Irrigation – An Overview · PDF fileTechnical Engineering-Practical Irrigation - An...
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Technical Engineering-PracticalIrrigation - An OverviewPart 2: Irrigation-Problems & Possible SolutionsBarbara Zimmermann, 749285; Anika Schielke, 749299
Irrigation – An OverviewPart I: Background on Irrigation
and Irrigation Techniques
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“Irrigation is the artificial application of water to overcome the deficiencies on rainfall for the growing of crops.” (Cantor, 1970)
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Challenges for agriculture and the importance of irrigation
Population growth• in 1900 - 1.6 billion• In 2006 - 6.5 billion• Change in lifestyle:
higher demand of food
Green revolution• Started in 1944• Increase the food
production by irrigation
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Challenges for agriculture and the importance of irrigation
Problem: Water ScarcityProblem: Water Scarcity
Challange: produce more food out of less waterChallange: produce more food out of less water
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Natural factors influencing agricultural irrigation
Climate classifications Hydrological cycle
ClimateEvapotranspiration
Soil texture Field capacitySoil
Slope of the FarmlandRelief
Runoff Precipitation
WaterbalanceRetention Evaporation
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Traditional irrigation methods Furrow irrigationFlood irrigation
Canal system
Archimedes screw
Scetch of a kanat
Noria water weel
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Modern irrigation systems
Drip irrigationDrip irrigation covered with plastic foil
LEPA-MMI(low energy precision application – mechanical move irrigation)
Subsoil irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation
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Technical Engineering-PracticalIrrigation - An OverviewPart 2: Irrigation-Problems & Possible SolutionsBarbara Zimmermann, 749285; Anika Schielke, 749299
Irrigation – An Overview
Part II: Problems and PossibleSolutions
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Subdivision of problems• Environmental
problems• Salinization of the soil• Evaporation &
overexploitation of water sources
• Impact on the groundwater table
• The hygiene of irrigation water
• Building of embankment dams
• Social- & PoliticalProblems
• Conflicts between neighbouring states
• Conflicts between social groups
• Subcidies & foreign aid• Tourism
Technical Engineering-PracticalIrrigation - An OverviewPart 2: Irrigation-Problems & Possible SolutionsBarbara Zimmermann, 749285; Anika Schielke, 749299
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Salinization of soil
Technical Engineering-PracticalIrrigation - An OverviewPart 2: Irrigation-Problems & Possible SolutionsBarbara Zimmermann,749285; Anika Schielke, 749299
1 Irrigation
2 Upward moving of the salts due to e.g. capillary effects
3 Evaporation of the water => Salts precipitate
→ Affected plant growth and crop yield
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Technical Engineering-PracticalIrrigation - An OverviewPart 2: Irrigation-Problems & Possible SolutionsBarbara Zimmermann, 749285; Anika Schielke, 749299
Overexploitation of water sources
► Example: The Aral SeaShrinkage of the lake due to the use as irrigation water1960: 68,000 km² (salt content: 10 g/l)
1987: Splitting of the lake
1998: 29,000 km² (salt content: 45 g/l)
2004: 17,160 km²Reference:.Wikipedia (January2007)
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Impact on groundwater table
Technical Engineering-PracticalIrrigation - An OverviewPart 2: Irrigation-Problems & Possible SolutionsBarbara Zimmermann, 749285; Anika Schielke, 749299
► Decreasing water tableǃ saltwater intrusion ǃ subsidence ► Increasing water table
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Waterlogging► Decreasing water table
► Increasing water table
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Technical Engineering-PracticalIrrigation - An OverviewPart 2: Irrigation-Problems & Possible SolutionsBarbara Zimmermann, 749285; Anika Schielke, 749299
Conflicts between neighbouring states
► Disi-Aquifer
►GAP: Southeastern
Anatolia Project
(Turkish: Güneydoğu
Anadolu Projesi)
► The Jordan-Basin
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Subcidies & foreign aid►Example: Spain
Technical Engineering-PracticalIrrigation - An OverviewPart 2: Irrigation-Problems & Possible SolutionsBarbara Zimmermann, 749285; Anika Schielke, 749299
EU subcidies provoked many farmers to neglect their irrigated land. Many fields show less cover due to careless seeding.
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Possible SolutionEnlargement of the
water supply• water imports• desalination plants• "water harvesting“
(use of rain water and snow melts)
• cultivation of salt tolerant plants
• integrated planning • contracts between
different consumers
Reduction of the water demand
• education • computerized sensors• drip irrigation • lining of irrigation pipes • cultivation of water-
thirsty crops in aride or semiaride regions?
• increased water prize• less subcidies
Technical Engineering-PracticalIrrigation - An OverviewPart 2: Irrigation-Problems & Possible SolutionsBarbara Zimmermann,749285; Anika Schielke, 749299