless specified otherwise, burnt-clay bricksused shall conform to IS 1077 : 1991. Heavy dutybrick as per IS 2180 : 1991 shall be used whenthe building is subjected to very heavy loading.5.2 Mortar8Mortars for masonry shall be prep&red in accord-ance with IS 2250 : 1981. The ingredients usedin mortar shall conform to the requirements speci-fied in 5.2.1 to 5.2.6,

3.3.3 Storey Rods 5.2.1 CementThese are battens of wood running one ormorefloor heights and having permanent markingscorresponding to the location of brick courses atvarious heights and of all openings, sills, lintels,sun-shades and similar features occurring in thefloors.

Cement used for brick masonry shall conform toIS 269 : 1976 or IS 455 : 1976 or IS 1489 : 1976or IS 3466 : 1968 or IS 8041 : 1978 or IS 8043 :1978.5.2.2 Lime

4 NECESSARY INFORMATION4.1 For efficient planning, design and executionof the work, detailed information with ragard tothe following shall be furnished to those responsi-ble for the work:

Lime used for brick masonry shall conform toIS 712 : 1984.NOTE - Hydraulic and remi-hydraulic limes corres-ponding to Claaa A. B and E of IS 712 : 1984 are;onve&ntly availabie for use in masonry mortars,whereas fat limea, corresponding to Clau C and D willrequire mxing of burnt clay poazolana and otherpozzolanic material, Clalls C and D limer may also beused with addition of cement and pozzolanic material.Quick lime &all never, be 4 for, $vctural purpose.It mmt be slacked first. Slacking at rite shall be done inaccordance with IS 1635 : 1975.

44

4

4

Layout plans showing the orientation of thestructure;Dimensioned details of the structure withdetails of sections ( to a suitably large scalethat is l/20 or 1 cm = 20 cm ), levels offoundations, finished ground levels, clearfloor to floor heights of rooms, sizes ofopenings, etc.Type and class of brickwork, types of bondand final finish for the brickwork; the mixesof mortar to be used, etc; full size.details ofarchitectural features, mouldings and otherspecial work.Location and other details of openings,chases, embedmdnts of service lines, such asfor water supply, cirainage, electrical instal-latiods, etc; and location and details of

IS 2212 I 1991

5.2.3 Lime Potzolana h&tureLime pozzolana mixture used for brick masonryshall conform to IS 4098 : 1983.5.2.4 Pozrolana5.2.4.1 Calcined clay pozzolana shall conform toIS 1344: 1981.5.2.4.2 Fly ash shall conform to IS 3812 : 1981.

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is 2212 I 19915.23 Pin8 Aggrega&Sand rhall conform to IS 2116 : 1980.5.2.6 WaterWater used for making masonry mortar8 shall beclean and free from injurious quantities of delete-rious matcriah. Potable water ir generally conri-dmd satirfactory for use in masonry mortar, Forfurther requirements regarding limits of deletcriourmateriala permitkd in water, reference may bemade to IS 456 : 1978.5.3 M~torhla for Damp-proof CounerMateriala for damp

Fo conform to one oroof cottr~s ahal1 be specifiedthe relevant Indian Stand-ards or other rquirementr rtated below:

4

cl

4

Bituminour felts forwaterproofing anddampproofiingBituminona com-pound8 for water-pmoting p*parerMortar or concretefor UC in dampproof courseStone rlab fordaWT-%f

Conforming toIS 1322 : 1982Conforming toIS 1580 : 1969Conforrmxlgtou.1.1

zEhrnhg to5.4 MUerial# forFl8ahin# nd WeatbtringThese shall be specified to conform to one of therelevant Indian Standards stated below:

a) Lad Flashbg Conforming to IS 405L Part 2 ) : 977nd thecknerr shall be bct-ween 1.6 and 2 mm,

b). Bihmimw Falts ~x&rming to IS 1322 :

5.5 Motd Reid-omtMetal, reinforcement for use in brick masonryrhall be tpcciiied to conform to one of the rcle-vant Indian Standarda stated below:

a) Mild steel or Conforming to IS 432medium tensile (Part I&and 2):1982steel bars

b) Steel fabric or Conforming to IS 1566 :hard-drawn steel 1982wiri:

c) Expauded metal ~gm$orming to IS 412 :

d) 0th~ suitable There shall be made ofmetal 6Grce- rtructural steel conform-ment, such u ing to IS 226 : 1975galvanized hoopiron6 DESIGN CONSIDBMTIONS6.1 Selection of Bricka6.1-l For use in various situationa of brick.masonry, the brick shall be selected in accordancewith Table 1.6.13 When the requirementa for strength ofmasonry predominate in the particular rituationof use, the brickr shall be of such grade ( SM IS1877 : 1991 aa to give the nquired strength formasonry an d shall be selected in accordance withtheir relevant provisions of IS 1905 : 1987.6.2 &laction of Mortars6.24 Mortars used for brick masonry shall con-form generally to IS 2256 : 1981.6.2.2 The selection of mortar will alno be gover-,ned by the strength required for masonry andreference may be made in IS 1905 : 1987 forknowing the suitability of combination of varioustypes of mortars and grad- of bricks for differentstrengths required for the masonry.6.3 Types of Bonds aad Their Saltability6.3.1 The primary object of bond is to givestrength to ma,xnuy, but it may also be employedto create artistic effects when the brickwork iacxpoaed to view.The types of bonds generally in use, their charac-teristics and situations of USC are described inTable 2.63.2 In brickwork the cross joints in any courseshall not be nearer than a quarter of bricklength from those in the course below or above it.6.3 Thicknesm of Joint6.4.1 No bed joint shall be thicker than 12 mm.Further the thickness of the bed joints shall betuch that four coursat and three joints taken con-secutively shall measure aa follows:

a) In the case of Equal to four times thetraditional bricks actual thickness of thebrick plus 3 cmb) In the case of Equal to 39 cmmodular bricksconforming toIS 1077 : 1991

6.5 Finishing of Joints6.5.1 The face jolts of brickwork may be finishedby jointing or by pointing.

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IS 2212 1991Tablo1 S&ctioaofBdldingEaickm

( tihnua6.1.1 )

2. 8) Subiect to *em he8wloding - -b)

3. 8)

b)

6.

8)

b)

Requiring 8 high rub-tance to W8wr penetm-tionPlinths and foundationsbelow d8m ps!.zEzlFan?E chanceof continu81 wetting infoundation8Plinth and foundatiambehwcoune- m#$zEzztable at 8 hiih level

External walls, neitherplutered nor renderedon the outer faceExternal waib iiniahedon both facea with 8water-tight plarter orrendering

Internal walk

Free standing walls, p8r8- Cl- 125 common bri ckspea (W IS 1077: 1991)

Clam 125 common bricka Briclu ,haR be free from(*1077:1991) minor defect8 ruch anchipa at the edge of cor-ners. Colour and texturemay also be specified ifw,requiredIIe8-u~ duty ( u) IS 2190 :

do

Cl- 125 orc;kur 7.5corn anonIS 1077 : 1991 ) ( SCI

do

Clam 125 common kicks(su IS 1077 : 1991 )Clan 75 or better qualitycommon bricks ( su IS1077: 1991 )

Clam 75 common bricks( SW S 1077: 1991)

The bricka shall be freefrom eilloretcence. Theyshall 81~0not have any raltcontent which will affectthe mortar of the muonry,The bricks may preferablybe the denest availablewith the minimum water8korptionThe b&L &all preferablybe of uniform colour The exposed joints shall bepointed with 8 dense watertight mormr

For ritu8tionr expooed tosevere weather ( MTTable S ) only Class 125common bricks shall beused u in4(8).Clw S-5 common brick,alro may be connidered forUM, provided they ratisfythe mqulrementa for tire-ngth ( UI IS 1077 : 1991 )For wallr which are liableto be frequently in contactwith water ruch u in bath-rooms, only Clus 7.5 orbetter bricks shall be usedA deme water-tight mortarrhall be ured for the maso-nry. Parapet1 rhall prefer-ably be finished on allrider with 8 watertightplutCr

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is22l2:1991Table 2 Common Types of Bonds for Brickw

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I8 2312 :I991Table 2 ( Co&rd )

moo of Road c&roete8i8tic8(1) (2) (3)6, Strrtcber Bond In tbio bond ( ru Fig. 8 )oil th8 cowI*, are Itret-char COUTWO ad theovriog ir wurlly b8lfb&k md Ir obt8iaed bycommondog e8ch &or-nate OOWMwith l half-bat

Wirb eli&t modifhtion attbr Quoia tbo OVerl8Pmrybo v8riod to*or*b&k 8od the bond i8tbea kmwa lfekieg Strrt-char Bad

7. Reader Bead The foeYJ of tbia bond( ICIPig. ) h8a 811 theCourMa 88 b88dera only8od the ovsrl8p. whit b ishalf the width of the brickis oborined by introduc-ing 8 threeqwrter b8tin arch 8itern8te course8t quoinaNOTES

8itEdoB Of the

(4)Used in i-brick thickie8vea of c8vity mllr

Rework8

(5)

Uaed for w8llr curved onp18o for better 8lign-ment; 8nd preferably infound8tion footinga ofbrick masonry for bettertransverse didbution

1 Seval other rpeci81 bon& 8re 8180 n vogue, ruch u Monk Bond, Dutch Bond, Englirh Cram Bond 8nd mixedbond8 of v8riour typa which give different utistic egectr so far 8s appeuance ir concerned.2 The boa& dewribed above h8vr been developed lugely M 8 result ofthe traditional 9 in x 44 in x 3 in bricks,but 811h8ve ken found to be suitrble for modular briclrr of rise 20 cm x 10 cm x 10 cm. In the course of use ofmod&r bricb mor8 bonb m8y be evolved for giving improved function81 chu8cteristic.r to the m8sonry.

SE 0

FIG. 2 ENGLISH BOND

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IS 2212 1991

Fro. 3 DOUBLBFLBMISEBOER)

FIG. 4 SINGLE FL~MISEI OND

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FIQ. 5 EN~LXSEGARDENWALL km

Fxa. 6 FLBMISHGARDENWALL BOND

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IS 2212 : MB1

FIQ. 7 Amcm BONDr SLATE CLOSURE TO JAM6

PLAN OF COURSE B

I I I I I II I I I I 1

PLAN OF COURSE A

ELEVATIONNOTE - Urn of Stretcher bond in cavity well comtructioo is illurtreted here.

FIG. 8 STRBTC~R BOND

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PLAN OF COURSEA

ELEVATIONFxa. 9 HBADBR OND

6.32 In jointing, either the face joints of themortar ahall be worked out while atill green togive a finished surface flush with the face of thebrickwork, or the joints shall be squarely rakedout to a depth of 10 mm while the mortar is stillgreenforr ubYlork shall be uent plastering. The faceaof brick-caned with wire brush so as toremove any splashes of mortar during the courseof raishmg the brickwork.

FLUSH JOINT

WEATHEREDJOINT6.5.3 In pointing, the joints shall be squarelyraked out to a de th of 15 mm while the mortaris still green anx the raked joints ahall be wellbrushed to remove dust and loose particle andwell wetted, and shall be later completely refilledwith mortar to give the required finish. Some suchfinishes are flush, weathered, (tucked, ruled,etc ( se6 Fig. 10 ).

KEYEDJOINT

NOTE - Pointingwill offer facilitiw for introducing inthe face joints a mortar specially prepared with regardto composition, colour, etc.TUCKED

JOINT

6.6 StmeturaI and Functlonol Characteria-ticm of Brickwork6.6.1 &ruetural tability and StrengthReference may be made to IS 1904 : 1986 andIS 1905 : 1987 for design with regard to structu-ral stability.

RULED JOINT

6.6.2 Resistance to Moisture Penetration6.6.2.1 Rain water penetrates solid brickworkeither through cracks or through the body of the FIG. 10 DIFFBRBNT YPESOFPOMINQ FINISHESbricks or mortar. Unrendred walls permit more FORBRICKWORK

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I8 2212 t 1991water to pass through than rendered walls, andtherefore shall not be relied on to give protectionfrom rain except under sheltered or moderateconditions.6.6.2.2 Resistance to rain penetration will beincrased by rendering which prevents the accessof water through the joints of brickwork exceptin small quantities passed through by capillaryaction. Rendered walls are, therefore, suitable forsevere conditions provided other requirements,such as sufficient thickness, use of satisfactorymaterials,, and workmanship are also satisfied.6.6-2-g A cavity wall will provide a perfectbarrier to rain penetration. Even when the outerpart of the wall gets wet, the inner one willremain absolutely dry.6.6.2.4 Table 3 indicates the suitability of variouswalls under different conditions of exposure.

Table 3 Suitability of Walls forVariow Expomarem( ClaurG6.6.2.4 )

Ii - RecommendedN - Not Recommended

81No. Constrmction Exposure--d---~Sheltered Moderate Severe(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)1. Unrendred &brick N N Nthick wall2. Unrendred l-brick R N Nthick solid wall3. Unreodered If-brick R R Nthick solid wall4. Rendered solid wall R R N5. Cavity wall or rende- R R Rred one-brick thicksolid wallNOTE - Exposure condition8 to wind and rain may bebroadly divided into rheltered, moderate and Ieverelocationr.Shclfnud Conditions are, for example, regions of low rain-fall ( below 750 mm per annum ) and where brickworkis protected by the proximity of buildings of rimilaror greater heights. Brickwork in the lower two rtoreyrof building8 of ruch location8 will fall in this group.Ma&r&r Cmdt ions are obtained where the exposure isneither sheltered nor severe.S-n Cm&ions are obtained where the bric_l_work isexposed to a moderate gale accompanied by ap@@tentrain. Brickwork that projects well above *a 8UrroUndingbuildings will, especially, be r~f~ely exposed.

6.6.3 Thermal ,!3resmThe coefficients linear expansion of bricks varyfrom 5 x 10-s to 11 x 10-s per degree Centi-grade. Variations of temperature tend to producelinear changes in walls which, when restrained,may lead to internal stress resulting in cracksespecially when the walls exceed 30 m ( 100 feet ).The effects of these stresses shall be taken intoconsideration for .a proper design.6.6.4 Control of Shr inkage Cracking6.6.4.1 When bricks having a drying shrinkage ofnot more than 0.02 percent are used, fine haircracks appear in the joints. These may usually beignored. With bricks of higher shrinkage values,major cracks may appear through the brickwork.Tn confine cracks to the joints and to dissipatethese into a large number of fine joints, it is desi-rable that the mortar used shall be weaker thanthe bricks.6.6.4.2 Cracking due to shrinkage normally willoccur at openings or other points where the verti-cal or horizontal section of a wall changes. A longwall with a few openings will tend to show widercracks above and below the openings than a simi-lar wall with many openings. Metal reinforcementmay be embedded in brickwork at points wherecracking is likely to occur.6.6.5 Themal Insulation6.6.5.1 For requirements of thermal insulation inwalls, reference may be made to IS 3792 : 1978.The thermal transmittance ( U-value ) of l-brick(200 mm ) thick wall with 15 mm plaster onboth sides will be about 19 5 K cal/mshdeg C ( or0.4 Btu/ft*hdeg F ).6.6.6 Fire ResistanceFor requirements regarding resistance to fire,reference may be made to IS 1642 : 1988.6.6.7 kuzd InnrlationRequ&ments for insuh%iOn against airbornesound are laid down in IS 1.950 : 1962 andreference may be made to that standard in thisconnection.6.6.8 DnrabilitpDeterioration of brickwork arises due to followingcauses:

4

W

Disintegration due to soluble salts presentin the brickwork or when the brickwork isin contact with subsoil water containingsoluble salts ( see Note 1 );Disintegration due to impurides present inthe bricks which! under certatn conditionsare liable to Qsrupt the brickwork ( J C~Note 2 );

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c) Disintegration due to frost action ( seeNote 3 ); andd) Corrosion of iron or steel in reinforcedbrickwork.

NOTES1 When a wall is subiectcd to continued wetting oralternate drying and wetting, the soluble salts therein,mostly sulphates of alkalia prerent in the bricks getdissolved and interact with- certaio components ofcement or hydraulic lime in the mortar and rendering,resulting in the formation of new compounds withincreased volume and consequent cracks in the bricksor in the mortar. Under simlar circumstances disinteg-ration also occurs due to the crystallization of certainsalts like magnesium sulphate just inside thesurfacepores of the bricks giving rise to severe surface decay.2 Nodules of quick lime in the bricks when they gethydrated due to soaking in water during construction orsubsequent dampness expand in volume setting up dis-ruptive effect on the bricks.3 When the brickwork is saturated with water and ex-posed to freezing conditions, the expansion of waterrryc;;ing the freezing has a disruptive effect on the

6.7 FootingaFor construction of foundation footings in brick-work reference may be made to IS 1080 : 1985.e6.8 DsmpProof Courses56.8.1 The function of a damp-proof course is toprevent the passage of water from an externalsource into a structure or from one part of astructure to another. Damp-proof courses mayconsist of flexible material like tar or bitumenfelts, or of a layer of dense concrete or slates orcuddappah tone slabs.6.8.1.1 Dampproofing with a layer of concreteshall conform to the following requirements:

4 Size of stone aggregateto be usedb)44

Mix of concrete

10 mm nominalsize ( see IS 383 :1970 )1:2:4

Thickness of concretelayerThe concrete layershall be provided witha waterproofing treat-ment which may beeither a surface treat-ment or with integralwaterproofing com-pounds

Not less than 4 cm

NOTE - For surface treatment of concrete dampproof course, it is found by experience that painting,with hot bitumen at the rate of 17 kg/l00 m* is rtis-factory.8.8.1.2 Slates and cudda#ah stone slabs used fordamp-proofing shall be not less than 40 mm thick,

IS 2212 t 19916.8.1.3 The damp-proof course shall occupy thefull wit&of the wall just below it, and shall beprovided even under door openings.6.8.2 Damp-proof course may be horizontal orvertical and will be required at one or all of thelocations as below:

a) Below the lowest floor level to prevent entryof water from the soil;b) Above ground level to prevent water fromrising up the wall; andc) At openings, parapets, etc, to preventaccess of rain-water into the structure.

6.8.3 Where the lowest floor of a structure isbelow the finished ground level, a -horizontaldamp-proof course through the body of the wall,below the level of the underside of the floor willbe required. This will have to be connected inthe external walls through a vertical damp-proofcourse to the horizontal damp-proof course aboveground level. This, in effect, seals the basementfrom ingress of water.6.8.4 All walls in a building shall be providedwith a damp-proof course which is at least 15 cmabove the finished ground or plinth protectionlevel and preferably immediately below the under-side of the ground floor. The damp-proof courseshall run without a break throughout the lengthof the wall, even under door or other openings.6.8.5 Damp-proof courses shall be provided onthe jambs and at the top of openings where suchopenings occur in cavity falls. The damp-proofcourse in the jambs shall be vertical and shall beprovided at the junction of the internal and exter-nal parts of the cavity wall so as to prevent ingressof dampness from the external part of the wall tothe internal leaf ( SGC ig. 11 ). A flexible damp-proof course ( se6 Fig. 12 ) shall be provided atthe top to protect the lintel head from the waterwhich flows down through the cavity above andto drain it off outside through weep holes.6.8.6 In parapets, where the coping is of an im-pervious material like stone or dense concrete, nodamp roof course may be necessary across theWall. tv here the coping is of a previous nature, itmay be necessary to interpose a flexible dampproof course about 15 to 20 cm above the finishedroof level and carry it down the inside face of thewall to the lower face of the drip course. Damp-proofing of parapets in the case of cavity wallsconstruction is illustrated in Fig. 13.6.8.7 Damp-proofing details under architecturalfeatures is illustrated in Fig. 14.6.9 Cavity Wall6.9.1 The outer and inner leaves of a cavity wallmay be of the same material or of different mate-rials, such as brickwork and concrete, etc. The

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. .IS 2212 ls!u

FLEXl6LE DAMP-PROOFCOURSE OVER SUPPORT~SEE flc.rt~)10 cm + SUPPORT OF APPROPRIATE

INSIDE MlrdI I

LENGTH

IFLEXIBLE VERTICALDAMP-PROOF COURSE FRAME TO OPENING

OUTSIDE PLAN1lA Details with Frame foi Opening on Outside

FLEXl8LE DAMP-PROOFCOURSE OVER SUPPORT (SEE FIG. 28)

SUPPORT OF APPROPRIATEINSIDE LENGTH

SLATE DAMP -PROOF COURSE

I

FRAME TO OPENINGOUTSIDE PLAN

11B Details with Fiame for Op8ning on InsideFIG. 11DETAILS OFDAMP-PROOF OURSSSAT JAMBFOROPENIIWS N CAVITY WALL

thicker leaf shall be arranged on the inside andthe cavity or apace between the two leaves of thewall #hall be between 4 cm to 8 cm.6.9.2 The function of the wall ties is to bind to-gether the outer and inner leaves of a cavity wall.This shall be spaced not more than four brick-lengths apart horizontally and not more than 5brick-heights vertically, and staggered. Additionalties shall be used near openings. There shall, atleast, be 5 ties per square metre surface area ofthe wall.6.9.3 Ties may be of mild steel, flat iron or roundbars, suitably twisted at their mid-point or slopedtowards the exterior side ao as to prevent waterfrom flowing along it from outer to inner leaf.

Ties shall be given a bituminous or other coatbefore, insertion to protect them from corrosion.6.10 Be- of Ploor~ and Roofs6.10.1 Timber F loor and RoofsIt is not desirable to embed any structural timberin brickwork as it is liable to be affected by dryrot. Timber wall pIates shall be protected withpreservative if they have to be embedded in wall.The ends of timbers joists shall preferably rest oncorbels or brackets but when built into a wall theyshall be treated with preservative, and in addition,space shall be left around them for free circulationof air. The ends of beams carrying heavy loads,and of trusses shall be supported on templates ofconcrete or stone to distribute the load over agreater area of brick wall.14

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FLEXIBLE DAMP -PROOF COURSE

SECTION12A Head of Opening with Frame on Outside

INSIDE

FLEXIBLE DAMP-PROOF COURSE

SUPPORTOPENI

SECTION126 Head of Opening with Frame on Inside

FIG. 12 DBTAILSOF DAMP-PROOFINGAT LINTEL HEAD LRVRLFOR OPR#INGS N CAVITY WULS

DAMP PROOFCOURSE FOP *IGH

Parapet s also of Cavity 133 Detail8 wheie Parapet i s of SolldConstructlon ConstructionFIG. 13 DRTMLS OF DAMPPROO~G IN PARAPBTOWR CAWY CONSTRUCTION

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14A Plinth

.Fl EXIBLE DAMP -PROOF COURSE

- Solid Wall

148 String Course - Solid or Cavity WallFIG. 14 DETAILS OF DAMP-PROOFING INARCHITECTURAL PROJEC~ON

6.10.2 Steel BeamsThe ends of steel beams embedded in masonryshall be built-in with space all round for repaint-ing or shall be protected with a thick bituminouscoat or shall be encased in rich concrete of mix1 : 2 : 4. The ends shall generally be supportedon templates of plain or reinforced cement con-crete of mix 1 : 2 : 4, or stone.6.10.3 RCC Floors and Roofs6.10.3.1 Reinforced cement concrete floor androof slabs resting on the wall shall have a widthof bearing not less than the effective depth of slabsubject to a minimum of 10 cm.

6.10.3.2 Where the bottom of the slab does notcoincide with the level of a brick course, the levelshaIl not be made up with cut bricks but thethickness of the slab at bearing shall be increasedso that the bearing is directly on the brick courseimmediately below its level.6.10.3.3 Ends of RCC beams shall generally beplaced on template of plain or reinforced cementconcrete or stone.6.10.3.4 The ends of RCC slabs may bear on a.layer of cement mortar ( 1 : 4 mix ) 12 to 20 mmthick. Its top surface shall be white-washed orotherwise suitably treated so as to minimize thefriction to movement of the concrete slab overthe bearing.6.11 Brickwork Round Openings6.1Ll Openings shall be of such a size and sospaced in walls as to reduce cutting of bricks tothe minimum. The width of openings shall, as faras possible, be a multiple of the width of a brick.6.11.2 In external walls, it is desirable to rebatethe sills, jambs and heads of openings so as to forma barrier for rain-water. The still shall be slopedslightly so as to allow rain-water to drain off.6.12 Parapets and Copings6.12.1 The thickness of parapets shall be such thattheir base covers the junction of roof slab and wallwhich shall be further effectively treated againstpossible leakage of rain-water as per IS 2115 :1980.6.12.2 Copings may be of atone, concrete, brickor terracotta and throated on the underside of theprojection. The top of the coping shall be slightlysloped so as to allow rain-water to drain off( seu 6.8.6 and Fig. 13 ).6.13 Arckitectural Features6.13.1 All projecting architectural features, suchas plinth projections, string courses or cornices,shall be effectively bonded by tailing into thebrickwork to ensure stability. Such architecturalfeatures shall be set straight and true with thefinished joints as far as possible.6.13.2 When such features are not to be plasteredover, they shall be built with brick which havehigh durability, resistance to abrasion and mois-ture penetration. Bricks specially made to requiredshape for this purpose shall be used, if possibleotherwise, selected bricks rubbed and ground tocorrect shape and size may be used.6.13.3 Sun shades and such projecting featureswhich depend on the men of brick masonry overthem for their stability shall be kept supportedtill such time the brick masonry above is built and.hardened sufliciently.

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7 STORAGE AND HANDLING OFMATERIALS7.1 Bricks.Bricks shall not be dumped at side. They shall bestacked in regular tiers even as they are unloaded,to minimiae breakages and defacement of bricks.The supply of bricks shall be so arranged that, asfar as possible, at least two days requirements ofbricks are available at site at any time.Bricks selected for different situations of use inthe work shall be stacked separately.

7.2 CementCement shall be stored above ground level in per-fectly dry and watertight sheds. Genient shall bestacked not more than eight bags high. The bagsshall be stacked in a manner to facilitate removaland use in the order in which they are received.1.3 Lime-Quick lime shall, as far as possible, be slaked soonalter it is received. Storage of unslaked fat orsemi-hydraulic lime is not desirable as the limedeteriorates by absorption of moisture from theatmosphere and also is likely to cause fires.Slaked hydraulic lime shall be stored in the sameway as cement as it sets quickly under dampconditions.7.4 Mortars7.4.1 The problem of storage of mortar does notarise in the case of cement and cement-lime mor-tar or lime mortars with hydrulic limes, as thesehave to be used immediately. Lime mortars usingsemi-hydraulic limes which sometimes require tobe used after a day or two after their grinding,shall be prevented from drying out by protectivecovering and by occasional sprinkling of water.7.4.2 Mortars shall be well mixed and shall betransported from the mixing platform to the siteof work in such a manner as to prevent formationof laitance or segregation.8 SETTING OUT-8.1 Generally the site shall be deared of grassroots, tree stumps, etc, before the building lines areset out. In case of sloping terrain care shall betaken to ensure that the dimensions on Ian areapet out correctly in one or more horizont planes..8.2 The building lines shall be set out with steeltapes. Setting out of angles shall be with theodo-,lite in case of important and intricate structureswhere the lengthr of arms exceed 16 m. In othercases they may be. set out by meazurement ofsides In rectangular or square setting out, diago-nals shall be checked to enzure accuracy.

IS 2212 I 19918.3 The setting out of walls shall be facilitated bypermanent rows of pillars, parallel to and at afixed distance beyond the periphery of the build-ing. The pillar shall be located at the junctions ofcross walls with the periphery of the building.The pillars shall be located at the junctions ofcross walls with the peripheral lines of pillars.The centrelines of the cross walls shall be extendedto and permanently erected on the plastered topsof the corresponding sets of pillars. The datuminesparallel to and at the known fixed distance fromthe centre lines of the external walls, shall alsobe permanently marked on the correspondingrows of pillars to serve as checks on the accuracyof the work as it proceeds. The tops of these pillarsshall be at the same level and preferably at theplinth or floor level. The pillars shall be of sizenot less than 30 cm square and shall be beddedsufficiently deep into ground so that they are noteasily disturbed.8.4 Site Bench MarksBefore commencing building operation, permanentbench marks located at convenient points on thesite and preferable linked with G. T. S. BenchMarks, shall be put up so as to facilitate accuratesetting out of height from a tlxed da&m.8.5 The judicious use of storey rods may ensureaccuracy m setting out and facility for checkingthe work as it proceeds.9 SCAFFOLDING \9.1 Single scaffolding shall not be used on im-portant works, since subsequent filling up of theputlog holes and rendering of their surface wouldgive an unsightly appearance, Another disadvant-age with single scaffolding is that workmen arcapt to support them on window and similaropenings, thereby spoiling the frames andshutters.9.1.1 Where single scaffolding is adopted, theg lacing of the poles, which are to rest on thericks ork under construction, shall be so adjustedas to affect only one of the headers at the point ofsupport in the various courses.9.2 Scaffolding shall be designed to withstand allthe dead, live and impact loads which are likelyto come on them. They shall also be so designedas to ensure the fety of the workmen using themand shall confor

fin all respects to the require-ments of the r levant building regulations onsafety, health an we&e and also the local build-ing bye-laws.

10 SOAKING OF BRICKS10.1 Bricks shall be soaked in water before use fora period that is sufficient for the water to just

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1s 2212t 1991penetrate the whole depth of the bricks ( seeNotes ). Wetting the bricks assists in removing thethe dirt, sand and dust from them. Further, itprevents the suction of water from the wet mortar,as otherwise the mortar is likely to dry out soonand crumble before attaining any strength. Thebricks shall not be too wet at the time of use, asthey are likely to slip on the mortar bed and therewill be difficulty in ensuring plumbness of thewall. Moreover, proper adhesion of bricks tomortar will not be possible if the bricks are toowet.

NOTES1 The period of soaking may be easily found at site bya field test in which the brick MOsoaked in watrr fordifferent periods and tben broken to find the exteat ofwater penetration. The least period that corresponds tocomplete soakingwill be the one to be allowed for inthe construction work.2 If the brick8 are soaked for the required time in waterthat is frequently changed, the soluble mltr in the brickwill be leached out, and subsequent effloreacence willbe reduced.

10.2 When bricks are soaked they shall be remo-ved from the tank sufficiently early so that at thetime of laying they are skin-dry. Such soakedbricks shall be stacked on a clean place, wherethey are not again spoiled by dirt, earth, etc.11 LAYING OF BRICKWORK11.1 General11.1.1Brick shall be laid on a full bed of mortar.When laying, the bricks shall be slightly pressedso that the mortar gets into all the pores of thebrick surface to ensure proper adhesion. Crossjoints and wall joints shall be properly flushed andpacked with mortar so that no hollow spaces areleft. Properly filled joints ensure maximumstrength and resistance to penetration of moisturewhich takes place mainly through joints.In the case of thick walls ( two-brick thick andover ), the joints shall be grouted at every coursein addition to bedding and flushing with mortar.The course at the top of the plinth and sills at thetop of the wall just below the roof slab or floorslab and at the top of the parapet, shall be laidwith bricks on edge ( applicable only in thecase of traditional bricks ); and at corners anddeadends the bricks shall be properly radiated andkeyed into position by using cut-bricks ( alsoknown as punjo bricks or marucona~ . Typicalshape and arrangement of these bricks are shownin Fig. 15.11.1.2 Bricks with 20 mm deep frog shall be usedfrog-down. Bricks with 10 mm deep frog shall beused either frog-up or frog-down.

11.1.3 The courses shall be aligned and care shall.be taken to keep the perpends.11.1.4 The brickwork shall be built in uniformlayers; corners and other advanced work shall beracked back. No part of a wall during its construc-tion shall rise more than one metre above thegeneral construction level, to avoid unequal settle-ment and alao improper jointing.11.1.5The face joints shall be finished either byjoi;;i;,or by pointing as specified, in accordance-. . .

7070-60-f-

FIG. 15 A TYPICAL ARRANGEMENT OF CUT-BRKXCS IN A CORNER11.1.6 Toothing may be done where futureextention is contemplated but shall not be used asan alternative to racking back.11.2 Wails11.2.1 All quoins shall be accurately constructedand the height of the courses checked with storeyrods as the work proceeds. In general, quoin-bricks shall be headers and stretchers in alternatecourses, the bond being established by placing aquoin closer next to the queen header.11.2.2 Acute and obtuse quoins shall be bonded,where practicable, in the same way as squarequoins. Obtuse quoins shall be formed withsquints showing a three-quarter brick on one faceand a quarter brick on the other.11.3 PlastersThese shall be set out as to avoid broken bond.1 I .4 Openings11.4.1 The depth of reveals and rebates shall,where practicable, conform to standard brick sizesin order to avoid cutting of bricks and therebyweakening the work.11.4.2 The arrangement of bond at quoins atjambs of openings shall be symmetrical.

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IS 2212 t 199111.5 PartitionrFor half-brick partitions to be keyed into mainwalls, indents shall be 1eR in the latter.Il.6 ArchesArches shall be turned with ordinary bricks overtimber centres, generally in rings of half-bricklength. For face work, the bri&s shall.be eitherspecially manufactured bricks or ordinary brickscut and rubbed to shape in order to obtaih uniformradial joints.11.6-l Flat arches may be used for the sake ofappearance, but for purposq. of carrying loadsof the wall above they shall be used in co&~-tion with relieving arches, or with lintels placedb&&d.11.6.2 In the construction ofa flat arch, thoughthe extrados is perfectly level; the intrados is givena slight camber to allow for any slight settlement.or to correct the apparent sagging of a horizontalline, the usual allowance being about 1 mm rise.at the ccntre for every 100 mm of span.11.6.3 Large arches in masonry shall be construc-ted in accordance with IS 2118 : 1980.11.7 Fixing ofFramea11.7.1 Where door or window frames of timber-are f&cd in the openings, the 6xing shall be done,gencrally with hold-fasts of adequate size andstrength securely embedded in the l+kwork orin chases later filled up by cement .mortar or con-crete. Hold-fasts shall be fixed in the brickworkfor a sufficient length and then burned up at endinto a cross joint, thus avoiding indiscriminatecutting of bricks Iron hold-fasts shall be given a.protective coat of bitumen to avoid rusting. Wood-work faces in contact with brickwork shall betreated with wood preservative to prevent attackfrom insects and termites.11.7.2 Fixing of steel doors and windows shall bedone in accordance with IS 108l : -1960.11.7.3 Fixmg of timber doo& a& tiindows shallbe done in aixordance ~itbIS.9913~ 1968.Y1.7.4 Thb frames shall prefaa& b& fixed simul-taneously as the masonry work proceeda* as,thisconstruction will tnsure ,proper bond without gapsbetween the masonry and thl frames.1 I .8 Reinforced Brickwork11.8.1 Reinforcement in hrilf-brick partition wallsmay be in the form of mild steel flats or hoop iron,expanded mesh, or mild steel bars or fabric. Theseare generally used in every third or fourth courses+f the brickwork They shall be securely anchoredat their ends where the partitions bond.

11.8.2 In thi cast of round bars used as reinforce-ment, the diameter shall not exceed 8 mm. Flatbars and similar reinforcement shall not have athickness exceeding 8 mm.11.8.3 The thickness of reinforced brick wall shallbe not less than 100 mm.11.8.4 The crushing strength of the bricks used.inreinforced brick masonry shall be not less than7.5 N/mm*.1 I 8.5 The mortar used for reinforced brickworkshall generally be rich, dense, cement mortar ofmix about 1 : 4. Lime mortars shall not be used.11.8.6 The inlaid steel reinforcement shall becorn letely embedded in mortar. Overlaps in theFein orcement, if any, shall not be less than300 mm.11.8.6.1 The mortar covering in the direction ofjoints shall be not less than 15 mm.11.8.6.2 The mortar interposed between the rein-forcement bars and the brick shall be not less than5 mm thick.11.8.7 In the case where the reinforcements crossinside a joint, the diameter of the reinforcementshall not exceed 5 mm, unless specially shapedbricks are used to permit larger reinforcement.11.9 Protection Against Damage11.9.1 Care shall be taken during constructionthat edges of jambs, sills, heads, etc, are notdamaged.11.9.2 In inclemerlr weather, newly built workshall be covered with gunny bags or tarpaulinso as to prevent the mortar from being washedaway.11.10 curingIn hot and dry weather, the mortar is likely todry up before it has attained its final set and maycrumble. This shall be prevented by keeping thebrickwork constantly wet for at least seven days,Cxcept in the case of brickwork with mud mortarfor which no such curing is required.11.11 Provision for Service InstillationsTo facilitate taking service lines iater withoutinordinate .cutting ,?f completed work, sleeves andchases +a11 be provided during the cpnstructionitself. Scich sleeves shall slope down outwards inexternal walls so that their surface cannot formchannels for t$eeasy passage of water inside.11.12 Cavity Walls11.12.1 As the main object of providing a conti-nuous cavity in an external wall is to prevent r&npenetrating to the. inner face, care shall be

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IS 2212-t991exercised during construction that the cavity iscontinuous and free from obstruction. As far aspossible, mortar droppings shall be prevented fromfalling down the cavity by the use of laths or byhaybands which shall be drawn up the cavity asthe work proceeds. Any mortar which mayunavoidably fall on the wall-ties be removed dailyand temporary openinga 8hall be provided topermit the daily removal of mortar droppings fromthe bottom of the cavity.11.12.2 Special precautionr a8 laid down inIS 1649 : 1962 shall be taken in building fluesadjacent to cavities.11.1!2.3BondI n building hollow walls of half-brick thickness,only stretcher bond shall be used, unless purpose-made snap headera tie available. When headerbricks are cut and u8ed, they are either likely toprotrude into the cavity and form ledges for mor-tar droppings to collect or they may be so short asto weaken the 8tructure.11.12.4 The outer and inner leaves shall be tiedby means of wall ties. The wall ties shall prefera-bly be bedded with a riight fall towards theexterior part of the wall.11.12.5 At the base of the cavity wall, the founda-tions and basement shall be solidly constructed upto 300 mm above the ground level. The air cavityshall begin not less than 200 mm below the upperfloor surface of the ground floor and the cavityshall be continued without interruption up to theroof.11.12.6 VbntilorionIn order to keep the. cavity dry, air slot8 8hall beprovided above the ground floor level and belowthe cave level of the roof to extent of 500 mm8area of vents to every 20 m8 areaof the wall.11.12.7 The following precaution8 rhall be obser-ved at the top of the cavity:

4

b)

cl

Parapts - If the top of a hollow wall endswith a parapet, the cavity 8hall be carriedup to the full height of the wall or 8toppedat the roof-fleshing level.Eaves If a roof project8 over the topof the wall, the cavity shall be closed atthe top.Party Wall s - In a hollow party wall, thetop of a cavity shall be closed just abovethe uppermost ceiling level and the coursesover shall be continued in solid brickwork.A sound-insulating material shall be inter-posed between the hollow wall and thesolid brickwork.

11.12.8 At the points where the two leaves of thehollow wall come into contact ( for example, at

windows and doors ), they shall be separated bya water-tight membrane.11.12.8.1 Above the lintels of door8 and windows,damp-proof membrane shall be inserted sloppingdownwards and outwards.11.12.8.2 At solid jambs a vertical damp-proofcoune shall be inserted between the outer andinner parts of the wall.12 INSPECTION12.1 GeneralThe object of inspection of brick masonry work isto ensure it8 satisfactory performance and al80 to-ascertain whether all the recommended practiceof workmanship is adopted at every stage. As the-correct strength of masonry cannot be ascertain-ed without destruction, a close supervision during-the course of construction is necessary to ensure.satisfactory performance. The strength of brick-work depends on the strength of individual brick,rtrength of mortar, bond and workmanship.12.2 Inspection ofMaterialsIn caoc of large works, samples of bricks, sands,~urkAi, lime, cement, etc, which go to form thebrickwork, shall be periodically tested in a labora-tory to make 8ure that they conform to therc

5tiuirements stated in 5. Simple field tests may

8u cc in the ca8e of small/work8.12.3 IamPection of Workm8ashipA close rupervision while the work is in progresswill ensure a better quality work with the materialsavailable for use. The following shall be observedat the time of inspection:

a) All loore materi& dirt and ret lump8 ofmortar which may be lying over the surfaceover which brickwork i8 to be freshly star-ted, shall be removed with a wire brush.

b) All the brick8 shall be thoroughly soaked inclean water immediately before use.c) The s&ace over which the brickwork is to-be started shall be slightly wetted.d) Thi fint coume itself shall be made hori-zontal by providing enough mortar in thebed joint to till up any undulations in thebed course.e) Plastic mortar results in thorough bedding

of the brick and more complete filling ofthe joints which enrure greater strength.Care 8hall be taken to see that the requiredquantity of water is added to the mortarat the mixing platform itself and not overthe course8.

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f)

8)

h)

3

k)

d

All the joints shall, as far as possible, bethin and the speci6cations mentionedin 6.4 in this regard shall be strictly adhared to.Care shall be taken to see that there is nothrough joints and the lap is not less thanhalf the width of the brick, and that allthe vertical joints are properly filled withmortar.The verticality of the walls and horixon-tality of the courses shall be checked veryoften with plumb bob and spirit levelrespectively.No portion of the work shall be left morethan 1 m lower than the other. Where themasonry of one part has to be delayed thework shall be raked back suitably at anangle not exceeding 45 according to bondand not toothed.Where plastering is required to be done allthe vertical as well as horizontal joints shallbe raked to a depth of about 10 mm whilethe mortar is wet, and this will ensuresatisfactory adhesion between the plasteraud brickwork, andCare shall be taken to ensure that the brickwork is kept wet for seven days commenc-ing from 24 hours after the course is laid.

13 MAlNTENANCE13.1 Where proper materials and workmanshipre used, brickwork will need little maintenance.If, however, defects occur, they may be due to the

a) Sulphate attack on mortars and renderings,b) Use of unsound materials,c) Corrosion of embedded iron or steel,d) Crystallization of salts from the bricks, ande) Defects due to shrinkage on drying.

$IlJphotc Attack on Mortar and Render-

13.2.1 Sulphates present in br&kwork react in theresence of water with alumma contents of thehydraulic limes in the mortar andforming other salts with considerablein volume, and consquently chip andbricks, produce cracks in the joints andand disintegrate the mortar. Water is,herefore, essential for thii defect, and it mayexposed situations in brickwork. Parapets,walls, chimney walls, etc, shall be builtbricks of low sulphate content.. Similarly,in situations where wet conditions are toexpected, such as below damp-proof course, inholes, in retaining walls# etc, shall .also be

IS 2212 8 1991built of bricks with low sulphate content. Brick-work exposed to sea spray shall be made withdense bricks and cement mortar. Brickwork inexposed situations shall not be given a rich cementrendering ( say richer than 1 : 4 cement : sandmix ) as the latter, due to shrinkage cracks, mayadmit penetrat ion of water into the body of thewall, and at the same time, prevent its readyevaporation due to its close texture.13.2.2 Sulphate attacks in their initial stages maybe remedied by rectifying the possible sources ofwater seepage into the body of brickwork and byscraping the affected mortar and rcjointing andrendering. In more advanced stages, the onlyremedy is to pull down the affected parts andreconstruct them.13.2.3 The primary precaution to be taken toprevent sulphate attacks is to adopt constructionaldetails and choose materials that will ensurecomplete preventation of entry of water into thebrickwork.Some important constructional details to avoidwet conditions are stated below:

4

W

4

4

e)

f 1

I31

Dampproof courses shall be provided underall jointed members covering the horizontalor sloping faces of brickwork includingcopings, sills, chimney caps.All projecting features formed with joinedunits, such a cornices and string courses,ahall be covered with properly designedflashings, and where necessary, cover flash-ings shall be provided at the wall face.Cement fillets and cement renderings usedas a protection to horizontal surfaces areunlikely to be satisfactory; both are liableto develop shrinkage cracks which let inwater.Parapet. walls shall not be sealed on bothfaces by impervious rendering; this reducesthe rate of evaporation and may ultimatelyresult in a wet-condition of the brickwork.On walls faced with external renderings,all damp-proof courses shall extend throughthe facing and turn down to form protec-tective drips.Where flashings are used above roof levelin coojunction with damp-proof courses,they shall be inserted immediately belowthe dampproof courses.Cavity walls shall be effectively drained byweep holes above all damp-proof coursesthat bridge the cavity.The use of dense stones or bricks as a facingto porous brickwork in solid walls may leadto prolonged dampness of the wall. Waterentering through the ahriakage cracks may

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IS 2212 .l!J91not evaporate su5ciently rapidly throughthe dense facing.

13.3 Use of Unsound Materials13.3.1 Bricks containing burnt nodules8 of quick-lime, and mortar containing unslaked particles oflime are often responsible for cracks in bricks, andfor pittings displacement cracks, etc, in mortars;when coming in contact with water, the quick-lime gets hydrated and expands in volume andcauses such defects.13.3.2 The remedy lies in ensuring that all limeis properly slaked before mixing into mortar, andin choosing bricks burnt from the proper soil.Constructional details designed for excluc&ngmoisture from such walls ( SM 13.2 ) will also stopthis trouble.13.4 Corrosion of Embedded Iron and SteelIron and steel corrode in contact with atmosphericmoisture, where such moisture is laden with acidssulphates and chloride salts in solution. In coastalareas such corrosion occurs rapidly. Iron embed-ded in brickwork is corroded for the same reason.when such sale are released, in solution from thebricks .themselv& when-damp. While undergoingcowsion, the iron expands considerably andtends to disrupt the brickwork. Prevention of suchcorrosion may be achieved by giving an encase-ment of 15 to 25 mm of dtnse cement mortar ( 1:4mix or richer) around all embedded steel sections.Iron and steel memb& partially embedded inbrickwork tend to corrode at the point of theirentry into the brickwork,aod to prevent this, theyshall be given a bituminous protective coating atthat place.13.5 Crystallisation of Salts13.5.1 When bricks containing soluble salts areused in construction, these salts are dissolved out,if water passes into the brickwork and are deposi-ted in the form of fine crystals on the face of thebrickwork. This is known as efflorescence.13.5.2 Effloreseence will be a common phenome-non with new construction since the water used inthe construction invariably leaves the salts dissol-ved from the brickwork on the face. When thestructure dries up, this efflorescence shall be scrub-bed out dry with brushes. They shall not bewashed as the solution will again be absorbedinto the brickwork. Cleaning with acids shall notbe done as new salts are formed thereby.

NOTE - In some cases, when the e5orescence iscomposedmainly of lime and the lime has had time tocarbonate into almost insoluble chalk, the surface maybe wetted to orevent undue &sorotion ad then scrub-bed down wiih a solution of oni put of co&mercklhydrochloric ( muriatic ) acid in 20 parts of water andsubsequently washed dowxitoemove- all traces of acid,care having been t&en previously to protect any metalor other work likely to be damaged by the acid.

14.2 Before deciding the course of treatment t@be adopted to following factors shall be conside-red:a)b)

c)d)

The type of foundation on which the wall:is constructed;The position and bonding of cross walls-and other connecting structural members;Whether the wall is true to plumb;Whether floors, roofs, upper walls, etc, areliable to exert thrust or restraint to furthermovement; and

e) The aesthetic effect of the crack over thebuilding as a whole.

13.5.3 Continued effloreescence would indicatethat water from leaks or .similar sources is findingits way into the brickwork through previouschannels. In these cases, entry of water shall belocated and stopped,13.5.4 Some of the salts, like magnesium sulphatehave a disintegration effect on the brick face, andcause it to crumble to dust. Chemical analysis ofthe surface scrapings will indicate the nature ofthe salts and if they are of the harmful typespecial care shall be taken to seal off the entry of.water into the brickwork.13.6 Defects Due to Shrinkage or DryingBrickwork generally swells, with absorption of-water and whar~the water evaporates, it shrinksand in so doing develops vertical cracks, andwhen the mortar of the brickwork is lean, thecracks are distributed over a large nymber ofjoints so that they are not significantly visible.However, when the mortar is rich, the resultingcracks are few but wider, occurring at the weakestpoint in the brick or mortar. These cracks haveno adverse effect on the structural strength of thework and.may be easily rectified. These do notrecur after the first season of drying out providedthe walls are generally water-tight.14 REPAIRING BRICKWORK14.1 Defects and cracking in brickwork may -bedue to one or several causes mentioned inclause 13.1 and to execute effective repairs, it isnecessary to know the cause of damage. The effectof defect in a wall must be judged in relation tothe building as a whole and the general soundnessof its construction and the particular function ofthe wall is called upon to serve. The nature ofrepairs mainly depends on whether it is structuraldamage or surface cracking only. At times even-wide ctacks may not seriously affect the stabilityof the structure provided the brickwork is notdistorted or is not much out of plumb.

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14.3 Treatment of Structural Damage14.3.1 Where walls become unsafe due to diffbrential movements resulting from seasonal fluctua-tions in the moisture content of subsoil or due tothe presence of filled materials below thefoundations, the work may require special measuresuch as providing reinforced concrete band atplinth level, lintel level, top level, etc, andlowering ground-water table.14.3.2 For damages other than mentionedin 14.3.1 one of the following treatments may beadopted:

To provide tie rods passing through thefloor or at roof level anchoring the damag-ed wall to another wall or structuralmember that is sound or has tendency toniove in the opposite direction.To build buttresses, keyed into the damag-ed wall so as to give thrust against thewall in the required direction. It shall beensured that the buttresses rest on firm soilwithout giving way to settlements or move-ments.In case the wall is noticed to be out ofplumb, the damaged or bulged portion ofthe wall shall be dismantled and rebuiltwith mortar of the same proportion aa theadjoining portion.14.3.3 Tmtmmt of Crab ACTOSS all s

14.3.3.1 These cracks are more or less diagonalcracks and either follow the vertical and horizon-tal joints alternately or pass straight down throughalternate vertical joints and thi intervening bricksand mortar beds. In these cases one of the follow-ing methods may be adopted:4

b)

If the cracks are of such nature that theyare likely to encourage the penetration ofrain if they are not repaired, it is necessaryto cut out and replace the cracked bricks.If the cracks arc wide, the two portions canbe stitched by inserting bond stone or prc-cast reinforced concrete blocks at suitableintervals. The cracks shall then be grduted.Sufficient care has to be taken in preparingthe precast concrete blocks so that the

IS 2212 r.1991patched surface will match with the sur-rounding surface. In repairing cracks withmortar it is important to secure satisfactoryadhesion between the masonry of the exis-ting work and the new bricks and also notto use toq strong a mortar mix Otherv.iseshrinkage of the new rich mortar maycause a fresh crack to develop. To promoteadhesion, the brickwork shall be wettedbefore the mortar is filled in.

14.3.3.2 If a number of cracks have appeared ina single wall and the cracks cross each other thesecracks can not be effectively repaired. The wallsin such cases have no strength and it is advisable todismantle the entire wall and reconstruct the same,supporting the structure above in a suitablemarmer.In case the diagonal cracks have occurred in alocalised place of the wall, the brickwork at thedamaged place and around shall be dismantledand rebuilt. While dismantling such portions, careshall be taken to relieve the load on the wall byproviding props at suitable places. The props orsupports for the structure above the work underrepair shall not be removed till the rebuilt maso-nry has attained enough strength.14.3.3.3 Where the cracks are likely to continueto widen for sometime after initial development( such as in the case of cracks due to groundmovement in shrinkable clay sub-soil ) it wouldbe advisable not to repair the cracks with mortar.If filling is found necessary to prevent the pene-tration of moisture or rain, an oil based masticshall be applied by caulking or by a gun.14.3.3.4 Surf ace cracksWhere the mortar in the joints has become dama-ged without dislocatiag the brickwork, which maybe due to initial usage of poor mortar, improperfilling or action of frost or fire or unknown ele-ments of nature, the joints shall be rakedthoroughly to a depth oi at least 20 mm and theraked joints caulked with mortar and the brick-work pointed. Care shall be taken to avoid theusage of a strong mortar for caulking purposes.The patch work shall be properly cured( S86 11.10 .

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18 2212 1991 .ANNEX ;h( Clause 2 )

LIST OF REFERRED INDIAN STANDARDSI S No.226 : 1975

269 : 1976383 : 1970

405(P;9721 :412 : 1975

432( Part8; ) :

432(Py;A):

455 : 1976456 : 1978712 : 1984

1077 : 19911080 : 1985

1081 : 1960

1212 : 1978

1322 : 19821344 : 19811489 : 19761566 : 1982

TideStructural steel ( standard quality )( jiih revision )Ordinary and low heat Portlandcement ( third reuision )Coarse and fine aggregates fromnatural sources for concrete ( secondf&on )Lead sheet and strip : Part II Forother than chemical purposes( second revision )Expanded metal steel sheets forgeneral putposer ( second retion )Mild steel and medium tensile steelbars and hard drawn steel wire forconcrete reinforcement : Part 1Mild steel and medium tensilesteel bars ( third revision )Mild steel and medium tensile steelbars and hard drawn steel wire forconcrete reinforcement : Part 2Hard drawn steel wire ( thirdrevision )Portland slag cement ( third rtiion )Code of practice for plain and rein-forced concrete ( third raGion )Building limes ( third revision )Common burnt clay building bricks(Jifth revision )

IS No.1580 : 1969

1630 : 19841635 : 1975

1642 : 1988

1649 : 1962

1904 : 1986

1905 : 1987

1950 : 19622115 : 19802116: 19802118 : 1980

Code of practice for design andconstruction of shalJow foundationsin soils ( other than raft, ring andshell ) ( second mision )Code of practice for fixing andglazing of metal ( steel and alu-miniurn doors, windows andventilators )

2180 : 19882250 : 1981

Methods for testing tar and bitu-minous materials : Determinationof loss on heating (jrst reuision )Bitumen felts for water-proofing anddamp-proo6ng ( third revision )CaJcined cJay pozzoJana ( secondrevision )Portland-pozzolana cement ( secondm&ion )Hard-drawn steel wire fabric forconcreterevision ) reinforcement ( second

3466 : 19883792 : 19783812 : 19814098 : 19834913 : 1968

8041 : 19788013 : 1978

liftsBitumen compounds for water-proofing and caulking purposes( irst revision )Masons tools for plaster work andpointing work ( jrst revision )Code of practice for field slaking ofbuilding lime and preparation ofputty (jut rdoision ) .Qode of practice for fire safety ofbuildings ( general ) : Materialsand detaib of construction (jrstfeoision )Code of practice design and cons-truction of flues and chimneys fordomestic heating appliances (&Strevision )Code of practice for design andconstruction of foundations in soils:General requirement ( third remsion )Code of practice for structuraluse of unreinforced masonry ( thirdrevision )Code of practice for sound insula-tion of non-industrial buildingsCode of practice for flat-roof finish,mud phusJta ( second reuision )Sand for masonry mortars (&trevision )

Code of actice for construction ofCFack-ar type of building Aoor orroof (jifd r&on )Heavy duty burnt clay buildingbricks ( third m&ion )Code of ractice for preparationand use oPrevision ) masonry mortars (firstMasonry cement ( second revision )Guide for heat insulation of non-industrial buildings (Jirst revision )Fly ash for use as pozzolana andadmixture ( JirJt recision )Lime-pozzolana mixture ( firstrevision )Code of practice for selection ins-tallation and maintenance oftimber doors and windowsRapid hardening Portland cement( jirst revision )Hydrophobic Portland cement (Jkstrevision )

24

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Bureau of Indian StaudrrdrBIS is a statutorynstitution established under the Bureau oflndiun StundurdsAct, 1986 to promote harmoniousdevelopment of the activities of standardization, marking and quality cert&cation of goods and attending toconnected matters in the country.

BIS has the copyright of all its publications. No part of these publications maybe reproduced in any form withoutthe prior permission in writing of BIS. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing thestandard, of necessary details, such as symbols and sizes, type or grade designations. Enquiries relating tocopyright be addressed to the Director (Publications), BIS.Review of Indian StandardsAmendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standardsiare also reviewedperiodically; a standard along with amendments is reafftrmed when such review indicates that no changes areneed&, if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken up for revision. Users of Indian Standardsshould ascertain that they are in possession of the latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issueof BIS Handbook and Standards : Monthly Additions.This Indian Standard has been developed from Dot : No. CED 13 ( 4782 ).

Amendments Issued Since PublicationAmund No. Date of Issue Text Affected

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDSHeadquarters:Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg, New Delhi 110002 Telegrams: ManaksansthaTelephones : 323 01 31, 323 94 02, 323 33 75 ( Common toall offices )Regional Cl&es: TelephoneCentral : Manak Bhavan, 9 Bahadur Shah Zafar Marg 323 76 17NEW DELHI 110002 323 3841Eastern : l/l4 C. I. T. Scheme VII M, V. I. P. Road, ManiktolaCALCUTTA 700054Northern : SC0 335-336, Sector 34-A, CHANDIGARH 160022

337 84 99,337 85 61337 86 26, 337 86 62I 60 38 4360 20 25

Southern : C. I. T. Campus, IV Cross Road, CHENNAI 600113 235 02 16,235 04 422351519,2352315Western : Manakalaya, E9 MIDC, Marol, Andheri (East)MUMBAI 400093 832 92 95,832 78 58832 78 91,832 78 92Branches : AHMADABAD. BANGALORE. BHOPAL. BHUBANESHWAR.