IRAQ WAR 2003

KAZUKI AND KIN

REPUBLIC OF IRAQ• Government: Arabic Socialist Ba’ath party

Regime of

Saddam Hussein• Official Language:

Arabic and Kurdish• Population:

27.5 million(2007)*

*Iraq Index: http://www.brookings.edu/fp/saban/iraq/index20070830.pdf

IRAQ WAR 2003

• 2003 Mar. 20th ~2011 Dec. 18th

• Reason: A Nation with Weapons of Mass Destruction

• Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld: 1. Eliminate Saddam Hussein’s regime2. Search and destroy WMD 3. Provide humanitarian assistance4. Protect Iraq’s oil and other natural resources

TIME LINE 1: BEFORE IRAQ WAR

Sep. 12th 2002 •Bush addressed the general assembly of the UN to outline the complaints of

the U.S. government against the Iraq government

Oct. 10~11th 2002 •The U.S. house of Representatives and the Senates pass the authorization

for the Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution

Nov. 8th 2002 •UN Security Council passed Resolution 1441

Feb. 6th

2003 •Security of the State Colin Powell claims Hussein is making nuclear weapons and developing missiles

Mar. 7th

2003 •The Chief UN weapons inspector and the IAEA tell the UN Security Council they have found no evidence of biological weapons and nuclear weapon

TIME LINE 2: DURING IRAQ WAR

Mar. 17th 2003 •Bush gives Hussein 48 hours to leave Iraq or face war

Mar. 20th 2003 •The US-led war on Iraq begins

Mar. 30th 2003

•ABC News: Donald Rumsfeld is asked whereabouts of Iraq supported WMD: “We know where they are, they’re in the area around Tikrit, and Baghdad and east, west, south, and north somewhat”

May 1st 2003 •The invasion period ends and the military occupation period begins

TIME LINE 3: AFTER IRAQ WAR

Dec. 13th 2003 •Saddam Hussein is captured alive by the U.S. troops in Tikrit,

Hussein’s hometown

Jan. 30th 2005 •Iraqis vote in the first democratic, multi-party parliamentary elections

in 50 years. Shiites and Kurds vote in large numbers. Sunnis do not

Oct. 19th 2005 •Saddam Hussein’s trail begins in Bagndad

Dec. 30th 2006 •Saddam Hussein is executed by hanging

Dec. 15th 2011 •U.S. declares the Iraq war over

RESOLUTION 1441*• Adopted date: 8 November 2002

“Recognizing the threat Iraq’s non-compliance with Council resolutions and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and long-range missiles poses to international peace and security…”

• Gave Iraq "a final opportunity to comply with its disarmament obligations" and set up inspections by the UNMOVIC and the IAEA

*Resolution 1441 (2002): http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/682/26/PDF/N0268226.pdf?OpenElement

PROS: MULTI-NATIONAL FORCE• United States of America (148,000)• United Kingdom (45,000)• Australia (2000)• Poland (194)• With the support of Korea, Denmark,

Japan, Italy, Ukraine…49 other countries.

AGAINST •  The invasion of Iraq was strongly opposed by

France, Germany, New Zealand, and Canada• Former Secretary-General of United Nation

Boutros Boutros-Ghali*:• “The invention is illegal” because there is not authorized by the United Nation

• “Other countries may use this argument in the future to intervene on the basis of this precedent”

*Former UN Head calls Iraq war “illegal :”http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/story/2003/03/19/boutros_iraq030319.html

FAILURES OF THE INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITY

Stop US and UK.

CONSPIRACY THEORYOilMilitary

•US Base Out of Saudi Arabia•US Base Closer to IRAN!!

OILBefore the 2003 War

• Iraq National Oil Company (INOC) nationalised all oil projects in 1972.*1

• Started to allow foreign investment since 1997.• But only 3 projects were allowed. *1

After the 2003 War• The Oil reconstruction was planned to be led by

USAID. *1• Iraq Ministry of Oil plans to boost it oil production

led by EP, EXXON, Shell. *2*1 IEEJ: 対イラク戦争後の国際経由情勢に関する調査*2 JOGMEC: イラク：石油大国イラク復権への道筋 -石油政策の行方 -

MILITARY (SAUDI ARABIA)US Needed to move the base away from Saudi Arabia as it is the Islamic Religious Centre (MECCA and MEDINA).

• Anti US feeling within the Islamic World.• The government in Riyadh depends on the United States for its defence, but has found itself walking a tightrope, with increasing uneasiness among many Saudis over the presence of US troops. *1

• US citizens act as if there in the US.*1 BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1782188.stm

MILITARY (IRAN)Surround Iran to PRESSURE them.

• Get Afghanistan• Get Iraq

Peace Pledge Union: http://www.ppu.org.uk/peacematters/2003/pm2003_37.html

WHEELER’S CRITERIA 1Criteria Evaluatio

n Notes

Supreme Humanitarian Emergency × “by the time of the March 2003 invasion,

the government’s killing has ebbed.” *1

Necessity or Last Resort × “all alternative options had not been exhausted,”*2

Proportionality ×Period of Major Combat:19 March 2003 – 1 May 2003*3

BUT the tragedy is continuing.

Positive Humanitarian Outcome × Civilian Death toll: 106,695-116,548*4

Destabilised Iraq

*1 Kenneth ROUTH, “Was the Iraq War a Humanitarian Intervention?” pp86 *2 Ramesh THAKUR, “Iraq and the Responsibility toProtect”*3 Al Jazeera: http://www.aljazeera.com/news/middleeast/2011/12/2011121512028408950.html*4 Iraq Body Count: http://www.iraqbodycount.org/database/

WHEELER’S CRITERIA 2Criteria Evaluatio

n Notes

Humanitarian Motives ×President Bush“our mission is clear, to disarm Iraq of weapons of mass destruction, to end Saddam Hussein's support for terrorism, and to free the Iraqi people.”*1Humanitarian

Justification ×

Legality ו Lack of UN Mandate•Kofi Annan, has said he believes the American-led invasion of Iraq last year was illegal*2

Selectivity × US most likely had other objectives.

*1 White House:http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2003/03/20030322.html*2 BBC: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3661640.stm

WHEELER’S CRITERIA 3Criteria Evaluation

Supreme Humanitarian Emergency ×

Necessity or Last Resort ×Proportionality ×

Positive Humanitarian Outcome ×

Humanitarian Motives ×Humanitarian Justification ×

Legality ×Selectivity ×

CURRENT IRAQGovernment

• President TALABANI (Kurdish)• Prime Minister MALEKI (Shiite)

Killing and the Disorder Continues• The Iraq war: No clean break*1

US troops have now left Iraq, but the war's ghosts will haunt the world for many years to come.

• Deadly Iraq blasts hit several cities*2Refugees(Mostly after 2003)*3

• Domestic:1,900,000 people• Aboard: 2,000,000 people

*1 Al Jazeera http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/12/2011121810575487918.html*2 BBC: イラク： http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17766542*3 UNHCR イラク危機 : http://www.unhcr.or.jp/ref_unhcr/photo_galleries/photogallery/gallery_crisis_in_Iraq/photo0.html

FUTURE CONCERNSRelation with other Arab world.

• Iraq is now a Shiite Government• Split of Iraq• Kurds in Turkey and Iran

Intervention for Humanitarian

Purpose OR

Stability?