Irregular Migration in Europe Security...
21
Irregular Migration in Europe Security Challenges luigi iandoli, Italian senior police officer
Transcript of Irregular Migration in Europe Security...
Irregular Migration in Europe
Security Challenges
luigi iandoli, Italian senior police officer
Focus
•Migration is a perceived threat or an objective one?
•Whether, and if so when, migration really does represent a threat to national security?
Borders and migration management
• To control the movement of goods and people across the borders is one of more evident prerogatives of states
• Migration control measures as a demonstration of the sovereign control over territory and to mitigate public concerns that sovereign is being undermined
• The entitlement to control who enters and resides is restricted by a number of specific provisions of international law and human rights obligations.
• Not all types of migration are considered a threat and curtailed
Did you know that…
Over 1 billion migrants worldwide (250 million international, 750 million domestic )
% of international migrants in the population of destination countries: 17.5% in Austria, 17% in Sweden, 15% in Germany, 22%in Canada, 15.2% in USA, from 51% to 88% in the Gulf countries) –6,4% in Italy (8,2% including the EU SMs’ nationals)
60 million people forcibly displaced worldwide at the end of 2014
15.1 million refugees worldwide under UNHCR mandate in mid-2015, of which 4.2 million Syrians
1.2 million asylum seekers in Europe in 2015 (563,000 in 2014), of which 441,800 only in Germany alone - 83,240 in Italy
1 million irregular migrants arrived in Greece and 153,842 in Italy in 2015
601 billion US dollars remittances from migrants in 2015
Illegal border crossings
Intra-Schengen/EU
Italy - data on landingsYears from 1998 to 2016*
(* up to 26/02/2016)
38159
49999
26817
20143
23719
1433113635
22939 22016
20455
36951
95734406
62692
13267
42925
170100
148,158
132,044
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
20
15
20
16
*
LANDINGS
ITALY - NUMBER OF MIGRANTS BROKEN DOWN BY COUNTRIES OF DEPARTURE Years 2014 – 2015 - 2016 (up to 30 September 2016)
0
500
1000
20142015
2016
155 321
680
ALGERIA
2014
2015
2016
0
50.000
100.000
150.000
20142015
2016
141.484 138.422
115.605
LYBIA
2014
2015
20160
500
1.000
1.500
20142015
2016
1.480
940
370
GREECE
2014
2015
2016
0
10.000
20.000
20142015
2016
15.283
11.114 12.766
EGYPT
2014
2015
2016
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20142015
2016
10.340
2.4712.009
TURKEY
2014
2015
2016 0
500
1.000
1.500
20142015
2016
1.297
569 613
TUNISIA
2014
2015
2016
Libya
Madagascar
CoteD’Ivoire
Algeria
Botswana
Kenya
Sierra Leone-
Mali
DemocraticRepublic
of the Congo
Somalia
Guinea-Bissau-
Ghana
Uganda
Mozambique
Mauritania
Angola
Sudan
Niger
Zambia
Ethiopia
WesternSahara
Chad
Guinea
Nigeria
Tunisia
Namibia
SouthAfrica
Egypt
Tanzania
Equatorial Guinea
-Lesotho
-Burundi
-Djibouti
Rep. of the Congo-
Rwanda-
Senegal
Togo
Gabon
-Malawi
Morocco
LiberiaCentral
African Republic
Zimbabwe
Benin
Eritrea
-Swaziland
The Gambia-
CapeVerde
Comoros
Mauritius
Sao Tome& Principe
Seychelles
Burkina Faso
LibyaAlgeria
Tunisia
Egypt
Morocco
0%
-54%
-28%
+200%
-5%
Main Nationalities per costal departing countries
576
16 10332
Tunisia
Burkina Faso
Sudan
Sierra Leone
Egypt
Congo
2889
2008
1554
1529
648Sudan
Eritrea
Somalia
Etiopia
Comore
27162
13640
87418712
8699
7050
6884
58025651
Nigeria
Eritrea
Gambia
Ivory Coast
Guinea
Mali
Senegal
Bangladesh
Sudan
660
522811
Algeria
Tunisia
Togo
Mali
Ghana
Benin
Nigeria
+100%
-29%
Italy Albania
Turkey
Greece
-67%
1
Albania
Main Nationalities per coastal departing countries
651
465
284
261
156
58
Pakistan
Iraq
Afghanistan
Somalia
Iran
Syria
124
84
63
27
2222 Somalia
Iraq
Afghanistan
Syria
Palestine
Iran
The EU Response
The extraordinary European Council’s declaration on April 23, 2015
A European Agenda on Migration in May 2015 aimed at:
1. Reducing the causes of illegal migration2. ensuring borders security and safety of life3. Implementing a solid common policy on
asylum4. Launching a new policy on legal migration
The EU Response
European Agenda on migration - immediate follow-up
• Action plan to combat migrant smuggling networks• Cooperation with third countries in the field of
return and combating migrant smuggling• Increase threefold the operational capacity of
Frontex• Activate a relocation system• The new concept of «hotspot»• EUNAVFOR MED Operation Sophia
The EU ResponseThe latest developments
• the EU Emergency Trust Fund for Africa to address the root causesof irregular migration (Valletta Summit, November 2015)
• Statement EU - Turkey to reduce the flows along the Balkan and the Eastern Mediterranean routes (March 2016)
• The communication from the EC “Back to Schengen” (March 2016)• The communication from the EC on the reform of the Common
European Asylum System (April 2016)• Communication from the EC on the creation of a new Partnership
Framework with third countries (June 2016)• adoption of a Regulation on a European Border and Coast Guard
(September 2016)
The Italian Response
• Set up of EU RTF (Regional Task Force) in Catania
• Adoption and implementation of National Roadmap (reception, asylum and return system - relocation)
• Activation of 4 hotspots in Lampedusa, Pozzallo, Trapani and Taranto
• Development of bilateral cooperation with the main countries of origin and transit
The external dimension of the EU’s migration policy
EU funding programs
The regional dialogues
Migration and Mobility Partnerships with third countries
Readmission agreements between the EU and third countries
External dimension of activities carried out by EU Agencies
The new Partnership Framework of Migration
The Italian bilateral cooperation
Cooperation with third countriesEgyptLibyaTunisiaTurkey
Horn of Africa countriesNigerNigeriaGambiaGhanaIvory CoastSenegal
PRIORITIES
Those countries are considered overriding even in the extraordinary European Council on April 23, 2015
Impact on security
•Migration is a perceived threat or an objective one?
•whether, and if so when, migration really does represent a threat to national security?
•Common response: migration as source of terrorists, criminals and diseases.
Impact on security – The current picture
• The size of the migratory pressure towards Europe is unprecedented
• Main mixed irregular migration flows come from regions where terrorism is more than a threat
• The role of transnational criminal networks in migrant smuggling and human trafficking
• The tragedies in the desert and at sea• The weaknesses in the border control and identification
systems• The diversion of huge number of police officers from their
daily duty• The capacity of absorption and integration in the European
society
Impact on security – The current picture
• No evidence of direct link between illegal migration and terrorism
• The profile of terrorists responsible for the recent attacks in Paris, Brussels, Nice, Rouen, and even before in Madrid (2004) and London (2005)
• The impact of migration on the perception of security and the key role of mass media and politics
