IRPS 155 Wild Pigs, Poor Soils, And Upland Rice: A Diagnostic Survey of Sitiung, Sumatra, Indonesia

8/4/2019 IRPS 155 Wild Pigs, Poor Soils, And Upland Rice: A Diagnostic Survey of Sitiung, Sumatra, Indonesia

1/12


2/12


3/12

WILD PIGS, POOR SOILS, AND UPLAND RICE:A DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY OF SITIUNG,

SUMATRA, INDONESIAS. Fujisaka, G. Kirk, l.A. Litsinger, K. Moody, N. Hosen, A. Yusef,

F . Nurdin, T. Nairn, f. Artat i, A. Aziz, W . Khatib, and Yustisia'

ABSTRACTA survey examined the agroecosysterns, upland rice farmer practices and knowledge, andproblems and potential solutions in Sitiung, Sumatra, Indonesia. Rice systems includedpermanent plow cultivation on level to gently rolling lands in earlier settled areas and shiftingcultivation on sloping lands in later settled areas. Farmer problems leading to low or reducedrice yields were pigs, insects, weeds, poor or degraded soils (especially on lands cleared bybulldozer), rats, monkeys, and diseases. Researchers prioritized problems and suggestcollaborative research to address them.

1 A uthors represent the lnrernational Rice Research Institute. the Sukaram i A gricultural Research Institute for Food Crops, and the SitiungR e se ar ch S ub -S ta ti on .


4/12


5/12

WILD PIGS, POOR SOILS, AND UPLAND RICE:A DIAGNOSTIC SURVEY OF SITIUNG,

SUMATRA, INDONESIA

A 1991 field survey in Sitiung, Sumatra, Indonesia, examinedagroecosysteins. documented upland rice farmers' practicesand knowledge. identified problems, and assessed potentialsolutions. Sitiung is a key site of the newly formed UplandRice Research Consortium linking the International RiceResearch Institute (lRRI) with various national agriculturalresearch systems (lRR I 1991). The diagnostic survey was thefirst consortium activity. Survey participants were scientistsfrom the Sukarami Agricultural Research Institute for FoodCrops (SARI F). the Sitiung Research Sub-Station (Subbalit-tan Sitiung), and IRRI. The researchers represent agronomy,plant breeding, soil chemistry, entomology, weed science,agricultural economics, and agricultural anthropology. Thepurposes of the survey were to I) characterize the upland riceagroecosystern; 2) assess farmers' upland rice cropping prac-tices, constraints, and problem-solving capabilities; 3) iden-tify and prioritize problems leading to low or declining riceyields; and 4) identify and prioritize future collaborativeresearch to be conducted by IRRI and SARIF at Sitiung.

METHODSDiagnostic surveys are a method for combining qualitativeand some quantitative analysis of the systems examined, andfor identifying problems and needed research. Formal, morequantitative surveys can build on diagnostic survey results(Fujisak a 1991). The Sitiung survey was carried out from 24to 2S February 1991. Six settlements in the study area hadbeen named Sitiung I through Sitiung VI; fieldwork wasconducted at Sitiung II, III, IV. and V. The 12 members of thesurvey team worked in pairs to interview fanners. Informal,open-ended interviews were structured by changing sets ofguide topics that covered I) farmers' classification and use(crop, cropping pattern. and management) of land and soilresources. 2) farmers' upland rice cultivars and their manage-ment, 3) farmer-reported rice yield trends and causes oflow ordeclining rice yields, 4) farmers' problem-solving methods,and S) other issues identified during interviews.

Team members conducted interviews and visited fields inthe morning, then met in the afternoon to discuss and synthe-size data and to identify specific issues for investigationduring the following day's fieldwork. Fanners were asked tolist. then rank their main problems from most to least impor-tant. Final ranking was a combination of percentage of farm-ers identifying a problem and an overall rating valued on ascale of 1- 10. Problems and needed research were prioritized

at the end of the survey using farmer and researcher rankings.Secondary data were collected after the fieldwork.

THE SITESumatraIndonesia's Outer Islands (Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi.and Irian Jaya) are characterized by low population densities.Extensive uplands were originally covered by tropical forestson acid Oxisols and Ultisols. Land use now includes shiftingcultivation and tree crop plantations. The Outer Islands havebeen the target area for resettlement or transmigration pro-grams from heavily populated Java, undertaken first by theDutch in 1905 and since 1945 by the Indonesian Government.

Sumatra has a land area of more than 47 million ha, withalmost 2S mill ion ha considered [0have potential for agricul-tural use. Some IS million ha arc acid Oxisols and Ultisols,with more than 14 million ha classified as suitable for foodcropping. Sumatra has 2. S million ha of rice land (2.1 millionha of lowland and 0.4 million ha of upland), or about one-fourth of Indonesia's almost 10.4 million ha of rice land (9.3million ha of lowland and 1.1 million ha of upland). In 1989,Sumatra's 8.1 million tons of rice production accounted for19% of Indonesia's total production of 42.4 million tons (BiroPusat Statistik 1989).

Sumatra's climate is humid tropical, with a Sop-May wetseason, 2,SOO-3,000 rnrn rainfall and SO-ISO rainy days/yr.Relative humidity is 70-85%. Temperatures range from lowsof 20-22 C to highs of 28-32 "C. Actual evapotranspiration isI,OOO-I,OSO rum/yr. Runoff averages about IS% of totalrainfall and deep drainage exceeds I ,SOO rum/yr.

Soils are highly weathered, with low fertility and low pH,and exhibit high AI saturation and low CEC. Soil physicalcharacteristics include high clay content, high aggregate sta-bility, low erodibility, low mechanical impedance. and highinfiltration, but with high water-holding capacity (Arya 1990).SitiungThe six transmigration sites at Sitiung cover approximately100,000 ha along the Trans-Sumatran Highway and the BatangHari River about 200 krn SE of Padang, the capital or WestSumatra Province. The site is just south of the equator, andabout 100 m above sea level. Most of the area is a moderatelyundulating to steep (slopes ofS-2S%), well-dissected peneplain.Annual rainfall averages 2,700 mrn. Temperatures averageabout 26C with Iittle seasonal variation.


6/12

4 IRPS No. 155, December 1991

The Sitiung communities are home to 6,000 transmigrantJavanese and Sundanese families, and 1,500 indigenousM inang families. Transrnigrants, who first settled in Sitiung in1976, were allotted 1.25 ha per family and were subsidized forhousing, food, farming implements, and miscellaneous sup-plies.

Land allotments in Sitiung I-IV were cleared by bull-dozer, resulting in compaction and subsoil exposure. Thegovernment recognized the problem and used slash-and-burnto clear allotments in Sitiung V and VI.

SARIF has carried out considerable research at Sitiungon upland soils and their management for crop production;responses of upland rice to K and Si on Ultisols; land prepa-ration; organic matter and P fertilization on soybean afterupland rice; residual effects of organic matter on upland riceon acid soil: and control of seedling fly on upland rice throughplanting time, plant spacing, and insecticide application. TheTropSoi Is project stud ied reclamation of bulldozed land; soi Iacidity and liming; green manures; and P, K, Mg, and Sfertilization (Arya 1990, Evensen 1989, Gill 1988, Mackarim1985, Subagjo 1988, Trangmar 1984, TropSoils 1990, Wadeer al 1988). Some of those findings follow.

Soil characteristics. Soils are Oxisols and Ultisols withlow pH, high AI saturation, low CEC, low organic matter, highclay content (kaolinitic), high aggregation and aggregatestability, low bulk density, substantial macroporosity, highinfiltration but high water-holding capacity, low mechanicalimpedance. and no compacted layers. High subsoil acidity isa chemical barrier to root growth even in rice, which isrelatively acid-tolerant. Access to subsoil water and nutrientsprobably limit plant growth.

Liming. Amelioration of subsoil acidity is necessary forreasonable yields in most crops. Deep liming by mechanicalincorporation has dramatic effects, but is impractical. Morework is needed to establish the conditions necessary fordownward leaching of surface-applied lime, particularly thesupply of sufficient anions to maintain lime-derived Ca ionsin solution that would promote their downward movement.Green manuring may alleviate acidity by complexing AI andby supplying NO, anions. thereby promoting Ca movement.

N. P. and K management N requirements need to bequantified. NO, leaching and its manipulation--eg, by greenmanuring. mulching. and ferti lizer timing and combination-need to be examined, particularly with regard to maintaininga balance that promotes the leaching of lime materials whileminimizing nutrient loss. Large responses are obtained frommoderate P additions. with appreciable residual effects for atleast 2 yr. The International Fertilizer Development Centercharacterized locally available rock phosphates; they weresatisfactory. If the field is sufficiently limed, rice and otherfood crops show good response and recover a large fraction ofadded K. Burnt crop residues can substantially offset Krequirements.

Other nil/riel/IS. Some Mg must be added for rice andother food crops. Local lime materials are dolomitic and

contain up to 1 . 0 1 e Mg. No crop responded to S addition.Substantial airborne S may be added from fires. Micronutrientavailabilities are not well researched. Fe concentrations arehigh in most soils, with some Fe toxicity in lowland rice. Mnis deficient in some soils, and could be enhanced by greenmanuring. Zn deficiency may be widespread.

SURVEY RESULTSFarmers' land and soil characterization and useThe site has two agroecosysterns. The area settled by the firsttransmigrants-Sitiung I and II-features level to gentlyrolling lands, permanent animal-drawn plow agriculture. withsome areas currently in the process of being converted tolowland rice cultivation after completion of government -builtirrigation systems. The importance of upland rice could de-cline if lowland rice, perennial and plantation crops (eg,rubber, cassava), and legumes continue to increase in impor-tance. The more recently settled Sitiung III, IV, and V arecharacterized by sloping, forested, or recently forested landsand by slash-and-burn or hoe agriculture.

Farmers distinguished among relatively few soil and landcategories on which they based crop and crop rotation choices.Although they categorized soils by color and somewhat bytexture, they described all soils as being of low and, in manycases, declining fertility. In both early and later settled areas,farmers distinguished between lands that each had first re-ceived from the government tlahan I) and those obtained later(lahan L or lahans). In earlier settled areas, some farmers hadstopped cultivating lahan 2 parcels, possibly because ofconflicts with indigenous farmers over use rights or owner-ship. In the newer sloping areas, government clearing oitahanI areas by bulldozer degraded lands and soils. These lands arenow infested with lmperata cvtindrica and are used more forcassava, legumes, and perennial tree crops. Upland rice culti-vation has shifted to lahan 2 or 3 parcels (Table I). Somefarmers intercrop rice in rubber plantations on non-bulldozedlands owned by others.Rice cultivarsFarmers did not have an extensive "menu" of upland ricecultivars suited to different conditions or that meet differentpreference criteria. Some described upland rice cultivars forwhich they had no names. Relatively few cultivars are avail-able for testing and selection (Table 2). Some farmers havetested materials obtained from friends and relatives. Oneimproved cultivar provided by the government was rejectedbecause it gave low yields and was susceptible to disease. Asexpected, farmers want upland rice cultivars that give highyields with low input requirements.Upland rice crop managementIn the first-settled rolling areas, land was cleared by slash-and-burn, plowed, harrowed, possibly hoed, and dibble-seeded. Inaddition to substantial quantities of inorganic fertilizer, farm-


7/12

Table I. Farmer classification and use of soils and lands in Sitiung,Sumatra, Indonesia.

Category SitiunglocationSoils (tanahs

merah II, IV, Vcoklat IIhiram IV

putih IIkunil/g IVpasir IVIiat V

Landstahan I IV, Va

lahan I II

lahan 2, 3 IV, Va

lalian 2 IIpokarangan All

sawah rawa Allsawah 1 .11 . V

Descriptors and use

"Red soil; " mos t common"Chocolate" (colored)"Black;" richer; on newly opened land;can degrade to "Red" after 3-4 yearscropping"White; " limited areas"Yellow"SandyClayeyLands f irs t d is tr ibu ted at one ha per fami ly ;less rice grown than in lahan II becausedegraded by bulldozer c lear ing; cassava,perennials (rubber, coffee, f ruit), andlegumes; some areas now degraded andinfested by lmperata cvltndrua.Rolling; permanent plow cultivat ion; rice- legumes: some areas being converted tolowland r ice; low and declining r ice yie lds:Javanese settlers use contour hedgerowsfor soil and moisture conservat ion andfodder.Distributed later at 1 .0 -1 .2 5 h a per family;not bulldozed; richer; rice - legume or rice- fallow because of better soils; new ricelands opened shift ing cultivation afterdegradat ion of previous lands.Lands d istr ibu ted later ; possib le confl ic tover use rights with original settlers.Home garden: 0.25-0.5 haper family; sweetcassava.coffee, rambutan, lantor.jackfruit,mango, citrus, spices, vegetables."Swamp" rice: small pockets of lowland:good vegetative growth but low yields.Lowland i rrigated r ice.

yard manure (FYM) produced by draft animals was appliedusing "rules" that included continuous small applications(possibly due to lack of transport) to upland rice, or applica-tion to nonrice (palawija) crops after rice, to low-yielding riceparcels, or to areas planted to rice in rotation,

In later-settled sloping areas (Sitiung IV, V), lands wereinitially cleared by slash-and-burn, and then dibble-seeded,After several croppings, fields were slashed and hoed beforeseeding to control weeds. In some areas, farmers work incooperative groups to carry out land clearing, weeding, seed-ing, and sometimes harvesting and threshing.Farmers use moderate amounts of insecticides, mostly tocontrol rice bug, They hand weed, usually twice. They spendsubstantial time patrolling fields to control wild animals (pigs,rats, monkeys, birds), using flags to scare the animals away,Rice is harvested mostly by knife (ani-ani) because of unevenmaturity, often before full ripening to avoid losses to wildanimals.

Farmers burn rice crop residues to speed land preparationfor crops (soybean, mungbean, peanut) after rice, to improve

IRPS No, 155, December 1991 5

Table 2, Upland rice cultivars in Sitiung, Sumatra, Indonesia.Name" CharacteristicsAmpatbulanArias

"Four months"While and red; 6modurat ion; up 10 1.7 r /ha; flavor favoredby Sumatrans"Feeling;" 4 mo duration; small grain, good taste"Six months," I SO ern; 1. 5 tlha without fert i lizer In labanII, 1 .5 t/n a in lahan I with fertilizer"Larnpung dwarf'"Cricket"0.3 t lha (rats, r ice bug) , 6 mo. high tillering3.5 mo duration: hard when cooked, must mix with softrice: even maturation allows harvest with sickle instead ofani-ani') rno duration: 1 .0 t /ha without fer ti lizer : high t il ler ing2. 0 t/ha: 5 mo durat ion; easy to thresh"Reel," 5-mo durat ion: first distributed by govenunent41110 duration: < 2.0 r/ha6 1lI0 duration; tal l. lodges; hard a lter cooked"Hero""Sticky," but may not be glutinous in all cases"Whi te," h igher y ielding (20-3.0 t/ha ) in Sitiung II:higher yields with liming

BatimEnambulanGenja LampungGcngkrikGogorantahGogosanteng

GunipiabawaMaritikMerahMetroPadilampungPalawanPullilPlilih

"Fa rmers al so men tion ed Bayuk . Hl irul lg. G lf ll lj Ja ik/ {l Ii ll g. Ma l/gar . Pad if Je rak_ andvarious "Padigogo" or upland rices for which they had [10 name but cou ld characterize:and lowland culti varx IR46 and IR64.

soil nutrient cycling, to improve crop stand, and to reduceweed pressure.

Of total labor inputs of 135-165 d/ha, weeding laborranges from 40 d for sloping upland fields to 65 d for plowed,permanently cultivated fields, Older, sloping upland fieldsrequire some additional 40 d labor for hoeing to prepare land,Yields range from 0.6 r/ha on older sloping fields to 1.3 t/haon plow-cultivated fields (Table 3), In all areas, farmersreported large and increasing amounts of weeding labor,inorganic fertilizers, and insecticides but low, declining, andrisky rice yields,Rice crop pestsUpland rice grown in recently cleared forests attracts a rangeof forest animals. With reduced habitats due to deforestation,pigs, rats, and birds derive their main food sources fromagricultural lands, The main insect pests-seed bugs-seekout isolated rice fields (Litsinger et al 1987), Anyone of thesepests may totally destroy a rice crop, Other insect pests aregrasshoppers (helalang), stem borers, white grub, planthop-pers, and ants, Most insect pests do not actively search forricefields, but descend randomly over the area (Johnson1969), This means first-year cropping on cleared forest cansuffer much damage, particularly if the field is at the edge ofthe agricultural area, Because of the high risk of crop failure,farmers use high management levels to combat pests eventhough expected yields are low,

Wild pigs cause severe rice crop losses, They apparentlybed in fields after sunset and trample on the plants, To avoidlosses, maize is never rnonocropped, and peanut and cassava


8/12

6 IRPS No. 155, December 1991

Table J. Rice crop input-output budget on plowed and slash-and-burnlands." Sit iung, Sumatra, Indonesia.

Slash-and-burn landInput. output Plowed lands Newer field Older field

Mean Range Mean Range Mean RangeLabor (cl(ha)

Slash. burn 13 8-20 32 ISA5 15Plow 6 4-11 na naHoc na 0 42 6- 100Harrow 7 2-14 na naDibble 1-" 8-20 19 15-24 19 16-20Fenilize I 4 3-4 4Weed 64 30-100 38 12-60 39 28-60Spray I 3 2-5 5Harvest. 32 23-40 39 29-60 40 24-66threshTotal labor 13L) 134 164Materials

Seed (kg/ha) 45 30-70 48 40-80 35 30-40Farmyard 1.5-4manure (t/ha)Fertilizer

Urea '13 20-100 37 8-150 30 10-100TSP 75 50-100 34 0-150 125 25-250KCI 60 50-100 0 8 0-25Insecticide" 85;(. spray 3-6 times 60% spray once 65% spray onceYield (i/ha) U O.S-2.4 1.0 0.3-1.7 0.6 0.4-0.8"na = no! applicable. "Percentage of furmcr-, lIsing insecticide. and frequency o r lise.

are planted away from forested areas. Soybean and mungbean,which are less preferred by pigs, are the main crops plantedafter rice. The only effective control is to scare pigs away.Beginning 2 wk before harvest, fanners maintain vigil at nightinfields. Acephate-Iaced eggs, fruit, and cassava baits are alsoplaced along pig runs. Other practices include burning humanhair or spreading tiger feces as repellents.

Rats are hard to control but appear to be less widespreadthan pigs. One fanner lost all of his crop to rats in 1984, 1986,and 1988 and did not plant rice in 1989. Rats also eat dibbledseeds that are not covered. A bait of zinc phosphide and riceis placed along rat runs or near burrows.

Birds are controlled by maintaining vigil from towersduring the day. Between chasing pigs at night and birds andmonkeys during the day, fanners get little sleep near harvesttime. Birds eat dibbled seed. Maize is intercropped with riceto protect the rice from birds.

Farmers frequently cited rice seed bugs as a problem,particularly inareas near forests. Theirdamage may have beenmistaken for dirty panicles (fungal diseases on the seed)frequently found in high rainfall areas (Delpachitra andWickramasinghe 1986, Lee et al 1986). Rice bugs are favoredby a mixed habitat as they aestivate during the dry season inthe forests and feed on grassy weeds when rice isnot available(Sands 1977). Green soldier bugs damage the grains of bothrice and legumes.

Monkeys damage crops in slash-and-burn areas, but notin areas cleared of trees. They attack the crop during the

Table 4. Weed species occurring in upland rice in Sitiung, Sumatra, In-donesia.Common name Scientific nameAlang alangGengahanKrokotKentanganPaitanRumput LindungTekiKolomenioMokgadis

.)

lmpcrata cvlindrit:aHyptis brevipesPortulaca olcruccaBorrer ia ala taPaspalum conjugatum

')

Cyperus spp.Eleusine indicaDigitoria long/floraCommelina dif fuse

Table 5. F armer- and researcher-identified rice crop problems in Si-tiung, Sumatra, Indonesia.

Farmers' Researchers'I. Pigs 1. Pigs2. Insects (rice bug) 2. Poor soils2. Weeds 3. Insects (rice bug)4. Poor soils 4. Weeds4. Rats 4. Diseases (blast)4. Monkeys 6. Rats7. Diseases 7. Nematodes"

R . Monkeys"Nematodes were not cons idered in this survey but may bea major problem: in that case ,the researchers ' order wil l be revised.

vegetative period by pulling up seedlings. Single or groups ofmonkeys are active during the day. Farmers lace fruit withacephate (Temik) insecticide as a poison bait.

Weeds identified by farmers are listed in Table 4. Weedspecies are more numerous and weeding requires twice asmuch labor inthe second upland rice crop than inthe first. Twoherbicides-Ronstar (oxadiazon) and Satanil (thiobencarb +propanil)-are registered for use in upland rice in Indonesia(Bangun, pers. commun.), They cost $21 to $32/ha, substan-tially less than the $53 for a single hand weeding. Theseherbicides are particularly effective on grasses, but do notcontrol Borreria spp., a major problem in upland rice. Whenupland rice is dibbled into land where I. cyiindrica has beencontrolled by glyphosate (Roundup), no postplanting weed-ing is required.

PROBLEM PRIORITIZATION ANDSUGGESTED RESEARCH

Farmers' upland rice crop problems, in order of priority, werewild pigs; insects (rice bug) and weeds; poor soils or low soilfertility, rats, and monkeys; and diseases. Using field observa-tions and the results of previous research conducted in thearea, survey researchers slightly reordered the problems aswild pigs, poor soils, insects, weeds and diseases, rats andnematodes, and monkeys (Table 5).


9/12

PigsPigs are a major cause of crop damage in fields close to forestsor tree plantations. SARIF and IRRI have no expertise in thisarea but could review relevant research and consider engaginga consultant to directly address the problem.SoilsFarmers reported moderate yields on newly opened lands, anddeclining yields over time. They use moderate amounts ofinorganic fertilizers in some areas, but obtain poor responses.In the past they applied lime subsidized by the government.Some burn crop residues to improve soil fertility. They do notfallow sloping lands (possibly because of increased I. cylin-drica infestations) under shifting cultivation. Shallow top-soils combined with bulldozer clearing have led to degradedlands in some areas. The degree of soil erosion was notdetermined and may need further review. The survey groupsuggests the following research:I. Further study of farmers' crop and soil nutrient manage-

ment practices to increase understanding and enable re-searchers to build upon farmer practices.

2. Development of methods for assessing yield potentialsand input costs as functions of rainfall distribution, sub-soil acidity, cultivar tolerance for subsoil acidity, andfarmers' practices.

3. Cost-effective means of leaching lime materials down-ward, based on a quantitative understanding of quantitiesof lime required, quantities of accompanying anions (eg,NO" S04' CI) required, and time required.

4. Development of acid-tolerant cultivars.5. Analyses of plant tissues and soils for micronutrients.6. Organic matter management (eg, crop residues, green

manures, and FYM).7. Review of earlier research by TropSoils and IFDC atSitiung and related work by TropSoils in Brazil (Bouldinet al 1987, Cochrane and Sanchez 1982, Lathwell 1990);and coordination with International Network on SoilFertility and Sustainable Rice Farming activities to avoidduplication of efforts.

InsectsInsect problems (rice bug, stink bug, locusts, hoppers, andants) have been increasing. Seedling maggot was neitherobserved nor reported by farmers, but some researchers re-ported it as a moderate problem associated with delayedsowing in some years. Chemical control is well understood byboth farmers and researchers. Research is needed toI. develop low-cost insect control methods,2. investigate dry season dormancy sites of rice bugs to

determine off-season control methods,3. establish economic thresholds for rice bugs, and4. develop even-maturing rice cultivars.WeedsWeed species and infestations are increasing over time. Farm-ers described I. cylindrica, Borreria spp., Digitaria sp., and

IRPS No. 155, December 1991 7

Paspalum sp. as the worst weeds. I. cylindrica isa major pestof degraded lands and rapidly infests fallowed fields. Farmerscontrol weeds by hand weeding. They intensify land prepara-tion (eg, including hoeing in sloping areas and use of the staleseedbed method in plow areas) and hand weeding to controlweeds. Research is needed to1. review and possibly continue the work on I. cylindrica in

relation to soil nutrient status,2. examine ground cover and green manures as part of weed

management strategies, and3. develop or use tall stature and rapid canopy closure for

weed-competitive rice cultivars.DiseasesBlast (many races), which may be associated with high N use,reduces yield. Some researchers reported that farmers mayhave wrongly identified Helminthosporium diseases associ-ated with low and imbalanced soi Inutrients as blast. Researchis needed toI. screen rice varieties for durable resistance under farmer

conditions, and2. examine interactions between crop management and blast.

Research to address the lower priority problems of rats,nematodes, and monkeys was not discussed. Future researchon nematodes will be specified when results of another fieldstudy are available. Selection of appropriate, higher yieldingrice cultivars is embedded in the suggested problem-relatedresearch.

CONCLUSIONSThe Sitiung agroecosystems feature a complex of problemsthat leads to low or declining upland rice yields. Problems ofpoor or degraded soils, insect pests, weeds, and diseases wereidentified and should be incorporated into Upland Rice Re-search Consortium activities. Wild animals, such as pigs andmonkeys, are also problems for rice farmers, but their controlmay have to be addressed by consulting scientists. Both basicand applied research will be necessary because farmers needproblem-solving innovations to improve their current condi-tions while longer term solutions are sought. Substantial on-farm, interdisciplinary team research, such as this diagnosticsurvey, is essential.

REFERENCES CITEDArya L M (1990) Properties and processes in upland acid soils

in Sumatra and their management for crop production.Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development.(unpubl. rep.)

Biro Pusat Statistik ( 1989) Statist ical yearbook of Indonesia. Jakarta.Bouldin D R, Ritchey K D, Lobato E (1987) Management of soil

acidity. In Management of acid tropical soils for sustainableagriculture. IBSRAM Proc. no. 2. Bangkok.


10/12

8 IRPS No. I S S , December 1991

Cochrane T T, Sanchez P A (1982) Land resources, soils and theirmanagement in the Amazon region: a state of knowledge report.Pages 137-210 in Amazonia: agriculture and land use research.S.B. Hecht, ed. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical,Cali, Colombia.

Delpachitra D, Wickramasinghe D L (1986) Effect of Leptocorisasp. in rice grain filling. Int. Rice Res. Newsl. 11(4):37.

Department of Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii(1985) Annual report FY 1985. TropSoils/Soil ManagementCRSP (Humid Tropics, Indonesia), Honolulu.

Evensen C L I (1989) Alley cropping and green manuring for uplandcrop production in West Sumatra. Ph D thesis, University ofHawaii.

Fujisaka J S (1991) A set of farmer-based diagnostic methods forscning post green revolution rice research priorities. Agric.Syst. 36: 191-206.

Gill D W ( 1988) Reponse of upland crops to potassium at three levelsof aluminium saturation in the humid tropics of West Sumatra.Ph D thesis, North Carolina State University.

IRRI~lnternational Rice Research Institute (1991) Internationalrice research consortia: a new responsive initiative for sharingresources and responsibilities. International Rice ResearchInstitute, Manila.

Johnson C G (1969) Migration and dispersion of insects in night.Methuen, London.

Lathwell D J (1990) Legume green manures: principles for manage-ment based on recent research. TropSoils Bull. 90-0 I.

Lee S C, Alvenda M E, Bonman J M, Heinrichs E A (1986) Insectsand pathogens associated with rice grain discoloration andtheir relationship in the Philippines. Korean J. Plant Prot.25:107-112.

Litsinger J A, Barrion A T, Dandi Soekarra (1987) Upland rice pests:their ecology, importance, and control. IRRI Res. Pap. Ser. 123.Makarim A K (1985) Effects of land reclamation management

practices on crop production and physical and chemical prop-cnies on a tropical soil. Ph D thesis, North Carolina StateUniversity.

McCants C B (1985) TropSoils triennial technical repor t. TropSoils,Raleigh, North Carol ina,

Sands D P A (1977) The biology and ecology of Lcpt ocoris(Hemiptera: Alydidae) in Papua New Guinea. Res, Bull. 78,Department of Primary Industries, Port Moresby, New Guinea.

Subagjo H (1988) Volcanic ash inlluence and characterization ofsoils on the Eastern Plain of the Barsian Range between Sitiung-Kotabaru and Bangk o. Sumatra. Ph D thesis, North CarolinaState University.

Trangmar B B ( 1984) Spatial variabil ity of soil properties in Siiiung.W. Sumatra, Indonesia. Ph D thesis, University of Hawaii.

TropSoils (1990) TropSoils project. University of Hawaii and Centerfor Soil Research, Honolulu and Bogor.

Wade M K, Gill D W, Subagjo H, Sudjadi M, Sanchez P A (1988)Overcoming soil fertility constraints in a transmigration areaof Indonesia. TropSoils Bull. 88-01. North Carolina StateUniversity.

RESEARCH CONDUCTED AT SARIFAdrizal D S, Syarifuddin K A (1989) Residual effect of organic

matter residue on upland rice on acid soil. Pemberitaan Peneli-tian Sukarami 16:16-19.

Amril B (1990) Reaction of rice varieties to races of t'vriculariaorv=ae Cav. from Agam and Sitiung. Pemberitaan PenelitianSukarami 17:23-26,

Arjulis R (1990) Allelopathic effects of selected weeds on uplandrice. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami 17:3-5.

Ariel' A (1988) Phosphorus application on red yellow Podzolic: I.The dynamics of inorganic-P in the soil. Pernberiiaan Peneli-tian Sukarami 13: 15-21.

Asadi, Adriyaswar, Taher A (1984) The effect ofphosphorus (P) andSi Iicon (Si) ferti Iizers on growth and blast disease of upland riceon Podzolic soil, Sitiung. Pemberiiaan Pcnclitian Sukarami4:10-13.

Buhannan B (1987) An effort to improve the living of Sitiungtransmigrant through optimizing of resources utilization.Pember itaan Penelitian Sukarami 10:6-11.Burbcy (1987) Effect of phosphorus and zinc fertilizers on growthand nutrient status of upland rice. Pernberitaan PenelitianSukarami I 1:3-8.

Burbey A D, Sahar A, Zaini Z (1988) Soybean responses to lime,manure and TSP fertilizer combination on Ultisol soil. Pern-beritaan Pcnclitian Sukarami 13:30-35.

Burbey. Adryaswar, Boer R, Zubaiclah Y (1988) Responses ofupland rice to potassium and silicate application on Ultisol soil.Pember itaan Penelitian Sukarami 15:26-31.

Daniel M (1986) Farming methods, requirements, and marketing ofcorn in West Sumatra. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami6:25-27.

Darmijati S, Adrizal, Syarifuddin A (1985) Effect of rainfall ongrowth and yield of uplandrainfed peanut (Am('hi.l hvpogaeL.) at Sitiung, West Sumatra. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami5:15-21.

Darmijati S, Adrizal, Syarifuddin A (1987) Effect of mulch and elateof planting on upland rice. Pemberitaan Penelitian SukaramiI I :9-1 I.

Gani A (1986) Screening techniques for tolerance for aluminumtoxicity in mungbean: I.Germination stage. Pember itaan Peneli-tian Sukarami 7:3'1-39.

Gani A (1987) Screening techniques for tolerance 1'01'aluminumtoxicity in rnungbean: II. Seedling stage. Pemberitaan Peneli-tian Sukarami I 1:26-30.

Hasan N, Zen K, Syafril, Syarifuddin K (1989) Control of seedl ingfly on upland rice through planting time, plant spacing andinsecticide application. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami16:53-56.

Kaher A (1988) Segregation characters of upland rice in single anddouble dial lei crosses on acid Podzolic soi I.Pernbcri taan Peneli-tian Sukarami 13:8-14.

Kari Z, Khatib W, Erdiman (1988) Experiment of different rates ofnitrogen fertilizer of upland rice on Vertisols. PemberitaanPenelitian Sukarami 14:28-35.


11/12

Las I, Zaini Z (1986) Agroclimatic identification and interpretationfor Sitiung, West Sumatra. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami6: 10-19.

Manti I (1984) Effects of insecticides and fungicide seed treatmentson pest and disease in upland rice. Pemberitaan PenelitianSukarami 4:7-9.

Nairn T (1988) The effect of silicon rates and soil moisture levels ongrowth and yield of rice plant. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukar-ami 13:36-41.

Nurdin F (1984) Efficacy testing of insecticides against seedling flyAtherigona exiqua (Stein) by seed treatment on upland rice.Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami 3:3-4.

Nurdin F (1989) Host preference of rice seedling fly Atherigonaexiqua Stein. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami 16:20-23.

Ridwan, Basri I H (1987) NPK fertilization and rhizobium inocula-tion on soybean innewly opened area ofpeat and Podzolic soils.Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami 12:24-27.

Ridwan, dan Iswandi H B (1988) Land preparation, organic matterand phosphorus fertilization on soybean after upland rice. Pem-beritaan Penelitian Sukarami 15:49-52.

Ridwan, A ryunis, Taher A (1985) Lime, mulch, and nitrogen on thenewly opened Podzolic soil. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami5:22-25.

Rusli I (1988) Incidence and yield loss estimation of peanut stripeviruson peanut inWest Sumatra. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukar-ami 5:9-12.

Sadra D K (1987) The feasibility study on food crops and clovecropping system: a case study of Desa Bukit Sari, the transmi-gration area Sitiung II. Pemberitaan Penelitian SukaramiII :31-34.

IRPS No. 155, December 1991 9

Syarif A, Makmur A, Atmadja S H. Amir M (1988) Genetics ofresistance to blast in rice. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami14:21-27.

Taher A, Adriyaswar, Kari Z, Syarifuddin A (1985) Effects of urea,ammonium sulfate (AS), and triple super phosphate (TSP)ferti lizers on upland rice, corn, and soybean inSitiung Podzolicsoil. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami 5:3-11.

Yulinar Z, Nieldalina, Burbey, Iswari K (1987) The residual effectsof dose, depth, and rate of lime to 4 season planting on soybean.Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami 12: 18-23.

Yunizar, Rusli I, Kari Z, Hamazah Z, Atman (1989) Simulation ofgrowth potential of upland rice. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukar-ami 16:24-29.

Zaini Z (1986) Agroclimatic identification and interpretation forSitiung, West Sumatra. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami6: 10-19.

Zaini Z, Sahar A, Gondok Y (1986) Screening rice for tolerance foraluminum toxicity in culture solution. Pemberitaan Penelit ianSukarami 7: 11-15.

Zaini Z, Djamaan D, Aminah, Abdullah Z (I(87) Amelioration ofiron toxicity in newly opened rice field: I. Effect of intermittentdrainage. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami 10: 12-13.

Zubaidah Y (1988) Effects of phosphorus fertilizer and lime ongrowth of upland rice grown on Rangkas Bitung red yellowPodsolik soil. Pemberitaan Penelitian Sukarami 13:22-29.


12/12

The International Rice Research InstituteP.O.Box 933, 1099 Manila, Philippines

I II II Stamp II IL _j

ISN 1810

Other papers in this seriesTITLES OF NUMBERS 1-45 ARE LISTED ON THE LAST PAGE OF NO. 46: THOSE OF NUMBERS 46-70 ARE IN NO 71-80, THOSE OF NUMBERS 71-100 ARE IN NO 101-122;THOSE OF NUMBE9S 101-122 ARE IN NO. 123-138; THOSE OF NUMBERS 123-139 ARE IN NO. 140-141, AND THOSE OF NUMBERS 140-151 ARE IN NO. 144-152

No. 12 ~No. 12-1

N". 12 5No. 12 6

['7No. 1 2 K

N". 12 0No. I~()~u. IIINo. 1.,2

"I". ! ~.~No. 1_\4'\)('. I'_~" o. 1.,6

N". 1_,7

lipl"l1 d rice in sect p ests : their eco logy , im po rta nce. a nd co ntro lA rcviev .. of ag.ronomic w heal research at the International RiceResearch lusiiuucSource-sink re l.uion-hips i n c ro p plant-,The eITec1ivcllL'ss o r language: a study ofiwo rice extension publi-c.uion-, ill English and Cebuano amoug English-speaking changea ge nts in th e P hilip pin esT he etfectivcuc-,s am ong farm ers of A/(/rmer's primer Oil XFol-l'in,!!.nic in two Ph il ip p in e d ia lc cl sFvaiua lioH of 12 insectic ides against green leafhopper for prevent-ing. rice tungro virus diseaseSolar rad i.uion and rice productivityJ\ model otrcsourcc constraints on turnaround lime in BangladeshR ic e cu ll ivar variability in toleran ce lor accelerated aging of seedYield constraints and fertilizer management in shallow rain-edtransplurued an d broadcast seeded lo wla nd rice in the P hilip pin esRice harveslint! system s in Cen tral L UlO n and L agun a rev isitedElectrophoretic v.iri.uion 01 isozym e in plum ules of rice (Orrellsutivt, L.)-a key In the identification of76 alleles a! 24 lociSimul.nion of ricl' lcnttoldcr population dynamics in low lan d riceRic(' agroc'cosYSlt'lllS. fanner management. and social organizationin K am puchea : a p rclim in arv ass es sm clli a nd resea rch recornmen-d~HinllsDr.ilt power construiru-, on turnarouud lim e in Ban gladesh: a pilotxiudv

ISSN 0115-3862

No . 13 XNo . 13 9No . 14 0No , 14 1No . 14 2

No . 14 3

No . 14 4No . 14'1No . 14 6No. 14 7No . 14 XNo . 14 9No. ISONo . IS INo . 15 2No . 15_ 'No . 15 4

T he g en us Orv:a L.: current SIaIUS o f t ax o nomyChoice of rice crop esrablishmeru rechnique: tranxplanring vs wetseedingRice product ion in the W angdiphodran g-Punakha V alley of BhutunMyanmar 's experience in rice improvem ent: I ~n() -19R STransformation of a Laguna village in the two decades of greenrevolutionAgroecosystem a nd f an ne r practices and know ledge in M adagas-car's Central H ig hla nd : to wa rd im prov ed rice-ba sed systems re -searchR ic e r es ea r ch priorities for M ada gasca r's M id dle WestA generalized m od el o f ec on om ic constraints o n crop turnaroundtimeD ual-purpose legum es in the rainfcd lowland rice-based system inthe Philippine,Rice product ion t rends In selected Asian countriesCrop estuhlixhrncru (bellswlI) in C uu ac k D is tr ic t, IndiaR i ce h er ba geM eth od s fo r s tu dy in g b lu e-g re en a lg ae in r ice field s: d is trib utio na lsampl ing strategies and estinuu ion of abundanceSystems simul.uion a t JR RJRain fed low land rice in C am bodia: a baseline surveyD eepw ater rice in Cam bodia: a baseline surveyC am bo dia n f arm er s' p re fer en ces a mo ng tr ad itio na l rainfcd lowlandrice varieties

IRPS 155 Wild Pigs, Poor Soils, And Upland Rice: A Diagnostic Survey of Sitiung, Sumatra, Indonesia

Documents

Transcript of IRPS 155 Wild Pigs, Poor Soils, And Upland Rice: A Diagnostic Survey of Sitiung, Sumatra, Indonesia