IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINABSCE-5BPresented by: Ma. Ann-Giecel Torres

Researchers: Mary Roxanne V. Nebrija Kristine C. Santos Jennilyn C. Victorio

1One of the inventions of greatest utility, which has spread from China throughout the world, so that its origins are no longer realized, is the square-pallet chain pump. it consists of an endless circulating chain bearing square pallets which hold water, earth, or sand. The pump can haul enormous quantities of water from lower to higher levels. Depending on how well the pallets were fitted to avoid leakage and on the sturdiness of the machine as a whole, the height that water can be raised by single pump is about fifteen feet. The chain pumps spread throughout China rapidly.according to some historical articles, it could have been invented around the first century BC.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 62CHAIN PUMP

used in irrigation often times originates from sources miles away and sometimes uses tunnels, aqueducts and canals that were built over a 1000 years ago.The water flowing in and out is regulated by a complex process that has been fine tuned over the centuries9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 63WATER WHEEL

Is located on the middle reaches of Minjiang River in the western part of Chengdu Plain and to the west of Dujiangyan CityIt is the oldest and most famous water conservancy project in China, and the only oldest extant grand water conservancy project featuring the method of drawing water without a dam in the worldIt dates back to 256 B.C. during the Warring States period, when the local governor Li Bing set up an irrigation scheme to harness the devastating floods caused by the Minjiang River. The principal part of the irrigation system lies in its head, mainly consisting of three main parts: - Fish Mouth Levee (Yuzui) -Flying Sand Weir (Feishayan) -Bottle-Neck Channel (Baopingkou)9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 64DUJIANGYAN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Feishayan or Flying Sand WeirIt has a 200 m-wide opening that connects the inner and outer streams.This ensures against flooding by allowing the natural swirling flow of the water to drain out excess water from the inner to the outer stream. The swirl also drains out silt and sediment that failed to go into the outer stream. A modern reinforcedconcreteweirhas replaced Li Bings original weighted bamboo baskets.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 65DUJIANGYAN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Yuzui or Fish Mouth LeveeIt is named for its conical head that is said to resemble the mouth of a fish, is the key part of Li Bings construction. It is an artificialleveethat divides the water into inner and outer streams.The inner stream is deep and narrow, while the outer stream is relatively shallow but wide. This special structure ensures that the inner stream carries approximately 60% of the rivers flow into the irrigation system during dry season. While during flood, this amount decreases to 40% to protect the people from flooding. The outer stream drains away the rest, flushing out much of the silt and sediment.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 66DUJIANGYAN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Baopingkou or Bottle-Neck ChannelBottle-Neck Channel, which Li Bing gouged through the mountain, is the final part of the system. The channel distributes the water to the farmlands to the west, the narrow entrance that gives it its name, works as a check gate, creating the whirlpool flow that carries away the excess water over Flying Sand Fence, to ensure against flooding.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 67DUJIANGYAN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

represents a remarkable achievement of imperial Chinese hydraulic engineeringthe system totaled about 2,500 kilometers with Beijing at its northernmost extension, Hangzhou at its southernmost point and Luoyang at its easternmost pointThis was mainly achieved by linking two of China's most important river basins, the Yellow River (Huang He) and the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang)To insure safe circulation, a system of locks (the Chinese are attributed to the first lock ever built in 983), feeder lakes and lateral canals was constructed.It is however south of the Yangtze Delta that the density of the canal system was the highest9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 68GRAND CANAL SYSTEM

. A major change in the course of the Yellow River in 1855 cut the Grand Canal in two sections. By the first half of the 20th century, the canal was no longer functioning in a coherent manner. Today, the canal is about 1,700 kilometers in length and is still heavily used in the Yangtze delta The canal thus offers an alternative to move ponderous goods which otherwise could not be handled effectively by China's transport system.9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 69GRAND CANAL SYSTEM

It is also known as Red Flag Canal.It serves as a canal and irrigation system in northern Henan and in Shanxi provinces, eastern ChinaIt is constructed in 196069, to irrigate the poor and infertile area of Linxian county (now Linzhou municipality) in the foothills of the Taihang Mountains west of Anyang.The system irrigates some 100,000 acres or 40,000 hectaresIt supports 14 hydroelectric stations that supply power to local coal-fueled industries, producing cement, fertilizer, iron, and steel for local consumption.9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 610HONGQI CANAL

It is located at the northern part of the Zhuang Autonomous Region of Guangxi, southeastern ChinaIt was constructed to connect the headwaters of the Xiang River, flowing north into Hunan province, with the Li River, one of the headwater tributaries of the Gui River, which is a tributary of the Xi River leading eventually to Guangzhou (Canton). Near the city of Xingan in northern Guangxi, these two rivers are separated by a low divide broken by a saddle.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 611LING CANAL

It is located in the Turpan Depression, Xinjiang, Chinakarez - wellTurpan's karez water system is made up of a horizontal series of vertically dug wells that are then linked by underground water canals to collect water from the watershed surface runoff from the base of the Tian Shan Mountains and the nearby Flaming Mountains.The canals were built to store the water and control the amount of water flowIn Xinjiang, the greatest number of karez are in the Turpan Depression, where today there remain over 1100 karez and channels having a total length of over 5,000 kilometers or 3,100 mi.9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 612TURPAN WATER SYSTEM

It is located in Longsheng, ChinaIt was formed gradually since the Yuan Dynasty and ended during the midperiod of Qing Dynasty.It is called "The champion of the terrace world".The highest tier is 880m (2900 ft.) above the river while the lowest is 380m (1250 ft.) in elevation9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 613LONGJI TERRACES

Some experts believe that one of the places most vulnerable to a catastrophic flood is the Jinjiang Levee, which runs along the Yangtze in its middle reaches. The levee protects some seven million people, and one estimate has it that 500,000 could be killed if the levee were breached in the daytime and that one million could die if it occurred at night, when people were sleeping.9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 614GREAT JINJIANG LEVEE

Located in southern Shouxian County in present-day Anhui Province It is the earliest recorded irrigation channel project in China as well as the most famous irrigation project in the Huaihe River Basin in ancient times. According to legend, the construction of the project was headed by Sunshu Ao, a court minister serving the Administration of King Zhuang of Chu (598 - 591 BC) in the Spring and Autumn Period. The project was renamed Anfeng Reservoir after the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It still plays a significant role today.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 615QUEPI IRRIGATION PROJECT

Otherwise known as "the Han Canal", China's first-ever artificial canal connecting the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. Dug in 486 BC by the Wu State, The Han Conduit initially channeled the Yangtze River at the south of Yangzhou City into Sheyang Lake in the northeast via Gaoyou in the north, and then ran northwestward into the Huaihe River in Huai'an. The conduit changed its course in the Sui Dynasty, continuing to play a vital role in the water system.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 616HAN CONDUIT

It was built as a large-scale irrigation canal in 246 BC, the first year of Emperor Qinshihuang's reign. The construction was commissioned by Emperor Qinshihuang after he adopted the suggestion of the State of Han. The canal was named after its builder Zheng Guo, a hydraulic engineer from the Han State. It's over 150 kilometers long, channeling the Jingshui River from the west into the Luoshui River in the east.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 617ZHENGGUO CANAL

Located in the Ningxia Plain to the east of the Yellow River, Qin Canal was named after the Qin Dynasty, when it was dug. With an outfall at northern Qingtong Gorge, Qin Canal channeled the Yellow River northeastward to Lingwu City via Wuzhong City.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 618QIN CANAL

the first underground canal in Chinese history. Built during the reign of Emperor Wu of Han,the canal channeled the Luoshui River at Zhuangtou Village of present-day Chengcheng County in Shaanxi to present-day Pucheng, Dali Counties and the vicinity for farmland irrigation.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 619LONGSHOU CANAL

Locatedin Xingan County, north of Guilin, is a great ancient water conservancy project in Chinese history. It was built over 2,000 years ago during the reign of the First Emperor of the Qin Dynasty (B.C.221- 206).The canal enjoys equal fame with Sichuan Dujiang Weir, and Shanxi Zhengguo CanalIt is the oldest contour canal in the world. It is said that this unique landscape is described as there is theGreat Wall in the north and the Lingqu Canal in the south. The canal has been listed on the UNESCO World Heritage Sites Tentative List.9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 620LINGQU CANAL

Located in the southwest of today's Shaoxing in Zhejiang, the Jianhu Lake is commonly known as "a lake covering 800 li", which gives you a sense of how broad it was in the early times. In 140 AD, the fifth year of Yonghe Period in the Eastern Han Dynasty, Ma Zhen, the prefecture chief of Kuaiji (present-day Shaoxing) mobilized workers to build a dyke to accumulate water from 36 sources in Shanyin and Kuaiji Counties.The lake was named Jianhu Lake. Because of this, areas like Shaoxing were free from floods for over 800 years and more than 9,000 hectares of farmland were properly irrigated.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 621JIANHU LAKE

Located in Xiangfan of Hubei Province, first built in the Han Dynasty and rebuilt during the Three Kingdoms Period. According to historical documents, renovations were made to the dyke in the Eastern Jin and Southern Liang Dynasties. Today, Jianghan Dyke is a key protection for keeping floods away from the Jianghan Plain.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 622JIANGHAN DYKE

an extremely old form of horizontal water collection construction developed to exploit the underground water. Applicable at foothills and alluvial cones, it is used mainly to draw underground water for the irrigation and drinking. There are nearly 1000 Kan'er wells in Turpan, stretching a distance of about 5000 km.In Uygur, kan'er is pronounced as "kan'ermei". The Kan'er wells currently existing in Turpan were mostly built in the Qing Dynasty. Today they are still irrigating vast stretches of fertile oases. Wudaolin Kan'er well and Five Star Township Khanat in the suburbs of Turphan are accessible to tourists.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 623THE KANER WELL

After punishing the corrupt officials, Ximen Bao mobilized people to dig 12 canals, drawing water from the Zhanghe River to irrigate farmland. The completion of the canals not only thoroughly tackled the flood problem, but also brought bumper harvest to farmers every year. Local people then led a wealthy life with ample food and clothing. These canals were called Ximen Canals by later generations.

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 624XIMEN CANAL

The Yindaruqin Irrigation Project is the largest self-flowing irrigation control system in China. The project is made up of 33 tunnels that are 75 km (46.6 mi) in length and divert water from the Datong River to dry regions of Chinas northern Gansu Province.9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 625YINDARUQIN IRRIGATION PROJECT

This government-backed, grandiose undertaking aims to move billions of cubic meters of fresh water from the south of China, where water is relatively plentiful, to the north where theres a shortage. The plan includes an East, Central and Western corridor.Since the supposed announcement of the project by Mao Zedong in the early 1950s, a national water supply system has only been on the books until recently when the dream has become a reality in the form of the largest and most expensive water supply system in the world. While China is able to afford these projects now, in terms of money and political power, its questionable if it will be able to finish by 2050, its slated final date of completion.9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 626South - North Water Transfer Project

9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 627South - North Water Transfer ProjectInvented by the businessman Zhu JunThis system uses PV pipes, buried a foot or even deeper in soil. The pipes get narrower, and narrower, until theyre like thin straws, with something that looks like a tiny showerhead at the end, with little white threads coming out of it. These pipes are buried in the soil and the plant sucks the moisture it needs from these threads.9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 628TRACE IRRIGATION

Invented by the businessman Zhu Junencasing water droplets in silicon. A couple of pounds of the stuff is enough to grow a tree in a desert for 100 days9/30/2015IRRIGATION SYSTEMS OF CHINA BY GRP. 629DRY WATER

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