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Latin GCSE - A Revision Handbook 1

Latin

GCSE

A Revision Handbook

Iraklis Lampadariou

2 Iraklis Lampadariou

Iraklis Lampadariou has studied Classics in the Democritus University of Thrace, Greece (2005-2009). He loves learning foreign languages; he already speaks English, French, Spanish and he has started learning Slovak and Chinese. He has travelled in many places in Europe, involving himself in a multicultural dialogue that has certainly affected his way of thinking. He writes stories for the child each one of us hides inside and constantly tries to figure out ways in which schools could cultivate students’ creativity and imagination.

Website: www.lampadariou.eu


IRAKLIS LAMPADARIOU

Latin GCSE A Revision Handbook


Iraklis Lampadariou, Latin GCSE, A Revision Handbook ISBN: 978-618-5147-92-1 February 2017 Cover photo: Julius Caesar. Commissioned in 1696 for the Gardens of Versailles, to go with the Annibal by Sébastien Slodtz. photographer: Marie-Lan Nguyen (2006)/ Wikipedia The page layout and any errors you may find is the author's responsibility. Saita Publications Athanasiou Diakou 42 , 65201, Kavala T: 2510831856 M.: 6977 070729 e-mail: [email protected] website: www.saitapublications.gr

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Non scholae sed vitae discimus We learn not for school but for life

Moral Letters to Lucilius, Seneca the Younger


Contents

Preface...........................................................................................................................................10 Checklist for your revision about Grammar points............................................................13 Verbs vs Nouns............................................................................................................................14 Cases ..............................................................................................................................................16 Nouns.............................................................................................................................................17 Adjectives .....................................................................................................................................23 Comparison..................................................................................................................................28 Pronouns.......................................................................................................................................32 Indeclinable..................................................................................................................................37

Adverbs.....................................................................................................................................37 Prepositions.............................................................................................................................39 Conjuctions..............................................................................................................................40

Verbs..............................................................................................................................................41 Regular verbs ..........................................................................................................................43 Deponent verbs.......................................................................................................................48 Semi-deponent verbs ............................................................................................................49 Irregular verbs........................................................................................................................49 Subjunctive..............................................................................................................................51 Imperative ...............................................................................................................................55

Indirect commands ....................................................................................................................56 Prefixes, suffixes and compound verbs.................................................................................57 Clauses...........................................................................................................................................58

Explanatory clauses...............................................................................................................59 Cum clauses .............................................................................................................................59 If clauses (conditionals)........................................................................................................59 Purpose clauses.......................................................................................................................60 Relative clauses.......................................................................................................................61 Result clauses ..........................................................................................................................62 Time clauses ............................................................................................................................62

Participles.....................................................................................................................................63 Gerundives ...................................................................................................................................64 Gerunds.........................................................................................................................................65 Ablative absolute ........................................................................................................................66 Direct questions ..........................................................................................................................67 Indirect questions.......................................................................................................................67 Indirect speech............................................................................................................................69 Time expressions ........................................................................................................................70 Numerals.......................................................................................................................................71


Defined Vocabulary Lists OCR Level 1/2 GCSE (9-1) in Latin - J282 (Spec. 2016).........................................................73 WJEC Eduqas GCSE (9-1) in Latin (Spec. 2016)......................................................................83 OCR GCSE in Latin, Unit A401 - Foundation & Higher Tier (Spec. 2012) ........................93 OCR GCSE in Latin, Unit A402 - Foundation & Higher Tier (Spec. 2012) ......................100 WJEC Eduqas Level 2 Certificate in Latin Language, Units 9521, 9524 (Spec. 2009)...110


Preface 'Repetitio mater studiorum est' 'Repetition is the mother of all learning' and also the mother of confidence, satisfaction and achieving good results that follow you throughout life. But to do that, is not as easy as it sounds. You have to develop a specific strategy that will not let you down on the exam day. This handbook is aimed at being a simple but efficient synopsis of all the grammar and syntax points that are required for the GCSE in Latin Language. It is designed for students in Year 11, but also for people who want to taste what Latin is all about. It might, however, be suitable as a resource for teachers who wish to teach their students following the way that it helped me to learn this highly inflected language; by using tables, diagrams and notes, all in nice memorable 'boxes'. By cracking down every topic and trying to put it into 'boxes' on a piece of paper, it is much easier to put it into your mind. It is better than a whole bunch of words trying to explain you something (even with examples most of the times). In this book, you will find 'maps' of the most important things that you should carry with you during the fascinating journey to the language of the centurions and gladiators. Writing this book, I had in my mind even the weakest student who struggles with endings and muddles the declensions with conjugations by declining verbs and conjugating nouns. I had drawn the same visual material as if I was sitting next to this student trying to explain him/ her through an easy and fully understanding way, how to deal with the topics and also to retain this knowledge. Moreover, I had given him/ her some tips and advice about some aspects of the topics, not very clear sometimes, by using the margins of the page. So, you can find them in the dotted boxes as well. Another challenging part of the GCSE in Latin is the vocabulary that students have to learn (yes, by heart as well). I made an effort to respond to this


challenge by separating the words in their 'families', having them with their friends and relatives. The aim of this is double: first of all, the students can understand better the groups in which the nouns, adjectives, verbs etc. are separated and, secondly, to learn the words by their families (first declension nouns for example, in -a, -ae for today, two termination adjectives for tomorrow and goes on...). It should be a plain sailing now and, unfortunately, with no excuses. This book came out as a result of my teaching experience with KS3, KS4 and A-Level students of the Thornleigh Salesian College in Bolton, United Kingdom. I am grateful to David Banner for reading the draft of the book and pointed out some faults and errors with patience and kindness, being, above all, a real friend.

Iraklis Lampadariou Manchester, February 2017


Checklist for your revision about Grammar points


persons (1st, 2nd, 3rd singular, 1st, 2nd, 3rd plural)

conjugations

(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, mixed)

moods (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)

tenses (Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect)

numbers

(singular, plural)

declensions

(1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th)

cases (Nom., Voc., Acc., Gen., Dat., Abl.)

genders (masculine, feminine, neuter, common)

numbers

(singular, plural)

voices

(active, passive) stem

stem

Verbs vs Nouns Before starting our revision, we need to develop a special code for describing or referring to grammar or syntax points. This code is called Terminology and it is all about terms (words and compound words or even expressions with many words that in specific contexts are given specific meaning). Unfortunately, there is no other way to learn a language without knowing the terms and lots of stuff by heart - yes, by heart! Let's give a definition for each of those terms now... conjugation: family or group of verbs that share the same endings person: who is doing the verb (I, You-sg., He, She, It, We, You-pl., They, or a noun when it replaces one of these)

Verbs Nouns


mood: indicates if the action of the verb is real or factual (indicative), possible to be done (subjunctive), command (imperative) tense: when the verb is happening (now-present, yesterday-past, tomorrow-future) voice: the relationship between the verb and its subject. If the subject is doing the verb's action, then we have active voice. If the subject is being acted upon, then we have passive voice. number: one or many? Verbs: if we have a verb its subject can be either in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person singular (only one person) or in the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person plural (more than one). Nouns: if we have a noun, it can be either one (singular) or more than one (plural). stem: part of the verb/ noun that remains the same. Verbs: we have to find the stem from the principal parts of the verb. Nouns: we have to find the stem from the genitive case in singular number. declension: family or group of nouns that share the same endings. case: is the form of a noun that gives us its role to the sentence (Nominative, Subject, Vocative, Addressing someone, Accusative, Object, Genitive, something belongs to someone -possession- translation 'of', Dative, translation 'to' or 'for', Ablative, translation 'with', 'by' or 'from'). We can find this term in pronouns and in adjectives as well. gender: tells us about the sex of the noun. It can be masculine (male), feminine (female), neuter or common (can be masculine or a feminine, for example a 'leader' can be a male or a female).


Cases We had a quick look at the cases on the previous page. Let's add some more information and make a nice table. Nominative Subject Vocative Addressing (direct address) Accusative Object (direct) Genitive Of (possession/ origin/ quality) Dative To/ For (indirect object) Ablative With/ By/ From (prepositional object) When translating a Latin text, have the above table on your mind and follow these steps:

Have you found a verb?

No Yes Keep searching... No verb-no sentence! Verb? Tense? Person? Subject - Who? always in the Nominative case Is the verb intransitive? Is the verb transitive? Object - What? always in the Accusative case

Translate the sentence following the rules of the English language.

Example: amabamus

ama ba mus

verb? amo: I love, like tense? Imperfect person? 1st person plural (We)

In Latin word order word endings

transitive: verb with object intransitive: verb without an object

Some cases are identical. This is why you should always check the context!

The subject could be: 1. a noun: in nom. 2. a pronoun: in the verb (do not expect to find it in the sentence).

verb: to be the subject called complement and it is in the nom. (same case as the Subject).


Nouns There are five declensions (families or groups) of nouns in Latin and you can pretty easily say the declension in which a noun belongs to by following this table:

Declension Nominative, Genitive (sing.) Examples Genders 1st -a, -ae mēnsa, -ae all fem. except: poeta,

nauta, agricola (masc.) 2nd -us, -i

-er, -i -um, -i 3 irregular

dominus, -ī puer, puer-ī/ ager, agr-ī bellum, -ī deus, fīlius, vir

masc./ fem. masc./ fem. neut. masc.

3rd increasing non-increasing

rēx, rēgis opus, operis cīvis, cīvis cubile, cubilis

masc./ fem. neut. masc./ fem. neut.

4th -us, -us -u, -us

gradus, -ūs domus, -us genū, -ūs

masc. (almost all) fem. neut.

5th -es, -ei rēs, reī all fem. except: dies,

meridies (masc.) If you really want to learn a Latin word, you should learn these four things:

NOM., GEN. (G.): meaning Remember that you are not allowed to change the STEM. The noun in the genitive case without the ending gives you the stem of the noun. Even a tiny mistake in the process of finding the stem, will have a huge impact on writing it correctly in all the cases in singular and plural (decline the noun).

Nominative singular (the simplest form of a noun)

Genitive singular it gives you the STEM (the noun without the ending)

Gender (really important for the GNC rule)

How you should translate it (check the case for translating it correctly)


Let's have a look at the endings of the nouns now... 1st declension nouns (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae) Singular Plural Nominative Subject mēns-a mēns-ae Vocative Addressing mēns-a mēns-ae Accusative Object mēns-am mēns-ās Genitive Of mēns-ae mēns-ārum Dative To/ For mēns-ae mēns-īs Ablative With/ By/ From mēns-ā mēns-īs 2nd declension nouns (Nom. -us, Gen. -i) Singular Plural Nominative Subject domin-us domin-ī Vocative Addressing domin-e domin-ī Accusative Object domin-um domin-ōs Genitive Of domin-ī domin-ōrum Dative To/ For domin-ō domin-īs Ablative With/ By/ From domin-ō domin-īs 2nd declension nouns (Nom. -er, Gen. -i) - they keep their -e Singular Plural Nominative Subject puer puer-ī Vocative Addressing puer puer-ī Accusative Object puer-um puer-ōs Genitive Of puer-ī puer-ōrum Dative To/ For puer-ō puer-īs Ablative With/ By/ From puer-ō puer-īs 2nd declension nouns (Nom. -er, Gen. -i) - they drop their -e Singular Plural Nominative Subject ager agr-ī Vocative Addressing ager agr-ī Accusative Object agr-um agr-ōs Genitive Of agr-ī agr-ōrum Dative To/ For agr-ō agr-īs Ablative With/ By/ From agr-ō agr-īs

'they keep their -e' The e remains in all the cases in singular and plural.

'they drop their -e' The e is vanished after the nom. and the voc.


2nd declension nouns (Nom. -um, Gen. -i) Singular Plural Nominative Subject bell-um bell-a Vocative Addressing bell-um bell-a Accusative Object bell-um bell-a Genitive Of bell-ī bell-ōrum Dative To/ For bell-ō bell-īs Ablative With/ By/ From bell-ō bell-īs 2nd declension nouns - 1st irregular noun: deus, -i (m.): god Singular Plural Nominative Subject deus dī (de-ī) Vocative Addressing deus dī (de-ī) Accusative Object deum deōs Genitive Of deī deōrum (deum) Dative To/ For deō dīs (de-īs), deābus Ablative With/ By/ From deō dīs (de-īs), deābus 2nd declension nouns - 2nd irregular noun: filius, -i (m.): son Singular Plural Nominative Subject fīli-us fīli-ī Vocative Addressing fīlī fīli-ī Accusative Object fīli-um fīli-ōs Genitive Of fīlī (fīli-ī) fīli-ōrum Dative To/ For fīli-ō fīli-īs, filiabus Ablative With/ By/ From fīli-ō fīli-īs, filiabus 2nd declension nouns - 3rd irregular noun: vir, viri (m.): man Singular Plural Nominative Subject vir vir-ī Vocative Addressing vir vir-ī Accusative Object vir-um vir-ōs Genitive Of vir-ī vir-ōrum Dative To/ For vir-ō vir-īs Ablative With/ By/ From vir-ō vir-īs


senex, senis, m. old man

iuvenis, iuvenis, m.

young man pater, patris, m. father mater, matris, f.

mother

frater, fratris, m. brother

3rd declension nouns Please be extra careful with the 3rd declension nouns. Keep calm and follow these steps:

3rd declension noun increasing non-increasing Masc./ Fem./ Com. Neuter Masc./ Fem./ Com. Neuter like like like like rex, regis opus, operis civis, civis cubile, cubilis Just three key-words to remember for some exceptions that apply on the above figure: family, 1-syllable, -al/ -ar. If you find a noun that can be fitted in any of these key-words, then forget about the diagram and follow these:

Family canis, canis, c. dog

1-syllable

-al/ -ar

The non-increasing nouns that belong to the first key-word (family) go like rex.

Nouns with only one syllable (monosyllables) with their stem ending in two consonants go like civis.

Increasing neuter nouns ending in -al/ -ar go like cubile.

non-increasing: nom. is the same with the gen. 'remains the same'

increasing: the nom. is different from the gen. with the genitive form having more syllables than the nominative’ 'from 1 syllable goes to 2, from 2 to 3 and go on'.

syllables: 1 1 1 (12) 1 1 1 1 1 (23) 1 1 1 1 (2=2) 1 1 1 1 1 1 (3=3)


3rd declension nouns - Increasing (Masc., Fem., Com.) Singular Plural Nominative Subject rēx rēg-ēs Vocative Addressing rēx rēg-ēs Accusative Object rēg-em rēg-ēs Genitive Of rēg-is rēg-um Dative To/ For rēg-ī rēg-ibus Ablative With/ By/ From rēg-e rēg-ibus 3rd declension nouns - Increasing (Neut.) Singular Plural Nominative Subject opus oper-a Vocative Addressing opus oper-a Accusative Object opus oper-a Genitive Of oper-is oper-um Dative To/ For oper-ī oper-ibus Ablative With/ By/ From oper-e oper-ibus 3rd declension nouns - Non-increasing (Masc., Fem., Com.) Singular Plural Nominative Subject cīvis cīv-ēs Vocative Addressing cīvis cīv-ēs Accusative Object cīv-em cīv-ēs Genitive Of cīv-is cīv-ium Dative To/ For cīv-ī cīv-ibus Ablative With/ By/ From cīv-e cīv-ibus 3rd declension nouns - Non-increasing (Neut.) Singular Plural Nominative Subject cubīle cubīl-ia Vocative Addressing cubīle cubīl-ia Accusative Object cubīle cubīl-ia Genitive Of cubīl-is cubīl-ium Dative To/ For cubīl-i cubīl-ibus Ablative With/ By/ From cubīl-i cubīl-ibus


4th declension nouns (Nom. -us, Gen. -us/ Masc., Fem.) Singular Plural Nominative Subject exercit-us exercit-ūs Vocative Addressing exercit-us exercit-ūs Accusative Object exercit-um exercit-ūs Genitive Of exercit-ūs exercit-uum Dative To/ For exercit-uī exercit-ibus Ablative With/ By/ From exercit-ū exercit-ibus 4th declension nouns (Nom. -u, Gen. -us/ Neut.) Singular Plural Nominative Subject gen-ū gen-ua Vocative Addressing gen-ū gen-ua Accusative Object gen-ū gen-ua Genitive Of gen-ūs gen-uum Dative To/ For gen-ū gen-ibus Ablative With/ By/ From gen-ū gen-ibus 4th declension - irregular noun domus, -us, f.: house, home Singular Plural Nominative Subject dom-us dom-ūs Vocative Addressing dom-us dom-ūs Accusative Object dom-um dom-ōs/ dom-ūs Genitive Of dom-ūs/ dom-ī dom-uum/ dom-ōrum

Dative To/ For dom-uī/ dom-ō dom-ibus Ablative With/ By/ From dom-ō/ dom-ū dom-ibus 5th declension nouns (Nom. -es, Gen. -ei) Singular Plural Nominative Subject di-es di-es Vocative Addressing di-es di-es Accusative Object di-em di-es Genitive Of di-ei di-erum Dative To/ For di-ei di-ebus Ablative With/ By/ From di-e di-ebus

6 cases are identical - don't worry, check the context and use common sense

dies is masculine except when used to refer to an appointed day.


Adjectives To describe a noun, we have to use an adjective. You can only learn an adjective properly if you can remember these four things:

NOM. Masc., NOM. Fem. NOM. Neut.: meaning We can separate the adjectives into three big categories according to their endings:

Adjectives

Nominative singular of the masculine

Nominative singular of the feminine

Nominative singular of the neuter

How you should translate it (depends on the case of the noun where the adjective refers to)

-us, -a, -um -er, -a, -um 3rd declension adj.

3-termination adj. 2-termination adj. 1-termination adj.

bonus, bona, bonum

miser, misera, miserum

'keep their -e' 'drop their -e'

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum

celer, celeris, celere tristis, tristis, triste ingens, ingens, ingens

To say if an adjective keeps or drops its -e, check the nom. of the fem.

termination: the ending of the adjective in nom. masc., fem. and neut.


When dealing with adjectives, you should always have in your mind the GNC rule:

noun adjective

GNC rule: when an adjective describes a noun, it must always agree with the noun in Gender, Number and Case.

Example: rex bonus GNC GNC G.: masculine G.: masculine N.: singular N.: singular C.: nominative C.: nominative How you are going to decline the adjectives so they can be in the correct case and agree with the nouns? You already know the endings! Here is the proof:

Adjectives

= GNC GNC

=

-us, -a, -um -er, -a, -um

3rd declension adj.

3-termination adj. 2-termination adj. 1-termination adj.

-us: 2nd declension nouns -us, -i, like dominus, -i -a: 1st declension nouns -a, -ae, like mensa, -ae -um: 2nd declension nouns -um, -i like bellum, -i

-er: 2nd declension nouns -er, -i like puer, pueri -a: 1st declension nouns -a, -ae like mensa, -ae -um: 2nd declension nouns -um, -i like bellum, -i

'keep their -e' 'drop their -e'

- singular: like a non-increasing noun but in the ablative: -i instead of -e - plural: like a non-increasing noun, gen. plural: add an i (-ium), nom.-voc.-acc. of the neuter: add an i (-ia)

-er: 2nd declension nouns -er, -i like ager, agri -a: 1st declension nouns -a, -ae like mensa, -ae -um: 2nd declension nouns -um, -i like bellum, -i

- singular: like a non-increasing noun but in the ablative: -i instead of -e - plural: like a non-increasing noun, gen. plural: add an i (-ium), nom.-voc.-acc. of the neuter: add an i (-ia)

- some of them keep their -e, some of them drop it - singular: like a non-increasing noun but in the ablative: -i instead of -e - plural: like a non-increasing noun, gen. plural: add an i (-ium), nom.-voc.-acc. of the neuter: add an i (-ia)


Adjectives ending in -us, -a, -um Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative bon-us bon-a bon-um Vocative bon-e bon-a bon-um Accusative bon-um bon-am bon-um Genitive bon-ī bon-ae bon-ī Dative bon-ō bon-ae bon-ō Ablative bon-ō bon-ā bon-ō Plural Nominative bon-ī bon-ae bon-a Vocative bon-ī bon-ae bon-a Accusative bon-ōs bon-ās bon-a Genitive bon-ōrum bon-ārum bon-ōrum Dative bon-īs bon-īs bon-īs Ablative bon-īs bon-īs bon-īs Adjectives ending in -er, -a, -um (keep their -e) Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative miser miser-a miser-um Vocative miser miser-a miser-um Accusative miser-um miser-am miser-um Genitive miser-ī miser-ae miser-ī Dative miser-ō miser-ae miser-ō Ablative miser-ō miser-ā miser-ō Plural Nominative miser-ī miser-ae miser-a Vocative miser-ī miser-ae miser-a Accusative miser-ōs miser-ās miser-a Genitive miser-ōrum miser-ārum miser-ōrum Dative miser-īs miser-īs miser-īs Ablative miser-īs miser-īs miser-īs


Adjectives ending in -er, -a, -um (drop their -e) Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative pulcher pulchr-a pulchr-um Vocative pulcher pulchr-a pulchr-um Accusative pulchr-um pulchr-am pulchr-um Genitive pulchr-ī pulchr-ae pulchr-ī Dative pulchr-ō pulchr-ae pulchr-ō Ablative pulchr-ō pulchr-ā pulchr-ō Plural Nominative pulchr-ī pulchr-ae pulchr-a Vocative pulchr-ī pulchr-ae pulchr-a Accusative pulchr-ōs pulchr-ās pulchr-a Genitive pulchr-ōrum pulchr-ārum pulchr-ōrum Dative pulchr-īs pulchr-īs pulchr-īs Ablative pulchr-īs pulchr-īs pulchr-īs 3-termination adjectives (3rd declension adjectives) Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative celer celeris celere Vocative celer celeris celere Accusative celer-em celer-em celere Genitive celer-is celer-is celer-is Dative celer-ī celer-ī celer-ī Ablative celer-ī celer-ī celer-ī Plural Nominative celer-ēs celer-ēs celer-ia Vocative celer-ēs celer-ēs celer-ia Accusative celer-ēs celer-ēs celer-ia Genitive celer-ium celer-ium celer-ium Dative celer-ibus celer-ibus celer-ibus Ablative celer-ibus celer-ibus celer-ibus


2-termination adjectives (3rd declension adjectives) Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative trīstis trīstis trīste Vocative trīstis trīstis trīste Accusative trīst-em trīst-em trīste Genitive trīst-is trīst-is trīst-is Dative trīst-ī trīst-ī trīst-ī Ablative trīst-ī trīst-ī trīst-ī Plural Nominative trīst-ēs trīst-ēs trīst-ia Vocative trīst-ēs trīst-ēs trīst-ia Accusative trīst-ēs trīst-ēs trīst-ia Genitive trīst-ium trīst-ium trīst-ium Dative trīst-ibus trīst-ibus trīst-ibus Ablative trīst-ibus trīst-ibus trīst-ibus 1-termination adjectives (3rd declension adjectives) Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative ingēns ingēns ingēns Vocative ingēns ingēns ingēns Accusative ingent-em ingent-em ingēns Genitive ingent-is ingent-is ingent-is Dative ingent-ī ingent-ī ingent-ī Ablative ingent-ī ingent-ī ingent-ī Plural Nominative ingent-ēs ingent-ēs ingent-ia Vocative ingent-ēs ingent-ēs ingent-ia Accusative ingent-ēs ingent-ēs ingent-ia Genitive ingent-ium ingent-ium ingent-ium Dative ingent-ibus ingent-ibus ingent-ibus Ablative ingent-ibus ingent-ibus ingent-ibus


Comparison Because there is not just one table or just one author on this planet, there is the need to compare nouns. With other words, there is the need to use the Comparative and the Superlative of the adjectives. So, how you can form the degrees of the adjectives in Latin? Here is the answer:

Adjectives in -us, -a, -um Positive Comparative Superlative

Masc:. STEM-us Fem.: STEM-a Neut.: STEM-um

Masc.: STEM-ior Fem.: STEM-ior Neut.: STEM-ius

Masc.: STEM-issimus Fem.: STEM-issima Neut.: STEM-issimum

Adjectives in -er, -a, -um (keep their -e)

Positive Comparative Superlative Masc:. STEM Fem.: STEM-a Neut.: STEM-um


Masc.: STEM-rimus Fem.: STEM-rima Neut.: STEM-rimum

Adjectives in -er, -a, -um (drop their -e)

Positive Comparative Superlative Masc:. STEM1 Fem.: STEM2-a Neut.: STEM2-um

Masc.: STEM2-ior Fem.: STEM2-ior Neut.: STEM2-ius

Masc.: STEM1-rimus Fem.: STEM1-rima Neut.: STEM1-rimum

STEM: genitive singular without the ending (long-us)

Example: longus, longa, longum longior, longior, longius longissimus, longissima, longissimum

long longer, more longer longest, most long, very long

Degrees: Positive Comparative Superlative

STEM: genitive singular without the ending (tener-)

STEM1: nominative singular of the masc. (pulcher-)

STEM2: genitive singular without the ending (pulchr-)

Example: tener, tenera, tenerum tenerior, tenerior, tenerius tenerrimus, tenerrima, tenerrimum

tender more tende most tender, very tender

Example: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchrior, pulchrior, pulchrius pulcherrimus, pulcherrima, pulcherrimum

beautiful more beautiful most beautiful, very beautiful


3rd declension adjectives Positive Comparative Superlative

Masc:. STEM-ending Fem.: STEM-ending Neut.: STEM-ending


Masc.: STEM-issimus Fem.: STEM-issima Neut.: STEM-issimum

The following six adjectives in -ilis (mas.: -ilis, fem.: -ilis, neut.: -ile) go -limus instead of -issimus in the Superlative:

Latin English

Positive Comparative Superlative Positive Comparative Superlative

facilis difficilis similis gracilis humilis dissimilis

facil-ior difficil-ior simil-ior gracil-ior humil-ior dissimil-ior

facil-limus difficil-limus simil-limus gracil-limus humil-limus dissimil-limus

easy difficult similar slender lowly dissimilar

easier more difficult more similar slenderer lower, lowlier more different

easiest, very easy most/ very difficult most/ very similar slenderest lowest, lowliest most/ very different

Positive Comparative Superlative

Masc:. STEM-is Fem.: STEM-is Neut.: STEM-e


Masc.: STEM-limus Fem.: STEM-lima Neut.: STEM-limum

And these are the six irregular adjectives:

Positive Comparative Superlative bonus malus magnus parvus multus multi

melior peior maior minor plus plures

optimus pessimus maximus minimus plurimus plurimi

good bad big small much many

STEM: genitive singular without the ending (facil-)

Example: facilis, facilis, facile facilior, facilior, facilius facillimus, facillima, facillimum

easy more easy most easy, very easy

plus, pluris singular: as a neuter noun+gen. plural: as an adjective

Example: brevis, brevis, breve brevior, brevior, brevius brevissimus, brevissima, brevissimum

short, brief shorter, briefer shortest, briefest


Two possible ways to compare nouns...

quam: than ablative of comparison

noun 1 quam noun 2 noun 1 noun 2 How you are going to decline the adjectives in the comparative and the superlative? You already know the endings! Here is the proof:

Comparative Superlative

-ior -ius -issimus -rimus -limus

-issima -rima -lima

-issimum - rimum -limum

3rd declension noun, increasing, like rex, regis

3rd declension noun, increasing, like rex, regis

-us: 2nd declension noun in -us, -i, like dominus, -i -a: 1st declension noun in -a, -ae, like mensa, -ae -um: 2nd declension noun in -um, -i, like bellum, -i

same case as noun 2

same case as noun 1

in ablative case

Example: dux fortior est quam miles. dux fortior est milite.

The leader is braver than the soldier. The leader is braver than the soldier.


Declension of an adjective in the Comparative Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative longior longior longius Vocative longior longior longius Accusative longiōr-em longiōr-em longius Genitive longiōr-is longiōr-is longiōr-is Dative longiōr-ī longiōr-ī longiōr-ī Ablative longiōr-e longiōr-e longiōr-e Plural Nominative longiōr-ēs longiōr-ēs longiōr-a Vocative longiōr-ēs longiōr-ēs longiōr-a Accusative longiōr-ēs longiōr-ēs longiōr-a Genitive longiōr-um longiōr-um longiōr-um Dative longiōr-ibus longiōr-ibus longiōr-ibus Ablative longiōr-ibus longiōr-ibus longiōr-ibus Declension of an adjective in the Superlative Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative long-issimus long-issima long-issimum Vocative long-issime long-issima long-issimum Accusative long-issimum long-issimam long-issimum Genitive long-issimī long-issimae long-issimī Dative long-issimō long-issimae long-issimō Ablative lon-issimō long-issimā long-issimō Plural Nominative long-issimī long-issimae long-issima Vocative long-issimī long-issimae long-issima Accusative long-issimōs long-issimās long-issima Genitive long-issimōrum long-issimārum long-issimōrum Dative long-issimīs long-issimīs long-issimīs Ablative long-issimīs long-issimīs long-issimīs

Masculine & Feminine: identical in singular and plural gen., dat., abl. singular and plural: identical for masc., fem. and neut. as every single neut. nom., voc., acc. in singular and plural are identical


Pronouns In a world without pronouns, the sentences would look like this: "I love the girl. The girl is so beautiful. Yesterday I gave to the girl a rose and the girl liked it so much. I think that I will marry this girl one day." Is anyone yawning? I do not blame you. Without the pronouns the speech would be repetitive and quite boring. So, the pronouns are coming to save the day by replacing nouns and make our sentences more vivid and amusing. For your GCSE in Latin, we could separate the pronouns into 5 categories.

Pronouns in Latin Personal pronoun

First person Second person Third person (Reflexive)

Singular Nominative ego tū - Vocative - - - Accusative mē tē sē Genitive meī tuī suī Dative mihi tibi sibi Ablative mē tē sē Plural Nominative nōs vōs - Vocative - - - Accusative nōs vōs sē Genitive nostrum/ nostrī vestrum/ vestrī suī Dative nōbīs vōbīs sibi Ablative nōbīs vōbīs sē

they replace a certain person, thing, or group. Reflexive: it always refers back to the subject (same gender, same number with it). Latin uses the demonstrative pronoun is, ea, id as third person (he, she, it).

1st and 2nd person

nom., sing. & pl.: for emphasis or contrast

nostrum, vestrum: partitive gen. (part of a whole) nostri, vestri: objective gen. (the object of the verb).

Personal pronoun ego, tu

Demonstrative pronouns

is, ea, id/ hic, haec, hoc/

qui, quae, quod Relative pronoun

qui, quae, quod

Definite pronoun idem, eadem, idem

Intensive pronoun

ipse, ipsa, ipsum


Demonstrative pronouns Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Nominative is ea id Vocative - - - Accusative eum eam id Genitive eius eius eius Dative eī eī eī Ablative eō eā eō Plural Nominative eī/ iī eae ea Vocative - - - Accusative eōs eās ea Genitive eōrum eārum eōrum Dative eīs/ iīs eīs/ iīs eīs/ iīs Ablative eīs/ iīs eīs/ iīs eīs/ iīs

Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative hic haec hoc Vocative - - - Accusative hunc hanc hoc Genitive huius huius huius Dative huic huic huic Ablative hōc hāc hōc Plural Nominative hī hae haec Vocative - - - Accusative hōs hās haec Genitive hōrum hārum hōrum Dative hīs hīs hīs Ablative hīs hīs hīs

A. is, ea, id is used: A. as he, she, it B. as that (to poing to something speecific within a sentence).

he, she, it: when used alone that: when used in agreement with a noun his own, her own, its own: use the suus, sua, suum

this (singular, here, close to me), these (plural)

he, she, it: when used alone this (hic)/ that (ille): when used in agreement with a noun

ille: the former hic: the latter when they are used together in a sentence


Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Nominative ille illa illud Vocative - - - Accusative illum illam illud Genitive illius illius illius Dative illī illī illī Ablative illō illā illō Plural Nominative illī illae illa Vocative - - - Accusative illōs illās illa Genitive illōrum illārum illōrum Dative illīs illīs illīs Ablative illīs illīs illīs Relative pronoun

Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative quī quae quod Vocative - - - Accusative quem quam quod Genitive cuius cuius cuius Dative cui cui cui Ablative quō quā quō Plural Nominative quī quae quae Vocative - - - Accusative quōs quās quae Genitive quōrum quārum quōrum Dative quibus/ quīs quibus/ quīs quibus/ quīs Ablative quibus/ quīs quibus/ quīs quibus/ quīs

that (singular, there, away from me), those (plural)

who, which introduces a relative clause


Intensive pronoun Masculine Feminine Neuter

Singular Nominative ipse ipsa ipsum Vocative - - - Accusative ipsum ipsam ipsum Genitive ipsius ipsius ipsius Dative ipsī ipsī ipsī Ablative ipsō ipsā ipsō Plural Nominative ipsī ipsae ipsa Vocative - - - Accusative ipsōs ipsās ipsa Genitive ipsōrum ipsārum ipsōrum Dative ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs Ablative ipsīs ipsīs ipsīs Definite pronoun

Masculine Feminine Neuter Singular Nominative īdem eadem idem Vocative - - - Accusative eundem eandem idem Genitive eiusdem eiusdem eiusdem Dative eīdem eīdem eīdem Ablative eōdem eādem eōdem Plural Nominative eīdem/ īdem eaedem eadem Vocative - - - Accusative eōsdem eāsdem eadem Genitive eōrundem eārundem eōrundem Dative eīsdem/ īsdem eīsdem/ īsdem eīsdem/ īsdem Ablative eīsdem/ īsdem eīsdem/ īsdem eīsdem/ īsdem

self (singular), selves (plural)

it is the is, ea, id with -dem at the end

the same


Extra care should be taken when dealing with pronouns and possessive adjectives. As their name explains, they used for expressing possession. Do not forget the GNC rule. Some of the most common used possessive adjectives meus, mea, meum my tuus, tua, tuum your (sing.) suus, sua, suum his, hers, their noster, nostra, nostrum our vester, vestra, vestrum your (pl.)

Also, two adjectives that you may find in a GCSE paper are: alius, alia, alium other alter, altera, alterum other (of two nouns/ pronouns) ceteri, ceterae, cetera others (the rest)


Indeclinable

Adverbs Let's analyse the word: ad+verbs. Words towards verbs. Words that describe verbs. They can also describe adjectives or other adverbs and they are formed from the adjectives. How? Adjectives in -us, -a, -um and -er, -a, -um 3rd declension adjectives Also, there are some adverbs that are not formed from adjectives. These adverbs provides you with information about why, how or when.

Adverb Translation Adverb Translation antea before, previously nunc now deinde then, next olim once, some time ago diu for a long time paene almost forte by chance postea afterwards frustra in vain postridie on the next day heri yesterday saepe often hic here satis enough hodie today semper always iam now, already sic thus, in this way ibi there statim at once, immediately ita in this way subito suddenly iterum again tandem at last mox soon tum then numquam never

STEM Genitive singular

without the ending

+ -e Example: saev- saeve

ferocious (adjective) ferociously (adverb)

STEM Genitive singular

without the ending

+ Example: fort- fortiter

strong, brave (adjective) strongly, bravely (adverb)

-iter

bonus (adj.): bene (instead of bone)

sometimes you may have to use -ter instead of -iter with some adjectives (audax, stem: audac-, adv.: audacter) if the stem of the adj. ends in t, add only -er at the end facilis: facile (instead of faciliter) difficilis: difficile (instead of difficiliter)

adverbs are indeclinable!


And these are the 5 most common irregular adverbs:

Adjective Adverb Comparative Superlative bonus malus magnus parvus multus

bene male magnopere paulum multum

melius peius magis minus plus

optime pessime maxime minime plurimum

well badly greatly littlel much

Comparison of adverbs Adjectives in -us, -a, -um

Positive Comparative Superlative STEM + e

Neuter singular of the adjective

(ends in -ius) STEM of the Superlative adjective + e

(-issim-e) Adjectives in -er, -a, -um



(ends in -ius) STEM + issime

3rd declension adjectives



(ends in -ius) STEM + issime

quam celerrime: as quickly as possible

Example: saeve saevius saevissime

ferociously more ferociously very ferociously, most ferociously

Example: tenere tenerius tenerissime

tenderly more tenderly very tenderly, most tenderly

Example: pulchre pulchrius pulchrissime

beautifuly more beautifuly very beautifuly, most beautifuly

Example: crudele crudelius crudelissime

cruelly more cruelly very cruelly, most cruelly


Prepositions

The term gives you a reasonable explanation of their role in a sentence: they take their position pre (before) the noun or pronoun offering a useful way to transate it with a sense of movement or position. The noun or pronoun after the preposition must be in either the accusative (motion towards or through) or the ablative case (position in a specific place or going far away from a place).

Accusative Ablative Preposition Meaning Preposition Meaning

ad ante apud circum contra extra in inter intra per post praeter prope propter sub trans

to, towards, at before among around against outside into, onto among, between among through, along after except near because of under across

a/ ab cum de e/ ex in pro sine sub

from, by, away from with from, about, down from, concerning out of, from in, on in front of, for without under

Because in every rule, there is always (at least) one exception, make sure that you never forget the TSCDHR.

TSCDHR What's happening? NO preposition names of towns

names of small islands names of cities

domus, -i (f.): house, home humus, - (f.): ground

rus, ruris (n.): countryside

TO (ad) + accusative

or

FROM (a/ ab) + ablative

to Romam

a Romā


Conjuctions Imagine that conjuctions are acting like glue sticks. They connect (or link) words or groups of words (sentences, clauses).

Conjuctions Translation Notes a. et b. -que c. ac d. atque

and

a. A et B, connects two same things: verbs, nouns, subjects etc. b. A Bque, at the end of the second word c. A ac B, never being used before a vowel or h d. A atque B

et...et both...and you can find it as -que...-que as well (always at the end of the words) neque/ nec and...not it can goes with tamen as well (nec tamen: but...not)

neque...neque/ nec...nec: neither nor aut...aut either...or

sed but tamen however, moreover similar conjuction: autem, is placed second word in the sentence nam for giving an explanation enim for giving an explanation, is placed second word in the clause

itaque and, therefore igitur therefore

priusquam before postquam after


Verbs There are four conjugations (families or groups) of verbs in Latin that can be divided into four categories.

1. Regular verbs a. Active form, Active meaning b. Passive form, Passive meaning

a. 6 tenses in Active voice (Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect) b. 6 tenses in Passive voice (Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect)

Principal parts: amo, amare, amavi, amatum, I love, I like 2. Deponent verbs Passive form, Active meaning 6 tenses in Passive voice (Present, Imperfect, Future, Perfect,

Pluperfect, Future Perfect) Principal parts: conor, conari, conatus sum, I try 3. Semi-deponent verbs

a. Active form, Active meaning b. Passive form. Active meaning

a. 3 tenses in Active voice (Present, Imperfect, Future) b. 3 tenses in Passive voice (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect)

Principal parts: gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, I rejoice 4. Irregular verbs possum (I am able), eo (I go), fero (I carry, bear), volo (I want), nolo (I do not want), malo (I prefer)

The most important thing that you should know when you are dealing with a Latin verb are the principal parts.

amō - amāre - amāvi - amātum

As you can see, the second word of the principal parts (amare) gives you two things: the stem for the Present, the Imperfect and the Future of the Active voice and the conjugation in which the verb belongs to. If the character (the letter) before the -re of the present infinitive is a, then the verb belongs to the 1st conjugation. If it is ē (with a macron), then the verb belongs to the 2nd conjugation.

Present tense 1st singular (I love, I like)

Present infinitive 1. Stem for Present, Imperfect, Future 2. conjugation (to love, to like)

Perfect tense, 1st singular Stem for Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect (I have loved)

Supine Stem for Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect in the Passive Voice

Form: the verb as you find it on a Latin text. Meaning: the verb as you should translate it into English.

STEM for 3rd conjugation verbs: verb without the -ere (reg-ere)


If it is e (without a macron), then the verb belongs to the 3rd conjugation. If it is i, then the verb belongs to the 4th conjugation.

Present infinitive (2nd word of the Principal parts)

Character before the -re Conjugation

amāre -āre 1st dēlēre -ēre 2nd legere -ere 3rd audīre -īre 4th

Next thing that you have to remember is the way that verbs are conjugated in Active and Passive voice (Indicative) and how you can translate them into English. Here is a table aiming to help you with that. Regular verbs

ACTIVE VOICE

PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT

Conjugations I VERB, I DO VERB, I AM VERB+ING

I WAS VERB+ING/ I USED TO VERB

I WILL/ SHALL VERB

I HAVE PP

I HAD PP PP: PAST PARTICIPLE

I SHALL HAVE/ WILL HAVE PP

1st amō amā-ba-m amā-bō amāv-ī amāv-eram amāv-erō 2nd mone-ō monē-ba-m monē-bō monu-ī monu-eram monu-erō 3rd reg-ō regē-ba-m reg-am rēx-ī rēx-eram rēx-erō 4th audi-ō audi-ē-ba-m audi-am audīv-ī audīv-eram audīv-erō Mixed capi-ō capi-ēbam capi-am cēp-ī cēp-eram cēp-erō PASSIVE

VOICE PRESENT IMPERFECT FUTURE PERFECT PLUPERFECT FUTURE

PERFECT Conjugations be + PP/

be being + PP was being + PP will be + PP was + PP/

have been + PP had been + PP PP: PAST PARTICIPLE

will have been + PP

1st amor amā-bar amā-bor amātus,-a,-

um sum amātus,-a,-um eram

amātus,-a,-um erō

2nd dēle-or dēlē-bar dēlē-bor delētus,-a,-

um sum delētus,-a,-um eram

delētus,-a,-um erō

3rd leg-or leg-ē-bar leg-ar lēctus,-a,-um

sum lēctus,-a,-um eram

lēctus,-a-,um erō

4th audi-or audi-ē-bar audi-ar audītus,-a,-

um sum audītus,-a,-um eram

audītus,-a,-um erō

Mixed capi-or capi-ēbar capi-ar captus,-a,-

um sum captus,-a,-um eram

captus,-a,-um erō


Regular verbs Because in Latin, it is about the ending of the words, make sure you learn the following by heart. Of course, you are not going to learn 48 endings (6 tenses in Active Voice and 6 tenses in the Passive Voice for the four conjugations, 12x4), but only 9 for the Active Voice and 9 for the Passive Voice (18 in total). How are you going to do that? Have a look at the following diagrams:

Active Voice

Translation of the tenses in Active voice Tense Translation Example

Present* a. I verb, b. I do verb, c. I am verb+ing a. I love, b. I do love, c. I am loving

Imperfect** a. I used to PP, b. I was verb+ing a. I used to love, b. I was loving

Future a. I will verb, b. I shall verb a. I will love, b. I shall love

Perfect** I have PP I have loved

Pluperfect I had PP I had loved

Future Perfect I will have PP I will have loved

Present 1st/ 2nd

-o -s -t -mus -tis -nt

3rd -o -i-s -i-t -i-mus -i-tis -unt

4th -o -s -t -mus -tis -unt

Imperfect 1st/ 2nd

-ba-m -ba-s -ba-t -ba-mus -ba-tis -ba-nt

3rd/ 4th -e-ba-m -e-ba-s -e-ba-t -e-ba-mus -e-ba-tis -e-ba-nt

Future 1st/ 2nd

-bo -bis -bit -bimus -bitis -bunt

3rd/ 4th -am -es -et -emus -etis -ent

Perfect ALL -i -isti -it -imus -istis -erunt

Pluperfect

ALL -eram -eras -erat -eramus -eratis -erant

Future Perfect

ALL -ero -eris -erit -erimus -eritis -erint

** Imperfect: continuous or incomplete action in the past - translation as Simple Past (I PP, I loved). Perfect: completed action at some definite point of time in the past - translation as Simple Past.

* Present: can be translated as Past Simple when referring to the past (in a story that happened in the past). This means that you will see a verb in the Present tense but you have to translate it as Past Simple (Historic Present).


Passive Voice

Translation of the tenses in Passive voice Tense Translation Example

Present a. is PP, b. is being PP a. is loved, b. is being loved

Imperfect was being PP was being loved

Future will be PP will be loved

Perfect a. was been PP, b. have been PP a. was been loved, b. have been loved

Pluperfect had been PP had been loved

Future Perfect will have been PP will have been loved

Two key-words puella a milite tello necatur. The girl is killed by a soldier with a spear.

Present 1st/ 2nd

-or -ris -tur -mur -mini -ntur

3rd -or -e-ris -i-tur -i-mur -i-mini -u-ntur

Imperfect 1st/ 2nd

-bar -ba-ris -ba-tur -ba-mur -ba-mini -ba-ntur

3rd/ 4th -e-bar -e-ba-ris -e-ba-tur -e-ba-mur -e-ba-mini -e-ba-ntur

Future 1st/ 2nd

-bor -be-ris -bi-tur -bi-mur -bi-mini -buntur

3rd/ 4th -ar -eris -etur -emur -emini -entur

Perfect ALL

supine stem +us, -a, -um sum es est supine stem +i, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

Pluperfect

Future Perfect

4th -or -ris -tur -mur -mini -u-ntur

ALL supine stem +us, -a, -um eram eras erat supine stem +i, -ae, -a eramus eratis erant

ALL supine stem +us, -a, -um ero eris erit supine stem +i, -ae, -a erimus eritis erint

PP: Past participle eg. go-went-gone gone is the PP of the verb go.

agent: the person or animal in ablative case that gives the answer to the question 'by whom' or 'what' the action of the verb is being done (always after the preposition a/ab).

instrument: the thing in ablative case that gives the answer to the question 'with what' (always without preposition).


Deponent verbs Try to remember these four words: Passive Form, Active Meaning. Let's de-code these words now: Passive Form (in a Latin text you will find a verb in the Passive voice), Active Meaning (which you have to translate it as if it was in the Active voice). By learning the principal parts for every verb on the Defined Vocabulary List, you will be able to tell easily if a verb is a deponent one. Principal parts of a deponent verb look like this: sequor, sequi, secutus sum ('I follow', not 'I am followed') Conjugations of deponent verbs

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect conor cona-ris cona-tur cona-mur cona-mini cona-ntur

cona-bar cona-baris cona-batur cona-bamur cona-bamini cona-bantur

cona-bor cona-beris cona-bitur cona-bimur cona-bimini cona-buntur

conatus, -a, -um sum es est conati, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

conatus, -a, -um eram eras erat conati, -ae, -a eramus eratis erant

conatus, -a, -um ero eris erit conati, -ae, -a erimus eritis erunt

Infinitive: conari Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect vide-or vide-ris vide-tur vide-mur vide-mini vide-ntur

vide-bar vide-baris vide-batur vide-bamur vide-bamini vide-bantur

vide-bor vide-beris vide-bitur vide-bimur vide-bimini vide-buntur

visus, -a, -um sum es est visi, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

visus, -a, -um eram eras erat visi, -ae, -a eramus eratis erant

visus, -a, -um ero eris erit visi, -ae, -a erimus eritis erunt

Infinitive: videri Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect loqu-or loqu-eris loqu-itur loqu-imur loqu-imini loqu-untur

loqu-ebar loqu-ebaris loqu-ebatur loqu-ebamur loqu-ebamini loqu-ebantur

loqu-ar loqu-eris loqu-etur loqu-emur loqu-emini loqu-entur

locutus, -a, -um sum es est locuti, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

locutus, -a, -um eram eras erat locuti, -ae, -a eramus eratis erant

locutus, -a, -um ero eris erit locuti, -ae, -a erimus eritis erunt

Infinitive: loqui Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect ori-or ori-ris ori-tur ori-mur ori-mini ori-untur

ori-ebar ori-ebaris ori-ebatur ori-ebamur ori-ebamini ori-ebantur

ori-ar ori-eris ori-etur ori-emur ori-emini ori-entur

ortus, -a, -um sum es est orti, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

ortus, -a, -um eram eras erat orti, -ae, -a eramus eratis erant

ortus, -a, -um ero eris erit orti, -ae, -a erimus eritis erunt

Infinitive: oriri

Do not expect to see a deponent verb in the Active voice (form) and do not attempt to translate it in Passive voice (meaning).


Semi-deponent verbs Semi means that these verbs are neither like regular, nor like deponent verbs. They have their first three tenses (Present, Imperfect, Future) in Active voice (with an Active meaning) and the other three (Perfect, Pluperfect, Future Perfect) in Passive voice (with Active meaning). Again the principal parts can be very useful during the process of recognising and translating them. Principal parts of a semi-deponent verb look like this: gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum (I rejoice) Conjugation of a semi-deponent verb

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect gaudeō gaudēs gaudet gaudēmus gaudētis gaudent

gaudēbam gaudēbās gaudēbat gaudēbāmus gaudēbātis gaudēbant

gaudēbō gaudēbis gaudēbit gaudēbimus gaudēbitis gaudēbunt

gavisus, -a, -um sum es est gavisi, -ae, -a sumus estis sunt

gavisus, -a, -um eram eras erat gavisi, -ae, -a eramus eratis erant

gavisus, -a, -um ero eris erit gavisi, -ae, -a erimus eritis erunt

Irregular verbs

possum, posse, potui: I am able (adjective potis: able + sum: I am, 2 different stems: pos- and pot-) - No Passive Voice

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect pos-sum pot-es pot-est pos-sumus pot-estis pos-sunt

pot-eram pot-eras pot-erat pot-eramus pot-eratis pot-erant

pot-ero pot-eris pot-erit pot-erimus pot-eritis pot-erunt

potu-i potu-isti potu-it potu-imus potu-istis potu-erunt

potu-eram potu-eras potu-erat potu-eramus potu-eratis potu-erant

potu-ero potu-eris potu-erit potu-erimus potu-eritis potu-erint

eo, ire, ii (or ivi), itum: I go (compounds: in-eo: I go in; ex-eo: I go out; ad-eo: I approach; red-eo: I go back, return) - No Passive Voice

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect eo is it imus itis eunt

i-bam i-bas i-bat i-bamus i-batis i-bant

i-bo i-bis i-bit i-bimus i-bitis i-bunt

i-i i-isti i-it i-imus i-istis i-erunt

iv-i iv-isti iv-it iv-imus iv-istis iv-erunt

i-eram i-eras i-erat i-eramus i-eratis i-erant

i-ero i-eris i-erit i-erimus i-eritis i-erint


fero, ferre, tuli, latum: I carry, bear (Passive Voice: feror, ferebar, ferar, latus sum, latus eram, latus ero)

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect fero fers fert ferimus fertis ferunt

fere-bam fere-bas fere-bat fere-bamus fere-batis fere-bant

fer-am fer-es fer-et fer-emus fer-etis fer-ent

tul-i tul-isti tul-it tul-imus tul-istis tul-erunt

tul-eram tul-eras tul-erat tul-eramus tul-eratis tul-erant

tul-ero tul-eris tul-erit tul-erimus tul-eritis tul-erint

volo, velle, volui: I want - No Passive Voice

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect volo vis vult volumus vultis volunt

vole-bam vole-bas vole-bat vole-bamus vole-batis vole-bant

vol-am vol-es vol-et vol-emus vol-etis vol-ent

volu-i volu-isti volu-it volu-imus volu-istis volu-erunt (volu-ere)

volu-eram volu-eras volu-erat volu-eramus volu-eratis volu-erant

volu-ero volu-eris volu-erit volu-erimus volu-eritis volu-erint

nolo, nolle, nolui: I do not want - No Passive Voice

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect nolo non vis non vult nolumus non vultis nolunt

nole-bam nole-bas nole-bat nole-bamus nole-batis nole-bant

nol-am nol-es nol-et nol-emus nol-etis nol-ent

nolu-i nolu-isti nolu-it nolu-imus nolu-istis nolu-erunt

nolu-eram nolu-eras nolu-erat nolu-eramus nolu-eratis nolu-erant

nolu-ero nolu-eris nolu-erit nolu-erimus nolu-eritis nolu-erint

malo, malle, malui: I prefer - No Passive Voice

Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect malo mavis mavult malumus mavultis malunt

male-bam male-bas male-bat male-bamus male-batis male-bant

mal-am mal-es mal-et mal-emus mal-etis mal-ent

malu-i malu-isti malu-it malu-imus malu-istis malu-erunt

malu-eram malu-eras malu-erat malu-eramus malu-eratis malu-erant

malu-ero malu-eris malu-erit malu-erimus malu-eritis malu-erint


Subjunctive When we are not talking about facts or commands, we should use the Subjunctive. So, this mood is about something hypothetical, for a wish, a desire, an imaginary situation or a possibility (something may happen or may not). There are only 4 tenses (Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect) in this mood and you should only be able to recognise and translate correclty a verb in the Subjunctive. Translation of the Subjunctive The way that you will translate this mood depends on how it is being used in the sentence. Usually, it is hiding and waiting to be identified by you in a construction (standard way of forming clauses, usually having as its first word a conjuction). Only then you will be sure about the correct translation of a verb in the Subjunctive. Active Voice

Tense Translation Example Present I may verb I may love

Imperfect I might verb I might love

Future - -

Perfect I may have PP I may have loved

Pluperfect I might have PP I might have loved

Future Perfect -

Passive Voice

Tense Translation Example Present I may be PP I may be loved

Imperfect I might be PP I might be loved

Future - -

Perfect I may have been PP I may have been loved

Pluperfect I might have been PP I might have been loved

Future Perfect -


Imperative The magic word: 'command'. That's a job for the Imperative, the third and the last mood of the verbs. How to form the Imperative?

Conjugation Singular Plural Example 1st present stem present stem + te ama, amate 2nd present stem present stem + te dele, delete 3rd present stem present stem + ite lege, legite 4th present stem present stem + te audi, audite

Irregular verbs in the Imperative

Verb Singular Plural dico dic dicite duco duc ducite facio fac facite fero fer ferte sum es este

The negative version of the Imperative are the prohibitions which can be formed by using two tiny words: noli (for singular) nolite (for plural) eg. noli amare nolite amare Do not love (you, sing.) Do not love (you, pl.)

+ present infinitive

we can not use non for expressing a negative direct command.

present infinitive: 2nd word of the Principal parts

Usually there will be a vocative in your sentence as we give an order to someone by addressing him/ her


Indirect commands If you want to report ('transfer') one's direct command (the exact or actual words) to someone else, then you have to use a verb (the main verb of the sentence) and the verb that was used in the direct command in the Imperfect Subjunctive. Direct command Indirect command The negative version of the indirect commands uses ne instead of ut + non. eg. dux militibus imperavit ne pugnarent. The leader ordered the soldiers not to fight.

verb in the Imperative

Subject + Verb + Object

Example: dux: milites, pugnate! Leader: soldiers, fight!

ut verb in Imperfect Subjunctive

Example: dux militibus imperavit ut pugnarent. The leader ordered the soldiers to fight.

impero has its object in dat. instead of acc. because the meaning is 'I give an order to someone' iubeo uses the infinitive instead of the 'ut+Imperfect Subjunctive'

main clause subordinate clause


Prefixes, suffixes and compound verbs Prefixes are close friends with prepositions. They go in front of a word and change its meaning. Suffixes are tiny words (even some letters) at the end of a word. Compound verbs are verbs starting with a prefix, a preposition that changes the meaning of the verb.

Prefixes Suffixes Compound verbs Prepositions Words/ some letters Suffixes=prepositions

Some of the most common prefixes: a/ab away, from ad to de down, down from e/ ex out of in into, in re back, again trans across

prefix+word

Example: abnormal capable absum

word+suffix prefix+verb

Sometimes, you may have to change slightly the spelling just for not twisting your tongue. ab+fero: aufero re+eo: redeo re+do: reddo


Clauses

Let's put some things in the right place first so we can all understand the meaning of these little words: sentences, clauses and phrases. Sentence: a group of words that makes complete sense, contains a main verb, and begins with a capital letter.

Clause: a group of words that contains a verb. A clause may form part of a sentence (subornidate clause) or it may be a complete sentence in itself (main clause). Phrase: a small group of words that forms a meaningful unit within a clause. For your GCSE in Latin, we could separate the clauses into 7 categories.

Clauses in Latin

Sentence

Clause

OR Clause

Clause

Sentence Phrase

Explanatory clauses quod, quamquam

circumstances, reasons

Cum clauses cum, ubi, quod

when, why sth happened

If clauses (conditionals)

si, nisi If A is true, B will happen

Purpose clauses ut, ne

the aim of an action

Result clauses tam, adeo, tantus, tot, talis, quantus,

quot, qualis outcome of an

action

Relative clauses qui, quae, quod

gives extra information about a

noun/ pronoun

Time clauses dum, ubi, ubi

primum, simulac, simulatque, postquam, priusquam when sth happened


Explanatory clauses Signpost words: quod because quamquam although By using an explanatory clause, you have a very nice description about circumstances and reasons related to the main clause ('The A happened because the B happened' or 'Because of the B happened, the A happened'). quod gives the reason why something happened. quamquam gives the reason why it might have been expected not to.

Cum clauses Signpost words: cum when, since ubi when quod because By using a cum clause, you have the answer to when or why the action of the main clause happened.

If clauses (conditionals) signpost words: si if nisi if not, unless By using an if clause, you set the condition for one action to be done/ completed. In English:

If clause Main clause Time line If A happens, B will happen. Future

If A happened, B would happen. Present If A had happened, B would have happened. Past

signpost words: words that help you to identify the type of the clause at a glance

Danger zone! cum (when, since, although) + Subjunctive cum (when) + Indicative cum (with) + ablative


In Latin:

If clause Main clause Type of conditions Translation Si + Indicative, Indicative simple or factual will Si + Present Subjunctive, Present Subjunctive improbable would/ should Si + Imperfect Subjunctive Si+ Pluperfect Subjunctive

Imperfect Subjunctive Pluperfect Subjunctive

impossible (present)

impossible (past)

would/ should

would/ should

Purpose clauses Signpost words: ut in order to ne in order not to By using a purpose clause, you explain the aim with which an action was being done.

In English In Latin Verb + infinitive (to...) ut + Imperfect Subjunctive

Translation

as an infinitive

if the subject of the purpose clause = the subject of the main clause

Subject A did that to (Subject A) do that. (present infinitive: to do)

in order that/ so that + might/ could + verb

if the subject of the purpose clause is not the same with the subject of the

main clause

Subject A did that in order that Subject B might do that.

Remember: relative pronoun + Imperfect Subjunctive = purpose qui, quae, quod (instead of ut)

Danger zone! purpose clause: intention of an action result clause: outcome of the action

ut + Indicative: as


Relative clauses Signpost words: qui who (masc.) quae who (fem.) quod which (neut.) By using a relative clause, you give more information about a noun or a pronoun that belongs to the main clause. Usually you can find the noun/ pronoun with which the relative clause is linked/ related, before of the relative clause and it is called antecedent.

Noun/ pronoun, qui/ quae/ quod VERB, VERB. Example: miles, qui pugnat in proelio, laetus est. The soldier, who fights in the battle, is happy. Keep in mind that the relative pronoun (qui, quae, quod) must agree with the antecedent in Gender and Number but not necessarily in case as we could translate the pronoun according to its role in the sentence:

Antecedent Relative clause who (nom.) whom (acc.) whose (gen.)

to whom (dat.)

Nominative case

(if it is the subject)

by whom (abl.) Accusative case

(if it is the object) which

To avoid any mistakes while translating the relative clause, it would be easier for you to translate it after you have translated the antecedent.

in all the cases, sing. & pl. (relative pronoun)

Antecedent the noun to which a relative clause refers

Relative clause


Result clauses Signpost words: tam so adeo so much, to such an extent tantus so big tot so many talis such, of such a sort quantus how big? (answer: tantus) quot how many? (answer: tot) qualis what sort? (answer: talis) By using a result clause, you stress the outcome of an action. The way to form a result clause in Latin is the following: signpost word verb + ut verb in Imperfect

You should translate these clauses, using common sense about the tenses of the verbs.

Time clauses Signpost words: dum while ubi when ubi primum as soon as simulac as soon as simulatque as soon as postquam after priusquam before By using a time clause, you express when exactly an action happened. The verb of these sentences is in the Indicative and can be translated very easy. Latin English Remember: dum + Present, Perfect. While + Imperfect, Past Simple. ubi + Future, Future. ubi + Present, Future.

ubi: where (in a question or in a clause about where an action happened)


Participles A participle is an adjective formed from a verb. It shares some characteristics from both the adjectives (endings, gender, number, case) and the verbs (tense). A participle can belong to the Present, the Past (Perfect) and the Future. Present Past (Perfect) Future

Participles Actions Formation Example

Present happening at the same time as the main verb

1st/ 2nd conj.: present stem + -ns 3rd/ 4th conj.:

present stem + -ens

ama-ns loving, while loving

leg-ens reading, while reading

Perfect (passive meaning)

amat-us, -a, -um having been loved

Perfect (active meaning)

happening before the main verb

supine stem + -us, -a, -um conat-us, -a, -um

having tried

Future happening after the

main verb supine stem +

-urus, -ura, -urum amat-urus, -a, -um

about to love

main clause

participle

Declension of participles: Present: 3rd declension, two termination adj. Perfect: adj. in -us, -a, -um Future: adj. in -us, -a, -um

Irregular participle of eo: Present: iens, euntis (going) Perfect: itus Future: iturus

Perfect passive participle (from regular verbs): because it is passive, you may found an agent/ instrument near it. Also, it is better to translate it as a clause starting with when, after, who/ which.

Perfect active participle (from deponent and semi-deponent verbs): it is better to translate it as after doing or when they had done.

Two options for you to translate easier the participle: A. as a subordinate clause B. as a main clause which can be connected with the second main clause using and


Gerundives A gerundive is an adjective formed from a verb and has got similar characteristics with Participles. How to form it?

Conjugations Formation Example

1st/ 2nd present stem + -ndus, -a, -um

port-ndus, -a, -um needing to be loved

dele-ndus, -a, -um needing to be destroyed

3rd/ 4th present stem + -endus, -a, -um

leg-endus, -a, -um needing to be read audi-endus, -a, -um

needing to be heard

How to translate it? The Gerundive has passive meaning (needing to be PP, requiring to be PP, to be PP)

How to identify it easily? Check for (vowel)-nd-(vowel)

How you can find useful the gerundive? A. as an adjective (with the verb to be) - remember the GNC rule B. ad + gerundive: purpose (to...) C. as a neuter noun (with intransitive verbs) - the agent in dat.


Gerunds A gerund is a noun formed by a verb. Be careful! It is not an adjective like Participles and Gerundives. How to form it?

Conjugations Formation Example

1st/ 2nd present stem +

-ndum

ama-ndum loving

dele-ndum destroying

3rd/ 4th present stem +

-endum

leg-endum reading

audi-endum hearing

Can be found in the acc. only after prepositions e.g. ad + gerund: in order to, for the purpose of

Translation acc.: for verb-ing gen.: of verb+ing dat.: to verb+ing abl.: by verb+ing

In Latin, you can not have a gerund in nom. because the infinitive is used for this purpose.

gen. of gerund + causa: for the sake of e.g. legendi causa: for the sake of reading


Ablative absolute The ablative absolute (easy to be identified because of its case) sets the scene in the sentence. It's not just a word in the ablative case but a phrase with a noun or pronoun and participle in the ablative. It is related with the main clause but it is separated from it. It sets the background when the main action of the sentence happens. noun/ pronoun participle in ablative in ablative How to translate it? It depends. You can pick one of the following options: a. with b. as a clause (when, after, while, because, who)

Usually, you will find it with a perfect passive participle. Usually, you will find it at the beginning of the sentences.

In your sentence, if you have a noun in abl. without preposition referring to a person, you may have found an ablative absolute.

main clause


Direct questions Do you like Latin? This is a direct question: someone asks someone about something and at the end of the sentence, there is always a question mark. In Latin, which I am sure you like as a language, there are three possible ways to ask someone about something. With other words to form a question.

Questions in Latin

Indirect questions If you are going to tell to one of your friends the question that you found on the top of the previous page (the direct question: 'Do you like Latin?'), obviously you are not going to say the exact question because then it will be you that will ask them if they like Latin. But your aim is to 'transfer' my question (so, the author is the subject) to them. It will be something like: 'The author of the book asked if I like Latin'. That's an indirect question as someone is transferring someone's else question.

questioning word question mark

-ne nonne/ num

a. questioning word at the beginning of the sentence with a question mark at the end b. just a question mark (without a questioning word)

add -ne at the end of the first word of the sentence

nonne (yes) num (no)

at the beginning of the sentence when the person that asks, expect a positive answer (yes)

at the beginning of the sentence when the person that asks, expect a negative answer (no)

Some questioning words cur: why? qualis: what kind of? quam: how? quantus: how big? quid: what? quo: where to? quot: how many? Some questioning words: quis: who? ubi: where? unde: where from?

At the end of a question, you sould always use/ find a question mark. num (direct question): surely not?


Direct question Indirect question Be careful! Remember the word 'back'. When we form a question and we ask someone, immediately, this question belongs to the past - it does not belong in the Present anymore! So, this is why we have to go back one tense, as in English language concerning the indirect questions.

Direct question Indirect question Verb of the Main clause Verb of the subordinate clause

Present Past Imperfect Subjunctive Past Past Pluperfect Subjunctive

e.g. Direct question Present? dux: cur pugnatis? Leader: why do you fight? Indirect question Past + Imperfect Subjunctive. dux rogavi milites cur pugnarent. The leader asked the soldiers why they fight. Direct question Past? dux: cur pugnaverunt? Leader: Why have you fought? Indirect question Past + Pluperfect Subjunctive. dux milites rogavit cur pugnavissent. The leader asked the soldiers why they had fought.

Subject + Verb in Past + Object

Example: dux: cur pugnatis? Leader: why do you fight?

verb in Imperfect Subjunctive or verb in Pluperfect Subjunctive Example: dux milites rogavit cur pugnarent.

The leader asked the soldiers why they fight.

main clause subordinate clause

verb in the Indicative + ?

num (indirect question): whether, if

all the questioning words can be used in the indirect questions

utrum...an: whether...or


Indirect speech The indirect speech is similar with the indirect questions. We have someone transferring the words of someone else but without a question mark. So, we are talking about statements, sentences with a verb giving us an information without asking (question) or ordering (command). In English In Latin All the infinitives and how you should translate them...

Conj. Present active infinitive

Present passive infinitive

Perfect active infinitive

Perfect passive infinitive

Future active infinitive

1st amare to love

amari to be loved

amavisse to have loved

amatum esse to have been loved

amaturum esse to be going to love

2nd delere to destroy

deleri to be destroyed

delevisse to have destroyed

deletum esse to have been destroyed

deleturum esse to be going to destroy

3rd legere to read

legi to be read

legisse to have read

lectum esse to have been read

lecturum esse to be going to read

4th audire to hear

audiri to be heard

audivisse to have heard

auditum esse to have been heard

auditurum esse to be going to hear

How are you going to translate the infinitive correcly? By checking the introductory verb and figuring out the tense of the verb in the direct speech (the original statement).

Introductory verb Infinitive Translation of the infinitive

Present Present Perfect Future

Present Perfect Future

Present Imperfect tense Perfect Pluperfect tense Past Future was/ were going to

Subject + verb

Subject + verb

The construction of the indirect speech in Latin is always the same: acc.+infinitive

Subject + verb (that) Indirect statement

accusative + infinitive verb of the main clause: introductory verb

Last 3: you must go back one tense (original verb translated as infinitive)

Introductory verb in the passive voice: subject in nom.


Time expressions Definitely time is money and you should know how to express it in Latin if you want to avoid any mistakes. The big picture is that we never use a preposition but only two cases the accusative (duration) and the ablative (specific time-we know exactly when happened).

Past Present Future Time line

As for the details, you can find everything on this table:

Accusative (duration)

Ablative (specific time)

How long When How long ago (adverb hinc) Within which

During which How long before (adverb ante) How long after (adverb post)

Duration

Specific time

The adverbs ante or post usually come after at least one of the relevant words in the ablative.


Numerals There is one simple rule when calculating Roman numerals: you must subtract the smaller number before a bigger number and you must add the smaller number in front of a bigger number. We can have the numerals as: Arabic, Roman, cardinals, ordinals.

Arabic numbers

Latin numerals

Cardinals Ordinals Arabic

numbers Latin numerals

Cardinals

0 - nihil - 30 XXX triginta 1 I unus primus, -a, -um 40 XL quadraginta

2 II duo secundus, -a, -um 50 L quinquaginta 3 III tres tertius, -a, -um 60 LX sexaginta 4 IV quattuor quartus, -a, -um 70 LXX septuaginta

5 V quinque quintus, -a, -um 80 LXXX octoginta 6 VI sex sextus, -a, -um 90 XC nonaginta 7 VII septem septimus, -a, -um 100 C centum

8 VIII octo octavus, -a, -um 200 CC ducenti 9 IX novem nonus, -a, -um 300 CCC trecenti 10 X decem decimus, -a, -um 400 CD quadringenti 11 XI undecim 500 D quingenti

12 XII duodecim 600 DC sescenti 13 XIII tredecim 700 DCC septingenti 14 XIV quattuordecim 800 DCCC octingenti

15 XV quindecim 900 CM nongenti 16 XVI sedecim 1000 M mille 17 XVII septendecim

18 XVIII duodeviginti 19 XIX undeviginti 20 XX viginti

XVIII

10 + 8 = 18

IX

1-10 = 10-1 = 9

0, 1, 2, 3, 4 etc.

I, II, III, IV etc.

one, two, three etc.

first, second, third etc.

Ordinals decline line the adjectives in -us, -a, -um. Don't forget the GNC rule!

Cardinals: only unus, duo and tres can be declined. mille can be declined only in plural: NOM. milia/ millia VOC. milia/ millia ACC. milia/ millia GEN. milium/ millium DAT. milibus/ millibus ABL. milibus/ millibus


Now, treat yourself to a biscuit! Keep revising and good luck for your GCSE exams!


OCR Level 1/2 GCSE (9-1) in Latin - J282 (Spec. 2016) Defined Vocabulary List NOUNS 1st declension Masculine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae)

nauta, -ae: sailor

Feminine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae)

ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, slave-woman aqua, -ae: water cena, -ae: dinner, meal copiae, -arum, pl.: troops, forces cura, -ae: care, worry dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insula, -ae: island, block of flats ira, -ae: anger patria, -ae: country, homeland pecunia, -ae: money poena, -ae: punishment porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl regina, -ae: queen Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land, country turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way victoria, -ae: victory villa, -ae: house, country villa vita, -ae: life

2nd declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i)

amicus, -i: friend animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year captivus, captivi: captive, prisoner cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.) dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) gladius, -i: sword hortus, horti: garden inimicus, -i: enemy liberi, liberorum pl.: children libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place maritus, -i: husband modus, -i: manner, way, kind murus, -i: wall nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)

Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i)

-

Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -er, Gen. -i)

Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy Like ager, agri ager, agri, m.: field liber, libri, m.: book pater, patris, m.: father


Neuter (Nom. -um, Gen. -i)

arma, armorum, pl.: arms, weapons auxilium, auxilii: help bellum, -i: war caelum, -i: sky, heaven castra, castrorum, pl.: camp consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present forum, -i: forum, market place gaudium, -i: joy, pleasure imperium, -i: empire, power, command periculum, periculi: danger praemium, -i: prize, reward, profit proelium, -i: battle regnum, -i: kingdom templum, -i: temple verbum, -i: word vinum, -i: wine

3rd declension Masculine

Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise comes, comitis, c.: comrade, companion consul, consulis: consul custos, custodis, c.: guard dux, ducis: leader frater, fratris: brother homo, hominis: man, human being imperator, imperatoris: emperor, general, leader labor, laboris: work, toil miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain pes, pedis: foot princeps, principis: chief, emperor rex, regis: king sanguis, sanguinis: blood senator, senatoris: senator senex, senis: old man

Non-increasing civis, civis, c.: citizen hostis, hostis: enemy iuvenis, iuvenis: young man

Feminine

Increasing ars, artis: art, skill gens, gentis: family, tribe, race, people legio, legionis: legion lux, lucis: light, daylight mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace tempestas, tempestatis: storm urbs, urbis: city, town uxor, uxoris: wife virtus, virtutis: courage, virtue vox, vocis: voice, shout Non-increasing navis, navis: ship

Neuter

Increasing caput, caputis: head corpus, corporis: body flumen, fluminis: river iter, itineris: journey mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name scelus, sceleris: crime tempus, temporis: time vulnus, vulneris: wound Non-increasing -


4th declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us)

exercitus, -us: army

Feminine (Nom. -us, Gen. -us)

domus, domūs (irreg.): home (domi: at home) manus, -us: hand, group of people

Neuter (Nom. -u, Gen. -us)

-

5th declension Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -es, Gen. -ei) Masculine Feminine diēs, diēī: day (fem. if an appointed day)

res, -ei: thing, matter, event spes, spei: hope

ADJECTIVES Adjectives in -us, -a, -um

altus, alta, altum: high, deep bonus, bona, bonum: good ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others clarus, clara, clarum: famous, clear dirus, dira, dirum: dreadful iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy lentus, lenta, lentum: slow longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great malus, mala, malum: evil, bad medius, media, medium: middle multus, multa, multum: much, many nonnulli, nonnulae, nonnulla: some, several novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified

primus, prima, primum: first proximus, proxima, proxima: nearest, next to quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much? Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel scelestus, scelesta, scelestum: wicked solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of) tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great totus, tota, totum: whole validus, valida, validum: strong

Adjectives in -er

Like puer, pueri miser, misera, miserum: miserable, wretched, sad Like ager, agri pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, handsome sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred


Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives brevis, brevis, breve: short, brief crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal fortis, fortis, forte: brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious omnis, omnis, omne: all, every qualis? qualis? quale? what sort of? talis, talis, tale: such, of such a kind tristis, tristis, triste: sad


One termination adjectives audax, audax, audax (gen. audacis): bold, daring diligens, diligens, diligens (gen. diligentis): careful felix, felix, felix (gen. felicis): fortunate, happy ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious infelix, infelix, infelix (gen. infelicis): unlucky, unhappy ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge quot? how many? tot: so many

PRONOUNS

Indefinite alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, one (of two), the second (of two) quidam, quaedam, quoddam: one, a certain, some quis? quis? quid? who? what? Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative is, ea, id: this, this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this, he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that, he, she, it Definite īdem, eadem, idem: the same Intensive ipse, ipsa, ipsum: himself, herself, itself, themselves Possessive meus, mea, meum: my

noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (sing.), yours vester, vestra, vestrum: your (pl.), yours Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing

ADVERBS

adeo: so much, so greatly, to such an extent antea: before bene: well cras: tomorrow cur? why? deinde: then diu: for a long time ecce! look! etiam: also, even forte: by chance frustra: in vain heri: yesterday hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there igitur: therefore, and so interea: meanwhile ita: in this way, to such an extent, so itaque: and so, therefore iterum: again libenter: willingly, gladly maxime: very greatly minime: very little, least, no mox: soon multo: much non: not nonne? surely? num: whether num...? surely not? whether


numquam: never nunc: now olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly postea: afterwards postridie: on the next day primo: at first prope+acc.: near propter+acc.: on account of, because of quam+superlative adverb: as…as possible quam: than, how...? how…! quando? when? quo? to where? quomodo? how? quoque: also, too

saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way simul: at the same time simulac, simulatque: as soon as statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where? where, when umquam: ever unde? from where? vehementer: violently, loudly

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, away from, by (as prefix: away) ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) to, towards, at circum+acc. around contra+acc. against cum when, since cum+abl. with de+abl. from, down from, about e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, out of, out in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in, on in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) into, onto inter+acc. among, between per+acc. through, along post+acc. after, behind pro+abl. in front of, for, in return for sine+abl. without sub+acc./ abl. under, beneath trans+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) across

CONJUNCTIONS ac, atque and alii...alii some...others dum while, until enim for et and, even


et...et both... and nam for ne+subj. that...not, so that...not, that, lest nec, neque and not, nor, neither nisi unless, except postquam after, when quamquam although -que and quod because sed but si if ut (indecl.+subj.) that, so that, in order that ut (indecl.+indic.) as, when

VERBS

1st conjugation aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum build ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum walk amo, amare, amavi, amatum love, like appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum approach, come near to celo, celare, celavi, celatum hide clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum shout cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum think, consider exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum wait for, expect festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum hurry habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum live impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum+dat. order, command intro, intrare, intravi, intratum enter invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum invite laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum work, toil (limited PV) lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum weep, cry laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum praise libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum set free narro, narrare, narravi, narratum tell, relate navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum sail neco, necare, necavi, necatum kill nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum announce, report oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum attack oro, orare, oravi, oratum beg paro, parare, paravi, paratum prepare, provide porto, portare, portavi, portatum carry, bear, take


pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum fight puto, putare, putavi, putatum think rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum ask, ask for saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum greet servo, servare, servavi, servatum save, protect, keep specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum look at, watch spero, sperare, speravi, speratum hope, expect sto, stare, steti, statum stand (impersonal in PV) supero, superare, superavi, superatum overcome, overpower voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum call vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum wound, injure

2nd conjugation debeo, debēre, debui, debitum owe, ought, should, must deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum destroy doceo, docēre, docui, doctum teach faveo, favēre, favi+dat., fautum favour, support habeo, habēre, habui, habitum have, hold iaceo, iacēre, iacui, iacitum lie (positional) iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum order maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum remain, stay moneo, monēre, monui, monitum warn, advise moveo, movēre, movi, motum move persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum persuade respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum reply (impersonal in PV) rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum laugh, smile sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum sit taceo, tacēre, tacui, tacitum be silent, be quiet teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum hold terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum frighten timeo, timēre, timui fear, be afraid (no PV) video, vidēre, vidi, visum see

3rd conjugation accido, accidere, accidi happen (no Passive Voice) ago, agere, egi, actum do, act, drive ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum climb bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum drink cado, cadere, cecidi, casum fall cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum get to know, find out cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum force, compel


constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum decide consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum eat credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. believe, trust curro, currere, cucurri, cursum run defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum defend descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum go down, come down dico, dicere, dixi, dictum say, speak, tell discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum depart, leave duco, ducere, duxi, ductum lead, take emo, emere, emi, emptum buy gero, gerere, gessi, gestum wear (clothes), wage (war) incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum burn, set on fire intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum understand, realise lego, legere, legi, lectum read, choose mitto, mittere, misi, missum send occido, occidere, occidi, occasum kill opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum crush, overwhelm ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum show pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum drive peto, petere, petivi, petitum make for, seek, beg/ ask for pono, ponere, posui, positum put, place, set up procedo, procedere, processi, processum advance, proceed promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum promise quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum search for, look for, ask reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum give back, restore rego, regere, rexi, rectum rule relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum leave, leave behind resisto, resistere, restiti+dat. resist (no PV) scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum write surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum get up, stand up, rise tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum raise, lift up, hold up trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum hand over, hand down traho, trahere, traxi, tractum drag vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum sell verto, vertere, verti, versum turn vinco, vincere, vici, victum conquer, win, be victorious vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum live, be alive

4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum arrive (impersonal in the PV) audio, audire, audivi, auditum hear, listen to convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum come together, gather, meet


custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditum guard dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum sleep invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum find nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum not know punio, punire, punivi, punitum punish scio, scire, scivi, scitum know sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum feel, notice venio, venire, veni, ventum come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum accept, take in, receive capio, capere, cepi, captum take, catch, capture, make (a plan) conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum finish, wear out conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum catch sight of, notice cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum want, desire effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum escape facio, facere, feci, factum make, do (irreg. PV) fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum run away, flee iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum throw interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum kill rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum seize, grab

Deponent verbs conor, conari, conatus sum try egredior, egredi, egressus sum go out (mixed conj. & deponent verb) hortor, hortari, hortatus sum encourage, urge ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum enter (mixed conj. & deponent verb) loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak, talk miror, mirari, miratus sum wonder at, admire morior, mori, mortuus sum die (mixed conj. & deponent verb) patior, pati, passus sum suffer, endure (mixed conj. & deponent) proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum set out progredior, progredi, progressus sum advance (mixed conj. & deponent verb)

regredior, regredi, regressus sum go back, return (mixed & deponent verb) sequor, sequi, secutus sum follow videor, videri, visus sum seem, appear


Semi-deponent verbs audeo, audēre, ausus sum dare gaudeo, gaudēre, gavisus sum be pleased, rejoice soleo, solēre, solitus sum be accustomed

Irregular verbs absum, abesse, afui be absent, be away, be distant from adsum, adesse, adfui be here, be present aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum take away, carry off, steal do, dare, dedi, datum give poenas do, dare, dedi, datum pay the penalty, be punished eo, ire, i(v)i, itum go fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum bring, carry, bear malo, malle, malui prefer nolo, nolle, nolui not want, refuse (no PV) offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum offer pereo, perire, perii, peritum die, perish possum, posse, potui can, be able (no PV) redeo, redire, redii, reditum go back, come back, return refero, referre, rettuli, relatum bring/ carry back, report, tell sum, esse, fui be volo, velle, volui want, wish, be willing (no PV)

Defective verbs coepi, coepisse, coeptum began (past tenses only) inquit say, said -ne introduces question re- (prefix used with verbs) back


WJEC Eduqas GCSE (9-1) in Latin (Spec. 2016) Defined Vocabulary List

NOUNS 1st declension Masculine (Nom. -a, Gen. -ae)

nauta, -ae: sailor


ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, maid-servant aqua, -ae: water cena, -ae: dinner, meal cura, -ae: care, worry dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insula, -ae: island, block of flats ira, -ae: anger pecunia, -ae: money poena, -ae: punishment porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl regina, -ae: queen Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood, forest taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way villa, -ae: house, country house vita, -ae: life


amicus, -i: friend

animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.) dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) gladius, -i: sword hortus, horti: garden legatus, -i: commander liberi, liberorum pl.: children libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place maritus, -i: husband modus, -i: manner, way, kind murus, -i: wall nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)


-


Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy Like ager, agri pater, patris, m.: father


bellum, -i: war caelum, -i: sky, heaven consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present forum, -i: forum, market place imperium, -i: empire, power, command periculum, periculi: danger praemium, -i: prize, reward, profit


signum, -i: sign, signal, seal templum, -i: temple verbum, -i: word vestimenta, vestimentorum pl.: clothes vinum, -i: wine


Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise comes, comitis, c.: comrade, companion custos, custodis, c.: guard dux, ducis: leader frater, fratris: brother homo, hominis: man, human being imperator, imperatoris: emperor, commander labor, laboris: work miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain pes, pedis: foot, paw princeps, principis: chief, chieftain, emperor rex, regis: king sanguis, sanguinis: blood senator, senatoris: senator senex, senis: old; old man Non-increasing canis, canis: dog civis, civis, c.: citizen hostis, hostis: enemy ignis, ignis: fire iuvenis, iuvenis: young; young man

Feminine

Increasing legio, legionis: legion lux, lucis: light, daylight mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night

pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace soror, sororis: sister urbs, urbis: city uxor, uxoris: wife vox, vocis: voice, shout Non-increasing navis, navis: ship

Neuter

Increasing caput, caputis: head corpus, corporis: body flumen, fluminis: river iter, itineris: journey, route, way mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name tempus, temporis: time vulnus, vulneris: wound Non-increasing -


vultus, vultus: expression, face


domus, domūs (irreg.): house, home (domi: at home) manus, -us: hand, group of people


-


res, -ei: thing, business, matter spes, spei: hope



altus, alta, altum: high, deep benignus, benigna, benignum: kind bonus, bona, bonum: good carus, cara, carum: dear ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others dirus, dira, dirum: dreadful durus, dura, durum: hard, harsh iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy latus, lata, latum: wide longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great malus, mala, malum: evil, bad medius, media, medium: middle, middle of multus, multa, multum: much, many novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified plenus, plena, plenum: full primus, prima, primum: first proximus, proxima, proxima: nearest, next to quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much? Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of) tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great, so much totus, tota, totum: whole tutus, tuta, tutum: safe unus, una, unum: one verus, vera, verum: true, real vivus, viva, vivum: alive, living

Adjectives in -er



Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives brevis, brevis, breve: short, brief crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal fortis, fortis, forte : brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious omnis, omnis, omne: all, every qualis? qualis? quale? what sort of? talis, talis, tale: such tristis, tristis, triste: sad One termination adjectives audax, audax, audax (gen. audacis): bold, daring dives, dives, dives (gen. divitis): rich ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious infelix, infelix, infelix (gen. infelicis): unlucky, unhappy ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge quot? how many? necesse (adj., indecl.): necessary tot: so many


Adjectives - Comparatives and Superlatives

maior, maior, maius bigger, larger, greater (irregular comparative of magnus) maximus, maxima, maximum (superlative of magnus) the biggest, the greatest, very big, very great

melior, melior, melius better (irregular comparative of bonus) minor, minor, minus smaller, less (irregular comparative of parvus) minimus, minima, minimum (superlative of parvus) very little, very small optimus, optima, optimum (superlative of bonus) the best, very good, excellent peior, peior, peius worse (irregular comparative of malus) pessimus, pessima, pessimum (superlative of malus) the worst, very bad plus, pluris more (irregular comparative of multus)

PRONOUNS

Indefinite aliquis, aliquis, aliquid: someone, something alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, the second of two quis? quis? quid? who? what?

Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this; he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that; he, she, it Possessive meus, mea, meum: my noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (sing.), yours vester, vestra, vestrum: your (plural), yours Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing

ADVERBS

adeo: so much, so greatly antea: before bene: well cur? why? deinde: then diu: for a long time etiam: also, even forte: by chance frustra: in vain heri: yesterday hic: here hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there igitur: therefore, and so interea: meanwhile ita: in this way, so itaque: and so, therefore iterum: again


lente: slowly libenter: willingly, gladly magnopere: greatly, very much minime: very little, least, no mox: soon multo, multum: much non: not nonne? surely? num: whether num...? surely… not? numquam: never nunc: now olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly postea: afterwards postridie: on the next day prope+acc.: near propter+acc.: because of quam: than, how...? how...!

quo? where to? quo modo? how? in what way? quoque: also, too saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way sicut: just as, like simulac, simulatque: as soon as statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where, when, where? umquam: ever unde: from where vehementer: violently, loudly, strongly vix: scarcely, hardly, with difficulty

NUMERALS centum: hundred decem: ten duo, duae, duo: two mille, pl. milia: thousand novem: nine octo: eight quattuor: four quinque: five septem: seven sex: six tres, tria: three

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, by (as prefix: away) ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) to, towards, at ante+acc. before, in front of apud+acc. among, with, at the house of circum+acc. around contra+acc. against


cum+abl. (as prefix col-/ com-/ con-/ cor-) with (as a prefix: together) cum when, since de+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, down from; about (as prefix: down) e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, out of (as prefix: out, away) in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in, on in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) into, onto inter+acc. among, between per+acc. through, along post+acc. after, behind pro+abl. in front of, for, in return for (as prefix: forwards) sine+abl. without sub+acc./ abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) under, beneath (as prefix: under, up to) trans+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) across CONJUNCTIONS ac, atque and aut...aut either...or dum while, until enim for et and nam for ne that...not, so that...not nec...nec neither...nor neque...neque neither...nor postquam after, when quamquam although -que (added to end of a word) and quod because sed but si if ut (indecl.+indic.) as ut (indecl.+subjunc.) that, so that, in order that

VERBS

1st conjugation adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutum help ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum walk amo, amare, amavi, amatum love, like appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum approach, come near to celo, celare, celavi, celatum hide


clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum shout cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum think, consider curo, curare, curavi, curatum look after, care for, supervise despero, desperare, desperavi, desperatum despair exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum wait for festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum hurry habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum live impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum+dat. order, command intro, intrare, intravi, intratum enter laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum work (limited PV) lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum weep, cry laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum praise libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum free, set free narro, narrare, narravi, narratum tell, relate navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum sail neco, necare, necavi, necatum kill nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum announce oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum attack, assault oro, orare, oravi, oratum beg paro, parare, paravi, paratum prepare porto, portare, portavi, portatum carry postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatum demand pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum fight puto, putare, putavi, putatum think rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum ask, ask for saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum greet servo, servare, servavi, servatum save, look after specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum look at, watch sto, stare, steti, statum stand (impersonal in PV) supero, superare, superavi, superatum overcome, overpower voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum call

2nd conjugation appareo, apparēre, apparui, apparitum appear debeo, debēre, debui, debitum owe, ought, should, must deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum destroy habeo, habēre, habui, habitum have iaceo, iacēre, iacui, iacitum lie (positional) iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum order maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum remain, stay pareo, parēre, parui+dat., paritum obey persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum persuade


placeo, placēre, placui+dat., placitum please praebeo, praebēre, praebui, praebitum provide respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum reply (impersonal in PV) rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum laugh, smile sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum sit taceo, tacēre, tacui, tacitum be silent, be quiet teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum hold terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum frighten timeo, timēre, timui fear, be afraid (no PV) video, vidēre, vidi, visum see

3rd conjugation accido, accidere, accidi happen (no Passive Voice) ago, agere, egi, actum do, act, drive bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum drink cado, cadere, cecidi, casum fall cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum get to know, find out, learn cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum force, compel constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum decide consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum eat credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. believe, trust, have faith in curro, currere, cucurri, cursum run dico, dicere, dixi, dictum say discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum depart, leave duco, ducere, duxi, ductum lead, take emo, emere, emi, emptum buy frango, frangere, fregi, fractum break gero, gerere, gessi, gestum wear (clothes), wage (war) incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum burn, set on fire intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum understand, realise lego, legere, legi, lectum read, choose mitto, mittere, misi, missum send occido, occidere, occidi, occasum kill ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum show peto, petere, petivi, petitum make for, attack, seek, beg, ask for pono, ponere, posui, positum put, place, put up procedo, procedere, processi, processum advance, proceed promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum promise quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum search for, look for, ask reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum give back, restore relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum leave, leave behind resisto, resistere, restiti+dat. resist (no PV)


scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum write surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum get up, stand up, rise tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum raise, lift up trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum hand over traho, trahere, traxi, tractum drag, draw, pull vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum sell vinco, vincere, vici, victum conquer, win, be victorious vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum live, be alive

4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum arrive (impersonal in the PV) aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum open audio, audire, audivi, auditum hear, listen to dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum sleep invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum find nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum not know scio, scire, scivi, scitum know sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum feel, notice venio, venire, veni, ventum come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum accept, take in, receive capio, capere, cepi, captum capture, adopt (a plan), take, catch conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum finish; wear out, exhaust conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum catch sight of, notice cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum want, desire effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum escape facio, facere, feci, factum make, do (irreg. PV) fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum run away, flee iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum throw rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum seize, grab

Deponent verbs conor, conari, conatus sum try egredior, egredi, egressus sum go out (mixed conj. & deponent verb) ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum enter (mixed conj. & deponent verb) loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak morior, mori, mortuus sum die (mixed conj. & deponent verb) progredior, progredi, progressus sum advance (mixed conj. & deponent verb) regredior, regredi, regressus sum go back, return (mixed & deponent verb)


sequor, sequi, secutus sum follow

Semi-deponent verbs -

Irregular verbs absum, abesse, afui be out, be absent, be away adsum, adesse, adfui be here, be present aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum take away, carry off, steal do, dare, dedi, datum give poenas do, dare, dedi, datum pay the penalty, be punished eo, ire, i(v)i, itum go fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum bring, carry nolo, nolle, nolui not want, refuse (no PV) offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum offer pereo, perire, perii, peritum die, perish possum, posse, potui can, be able (no PV) redeo, redire, redii, reditum go back, come back, return refero, referre, rettuli, relatum bring/ carry back; report, tell sum, esse, fui be volo, velle, volui want (no PV)

Defective verbs coepi, coepisse, coeptum began (past tenses only) inquit say, said ita vero yes -ne (added to end of a word) introduces question re- (prefix used with verbs) back


OCR GCSE in Latin Unit A401 - Foundation & Higher Tier (Spec. 2012) Defined Vocabulary List


nauta, -ae: sailor


ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, slave-woman aqua, -ae: water cena, -ae: dinner, meal dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insula, -ae: island, block of flats pecunia, -ae: money porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land, country turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way villa, -ae: house, country villa vita, -ae: life


amicus, -i: friend animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.)

dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) hortus, horti: garden libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)


-


Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy Like ager, agri liber, libri, m.: book pater, patris, m.: father


auxilium, auxilii: help caelum, -i: sky, heaven consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present forum, -i: forum, market place periculum, periculi: danger templum, -i: temple vinum, -i: wine


Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise frater, fratris: brother


homo, hominis: man, human being leo, leonis: lion mercator, mercatoris: merchant miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain rex, regis: king senator, senatoris: senator senex, senis: old man Non-increasing canis, canis, c.: dog civis, civis, c.: citizen iuvenis, iuvenis: young man

Feminine

Increasing ars, artis: art, skill mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace urbs, urbis: city, town uxor, uxoris: wife vox, vocis: voice, shout Non-increasing navis, navis: ship

Neuter

Increasing caput, caputis: head iter, itineris: journey mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name Non-increasing -


-


-


-

5th declension Masculine & Feminine (Nom. -es, Gen. -ei) Masculine Feminine -

-


bonus, bona, bonum: good ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy lentus, lenta, lentum: slow longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great medius, media, medium: middle multus, multa, multum: much, many novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified primus, prima, primum: first quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much? Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of)


tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great totus, tota, totum: whole

Adjectives in -er

Like puer, pueri miser, misera, miserum: miserable, wretched, sad Like ager, agri pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, handsome


Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal fortis, fortis, forte : brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious omnis, omnis, omne: all, every tristis, tristis, triste: sad One termination adjectives ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge quot? how many?

PRONOUNS

Indefinite alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, the second of two quis? quis? quid? who? what?

Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this, he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that, he, she, it Intensive ipse, ipsa, ipsum: himself, herself, itself, themselves Possessive meus, mea, meum: my noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (sing.), yours Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing tot: so many

ADVERBS

bene: well cur? why? deinde: then diu: for a long time ecce! see! look! etiam: also, even heri: yesterday hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there igitur: therefore, and so ita: in this way, to such an extent, so itaque: and so, therefore minime: very little, least, no mox: soon


non: not nonne? surely? num...? surely… not? numquam: never nunc: now olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly prope+acc.: near quam: than quam? quam! how…? how…! quo? to where? quomodo? how?

quoque: also, too saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where? where, when vehementer: violently, loudly

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, away from, by ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) to, towards, at circum+acc. around cum when, since cum+abl. with de+abl. from, down from, about e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, out of, out in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in, on in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) into, onto inter+acc. among, between per+acc. through, along post+acc. after, behind pro+abl. in front of, for, in return for sub+acc./ abl. under, beneath

CONJUNCTIONS ac, atque and et and nam for ne+subjunctive that...not, so that...not, lest nec, neque and not, nor, neither postquam after, when quamquam although -que and quod because sed but si if


ut (indecl.+subjunc.) that, so that, in order that

VERBS

1st conjugation aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum build ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum walk amo, amare, amavi, amatum love, like appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum+dat. approach, come near to clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum shout exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum wait for festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum hurry habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum live intro, intrare, intravi, intratum enter invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum invite laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum work (limited PV) lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum weep, cry laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum praise libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum set free narro, narrare, narravi, narratum tell, relate navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum sail neco, necare, necavi, necatum kill nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum announce paro, parare, paravi, paratum prepare porto, portare, portavi, portatum carry pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum fight rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum ask, ask for saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum greet servo, servare, servavi, servatum save, protect, keep specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum look at, watch sto, stare, steti, statum stand (impersonal in PV) supero, superare, superavi, superatum overcome, overpower voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum call

2nd conjugation debeo, debēre, debui, debitum owe, ought, should, must deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum destroy doceo, docēre, docui, doctum teach habeo, habēre, habui, habitum have iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum order maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum remain, stay


persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum persuade respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum reply (impersonal in PV) rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum laugh, smile sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum sit teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum hold terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum frighten timeo, timēre, timui fear, be afraid (no PV) video, vidēre, vidi, visum see

3rd conjugation ago, agere, egi, actum do, act, drive ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum climb bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum drink cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum get to know, find out constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum decide consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum eat credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. believe, trust curro, currere, cucurri, cursum run descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum go down, come down dico, dicere, dixi, dictum say discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum depart, leave duco, ducere, duxi, ductum lead, take emo, emere, emi, emptum buy intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum understand, realise lego, legere, legi, lectum read, choose mitto, mittere, misi, missum send ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum show peto, petere, petivi, petitum make for, seek, beg/ ask for pono, ponere, posui, positum put, place, put up promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum promise quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum search for, look for, ask relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum leave, leave behind scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum write surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum get up, stand up, rise trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum hand over traho, trahere, traxi, tractum drag vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum sell vinco, vincere, vici, victum conquer, win, be victorious vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum live, be alive


4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum arrive (impersonal in the PV) audio, audire, audivi, auditum hear, listen to convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum come together, gather, meet custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditum guard dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum sleep invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum find punio, punire, punivi, punitum punish scio, scire, scivi, scitum know sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum feel, notice venio, venire, veni, ventum come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum accept, take in, receive capio, capere, cepi, captum take, catch, capture conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum catch sight of, notice cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum want, desire effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum escape facio, facere, feci, factum make, do (irreg. PV) fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum run away, flee

Irregular verbs do, dare, dedi, datum give eo, ire, i(v)i, itum go fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum bring, carry, bear nolo, nolle, nolui not want, refuse (no PV) pereo, perire, perii, peritum die, perish possum, posse, potui can, be able (no PV) redeo, redire, redii, reditum go back, come back, return sum, esse, fui be volo, velle, volui want (no PV) inquit he/ she says, he/ she said -ne introduces question re- (prefix used with verbs) back salve! (sing.) salvete! (plural) hello! vale! (sing) valete! (plural) goodbye, farewell!


OCR GCSE in Latin Unit A402 - Foundation & Higher Tier (Spec. 2012) Defined Vocabulary List


nauta, -ae: sailor


ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, slave-woman aqua, -ae: water cena, -ae: dinner, meal copiae, -arum, pl.: troops, forces cura, -ae: care, worry dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insula, -ae: island, block of flats ira, -ae: anger patria, -ae: country, homeland pecunia, -ae: money poena, -ae: punishment porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl regina, -ae: queen Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land, country turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way victoria, -ae: victory villa, -ae: house, country villa vita, -ae: life


amicus, -i: friend animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year captivus, captivi: captive, prisoner cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.) dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) gladius, -i: sword hortus, horti: garden inimicus, -i: enemy liberi, liberorum pl.: children libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place maritus, -i: husband modus, -i: manner, way, kind murus, -i: wall nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)


-


Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy Like ager, agri ager, agri, m.: field liber, libri, m.: book pater, patris, m.: father



arma, armorum, pl.: arms, weapons auxilium, auxilii: help bellum, -i: war caelum, -i: sky, heaven castra, castrorum, pl.: camp consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present forum, -i: forum, market place gaudium, -i: joy, pleasure imperium, -i: empire, power, command periculum, periculi: danger praemium, -i: prize, reward, profit proelium, -i: battle regnum, -i: kingdom signum, -i: sign, signal, standard templum, -i: temple verbum, -i: word vinum, -i: wine


Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise comes, comitis, c.: comrade, companion consul, consulis: consul custos, custodis, c.: guard dux, ducis: leader frater, fratris: brother homo, hominis: man, human being imperator, imperatoris: emperor, general, leader labor, laboris: work leo, leonis: lion mercator, mercatoris: merchant miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain pes, pedis: foot princeps, principis: chief, emperor rex, regis: king sanguis, sanguinis: blood senator, senatoris: senator

senex, senis: old man Non-increasing canis, canis, c. : dog civis, civis, c.: citizen hostis, hostis: enemy iuvenis, iuvenis: young man

Feminine

Increasing ars, artis: art, skill gens, gentis: family, tribe, race, people legio, legionis: legion lux, lucis: light, daylight mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace tempestas, tempestatis: storm urbs, urbis: city, town uxor, uxoris: wife virtus, virtutis: courage, virtue vox, vocis: voice, shout Non-increasing navis, navis: ship

Neuter

Increasing caput, caputis: head corpus, corporis: body flumen, fluminis: river iter, itineris: journey, route, way mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name scelus, sceleris: crime tempus, temporis: time vulnus, vulneris: wound Non-increasing -



exercitus, -us: army portus, -us: harbour, port vultus, vultus: expression, face


domus, domūs (irreg.): home (domi: at home) manus, -us: hand, group of people


-


res, -ei: thing, business spes, spei: hope


altus, alta, altum: high, deep benignus, benigna, benignum: kind bonus, bona, bonum: good ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others clarus, clara, clarum: famous, clear dirus, dira, dirum: dreadful iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy lentus, lenta, lentum: slow longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great malus, mala, malum: evil, bad medius, media, medium: middle multus, multa, multum: much, many nonnulli, nonnulae, nonnulla: some, several novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no

parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified plenus, plena, plenum: full primus, prima, primum: first proximus, proxima, proxima: nearest, next to quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much? Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel scelestus, scelesta, scelestum: wicked solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of) tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great totus, tota, totum: whole validus, valida, validum: strong verus, vera, verum: true, real vivus, viva, vivum: alive, living

Adjectives in -er



Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives brevis, brevis, breve: short, brief crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal


fortis, fortis, forte: brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious omnis, omnis, omne: all, every qualis? qualis? quale? what sort of? talis, talis, tale: such tristis, tristis, triste: sad One termination adjectives audax, audax, audax (gen. audacis): bold, daring diligens, diligens, diligens (gen. diligentis): careful felix, felix, felix (gen. felicis): fortunate, happy ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious infelix, infelix, infelix (gen. infelicis): unlucky, unhappy ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge sapiens, sapiens, sapiens (gen. sapientis): wise quot? how many? satis: enough tot: so many

PRONOUNS

Indefinite alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, the second of two quidam, quaedam, quoddam: one, a certain, some quis? quis? quid? who? what? Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this; he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that; he, she, it

Definite īdem, eadem, idem: the same Intensive ipse, ipsa, ipsum: himself, herself, itself, themselves Possessive meus, mea, meum: my noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (sing.), yours vester, vestra, vestrum: your (pl.), yours Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing

ADVERBS

adeo: so much, so greatly antea: before bene: well cras: tomorrow cur? why? deinde: then diu: for a long time ecce! look! etiam: also, even forte: by chance frustra: in vain heri: yesterday hic: here hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there igitur: therefore, and so interea: meanwhile ita: in this way, to such an extent, so itaque: and so, therefore


iterum: again libenter: willingly, gladly magis: more magnopere: greatly maxime: very greatly minime: very little, least, no mox: soon multo: much non: not nonne? surely? num: whether num...? surely not? numquam: never nunc: now olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly postea: afterwards postridie: on the next day primo: at first prope+acc.: near propter+acc.: because of quam+superlative adverb: as…as possible

quam: than quam? quam! how...? how...! quando? when? quo? to where? quomodo? how? quoque: also, too saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way simul: at the same time simulac, simulatque: as soon as statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where? where, when umquam: ever unde: from where vehementer: violently, loudly

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, away from, by ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) to, towards, at ante+acc. before, in front of apud+acc. among, with, at the house of circum+acc. around contra+acc. against cum when, since cum+abl. with de+abl. from, down from, about e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, out of, out in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in, on in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) into, onto inter+acc. among, between per+acc. through, along post+acc. after, behind pro+abl. in front of, for, in return for sine+abl. without sub+acc./ abl. under, beneath


trans+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) across

CONJUNCTIONS ac, atque and alii...alii some...others autem but, however dum while, until enim for et and et...et both...and nam for ne+subj. that...not, so that...not, that, lest nec, neque and not, nor, neither nisi unless, except postquam after, when quamquam although -que and quod because sed but si if ut (indecl.+subj.) that, so that, in order that ut (indecl.+indic.) as, when

VERBS

1st conjugation aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum build ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum walk amo, amare, amavi, amatum love, like appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum approach, come near to celo, celare, celavi, celatum hide clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum shout cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum think, consider exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum wait for festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum hurry habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum live impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum+dat. order, command intro, intrare, intravi, intratum enter invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum invite laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum work (limited PV) lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum weep, cry laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum praise


libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum set free narro, narrare, narravi, narratum tell, relate navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum sail neco, necare, necavi, necatum kill nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum announce oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum attack oro, orare, oravi, oratum beg paro, parare, paravi, paratum prepare porto, portare, portavi, portatum carry pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum fight puto, putare, putavi, putatum think rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum ask, ask for saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum greet servo, servare, servavi, servatum save, protect, keep specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum look at, watch spero, sperare, speravi, speratum hope, expect sto, stare, steti, statum stand (impersonal in PV) supero, superare, superavi, superatum overcome, overpower voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum call vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum wound, injure

2nd conjugation appareo, apparēre, apparui, apparitum appear debeo, debēre, debui, debitum owe, ought, should, must deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum destroy doceo, docēre, docui, doctum teach faveo, favēre, favi+dat., fautum favour, support habeo, habēre, habui, habitum have iaceo, iacēre, iacui, iacitum lie (positional) iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum order maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum remain, stay moneo, monēre, monui, monitum warn, advise moveo, movēre, movi, motum move persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum persuade respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum reply (impersonal in PV) rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum laugh, smile sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum sit taceo, tacēre, tacui, tacitum be silent, be quiet teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum hold terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum frighten timeo, timēre, timui fear, be afraid (no PV) video, vidēre, vidi, visum see


3rd conjugation accido, accidere, accidi happen (no Passive Voice) ago, agere, egi, actum do, act, drive ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum climb bellum gero, gerere, gessi, gestum wage war bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum drink cado, cadere, cecidi, casum fall cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum get to know, find out cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum force, compel constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum decide consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum eat credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. believe, trust curro, currere, cucurri, cursum run defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum defend descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum go down, come down dico, dicere, dixi, dictum say discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum depart, leave duco, ducere, duxi, ductum lead, take emo, emere, emi, emptum buy incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum burn, set on fire intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum understand, realise lego, legere, legi, lectum read, choose mitto, mittere, misi, missum send occido, occidere, occidi, occasum kill opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum crush, overwhelm ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum show pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum drive peto, petere, petivi, petitum make for, seek, beg/ ask for pono, ponere, posui, positum put, place, put up procedo, procedere, processi, processum advance, proceed promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum promise quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum search for, look for, ask reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum give back, restore rego, regere, rexi, rectum rule relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum leave, leave behind resisto, resistere, restiti+dat. resist (no PV) rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum break, burst scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum write surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum get up, stand up, rise tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum raise, lift up, hold up trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum hand over


traho, trahere, traxi, tractum drag vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum sell verto, vertere, verti, versum turn vinco, vincere, vici, victum conquer, win, be victorious vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum live, be alive

4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum arrive (impersonal in the PV) audio, audire, audivi, auditum hear, listen to convenio, convenire, conveni, conventum come together, gather, meet custodio, custodire, custodivi, custoditum guard dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum sleep invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum find nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum not know pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum reach, arrive at punio, punire, punivi, punitum punish scio, scire, scivi, scitum know sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum feel, notice venio, venire, veni, ventum come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum accept, take in, receive capio, capere, cepi, captum take, catch, capture conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum finish, wear out conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum catch sight of, notice cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum want, desire effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum escape facio, facere, feci, factum make, do (irreg. PV) fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum run away, flee iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum throw interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum kill rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum seize, grab

Deponent verbs conor, conari, conatus sum try egredior, egredi, egressus sum go out (mixed conj. & deponent verb) hortor, hortari, hortatus sum encourage, urge ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum enter (mixed conj. & deponent verb) loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak miror, mirari, miratus sum wonder at, admire


morior, mori, mortuus sum die (mixed conj. & deponent verb) patior, pati, passus sum suffer, endure (mixed conj. & deponent) precor, precari, precatus sum pray (to), beg proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum set out progredior, progredi, progressus sum advance (mixed conj. & deponent verb) regredior, regredi, regressus sum go back, return (mixed & deponent verb) sequor, sequi, secutus sum follow videor, videri, visus sum seem, appear


Irregular verbs absum, abesse, afui be out, be absent, be away adsum, adesse, adfui be here, be present aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum take away, carry off, steal do, dare, dedi, datum give poenas do, dare, dedi, datum pay the penalty, am punished eo, ire, i(v)i, itum go fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum bring, carry, bear malo, malle, malui prefer nolo, nolle, nolui not want, refuse (no PV) offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum offer pereo, perire, perii, peritum die, perish possum, posse, potui can, be able (no PV) redeo, redire, redii, reditum go back, come back, return refero, referre, rettuli, relatum bring/ carry back, report, tell sum, esse, fui be volo, velle, volui want (no PV)

Defective verbs coepi, coepisse, coeptum begin (past tenses only) inquit say, said -ne introduces question re- (prefix used with verbs) back salve! hello! vale! goodbye, farewell!


WJEC Eduqas Level 2 Certificate in Latin Language Units 9521, 9524 (Spec. 2009) Defined Vocabulary List


nauta, -ae: sailor


ancilla, -ae: slave-girl, maid-servant aqua, -ae: water causa, causae: cause, reason, case cena, -ae: dinner, meal copiae, -arum, pl.: troops, forces cura, -ae: care, worry dea, -ae: goddess domina, -ae: mistress epistula, -ae: letter fabula, -ae: story, play femina, -ae: woman filia, -ae: daughter hasta, -ae: spear hora, -ae: hour ianua, ianuae: door insidiae, -arum, pl.: ambush, trap, plot insula, -ae: island, block of flats ira, -ae: anger pecunia, -ae: money poena, -ae: punishment porta, portae: gate puella, -ae: girl regina, -ae: queen Roma, -ae (Romae: at/ in Rome): Rome silva, -ae: wood, forest taberna, -ae: shop, inn terra, -ae: ground, land turba, -ae: crowd via, -ae: street, road, way villa, -ae: house, country house

vita, -ae: life 2nd declension Masculine (Nom. -us, Gen. -i)

amicus, -i: friend animus, -i spirit, soul, mind annus, -i: year captivus, captivi: captive, prisoner cibus, -i: food deus, -i: god (irreg.) dominus, -i: master equus, -i: horse filius, -i: son (irreg.) gladius, -i: sword hortus, horti: garden legatus, -i: commander liberi, liberorum pl.: children libertus, liberti: freedman, ex-slave locus, -i: place maritus, -i: husband modus, -i: manner, way, kind murus, -i: wall numerus, numeri: number nuntius, -i: messenger, message, news oculus, -i: eye populus, -is: people, nation servus, -i: slave vir, viri: man (irreg.)


-


Like puer, pueri puer, pueri, m.: boy


Like ager, agri ager, agri, m.: field, land liber, libri, m.: book pater, patris, m.: father


aedificium, -i: building arma, armorum, pl.: arms, weapons auxilium, auxilii: help bellum, -i: war caelum, -i: sky, heaven castra, castrorum, pl.: camp consilium, -i: plan, idea, advice donum, -i: gift, present ferrum, ferri: iron, sword forum, -i: forum, market place frumentum, -i: grain, corn gaudium, -i: joy, pleasure imperium, -i: empire, power, command ingenium, -i: character, ability periculum, periculi: danger praemium, -i: prize, reward, profit pretium, -i: price regnum, -i: kingdom signum, -i: sign, signal, seal templum, -i: temple verbum, -i: word vestimenta, vestimentorum pl.: clothes vinum, -i: wine


Increasing amor, amoris: love clamor, clamoris: shout, shouting, noise comes, comitis, c.: comrade, companion consul, consulis: consul custos, custodis, c.: guard dux, ducis: leader eques, equitis: knight, cavalryman frater, fratris: brother homo, hominis: man, human being hospes, hospitis: guest, host

imperator, imperatoris: emperor, commander iudex, iudicis: judge labor, laboris: work mercator, mercatoris: merchant miles, militis: soldier mons, montis: mountain pes, pedis: foot, paw pons, pontis: bridge princeps, principis: chief, chieftain, emperor rex, regis: king sacerdos, sacerdotis, c.: priest, priestess sanguis, sanguinis: blood senator, senatoris: senator senex, senis: old; old man sermo, sermonis: speech, conversation sol, solis: sun Non-increasing canis, canis: dog civis, civis, c.: citizen collis, collis: hill hostis, hostis: enemy ignis, ignis: fire iuvenis, iuvenis: young; young man

Feminine

Increasing ars, artis: art, skill gens, gentis: family, tribe, race legio, legionis: legion lux, lucis: light, daylight mater, matris: mother mors, mortis: death nox, noctis: night pars, partis: part pax, pacis: peace salus, salutis: safety, health soror, sororis: sister tempestas, tempestatis: storm urbs, urbis: city uxor, uxoris: wife vox, vocis: voice, shout


Non-increasing navis, navis: ship

Neuter

Increasing caput, caputis: head carmen, carminis: song, poem corpus, corporis: body flumen, fluminis: river iter, itineris: journey, route, way mare, maris: sea nomen, nominis: name opus, operis: work, construction scelus, sceleris: crime tempus, temporis: time vulnus, vulneris: wound Non-increasing -


exercitus, -us: army impetus, -us: attack portus, -us: harbour, port senatus, -us: senate sonitus, -us: sound, noise vultus, vultus: expression, face


domus, domūs (irreg.): house, home (domi: at home) manus, -us: hand, group of people


-


fides, -ei: faith, loyalty,

trustworthiness res, -ei: thing, business spes, spei: hope


adversus, adversa, adversum: hostile, unfavourable aequus, aequa, aequum: equal, fair, calm altus, alta, altum: high, deep benignus, benigna, benignum: kind bonus, bona, bonum: good carus, cara, carum: dear ceteri, ceterae, cetera, pl.: the rest, the others dirus, dira, dirum: dreadful durus, dura, durum: hard, harsh fessus, fessa, fessum: tired invitus, invita, invitum: reluctant, unwilling iratus, irata, iratum: angry laetus, laeta, laetum: happy latus, lata, latum: wide longus, longa, longum: long magnus, magna, magnum: big, large, great malus, mala, malum: evil, bad medius, media, medium: middle, middle of multus, multa, multum: much, many nonnulli, nonnulae, nonnulla: some, several notus, nota, notum: known, well-known, famous novus, nova, novum: new nullus, nulla, nullum: not any, no parvus, parva, parvum: small pauci, paucae, pauca: few, a few periculosus, periculosa, periculosum: dangerous perterritus, perterrita, perterritum: terrified plenus, plena, plenum: full primus, prima, primum: first proximus, proxima, proxima: nearest, next to


quantus? quanta, quantum: how big? how much? Romanus, Romana, Romanum: Roman saevus, saeva, saevum: savage, cruel solus, sola, solum: alone, lonely, only, on one's own stultus, stulta, stultum: stupid, foolish summus, summa, summum: highest, greatest, top (of) superbus, superba, superbum: proud, arrogant tantus, tanta, tantum: so great, such a great, so much totus, tota, totum: whole tutus, tuta, tutum: safe ultimus, ultima, ultimum: last, furthest unus, una, unum: one verus, vera, verum: true, real vivus, viva, vivum: alive, living

Adjectives in -er

Like puer, pueri miser, misera, miserum: miserable, wretched, sad Like ager, agri acer, acris, acre: keen, eager, fierce pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful, handsome sacer, sacra, sacrum: sacred


Three termination adjectives celer, celeris, celere: quick, fast Two termination adjectives brevis, brevis, breve: short, brief crudelis, crudelis, crudele: cruel difficilis, difficilis, difficile: difficult facilis, facilis, facile: easy fidelis, fidelis, fidele: faithful, loyal fortis, fortis, forte: brave gravis, gravis, grave: heavy, serious

mirabilis, mirabilis, mirabile: strange, amazing nobilis, nobilis, nobile: noble, nobleman omnis, omnis, omne: all, every qualis? qualis? quale? what sort of? suavis, suavis, suave: sweet talis, talis, tale: such tristis, tristis, triste: sad utilis, utilis, utile: useful One termination adjectives audax, audax, audax (gen. audacis): bold, daring dives, dives, dives (gen. divitis): rich ferox, ferox, ferox (gen. ferocis): fierce, ferocious infelix, infelix, infelix (gen. infelicis): unlucky, unhappy ingens, ingens, ingens (gen. ingentis): huge pauper, pauper, pauper (gen. pauperis): poor, poor man sapiens, sapiens, sapiens (gen. sapientis): wise quot? how many? satis: enough tot: so many

PRONOUNS

Indefinite aliquis, aliquis, aliquid: someone, something alius, alia, aliud: other, another, else alter, altera, alterum: the other, another, the second of two quidam, quaedam, quoddam: one, a certain, some quis? quis? quid? who? what? Personal ego, tu: I, You Demonstrative


is, ea, id: this, that, he, she, it, them hic, haec, hoc: this; he, she, it ille, illa, illud: that; he, she, it Definite īdem, eadem, idem: the same Intensive ipse, ipsa, ipsum: himself, herself, itself, themselves Possessive meus, mea, meum: my noster, nostra, nostrum: our suus, sua, suum: his (own), her (own), its (own), their (own) tuus, tua, tuum: your (belonging to you sing.) vester, vestra, vestrum: your (belonging to you pl.) Relative qui, quae, quod: who, which nemo, neminis: no one, nobody nihil (indecl.): nothing

ADVERBS

adeo: so much, so greatly adhuc: up till now, still antea: before bene: well cras: tomorrow cur? why? deinde: then diligenter: carefully, hard diu: for a long time ecce! see! look! etiam: also, even igitur: therefore, and so forte: by chance frustra: in vain

heri: yesterday hic: here hodie: today iam: now, already ibi: there interea: meanwhile ita: in this way, so itaque: and so, therefore iterum: again lente: slowly libenter: willingly, gladly magnopere: greatly, very much minime: very little, least, no mox: soon multo, multum: much non: not nonne? surely? num: whether num...? surely not? numquam: never nunc: now nusquam: nowhere olim: once, some time ago paene: almost, nearly postea: afterwards postridie: on the next day procul: far away prope+acc.: near propter+acc.: because of quam: than, how...? how...! quo? where to? quo modo? how? in what way? quoque: also, too rursus: again, back again saepe: often semper: always sic: thus, in this way sicut: just as, like simulac, simulatque: as soon as statim: at once, immediately subito: suddenly tam: so tamen: however


tandem: at last, finally tum: then ubi: where, when, where? umquam: ever

unde: from where valde: very, very much vehementer: violently, loudly, strongly vix: scarcely, hardly, with difficulty

NUMERALS centum: hundred decem: ten duo, duae, duo: two mille, pl. milia: thousand novem: nine octo: eight quattuor: four quinque: five septem: seven sex: six tres, tria: three

PREPOSITIONS a, ab+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, by (as prefix: away) ad+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) to, towards, at ante+acc. before, in front of apud+acc. among, with, at the house of circum+acc. around contra+acc. against cum when, since cum+abl. (as prefix con-) with de+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, down from; about e, ex+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) from, out of in+abl. (also used as prefix with verbs) in, on in+acc. (also used as prefix with verbs) into, onto inter+acc. among, between per+acc. through, along post+acc. after, behind pro+abl. in front of, for, in return for sine+abl. without sub+acc./ abl. under, beneath trans+acc (also used as prefix with verbs) across


CONJUNCTIONS ac, atque and alii...alii some...others aut...aut either...or autem but, however dum while, until enim for et and et...et both...and nam for ne that...not, so that...not ne...quidem not even nec...nec neither...nor neque...neque neither...nor nisi unless, except postquam after, when priusquam before, until quamquam although -que and quod because sed but si if ut (indecl.+indic.) as ut (indecl.+subjunc.) that, so that, in order that utrum...an whether...or

VERBS

1st conjugation accuso, accusare, accusavi, accusatum accuse adiuvo, adiuvare, adiuvi, adiutum help aedifico, aedificare, aedificavi, aedificatum build ambulo, ambulare, ambulavi, ambulatum walk amo, amare, amavi, amatum love, like appropinquo, -are, -avi, -atum approach, come near to celo, celare, celavi, celatum hide clamo, clamare, clamavi, clamatum shout cogito, cogitare, cogitavi, cogitatum think, consider curo, curare, curavi, curatum look after, care for, supervise despero, desperare, desperavi, desperatum despair exspecto, exspectare, exspectavi, exspectatum wait for


festino, festinare, festinavi, festinatum hurry habito, habitare, habitavi, habitatum live impero, imperare, imperavi, imperatum+dat. order, command intro, intrare, intravi, intratum enter invito, invitare, invitavi, invitatum invite laboro, laborare, laboravi, laboratum work (limited PV) lacrimo, lacrimare, lacrimavi, lacrimatum weep, cry laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum praise libero, liberare, liberavi, liberatum free, set free narro, narrare, narravi, narratum tell, relate navigo, navigare, navigavi, navigatum sail neco, necare, necavi, necatum kill numero, numerare, numeravi, numeratum count nuntio, nuntiare, nuntiavi, nuntiatum announce oppugno, oppugnare, oppugnavi, oppugnatum attack, assault oro, orare, oravi, oratum beg paro, parare, paravi, paratum prepare porto, portare, portavi, portatum carry postulo, postulare, postulavi, postulatum demand pugno, pugnare, pugnavi, pugnatum fight puto, putare, putavi, putatum think rogo, rogare, rogavi, rogatum ask, ask for saluto, salutare, salutavi, salutatum greet servo, servare, servavi, servatum save, look after specto, spectare, spectavi, spectatum look at, watch spero, sperare, speravi, speratum hope, expect sto, stare, steti, statum stand (impersonal in PV) supero, superare, superavi, superatum overcome, overpower voco, vocare, vocavi, vocatum call vulnero, vulnerare, vulneravi, vulneratum wound

2nd conjugation appareo, apparēre, apparui, apparitum appear debeo, debēre, debui, debitum owe, ought, should, must deleo, delēre, delevi, deletum destroy doceo, docēre, docui, doctum teach faveo, favēre, favi+dat., fautum favour, support habeo, habēre, habui, habitum have iaceo, iacēre, iacui, iacitum lie (positional) iubeo, iubēre, iussi, iussum order maneo, manēre, mansi, mansum remain, stay moneo, monēre, monui, monitum warn, advise


moveo, movēre, movi, motum move pareo, parēre, parui+dat., paritum obey persuadeo, persuadēre, persuasi+dat., persuasum persuade placeo, placēre, placui+dat., placitum please praebeo, praebēre, praebui, praebitum provide respondeo, respondēre, respondi, responsum reply (impersonal in PV) rideo, rīdēre, risi, risum laugh, smile sedeo, sedēre, sedi, sessum sit taceo, tacēre, tacui, tacitum be silent, be quiet teneo, tenēre, tenui, tentum hold terreo, terrēre, terrui, territum frighten timeo, timēre, timui fear, be afraid (no PV) video, vidēre, vidi, visum see

3rd conjugation accido, accidere, accidi happen (no Passive Voice) ago, agere, egi, actum do, act, drive amitto, amittere, amisi, amissum lose arcesso, arcessere, arcessivi, arcessitum summon, send for ascendo, ascendere, ascendi, ascensum climb bibo, bibere, bibi, bibitum drink cado, cadere, cecidi, casum fall cognosco, cognoscere, cognovi, cognitum get to know, find out, learn cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum force, compel consisto, consistere, constiti, constitum halt, stop, stand still constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum decide consumo, consumere, consumpsi, consumptum eat contendo, contendere, contendi, contentum hurry, march, struggle credo, credere, credidi, creditum+dat. believe, trust, have faith in curro, currere, cucurri, cursum run defendo, defendere, defendi, defensum defend descendo, descendere, descendi, descensum go down, come down dico, dicere, dixi, dictum say discedo, discedere, discessi, discessum depart, leave duco, ducere, duxi, ductum lead, take emo, emere, emi, emptum buy frango, frangere, fregi, fractum break fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum pour (limited PV) gero, gerere, gessi, gestum wear (clothes), wage (war) gratias ago, agere, egi, actum thank, give thanks incendo, incendere, incendi, incensum burn, set on fire intellego, intellegere, intellexi, intellectum understand, realise


lego, legere, legi, lectum read, choose mitto, mittere, misi, missum send occido, occidere, occidi, occasum kill opprimo, opprimere, oppressi, oppressum crush ostendo, ostendere, ostendi, ostentum show peto, petere, petivi, petitum make for, attack, seek, beg, ask for pono, ponere, posui, positum put, place, put up procedo, procedere, processi, processum advance, proceed promitto, promittere, promisi, promissum promise quaero, quaerere, quaesivi, quaesitum search for, look for, ask reddo, reddere, reddidi, redditum give back, restore rego, regere, rexi, rectum rule relinquo, relinquere, reliqui, relictum leave, leave behind resisto, resistere, restiti+dat. resist (no PV) scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum write surgo, surgere, surrexi, surrectum get up, stand up, rise tollo, tollere, sustuli, sublatum raise, lift up trado, tradere, tradidi, traditum hand over traho, trahere, traxi, tractum drag, draw, pull veho, vehere, vexi, vectum carry, convey vendo, vendere, vendidi, venditum sell verto, vertere, verti, versum turn vinco, vincere, vici, victum conquer, win, be victorious vivo, vivere, vixi, vitum live, be alive

4th conjugation advenio, advenire, adveni, adventum arrive (impersonal in the PV) aperio, aperire, aperui, apertum open audio, audire, audivi, auditum hear, listen to consentio, consentire, consensi, consensum agree dormio, dormire, dormivi, dormitum sleep invenio, invenire, inveni, inventum find nescio, nescire, nescivi, nescitum not know pervenio, pervenire, perveni, perventum reach, arrive punio, punire, punivi, punitum punish scio, scire, scivi, scitum know sentio, sentire, sensi, sensum feel, notice venio, venire, veni, ventum come (impersonal in PV)

Mixed conjugation (3rd/4th conjugation) accipio, accipere, accepi, acceptum accept, take in, receive


capio, capere, cepi, captum capture, adopt (a plan), take, catch conficio, conficere, confeci, confectum finish; wear out, exhaust conspicio, conspicere, conspexi, conspectum catch sight of, notice cupio, cupere, cupivi, cupitum want, desire deicio, deicere, deieci, deiectum throw down efficio, efficere, effeci, effectum carry out, accomplish effugio, effugere, effugi, effugitum escape eicio, eicere, eieci, eiectum throw out facio, facere, feci, factum make, do (irreg. PV) fugio, fugere, fugi, fugitum run away, flee iacio, iacere, ieci, iactum throw inicio, inicere, inieci, iniectum throw in inspicio, inspicere, inspexi, inspectum look at, inspect, examine interficio, interficere, interfeci, interfectum kill, destroy rapio, rapere, rapui, raptum seize, grab reficio, reficere, refeci, refectum repair

Deponent verbs conor, conari, conatus sum try egredior, egredi, egressus sum go out (mixed conj. & deponent verb) hortor, hortari, hortatus sum encourage, urge ingredior, ingredi, ingressus sum enter (mixed conj. & deponent verb) loquor, loqui, locutus sum speak morior, mori, mortuus sum die (mixed conj. & deponent verb) patior, pati, passus sum suffer, endure (mixed conj. & deponent) proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum set out progredior, progredi, progressus sum advance (mixed conj. & deponent verb) regredior, regredi, regressus sum go back, return (mixed & deponent verb) sequor, sequi, secutus sum follow


Irregular verbs absum, abesse, afui be out, be absent, be away adsum, adesse, adfui be here, be present aufero, auferre, abstuli, ablatum take away, carry off, steal do, dare, dedi, datum give


poenas do, dare, dedi, datum pay the penalty, be punished eo, ire, i(v)i, itum go fero, ferre, tuli/ tetuli, latum bring, carry malo, malle, malui prefer nolo, nolle, nolui not want (no PV) offero, offerre, obtuli, oblatum offer pereo, perire, perii, peritum die, perish possum, posse, potui can, be able (no PV) redeo, redire, redii, reditum go back, come back, return refero, referre, rettuli, relatum bring/ carry back; report, tell sum, esse, fui be volo, velle, volui want (no PV)

Defective verbs coepi, coepisse, coeptum begin (past tenses only) odi, odisse, osum hate inquit say, said ita vero yes -ne introduces question re- (prefix used with verbs) back


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This handbook is aimed at being a simple but efficient synopsis of all the grammar and syntax points that are required for the GCSE in Latin Language. It is designed for students in Year 11, but also for people who want to taste what Latin is all about. It might, however, be suitable as a resource for teachers who wish to teach their students following the way that it helped me to learn this highly inflected language; by using tables, diagrams and notes, all in nice memorable 'boxes'.

Iraklis Lampadariou - Classical Resource Centre · 2017-02-12 · If clauses (conditionals) ......

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