Irene Muriel

8/3/2019 Irene Muriel

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etngfica mai e 2009 13 (1): 49-75

Ecange net an fee pin Bein: gift an cmmitie inatenatie cnmptin epeience1

Irene Sabat MurielTi pape i bae n an etngap f atenatie cnmptin pacticein te inne cit f te fme Eat Bein. Nn-mneta ecange net(Tauschringe) an fee p (Umsonstlden) ae been eamine. In Umsonstl-den, te cntempa ieg f te pe gift (Pa 1986; Caie 1995) iat pa: bject ae fee gien an tta aienate fm tei ne.In tn, Tauschringe metime ince gift-giing pactice entaiing mtabigatin, a a et f feent ecange ic bing paticipant ciace. Te etngapic mateia I peent caenge te itabiit f a cn-cepta gift / cmmit iie t eamine tee epeience, pie tatiffeent maitie f gift-giing ae aticate it cmmitiatin ten.Cnieing ti cmpeit, I ppe a e-eaminatin f te e f te gift inatenatie cnmptin pactice pmte b cia mement in Bein.

kEywords: ecnmic antpg, gift / cmmitie, ecange net,fee p, cnmptin, cia ecnm, cia mement, Bein.

wit te gan tee e g itt g, e meet an ecange abiitie an g. It ie ti: ka ep Efiee it tepping, Efiee tae t ynne g f a a at nn, ynne ct

ka ai. Te cice i ce. we nt n ant t ecange, bt at eae ne cntact, t cat abt eeting pibe (FieicaineTacing eafet, Bein, 2005, tanate fm Geman).

In a ciet in ic a ting becme pct an tei ecange in ganize ia mne, in ic ban accnt ecie at cancemene a t ie, e ant t eep a aica atenatie: n mne, n

1 Ti atice i bae n fie caie t f te at MAietatin (sabat 2006) n

ete cnmptin pactice in Eat Bein. Ti eeac a been fne b mean f a pec-ta gant (FI) fm te Cataan Genment an b te spani Minite f Ecatin (pjectBso2003-06832 an sEJ2007-66633). It a e mc t te eiee cmment n t peiein an t d. sana Natz ientatin.


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ExChANGE NETworks ANd FrEE shoPs IN BErlIN 51

Tma appac (1991) e nt entai a enia f te gift an cmmitteetica ntin a petinent ne. rate, e inten t netan teiaticatin in te cntet f cnia it an pitic (1991: 3), an a t

emntate tei ceitence in patica ecnmie an te impibiit fpeaing genea f gift cmmit ecnmie cietie (1991: 33).T, e can fin in ee ciet bject tat can n be gien at cetain

time, bject tat can be anee t anne, an a bject tat iti imppe t e gie aa3(Tma 1991: 18). simia cntingence aente b Geie (2004). Mee, not everything that we buy and sell is a purecommodity (Caie 1995: 29), an nt a tat e gie an eceie i a pegift(laia 2000: 632).

Caic antpgit c a Maini (2001 [1922]) ae been

acce f apping te nm f ecipcit in t nieaitic a a (weine1992: 2, 17, 149) an etating te itance beteen te capitaitwet an te -cae pimitie ecnmie (weine 1992: 154; Tma1991: 206). hee, tee antpgit i nt en tat te cietiete bee metime ecange bject in a baance manne an itimmeiate cmpenatin, tg it n appene in na efine ci-cmtance. Maini imef ecibe bate pactice (gimwali) amngte Tbiane a being magina an acing te cia petige attibte tte cicatin fm c a tekula (Maini 2001: 339). T, ma-

et-ie ecange c be a paic pactice ceiting it gift-giing.on ne cetain itica cicmtance, it te 19t-cent bmingf capitaim in Epe an Nt Ameica, te ibea apiatin f etting pa ef-egating maet tem became egemnic (Pani 2001 [1944]). Timae te maet gic peai an gae ie t a maet ecnm (Pani 1994[1977]: 81). Te igin f ti npeceente pea f te maet e aaea been ecibe b Ma an simme amng te.4 Te eaatin fit cneence a geat aie: fm te etctin f cia iaitiean te itaa f mait t te attainment f iniia feem an a

bette iing tana (Pa an Bc 1989: 30; Geman 2001: 10).Neetee, nt n te pe-eminence f gift-giing in pe-capitait cie-tie, bt a a ppe biit f te maet e in te cntempawet nee t be caef cniee an etine (Geie 2004: 196).Man etngapie ae e tat gift-giing beai, tgete itte in f nn-mneta tanactin (Pa an Bc 1989), can a

3 weine anai (1992) fce n ti ti categ, negecte b Maini (2001), in teTbian cntet.

4 In fact, man at a ptate anag tanitin fm ne t te te tem f a ict-In fact, man at a ptate anag tanitin fm ne t te te tem f a ict-an at a ptate anag tanitin fm ne t te te tem f a ict-m: fm e ae t ecange ae (Aitte, Ma), fm Gemeinschaft t Gesellschaft (Tnnie),fm tat t cntact (Maine), fm btantie t fma atinait (webe), etc. (Pani 1994[1977]: 122; Geman 2001: 16).


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52 IrENE sABAT MurIEl etngfica mai e 2009 13 (1): 49-75

be etecte in capitait cntet, an tat c pactice emain a e ee-a tateg f man pepe, f eampe in inip fame (Bann2000). Taitina, eeace ae fce tei attentin n gift-giing a

a tateg f maginaie pepe encnte baie t acce te maet,mne an te fma ecnm (stac 1974; lmnitz 1975). Neetee, iti pibe t etect gift-giing patten in ee cia tatm f ciet. Feampe, it a a been a peaie tateg in eea ecnmie neciaim (Bea 1997) an een afte te tanitin t capitaim (dnn1999; Patic 2002; hmpe 2002). A ti ppt Pani enncia-tin f te faac f te maet (1994 [1977]: 92-93), an e-impificatincniting in nica ientifing te weten cntempa ecnm itte capitait maet.

In pite f te ten t eate bject t cmmitie in cntempacietie, Caie (1995) neine te nee t cnie te pecific eitencef bject an tei bn t te pepe pce, n cnme tem;tat i t a, te eitence f bject in piate tcte(1995: 8) an tecia eement at pa in te ecnm (1995: 193). Te pea f intiacapitaim a nt ne aa it pepe nee t ae tei bject bepein n a it abie te nee t tanact pein in penaeatinip (1995: 11).

Caie netan te Maian me a a cntinm beteen cm-

mit an gift eatin, te fit being impena an tanit, te ecnpena an ng-ating. Ten e ge n t affim tat bject fitting nef te t pe ae ae. hee, ciet fa an ieg f tegift eie fm te egegatin f me an a paaigmatic eampef te cia an ecnmic pee. A a et f ti iie, a nn-Ma-ian ppa cnceptin f te gift i cntcte in te wet. Gift-giing iepicte a a fee cice, a a t epe incee affectin an an actinic e nt bige t ecipcate (Caie 1995: 145).

Pa an Bc ppa (1989: 23) t epain te ceitence f iffe-

ent ecnmic gic i patia bae n te iea f a mticentic ecnm,a ptate b Bannan (1981) b kptff (1986: 71). hee, teinten t g ben tee at fc n mne an t cnie ecnmictem a a e. Te efine t tanactin e: tat f cmmece anab , an tat f e epctin. Bt e ae bae niffeent pincipe (te fme n t tem, iniia aciitin mtie,te atte n ng-tem ma ae) an tei ganic inteeatin ma entaime egee f cnfict. Geman (2001: 19) a affime te imiait fBc an Pa ppa t i ntin f iaectica eate cmmnit

an maet eam.5

5 we c a a ee Caie ppitin beteen te cta eam f me an (1995: 21).


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In te cntet f ng-itance tae an cicatin, Appaai (1986)accnt f te meaning acie t b a cicating bject. At iffeenttage f it cia ife, an bject ecangeabiit i efine b pe an

meaning eatin cnfming te pitic f ae. Cnectie enteingan eiting te maet, bject epeience cmmificatin an e-cmmi-ficatin pcee, an teefe a cmmit i nt ne in f ting atetan ante, bt ne pae in te ife f me ting (1986: 17).

kptff (1986) ae Appaai fc n cicating bject an ntete nee t netan tei cta bigapie. Cmmitie can be ni-ea fn, a te ae efine b it ecangeabiit an n epen nte eitence f te necea ecange tecng. Bt ecmmificatini a pibe enee an bject becme picee an acie ante

in f t. Ti i te et f tpica cta pcee c a ing-aizatin an acaizatin.Fing te mentine at, in ti atice, te ntin f gift an

cmmit i be taen a paaigmatic cae ate tan a empiica eai-tie. It i ame tat g an eice nt ae a fie ientit btte ae te pct f a cntin e-ignificatin, an tat me epminent gift- an cmmit-ie ingeient c a ma bigatin aienabiit nee t be inetigate at a gien time an itin tei cntet(Caie 1995: 192).

EThNoGrAPhIC FINdINGs

ding te fina ea f te Geman demcatic repbic (Gdr), teInnen-stadt6 f Bein a an nattactie pat f te capita cit, e t te bacnitin f ing an te pimit f te wa. Bt igt aftedie Wende,7ing te ea ninetie, itict ie Mitte, Fieicain Penzae Begbecame a cente f attactin f weten ng pepe, man f m agn p in te atenatie an miitant atmpee f wet Bein. At tei

aia, ften afte atting a biing, tee ngte ganie temeein cia, eninmenta, pitica an atitic mement. In a t time, tealternative Szene, fme cnfine in te weten itict f kezbeg, apea t te Eat.

Een if te cpe f Bein alternative Szene a been ece ince teninetie, e t ban eeepment picie entaiing a eceaing aaiabi-it f pace an te aia f bette-ff ppatin, teInnenstadt cntine

6 Geman tem f te inne cit, ic cmpie main te Eaten ate f Mitte, Fieicainan Penzae Beg.7 Ppa epein t ente te fa f te Bein wa in 1989 an te nificatin f Gemanin 1990.


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t be te aea f te cit matcing te epeimenta, atitic an atena-tie image f Bein. Atg a ceent ice i acing, te actiit fte alternative Szene i peente a a citica ppitin t egemnic iea.

Antifacim, anti-eim, anti-capitaim, anti-impeiaim an eninmenta-im inpie a ie ieit f actiitie, ic ae intittinaie aProjekte(pject).

sme Projekte ea it te ie f cnmptin b etining teme f maet piining an ggeting me atenatie pibiitie.Atg te cae eamine ee ee iginate afte te fa f te wa,c epeience ae aea a ng n itin te it f cia me-ment eiing fm cia ecnm appace. A itica accnt g bac t te ciait epeiment caie t ing te 19t cent in

weten Epe, c a oen cnmptin cpeatie, ee ga a nata ae bae n man , an Pnbanques du peu-ple, ic intene t abi inteet in an (Gnet 1999). In Geman,sii GeeFreiwirtschaftslehre (fee ecnm) tie t enance te e fmne a a mean f ecange an pament. Accmatin a peenteb etabiing a ectin f te ae f mne if it a ept fm cic-atin f a cetain time. ote epemea epeiment t pace in te1930 in eea Atian an Geman tn a an attempt t cpe it te ecnmic cii (Gnet 1999; Pieet 1999). Man f tee epei-

ment cnite n te ceatin f a ca cenc ic ptect ite fm infatin. Tee pactice ee a cniee a iega anfbien b te atitie becae tanactin in ca cencie ecapetaatin an eegitimate te natina cenc. Cmmnit cencieeappeae in Geman afte te II w wa. Te ee pmte b teatitie a an atenatie t te ia tategie c a te bacmaet (sce 2006). late, it te bming f te Feea repbicf Geman ecnm, cmmnit cencie iappeae f a ie, ntite ne cia mement, me f tem inpie b sii GeeFreigeld

(fee mne) te, appie it t te ef-ep epeience tat emegein te ate 70 an ea 80. At te ame time in te Geman demcaticrepbic, atg te gift an te infma ecnm a acie a geatimptance (Bea 1997), n attempt t fmaie te pactice eemae (sce 2006).

In te ea 80 emege in Canaa a ne epeience nn a lcaEcange Tae stem (lETs). Te ppe f it fne, Micae lintn,a t empe cmmnitie in iffict ciecnmic cicmtance c aig nempment ate, t enance ecnmic actiit an ecange amng

ca act an t cmpement efae benefit (Bing 1998). A paaecenc a ceate in ti aim. Me e ncange, te iea a peat te Engi-peaing cntie (Nt 2002) a e a t Fance (J


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et sete 2004; laace 2004; laaie 2004), Geman (Gnet 1999;Pieet 1999; sce 2004; 2006), etc.

In ti ectin n etngapic fining, te ieit fProjekte bee

in Bein i be ganie fing a caificatin ggete b an inf-mant.8 T emic categie bae na priori iffeent cicatin patten aebeen eecte:Projekte pimai bae n baance ecange (tauschen), ante bae n gift-giing (schenken). F eac categ, a paaigmatic caea been ientifie: nn-mneta ecange net (Tauschringe) an feep (Umsonstlden) epectie. It i ppe t cec if te gift ancmmit antpgica ntin ae inee neing te t empiicaeaitie, a it ma eem at fit.

Projekte based on balanced exchange: the example ofTauschringeTe fit epeience cniee ee ae te bae n ecange in in(tauschen), ining eite g eice. Tanactin tae pace ittte meiatin f a cenc,9 entaiing an immeiate cmpenatin a inbate a eae ne. In te cae f iect bate, ee pepe eac anageement t atif imtane tei eman,Projekte cnit mee inbinging pepe in cntact, f eampe tg an Intenet atabae.10 Bt, en a ea i intce, a it cc in mt cae, a mean f ecangei eie. Tee tem a mti-ie ecange,11 ic inceae te

iei f ccef tanactin. dn ma btain cmpenatin ntiect fm te fit eceie bt iniect fm a ti pen, ic et pte cica (Ring) fnctining f te tem.

Te mt ppa eampe f tauschenProjekte ae Tauschringe (itea,ecange ing). Te fit Tauschringe in Geman ee ceate at te begin-ning f te 90, an ae pifeate mc ince ten.12 Te ee patiainpie blETs epeience, bt it a ccia iffeence: intea f a ca

8 sef-piining cmpie in fact tee iffeent ect. Te fit, an te mt imptant f

me, i ef-piining b gaen ctiatin, agicte []. Te ecn ectin f ef-pii-ning i ing at me, t meting b neef, te -it-ef t. An te ti ectin, ic i te eat ignificant in Geman bt i peap ging, i ecanging [tauschen], aing[teilen], enting [leihen] an giing [schenken]. Bt in ti e, ok? sef-piining i f me gaenctiatin, ef- an ten tee te ting (wiem, 60 ea , ef-ep actiit an nem-pe, inteie 20-10-2005).9 we i nt ffe ee a etaie accnt f cmmnit cencie (Regiogelder), a te ae bente cpe f ti atice. It i eng t nte tat ne f tee cencie, te Beine, can be e inme p in Penzae Beg. TeProjekt tee ecnmic ga c a te actiatin f a itictcmmecia fabic.10 see, f eampe, .

11 Ti i at Bing (1998) ca eia ecipcit.12 Naa tee ae me tan tee ne Tauschringe n in Geman (.tacing.e).Tent-f f tem can be fn in Bein, amt ne in ee cit ate. Te cae mt accateeamine ing te fie in Bein a tat f te Fieicaine Tacing.


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cenc, mt Tauschringe cmpte ae b mean f time nit,13 ittega t te aificatin eie t pie a eice t pce a g.Ti i jtifie a a a f giing te ame pptnitie t ee paticipant,

iepectie f tei cia tat: jt te ppite f at appen in teab maet.Me pecie, Tauschringe ae ecange net ee pepe pie

eice t eac te an, e ften, g itt te meiatin fa cenc. Paticipatin cnit n ptting ne abiitie at te netipa, an membe ae a epecte t eet at te nee i.In ti ene, te gba actiit f te net i meat imia t a ppan eman namic.

In pincipe, antificatin i at pa in tee initiatie. wat i gien an

at i eceie mt be ept in baance accing t a ntin f ae tat, inmt cae, i ppe t be inepenent fm te ecange ae tat peai in te maet. It i , f eampe, a time nit ae ae in te amea iepectie f te aificatin neee.

offe an eman ae pbie in te Tauschring magazine ebite.Te mt feent ecange ine eice c a epai, cae, ep itema, cae f epenent pepe, aict, tanatin, Intenet eace,tanptatin, etc. Bt tee ae a me impecie ffe: f eampe, amembe f te Fieicaine Tacing ffe pena aice in cii an

ife itatin (in ).Tanactin ae cmpte an ece in a atabae. Te pie an

te eceie f a eice get a pitie an a negatie ec in tei epectiepena accnt. Membe ae epecte t eep a cetain baance beteentei giing an tei eceiing actin, tat tei pena accnt emainnt t fa fm ze. In me Tauschringe, infei an pei imit aeet in e t peent eiant beai. A tee eiement cncen-ing te ea ae f te tanacte g an eice geneate a cetain

amnt f beacac ic ma eenta gie a t te ceatin f jbt be emneate in te Tauschring n nit. ua, a ce f actiitget ine in cinatin ta, ie mee e paticipate n tgtei iniia act f ecange. Actiit, ee, metime cmpainabt pepe ac f paticipatin an engagement, ic te attibte tan I-ant-meting-f-fee mentait (ute, actiit in te FieicaineTacing, 19-10-2005)an t attite acie tg te epeience inte maet, c a te fea f ebt, te cacatin f iniia benefit, tecmpain it maet pice te tenenc t ecnmie.

13 Te ften pea abtLebenszeit (ife time) nit, an ften name tem afte me peciaitf te neigb ine.


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In aitin t te ecange f eice, me Tauschringe ganie maetee ecn-an an ef-mae bject a cicate. Tee ae ccainin ic membe can meet an ae tei eie time in a fetie manne.14

Te cabatin in ganiing c eent ma a be emneate in teTauschring nit.Amng iffeent Tauschringe, iffeence can be ntice egaing te te

n ecnmic n cia taget an te efinitin f ecange nit anae eiaence. Ti n-ging icin, pinte t b Pieet (1999),15became eient a e ing te feea meeting f Geman Tauschringe inoctbe 2005 in Bein.16 Bt, in an cae, a f tem inten t a cetainetent t pmte ecnmic tanactin bae n te mta ecgnitin anep beteen neigb. Ti et in a me pntane cicatin

f ece an in a ticening f cmmnit ife, a an actiit tate: Tecia apect i tengtene in Tacinge b mean f cmmnit actin.Te cntact i e imptant, meet pepe it iffeent age, in teneigb, in te kiez, e cncete, an ng pepe, ic aneat (ute, actiit in te Fieicaine Tacing, 19-10-2005).

wen te ente te ing, eatin amng paticipant ae a cntactafm, a pepe ae teetica n an ea bai an fee agee t ecange(spit 2000). hee, it i a intene t ceate cia bn an eci-pcit in a pecific ca cntet ee te aee ciecnmic cnitin

ma ae ee te cmmnit. Tauschringe aim at integating iaantagegp in cntet ee a ciecnmic paiatin i taing pace:

wat e a Tauschringpie? Neigb ep: Te ecange beteen pepe in te neigb-

pie cntact amng neigb. Ecnmic ef-ep: B mean f te Tauschring, can get g an

eice tat cannt aff, tat ae iffict t get, a f eampebabitting ep it cetain ta.

Ceatiit: Pepe can jin te cmmnit in an actie manne, eete can app tei abiitie an at te enj ing in a ef an cn-ci a, itt te pee f te ab maet (Tacinge Beineafet, jana 2005; ee a ).

14 It i a an pptnit t annnce teProjekt t ptentia ne membe, a it appen in temntTauschrausch (ecange fee) ganie b te kezbege Tacing (staeneze 98,api 2004; Inf-pac kezbege Tacing, in ).15 we can ee t ten amng ecange ing naa []: te it a me ecnmic ice,

peent temee a epeentatie f te fee ecnm mement (Freiwirtschaft) bae nGee teie, an te te cmmit temee t te cia fnctin f Tacinge anecae t be inpie b Canaian epeience (Pieet 1999: 6, tanate fm Fenc).16 see Strassenkreuzer, 114, nembe 2005: 4.


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unempe pepe, f intance, ae ppe t be gien an pptnitt becme me inepenent fm te fma ecnmic ect, ee teiiaantage i mt ie t be pepetate, a te gt engage in mta

ep net bae n neigb eatin. Ti be an pp-tnit f tem t tae aantage f ece an abiitie tat ten t betne n b pct an ab maet.

one f te baic amptin neing ti cnceptin fTauschringe itat cia cnnecte pepe ae bette cance f ia an f e-being. Te imiait beteen ti iea an tat f cia capita (Bie1980), een if te ntin i nt epicit in actiit an paticipant i-ce, i cnieabe. Tauschringe, net a a ef-ep mait an amean f ciic engagement,ae cnceie tpmte cia paticipatin. Ti

a pepe t enage tei cia net, t acce ece, btmateia an immateia, an t atif in ti a tei nee an ie.once te ae engage it teProjekt, te effectie tanfe mifan einfce te neing cia eatin, a in te Maian te f tegift (Ma 1979 [1923-24]). Ti ecnmic beai i cia embee(Pani 1994 [1977]; 2001 [1944]), an entai ae te tan pfit-eeing an iniia cmpetitin. Ti i e itate b ti ecangeitatin:

A n a I gt t G. me, I c ee te fit ecate cane anmemae iie. G. inite me t g in an t ae a it. se i e cm-mnicatie an ae me immeiate at I an I inten t it.once e a tate t ta, G. nt tp an me. se epaine me teiffeent tecnie an aa e me an eampe [].

G. e t epain ting an t gie aitance tat can itbette. se ccet an nit ten cae an c. se a aeamae me cae f Tacing membe. se mae jeee a e,

f eampe necace. se a a in f mateia. se a aie abtee t b g an a man magazine it nitting patten.

A I ai gbe t e, I a man iea in min abt at beatifting I can . A Citma appace, m iit t G. a ggete met me anicaft again t app te napin tecnie it G. ai(Fieicaine Tacing ebite, ).

Inee, ti iit t G. impie mc me tan an impena tanactin,a it et p te fnatin f fte encnte an ine a cnieabeaffectie a.


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depite te Tauschring cia aim, paticipant nt neceai bengt te mt iaantage cia ect.17 Ti can be e t te fact tatmembe cnceie tei paticipatin a a tateg t eep tei cia net-

ate tan a a a t acce eentia ece f ia. At teame time, te ie it a an pptnit t enj me itte ie tatte c nt aff nt be iing t pen mne n in tecnentina maet. A e cmmitte paticipant epee eef in tia: Tee ae man ting tat can get in te Tauschring, ie maagean n, tat nt tict nee, bt te jt mae ife me beatif(ute, actiit in te Fieicaine Tacing, 19-10-2005).

In ti ega, an actiit itingie te Tauschringmement in Gemanfm tat f te bate maet tat emege ing te Agentinean ecn-

mic cii:

Te ean pepe ecange i tat te get t meet ne pepe,te meting meaningf, te ean abt it Tee ae nt tenee pepe. Nt ie in Agentina, ee pepe c n ie it abate maet. It a an emegenc itatin e tee, bt ee a t

it cia cmmnicatin (wiem, ef-ep actiit, 20-10-2005).

Intea f bitence tategie, cia paticipatin, a meaningf e f

pae time an te ientificatin it te ca cmmnit eem t be ee temain ie. A Pieet pt it:

wat i gt afte b jining a Tauschring i cntact abe a, teecntctin f a cia bn, te integatin in a cia net, ic ia me efectie in te cit tan in te cnt (1999: 5, tanatefm Fenc).

Bt te effect f acta ineaitie nt be negecte. Ging bac t

Bie ntin f cia capita (1980), te eating ptentia fTauschringec be cntaine b pepe iffeentia abiit t effectie mbiize anacce ece, a cia capita i tng epenent n te in f capi-ta, c a te ecnmic ne.

Projekte based on gift-giving: the example ofUmsonstldenGift-giing (schenken) Projekte ae inpie b aica attite againt capi-taim an te maet. Baance in ecange i nt aime at: tee ae n

17 o intitin in ti ega, bae n fie beatin, i cnfime b Gemetta an-titatie ata f te Fieicaine Tacing, ee paticipant incme i nt iffe fm teitict aeage (1999: 54-55).


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pepe gie eceie, bt, bt, in an cae, giing ent entai a epament epectatin, an eceiing e nt geneate a ebt.scProjekte a eit in te Intenet,18 bt e i fc ee in te -cae

Umsonstlden (fee p). Te p imp cnit n a bit pace eee can eae bject tat te nt nee ant an me, an te canieie tae aa at a been eft b te.19

In accance t a ti, te Umsonstladen cate in te Eaten itictf Mitte, ee te etngapic et t pace, i a ef-manage,20 anti-capitait an ecgitProjekt tat inten t bet te pincipe f maetecange. It emain eibeate inepenent fm an ce f pbic fn-ing an eie n n natin.21 Te actiit t te iea fm an aeaeiting p in hambg, ganie b te Arbeitskreise Lokale konomie

(ing gp n ca ecnm) ince 1998. Bt tee a at eat anteanteceent in wet Bein atenatie cene ing te 80: a Gatieein(fee f cage aciatin) pmte b atte in Cattenbg. AbttitUmsonstlden eit naa a e Geman.22

Te anti-capitait iegica bacgn f te Umsonstladen i e aientin te actiit ice:

Te fee p ffe a tating pint t epie te ing gic f teeeming fai cnitin f ecange an pein f it pe. In ti

ciet in ic te nfaine an epitatin i tanfige t a natatate, pactica iait an ef-ganizatin can be te beginning n te a t ibeatin. libeatin fm te fce f a mne ecnm. libe-atin fm te fce f ab. libeatin fm te ient cnitin fcnmeim (lng ie te fee-p, eafet, Bein, n ate, igina inEngi).

T, it i intene t ceate a pee ee anne can atif it neen an ea bai an ee n ieac bae n incme, empment

tat i geneate.In aitin, eninmentait aim ae at pa. Te e-e f ece iencage a a a f ecing ate an f cnteacting e-pctin

18 see, f eampe, .19 Feebe ae ante tpe fschenken epeience. Te cnit n ee pace in me mee-ting pint f tealternative Szene ee eene can eae tae bject fm.20 sef-management i a a f emaining inepenent fm te state an te maet, in a cntetee cia initiatie, man f tem eate t te atting cene fm te 80 an te 90, ae

been cpte b te ca state an tanfme int ega ganiatin c a cpeatie (sabat2008).21 Te n ce f fning i a tin ee e ma eae a natin.22 see


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an e-cnmptin, ic ae cniee t be te e apect f te capi-tait tem.

Ta, ee pen in Geman ti pce af a tn f e ta

pe ea. Ti ince nt n te pacaging mateia bt me an me acmmitie an piece f eipment. Fm tate t acm ceane, fm cmpte t cte fm te at ean, me an me ef ting aeening p in te ta can a pct f affent ciet.

Cnta t at appen in cait an efae intittin, in teUmsonstladen tee i n taget gp t m teProjekt i aee. Tii epicit age a a cnitin t ai tigmatiatin an ecin, ant ignif te act f eceiing meting f fee itt being abee abedrftig(nee):

Te Pjet ee i in fact pen t eene, an n ne nee t petat e e i a nee pen. Tee ae pepe cme in an a:mt I pe tat I am a ecipient f cia benefit meting ie tat?Te ae e t te state, te ae t it e tee. hee eeting ipen (Inge, Umsonstladen actiit, 7-10-2005).

Te infatcte f te p i minima: a atte gn f f-nie it ee. A ieit f g can be fn tee: cte, b,

ec, t, e, e item, ma piece f fnite, acceief babie, ma appiance, etc. In aitin, eice an b bject (ntae in te p) ae ffee an emane n a ntice ba. A magp f cabat tae tn eeping te p an infming e abta fe tiiatin e. Te mt pminent f tee e i te -caeDrei-Teile-Regel (tee-piece e), ic a a maimm f tee bject t betaen aa. Te giing beai i a egate: n bject in g cni-tin ae accepte in te p.23

sme f te actiit tae n e ei te ta f epaining t iit

te iegica fnatin f teProjekt an f initing tem t tin abttei te nee an abt tei eatinip it ting an mne befetaing meting aa. Ti tim f efectin i tee b actiit abeing te main iffeence beteen te Umsonstladen an a cnentina p:

s f me it a aa meting mbic, meting ie a c fpepe ne, he, e it ee?. T mae tem efectabt nee, tat a imptant f me, tat te pepe ne at te

23 A ti in f imitatin a t it te cntent f te mateia te eceie: we n i-ca b tat nt be ppagate fte, tat i t a, nazi ppagana pngap (Inge,Umsonstladen actiit, 7-10-2005).


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nee an at te nt nee. Te mae temee te etin ente bing meting, at I nee, at I nt nee an me. Ante mae tee etin in te p a e, en te ae t

ecie beteen pecific bject, an beteen pecific nee. An te nt ae abtact pice taning befe te ting, tat t a, te canntcmpae abtact pice a it aa appen in ti ecnm: eeting i

ae in abtact mne. Bt ee, at ecie i te pecific ting ante pecific nee. I aa ante t intce ti efectin in pepeabt nee (Inge, Umsonstladen actiit, 7-10-2005).

hee, actiit ften mi a ea tanfmatin in te attite f mane in ti ega:

Capitaim i nt cmpete abanne. Nt n becae pepe meet it tei tta fiate n te ting, jt a e can ee in a te.N. Te ae ting f ce epening in tei mneta ae anmt f tem nt tin abt te ppe f te pmte f tina Pjet. Iea, te nt eae te capitait ect nti tetie p a icin it abt te ene an te intentin f te feep (hemann 2005).24

depite te teetica nn-eitence f a taget gp f e, a ce eea me inteeting feate. Fit, tee ten t be pepe ngie, pepe n tae aa, an pepe atenate tee t pactice.F actiit, n ti ti gp i f ientifie it te ga f tePro-jekt, ie te te t be maing a patia an itte e f teUmsonstladen, eite t get i f jn a te in a eccing pant t ecnmie b btaining meting f fee a fm a cait intit-tin fm efae benefit. Ti et, f eampe, in a e tpica caef eiant beai, in a cntet ee ecn-an p an fea maet

ae eteme ppa an ae centa t man pepe fee time actiitie(sabat 2006): In te geat gp f te n ecipient ae pepe ieeacing f bagain. Te pbab te ame in a ecn-anmaet (Inge, Umsonstladen actiit, 7-10-2005).

In aitin, een if it i epicit fbien, tee ae a pepe e-ing in te ecn-an maet pie temee it cmmitiefm te Umsonstladen. sc beai i ennce in teProjekt ittenmateia, bt in pactice nt mc can be ne againt it ne imitatint acce te p ae et p, ic cntaict te penne f te

Umsonstladen:

24 Te at i an actiit in teTe at i an actiit in te Umsonstladen Mitte.


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we ae epeience te tengt f te minant ae tem an cmpetitie tining i embee in man pepe (ften in a e). A tf pepe netan te f fee fm a bagain-mentait, tat i t

a: t ie een ceape at te epene f te []. Ti a f tininga nting t it a ef-etemine ife an te iea f an ecnmbae n iait (Netze Gatinmie 2005).25

Ante fnamenta feate f teProjekt i te annmit f mt pa-ticipant an te ac f cntact amng tem, an beteen mt e an tepeepe.26 Te n an te ecipient f an bject a ee meet,27an t it cannt be ai tat g cicate n pe-eiting cia eatin,tat bject cicating pce cia eatin, tat n an ecipient

beng t a ame cia gp. Ti nemine te pibiit f a cpeatiea f tining:

Pepe bing ting nt aa tin abt te pepe f mtee ting ae. y can ee tat en te ting i ben []. Teae pepe n tin abt temee an abt tei eatin ttat ting te cant t aa. Te cntct an aibi: peap menec ti e it. Bt te nt tin abt a pecific pen cea e it. If te tgt abt tat, te eaize immeiate,

tat ti pen ent eit. At eat in ciet, an affent ciet,it e nie, tat mene tae a t-it itt a eee, f eampe(Inge, Umsonstladen actiit, 7-10-2005).

Te ceatin f cia bn an te einfcement f ciabiit ae ntcenta ppe f te Projekt, atg me actiitie c a icinan p ae been ganie in ti aim. Te Umsonstladen main gai ate t pt at te pbic ipa a pace ee te can fin at tenee an eae at te nt nee an me. An ten, te fame f

teProjekt an te inteentin f actiit in ti giing-an-taing namic pie tee actin it a pitica meaning b etining pepe

25 Netze Gatinmie i a net f eeaNetze Gatinmie i a net f eeaschenkenProjekte.26 It i a inteeting t pint t tat te mt feent e f te p ae te actiit te-mee, cnfm inee a gp in itef. Te ae a piiege acce t ne aie bjectiting tei nee te f tei fien. Tee g ae pt aie befe te een eac te e-e f te Umsonstladen. hee, ti beai i eticte t ai a ptentia abe.27 An eceptin t ti c be bee ing te etngapic fie: t gi ee

abt t ente te p it a te cntaining eea bject ee ae b a man itting n tepaement if te gie tem te gita te ee caing. Te agee, an a t cneatint pace befe te man eft it te gita an te te gi t te et f te bject int teUmsonstladen.


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eatinip t ting, in te pe tat c etining i nemine teicapitait a f tining abt nee an ae.

dIsCussIoN: BEyoNd ThE ClAssICAl dIChoToMy

witin te genea panama f te ganie atenatie t maet cn-mptin, Tauschringe an Umsonstlden epeent iffeent apiatin. wiete fme etain te gic f baance in ecange an pmte a ntin f ae bae n time, te atte aim at ceating a aica ne in f ec-nmic eatin ee te eac f iniia benefit an te cacatin feiaence n nge be at pa: n pepe nee cnt.

Te peatin fTauschringe i me inteigibe f nn-piticie patici-

pant, can eai agee it te ae acce t time, an efft.Bt becming a membe eman fm tem a cetain egee f engagementa te nee t becme fma membe. In cntat t ti, te me aicanate f Umsonstlden geneate cepticim,28 bt tee p can a bee in a pagmatic, paic a a e nt nee t pe tei piticaientificatin it te actiit initia cnceptin.

At fit gance, it ma eem tat Tauschringe an Umsonstlden pmte titinct cicatin patten: tat f ecanging an tat f giing aa.An immeiate eactin be t matc tem t te me f maet-ie

baance ecange an f gift-giing epectie. Inee, g cniee,nn-mneta ecange ccing in Tauschringe, ee a etatin fbaance an a mean f ecange ae at pa, eem mc ce t te gicf maet mecanim tan iinteete gift-giing pactice taing pace inUmsonstlden, ee te cacatin f ae an te bigatin t epa aeeft aie.

Neetee, Caie (1995: 18) an againt te eac f pe eampeeite f gift cmmitie in te empiica eait. F im, it i me app-piate t tae tee ntin a anatica t a te pe in a cntinm

(1995: 190). Inee, nne f te tProjekte cniee ee fit cmpete at antpgit ae efine a gift-giing an cmmit ecange.Fing Geg cnceptin f te gift, f eampe, neite in Tauschringen in Umsonstlden e a fin eatin beteen nn-aien b meanf inaienabe ting (1997: 52). An at e netan b cmmiteatin, eatin beteen aien b mean f aienabe ting, e nttta app t cae eite. A a et, te mie feate f teProjekteitinct cicatin patten eie fte anai.

28 Man pepe, at eaing te tem fee p, atmatica en tat ti iea can , a teinfe tat c a p be immeiate te. Te cia epeentatin f sain negatieecipcit (1983 [1974]) eem t be peent ee.


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Commodities after gifts?Fm a itica iepint, te gift an te cmmit fm ae been me e peaent in iffeent mment. A ecibe abe, te cmmit

fm peaie it te timp f te fma meaning f te ecnm e tebtantie ne in te 19t cent (Pani 2001 [1944]). In ti ene, btTauschringe an Umsonstlden entai attempt at cnteacting te maet ein a capitait cit, ee te cmmit gic a becme age egemnic.une ti egemn, te acceibiit f g an eice i etemine ba pp-eman-pice namic tat ece te mt npiiege fm teacce t ece. In epne, teProjekte inten t pie atenatie fte atifactin f nee an, b mean f e iffeent tategie, t t eateagain ecnmic tanactin t mateia, cia itate nee. Ti can be

net a an efft t e-embe te ecnm in te cia fabic, a Paniai it a te cae f cietie tat ace an atnm eam f ecnmicintittin (Pani 1994 [1977]: 89). An etina ice i eeee, an ti i patica aient en teProjekte ae peente a eitancetategie in fnt f a teegica pea f te maet. Ti in f icei tng peent in Tauschringe an Umsonstlden, a it i in man te initia-tie inpie b te cia ecnm. Apat fm te at bet nn ftei cmmitment t ciait tpia an epeiment, ie oen Pn,a Ma fina ectin fThe Gift entai a pitica agena in ti ene:

T e can an mt etn t acaic ciet an t eement in it.we a fin in ti ean f ife an actin tat ae ti peaent in ce-tain cietie an nme cia cae: te j f pbic giing; te pe-ae in gene epenite n te at, in pitait, an in te piatean pbic fetia (1979 [1923-24], Engi tanatin 2002: 88-89).

Bt, epite te genea ageement abt te imptance f itating ec-nmic pactice in tei itica cntet (Tma 1991: 9), an aming

tat te cpe f maet e a gn mc in te at t centie (Caie1995), gift an cmmitie cannt be mee matce t beent it-ica pae, f te ae nt mta ecing at an gien mment (Caie1995: 18). Intea, te ae eep inteen in cntempa cnmptinepeience, be it in pt-cnia cntet (Tma 1991) in te wet(Caie 1995: 38).

Fm a iacnic iepint, te ame bject ma be cceie cm-mifie an e-cmmifie b enteing an eiting te maet (Appaai1986). T, an bject aing n te Umsonstladen ee ma ae been

a cmmit in te pat, a te fme ne pcae it an, cne-ent, apppiate it a i e inga pein, at eat f a ie.Aftea, if mene tae ti bject aa an e it in a fea maet, it


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i ente ante ecange pee ee it ingait i be teateneb it ecangeabiit (kptff 1986). simia, te i f a etie annempe Tauschring membe c be a pat f i e fme pfe-

ina aificatin. A c, tee i e t be pt p f ae a cmm-itie in te eam f ab . N, a ti pen ecie t ffe tem in ann-mneta bai, a cetain egee f e-cmmificatin tae pace. Tii epecia enee pepe piitize cia cntact e pagmatic ef-inteet in ecange, en paticipant ecie nt t ec tanactinan me a a et f te penaiatin f tei eatinip. In ti a, tebn ining pepe t bject e centait in cmpain it te bnbeteen pepe (Geg 1982: 41). T, te t-tem tcme f pecificecange i nt be imptant f act a te ng-tem cneence f

tei mta epenence an ppt (Pa an Bc 1989: 23).A bnaie ae ambig, it ma a appen tat, at a gien mmentan pace, g imtane cntain gift an cmmit tait, e ttei inciptin in pena eatin (Caie 1995: 10). Ti bi natei epecia aient en cicatin tae pace tie te maet pee, in a maginaie pitin itin it, een if cicatin tae a mneta fm29 if te etn f an eiaent ae i me epecte.

daing n te iea f a mticentic ecnm it epaate bt inte-eate pee, a ppe b Pa an Bc (1989), Caie (1995) an

Geman (2001), Tauschringe an Umsonstlden inten t act in te me / cm-mnit eam, ee ng-tem tanactin aiming at cia epctintae pace. Inee, it i teProjekte ppe t g apat fm ab an fm a maet pee ee cmpetitin, pfit an accmatin aete main mtie. Accing, bject an eice ae nt tanaie, anae i nt eate t pice fie tg pp an eman mecanim.Tei ecangeabiit i imite b taing int accnt tei e ae etei ecange ae, an te ingait f eac g eice i tee.oganize f bt Tauschringe an Umsonstlden ecae tei intentin t p-

mte a eam ee pepe can ffi tei nee itt being impee t emne. Te iniia eac f pfit an maimiatin pa ee aminimm e an be epace b a mait bae n iait an mtaecgnitin, imia t tat f geneaie ecipcit (sain 1983 [1974]).Teefe, actiit te te iffeence beteen atenatieProjekte an teecn-an maet. Epecia in te Tauschring eampe, te paticipantcia inement it eac te i a centa ga f te ganie.

29 hemann (1997) an Cee an Gegn (1998) ae a e tat gift-ie anmaie canappea een in mneta cntet ie ca bt ae. Inee, fing Pa an Bc (1989: 8),mne i nt te main eement f te efinitin f te capitait maet, becae it a eite inpecapitait cietie, an becae te ma ecnmi nt atmatica ete b it.


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A a et, an a e t te abence f a cenc, g an eicetanfee in Tauschringe an Umsonstlden ma eem cmpete e-cmmi-fie. Bt a ce eaminatin eea te inaccac f ti tatement.

Gift and commodity ingredientsAn imptant iffeence a been pinte t beteen te tProjekte ega-ing tei intentin t geneate cia bn. In Tauschringe, ee te pce fbecming a membe i tng intittinaie, an atificia cmmnit itcea bnaie i eimite. At fit igt, paaica, te e-efine ecncening b-eeping mae ef-inteete beai pibe a pepe, ineneing a eice, ma be n mtiate b te pibiit f acceing f-te ece in tn. In ti cntet, bagaining ma tae pace, an, f eam-

pe, te maet pice f te mateia ine in a eice ma be taen intaccnt t negtiate ae. In ti ene, giing meting t ante Tauschringmembe nt be iffeent fm ing in e t b meting itte eting eaning, a ne in te maet eam (Geman 2001).

Neetee, it i epte tat, f feent paticipant, tanactinbecme me iinteete a te get t n eac te an etabifienip-ie eatinip. Mtiatin becme e cente n te tanactebject an ae eiente ta te cia encnte it te te. Iea,ti gie ie t te fnatin f a cmmnit f mta epenent

iniia. Te bigatin an epnibiitie ing tei beai pecee ef-inteet an aim at maintaining te cmmnit itef.In Geman , eatinip amng Tauschringmembe eit fit n ae (2001: 10) an be ca an pecifica cntitte,in cntat it te impenait f te maet eam. Ti mean tat, ina a, te mt ccef impementatin f a Tauschring cc ente fma gic f baance ecange i epace b cia efine ae.Inee, ti i te cae f me e cmmitte membe, ie te man a in cage f te Fieicaine Tacing cinatin f me

ea. se ecie t tae n ti ta n a nta bai, a e fet me- epnibe f teProjekt afte it fne, a ce fien f e, ie. Feea ea, e i nt ega a t e pena accnt a te time einete in cinatin, b n a ma pat f it.

T, it i te tat te mt actie paticipant eenta get ine iniinteete mta ep pactice it eac te. A pepe emain in tenet afte ee pecific tanactin, eatin ten t be einfce afteee encnte an acie a ng-tem meaning ic in tem t ciaepctin (Pa an Bc 1989: 23). Te ppe cntacta, fee

eciin taen b pepe in tei fit tanactin ma tn int cmmit-ment it te paticipant a te becme cia ce. Ging bac t G.cae, e ma get ine in te te pen pepaatin f Citma nt


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n b cmmitting eef t ep maing anicaft, bt a b aing teecitement f te e pce. Te ntin fLebenszeit (ife time) a a mea-e f ae aciee ee it f ene, a it cnnte, at eat in a mbi-

ca a, a enia f te tanactin cmmitie apect. Pepe eneinga eice ae ppe t be giing aa a nie pat f temee a teaccept t ae a epnibiit it te te paticipant.

Neetee, ti cntctin f cia bn ten t be eticte t ne-t-ne eatin, ie a pen bining t te e gp f membe maemain a e an impena a it a in te beginning, een if patie anbate maet ae ganie t intenif cmmnit feeing amng patici-pant. Teefe, tee i n cntctin f cmmnit in Geman ene,bt mee f pena bn.

Maimiing attite can a be etecte in membe e n mtia-tin t paticipate i te pptnit t get eice ceape tan in te maet.Een if c paticipant nt ae te piit f teProjekt, it e nt meantat tei beai infinge te Tauschringnm, f tee i a cpe fef-inteete tanactin itin tem. on if te fai t epect te nmae te ane, f eampe en mene a e negatie accnt a aet f a peat beai. siait i cea nt at pa in c a cae.

In cntat, a membeip i nt eie in Umsonstlden an paticipant nt n eac te, ee giing taing actin i iniia ecie,

an inepenent fm pei an fte actin. T, tanactin aent intene f te cia epctin f a ptentia cmmnit f e(Geman 2001). Te jt et fm iniia eciin mtiate, inte cae f miitant paticipant, b ae iegie, an, f man te,b tiitaian ean c a te nee t mae m at me t btain aef attactie bject. A pepe taing aa ne f tee bject i ntget inebte an nting i fce tem t ecipcate, iniia atnmeem t be peee inefinite. Mtiatin ma be iee, matcing nt te Projekt piit, bt te ae nt ppe t be etemine b te

cia eatin in ic paticipant ae incibe.30 Atg it i appaent tat Umsonstladen tanactin cannt be ai tcc in te maet eam eite, me imiaitie beteen Umsonstladen ean cnme at te maetpace ma be tace. Te atte, accing t tehomo oeconomicus cnceptin, ce te pct te nee i, managing

30 Bt meBt me Umsonstladen actiit tat, een if pepe ing te p nt get t neac te, te ae iegica an ma ae ic bin tem tgete in an abtact manne.F intance, te iappe f te pfit mtie, citicie mateia accmatin, caim f ateit

an geneit, an eject capitait ae an ga c a e-pctin, e-cnmptin piate ppet. hee, it i eigne amitte tat nt eeUmsonstladen paticipant ae tiieg. Me pagmatic attite ae teate. A inA in Tauschringe, n pepe it batant eiantbeai (ie cntaening tedrei-Teile-Regel) ae peente fm paticipating.


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tei pcae pe in a atina a, an ipe f cmmitie a na te nt fin tem ef attactie an me.31 A in te maet,Umsonstladen e ae nt fce t eep n paticipating: itt fte j-

tificatin, te ma nee ente te p again, a cmmitment t teProjekti nt a pe-cnitin f paticipatin.In Umsonstlden, iect cntact beteen tanact e nt a cc:

impenait an annmit ae te e.32 Mee, e f te p aeepecte nt t tn p t ften, a a ega iit ma een be pectef acting cmpie f eeing in te ecn-an maet. Accingt a ti, te act f apppiatin eem nt t be iffeent fm tat ftaing me a piece f fnite tat a been abanne n a iea.G tanacte in Umsonstlden ae ea t tei pena meaning, a

te ae cmpete aienate in te ene pinte t b Tma (1991: 39):aienatin f a ting i it iciatin fm pce, fme e, picntet. A a et, tee bject i cntine t tae ang tei pat, antei fme ne i nt ae an infence n te beent pae f tebject cia ife (Appaai 1986).

Ti i Umsonstladen g, een if te cannt be eate t pecmmitie cicating in te maet, nt f fit te Maian efinitinf te gift eite, a tanact ae mta inepenent an cannt be ait be cnitine b ae ma bigatin t gie, t eceie an t ecip-

cate. In aitin, bject nt cntibte t ceate cia eatin beteentanact itin a aing cmmnit. Bt e can ti ca tem giftpie tat e it in te ene ppe in te fing ectin.

Indian gifts in Berlins, can e efine tanfeence ccing in a ef-pcaime nn-maet( een anti-maet) cntet, bt ee ecipcatin i nt epecte antanact nt een meet? Tma (1991) an laia (2000: 618)ema againt Geg impificatin f te gift a te ppite f te cm-

mit ae patica petinent if e ae t e igt n ti cae. In e tface ti cmpeit, e i n et t te ntin f pe gift, a ppeb Pa (1986),33 an tat f fee gift tine b laia (2000).

31 In a cntet f mateia e-abnance ie Bein, ning man ting i ntper se metingpitie. It can a be anning, a bject becme ic bete an t f fain, an tae pmc pace at me. Eninmenta cnci pepe an te feeing ncmftabe it e-cnmptin can be eiee at iceing t get i f ti-ef ting. Umsonstlden becmet ante ptin t ipe f c bject, tgete it cait intittin eccing pant.

32 Ecept in t in f itatin: te eneing f eice, ic i ae, an te natin fb g eiing te ecipient iit t te gie me.33 Te mnm categ etce b Maini (2001 [1922]) a met Ma bjectin anemaine neamine in The Gift (laia 2000: 617, 627).


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F Pa (1986: 453), te ieg f pe gift i inepaabe fm teieg f te pe inteete iniia pit f tiit. Inee, a me-ne ecie t e te Umsonstladen n te bai f tei nee ie an

iepectie f te ma cnieatin abt at a te nee a egiti-mate i i , te migt aim at maimiing tiit t te ame etent a te enee te pcae in a te e in te fea maet. wat i ceant at pa ee i Ma iea f an act ecanging n beaf f ma pe-na, becae f i e cia pitin, an bigate b a pei itf tanactin (1986: 456). wat cc in Umsonstlden be ce tat Pa eignate a te Inian gift (1986: 463), if e abtact it fm iteigi cntet an tanpt it t etngapic cae. Inee, te bjecti cmpete aienate fm te n, tee i n bigatin t gie bac,

an te tanactin e nt inagate einfce a cia eatin beteenpaticipant. F Pa, te Inian gift enie te biit f te nm fecipcit an a t cnie a categ f gift nt cniee in TheGift: te nt epecting an in f ecipcatin, nt een an inceae inn cia petige itin tei cmmnit, a it appen it te Iniandana (laia 2000: 622-624). Ti i a te cae in an annm ettingie te Umsonstladen, ee binging an bject i ppe t be a cmpeteiinteete actin.

Neetee, me e an actiit ta abt te abtact peae f

atifing mene ee nee ie, an peent tei giing beai aan atitic gete ta nnn te. Te epeent te Umsonstladenpee a cmpete ppe t tat f te maet, ee iniia inte-et i te n mtie. Ti ice caiming f te peeatin teeinentin f a ma ecnmic eam in fnt f te impena, epitingmaet e i mt ecent in te cntempa wetenZeitgeist, an etfm a pgeie iaggegatin f te men fm f gift an cmmit(laia 2000: 627). F Caie (1995: 145), ti entai te cntctin fa cta image f te pefect gift: meting picee, fee gien, it n

etn epectatin, an entaiing n bigatin f te eceie.34Accing t Caie, te cntctin f te gift cate in te cmm-nit eam a aica ppe t te cmmit cate in te maeteam eie paaica fm te capitait ieg itef. In cntem-pa cntet, ee ecnm an ciet ae iembee, nn-capitaitecnmic gic ae eticte t pee c a te e , a in cae, te pecific epeiment f cia mement. In tn, tee maginapee ten t be eefine a a tta negatin f te maet gic, icet in te -cae ieg f te gift (Caie 1995) f te pe gift

34 on te affectie epein ince in Caie efinitin nt be f appicabe inUmsonstlden cae.


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(Pa 1986), ee n ntaim an ef-cncine ae tee(Caie, 1995: 21-22), ie te maet tace f inteet in te act f giingi cmpete icae.35 A Pa pt it,

In in f ciet, gift cme t represent meting entie iffe-ent. Gift-exchange in ic pen an ting, inteet an iinteetae mege a been facte, eaing gift opposed t ecange, pen

opposed t ting an inteet t iinteet. Te ieg f a iinteetegift emege in paae it an ieg f a pe inteete ecange(1986: 458).

Te at pe i agment b tating tat te mae fee

an ncntaine cntact in te maet a mae fee an ncntainegift tie it (Pa 1986: 466). Accing t ti, fa fm netan-ing Umsonstlden an te maet eam a t atetigt cmpatment, it it t eamine tei aticatin, bt fm a mateia an fm an ieg-ica iepint. Fit, mt f te g epe n te ee ae been p-ce f tei cmmeciaizatin an, teefe, ne maet cntaint.Mee, a ecibe abe, me f tem i een be eintce in teecn-an maet. secn, an mt inteeting, te e iegica fn-atin f teProjekt mi in fact te capitait egemn, a te iniia

atnm eciin ae tee a mc a te ae in te maet.

CoNClusIoN: CouNTErACTING ThE MArkET rulE

Te etngapic mateia peente ee ae e tat neite Taus-chringe n Umsonstlden appace, t itinct attempt t pmte nn-maet ecnmic eatin, f fit te Maian ntin f te gift. A anintepetatin f te gift a cmpete ppe t te cmmit, in te aggete b Geg (1982; 1997), c nt tae anai mc fte,

e ae pinte t te nee f a ce eaminatin f te cicatin pat-ten pmte b teeProjekte.Inee, bt epeience aim at a e-cmmificatin f ecnmic pac-

tice, a te ae been eibeate cate tie te maet pee b teipmte. In ti ene, te te e ae e ecange ae, ecgnie teimptance f taing pace ben te ab maet bnaie an eait nee an ie tat ae nt neceai epee a maet eman.

hee, een if te cetain beng t te cmmnit eam, te can-nt be cniee a genine manifetatin f te Maian gift pie

35 Te ame ieg inpie te etic f iinteete giing pmte b Citian cait an bte eigin (Pa 1986: 468; laia 2000: 627, 632).


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tat bigatin t tae, t gie aa an t ecipcate n ptentiaaie in Tauschringe, an ae tta acing in te Umonstlden cae. Beie,a pei tat f te n e te ecipient, a ecibe b Ma (1979

[1923-24]: 204-205), nt be an acceptabe tcme, pie tat btProjekte ae fne n an egaitaian ieg. Te ganiatin fUmsonstldenepicit aim at peenting te emegence f a ieac a paticipant aent ae t pe tei nee cnitin in e t tae meting aa.lieie, in Tauschringe, pepe negatie pitie accnt nt c-cia affect tei eatie tat tei abiit t acce fte ece.

depite tei imiaitie, te Projekte iffe in eentia ega. It i tetat, in bt cae, paticipatin e nt tng epen n pei ciacnnein in te cia pitin f paticipant. Bt afte cme time, in

te Tauschringcae, a cetain imitatin f iniia atnm ma et fmepeate tanactin, een if ee eciin n paticipatin emain ef-ete-mine, an te net can be gien p at an time. In ti ene, a cmmnit-ie ma fame i nt t be cmpete attaine, bt me bigatin,imia t te eiting in e eectie cntet c a te neigb,ma emanate fm te eman an epectatin f fien ae a pa-ticipating. Tee ae cce tie in te Tauschringaena: it intittinaie,cntacta tcte intene f baance ecange metime gie ie tiinteete gift-giing pactice amng te mt cmmitte paticipant.

we ae tie t netan te Umsonstlden cae b aming Caietatement tat, in ciet, te gift i ppa epeente a fee gienan ei f an epectatin f cmpenatin. Te geneatin f bigatinf te ecipient i t enie. Accing t ti, in Umsonstlden, te mentenin beteen te nging f iniia atnm an atnm ef an te i t ceate epenence an bigatin ie giing a itate ef(Caie 1995: 147, 160) i mege it a ibetaian iegica inpiatin.A a et, te Umsonstlden e penifie te iinteete tange aim-ing t cntibte t te cmmn g in an abtact manne ate tan n

te bai f acta cia eatin (Caie 1995: 164).Te main ga f bt in fProjekte, a pecific epeience f te ciaecnm, i t e-attac ecnmic cicatin t cia nee b ffeing ate-natie t maet cnmptin. wat a been eamine ee i te e fte gift an cmmit ntin in te efinitin f tei ga an peatin.Bt, t etemine te etent f eacProjekt patica cce, a me in--ept cnieatin f tei empiica appicatin be neee. Ten, if iti cnfime tat Umsonstladen e acta ecnie tei netaning fnee, ie an ae, taing eciin itt ega t maet pice, an

tat te ee f cia encnte peai e cacatin an ef-inteetemtie f Tauschringpaticipant, ten teeProjekte i ae cceee incnteacting t a cetain etent te biit f te maet e.


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o atig baeia-e nma etngafia e ptica e cnm atenatia n bai centai a antigaBeim-lete. s ai anaiaa a ee e intecmbi n mneti (Tauschringe) e a ja gati-ta (Umsonstlden). A Umsonstlden enaaa pea iegia cntempnea a ia pa(Pa 1986; Caie 1995): bject a gatitamente e ttamente aiena e p-ie. J a Tauschringe, p e a, inzem p eze ptica e feta e impicam bigaemta, cm cnencia e tca feente e apimam ciamente paticipante. o mate-ia etngfic apeenta pe em caa a aea binmi ia / mecaia anie eaepeincia, na meia em e ifeente maiae e feta e cnjgam cm tenncia paa amecaiza. Face a ea cmpeiae, atig ppe ma ei a anie pape a iaem ptica e cnm atenatia pmia pe miment ciai em Beim.

PAlAvrAs-ChAvE: antpgia ecnmica, ia / mecaia, ee e intecmbi, ja gatita,

cnm, ecnmia cia, miment ciai, Beim.

Irene Muriel

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