Irrigation
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Transcript of Irrigation
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Irrigation
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Water and Irrigation
• IMPORTANT ISSUES: WATER QUALITY AND QUANTITY
• CONSERVATION
• TURFGRASS AND WATER
• GRASS PLANT IS 80 TO 95% WATER – AT 60% H20 THE PLANT DIES
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Water and Irrigation
• TURGIDITY: ________________________________________________________________________________
• TRANSPIRATION RATE DEPENDS UPON ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS:
• TRANSPIRATION RATES ALSO VARY WITH TURF SPECIES AND CULTIVAR
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Turfgrass Water Needs
• AN ACRE TURFGRASS CAN LOSE IN EXCESS OF 10,000 GALLONS OF WATER TO THE ATMOSPHERE DAILY – HOT, SUNNY, DRY, WINDY
CONDITIONS
• TURFGRASS NEEDS 60 TO 70 GALLONS OF WATER TO PRODUCE 1 POUND OF DRY MATTER
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Water Relations in Turfgrass
• WHEN TRANSPIRATION LOSSES EXCEED ROOT ABSORPTION THE FOLLOWING MAY HAPPEN:
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Water Relations in Turfgrass
• LESS _____________________
• REDUCED SHOOT ELONGATION
• DECREASED TURGIDITY AND SUCCULENCE
• METABOLIC PROCESSES BECOME SLOWER
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Water Relations in Turfgrass
• SYMPTOMS OF DROUGHT STRESS IN TURFGRASS– LEAVES ________________________________ (OVERERHEATED, WEAK OR DAMAGED ROOT
SYSTEMS, LACK OFWATER)--
• NEVER MOW, AERIFY, FERTILIZE OR DO ANYTHING TO TURF IN DROUGHT STRESS!
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Soil And Water
• INFILTRATION RATE: THE SPEED AT WHICH A SOIL CAN ABSORB WATER
• INFILTRATION RATE RANGES FROM 0.1 INCH/HOUR IN CLAY SOILS TO AS MORE THAN 3+ INCHES/ HOUR IN SANDY SOILS
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Soil And Water
• COMPACTION:
• RESULTS IN THE LOSS OF MACROPORES (Soil structure)
• A CONSIDERABLE DECREASE IN THE INFILTRATION RATE OCCURS
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Soil And Water
• PERCOLATION: THE MOVEMENT OF WATER DOWN THROUGH A SOIL
• SANDY LOAM SOIL 2 FEET IN 30 MINUTES
• CLAY LOAM 2 FEET IN 4 HOURS
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Soil And Water
• SANDY SOIL
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Soil And Water
• CLAY SOILS
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TERMS TO KEEP IN MIND:
• FIELD CAPACITY:
• PERMENANT WILTING POINT:
• AVALIABLE WATER:
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From: http://cru.cahe.wsu.edu/CEPublications/pnw0475/pnw0475.html
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TERMS TO KEEP IN MIND:
• ADHESION: THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN WATER MOLECULES AND THE SURFACE OF SOIL PARTICLES
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TERMS TO KEEP IN MIND:
• COHESION: THE ATTRACTION BETWEEN MOLECULES OF WATER
• EVAPOTRANSPIRATION:
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Irrigation
• FACTORS WHICH INFLUENCE THE AMOUNT AND FREQUENCY OF IRRIGATION WATER REQUIRED ARE:– GRASS SPECIES AND CULTIVARS – SOIL TYPE – LEVEL OF MAINTENANCE
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Irrigation
– PRECIPITATION AMOUNT AND FREQUENCY
– WEATHER CONDITIONS :• HUMIDITY, WIND AND TEMPERATURE
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Determining When Grass Needs Water And Application Rates
• WATER WHEN SYMPTOMS OF MOISTURE STRESS APPEAR– COLOR OF TURF---BLUE-GREEN OR
GRAYISH GREEN
– TRACKING REMAINS-FOOTPRINTS OR MACHINERY TRACKS
• SOIL EXAMINATION----– KNIFE OR SOIL PROBE
– TENSIOMETER
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From:http://lieth.ucdavis.edu/Research/tens/97/Tensiometer- “pull’ of water moves gauge
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Determining When Grass Needs Water And Application Rates
• MOISTURE METERS WHICH MEASURE ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE BETWEEN ELECTRODES
• http://www.sowacs.com/sensors/gypsum.html• NEAR INFRA RED REFLECTANCE
• http://www.sensortech.com/main_pages/moisture/infrared.htm
• TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY• http://www.sowacs.com/sensors/tdr.html
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Determining Turfgrass Water Needs
• EVAPORATION PANS IN A SUNNY LOCATION
•
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Determining When Grass Needs Water And Application Rates
• ESTIMATE OF THE EVAPOTRANSPIRATION– http://ag.arizona.edu/azmet/et1.htm
• COOL SEASON TURF GENERALLY REQUIRES ABOUT
________________________________________________________________________________
• http://www.soils.wisc.edu/wimnext/water.html
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• How should irrigation be applied?
• A ___________ IRRIGATION APPLIED IN __________________ TO AVOID RUN OFF ONCE OR TWICE A WEEK – BEST IN SOILS WITH ADEQUATE WATER
HOLDING CAPACITY AND DEEPLY ROOTED TURFGRASS
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• SANDY SOILS SHOULD BE IRRIGATED AT LEAST TWICE A WEEK, OFTEN DAILY WHEN ET IS HIGH- – SAND ONLY HOLDS ABOUT 0.1” OF
WATER/ INCH OF SOIL!
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• DAILY WATERING IS NOT USUALLY RECOMMENDED---SHALLOW ROOTING OFTEN RESULTS.
– However, on sandy soils daily irrigation is often required through warm dry periods.
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• If site specific ET data isn’t available, irrigation to replacement of 75-80% of open pan evaporation is usually adequate for most cool season turf.
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Determining Irrigation Needs
• PROPER AMOUNT OF WATER: IS THE SOIL WET TO A DEPTH JUST BELOW THE MAJORITY OF THE ROOT SYSTEM ? – THIS IS USUALLY 4 TO 6 INCHES
• PLACEMENT OF CONTAINERS TO COLLECT
WATER FROM SPRINKLERS----DETERMINATION OF PRECIPITATION RATE
• http://www.bae.ncsu.edu/programs/extension/publicat/wqwm/ag508_6.html
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Time of Day to Irrigate
• BEST TIME:
• NIGHT----DISEASE PROBLEMS MAY DEVELOP IF THE GRASS IS DAMP OVERNIGHT (LWD)
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Other Water Application
• SYRINGING: LIGHT WATERING LASTING NO LONGER THAN A FEW MINUTES– GENERALLY DON’T WANT TO
______________________________________– BEST PERFORMED EARLY AFTERNOON;
MOST USED ON GOLF COURSE TURF
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Some Basics of Sprinkler Irrigation
• Length of irrigation cycle is dependent on soil type.
• Generally, ___________________________ are more effective than one long cycle.
• Many sprinkler types are available to homeowners. (soaker hoses, oscillating, impact, etc)
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Some Basics of Sprinkler Irrigation
• Average precipitation rate with average water pressure is around 0.5” per hour.
Test…
• The more hose you put out, the greater the pressure loss… so you must increase watering time in areas where more hose is needed to reach sprinkler.
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Some Basics of Sprinkler Irrigation
• Precipitation rate at the edge of the pattern is generally ________________________________ for most types of sprinklers.
• Wind greatly effects distribution pattern of all above ground sprinkler systems.
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Some Basics of Sprinkler Irrigation
• In ground systems should be designed with ________________________________to assure even distribution of water.
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Head to head coverage
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Some Basics of Sprinkler Irrigation
• http://www.rainbird.com/
• http://www.toro.com/landscape/irrigation/index.html
• http://www.arrosage.com/
• http://jessstryker.com/
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Effective Coverage and Coefficient of Uniformity
• Older impact type sprinklers actually have about the ___________________________, however these heads are rarely used anymore.
• Rotor driven sprinklers are the most commonly used sprinklers, especially on large sites. Rotor driven sprinklers also have a ________________________________________
• Pop up fixed spray heads generally have a lower ________________________________________. However, they are still commonly used on many residential sites due to their low cost.
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Fixed spray head performance.
Fixed spray head performance.
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