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Progressive Agriculture in Arizona, Volume16, Number 6 (November-December 1964)

Item Type Article

Publisher College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ)

Journal Progressive Agriculture in Arizona

Rights Copyright © Arizona Board of Regents. The University of Arizona.

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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/290805

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irNOVEMBER -DECEMBER 1964

Volume XVI Number 6

IN ARIZONAPUBLISHED BY THE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA AT TUCSON

APACHE IIOUTY SATTLE IOIIIITTEE9de4ijicaIiaø a nic&4e an Pa 9e .2; 4pac/te Ce SIe an Pape F

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Each autumn we like to addressone editorial to our students in thisCollege of Agriculture:

We hope that you will be as in-trigued as we are by a new term,"knowledge obsolescence." It means,of course, that scientific research isspinning out new findings so rapidlythat the knowledge of yesterday isoutmoded today.

The bachelor of science degree of40 years ago was a substantial thing,but that graduate of the 1920's wouldbe utterly amazed at the curriculumleading today to that same bachelorof science degree.

\Ve are learning new things aboutcotton fertilization, lettuce harvesting,household appliances, the economicstresses of ranch management, andthe makeup of the soil which is sourceof all life.

Right now you students are in-clined to sneak down to the automo-bile showrooms to see the new 1965

model automobiles. More prosaic toyou, perhaps, but even more impor-tant to you -and your future life -is the fact that there is a "retooling"of curriculum each year, coursesdropped, changed, added, to helpyour professors prepare you for theworld of tomorrow in which you willlive your adult lives.

"Knowledge obsolescence" is moreserious to you, and to your nation,than the obsolescence of an interest-ing old model car. Part of our joband we're constantly on the job -isthat constant reviewing and revisingof courses so that you can best serveyourself and your nation after youleave this campus.

741r/L4.../

DeanCollege of Agriculture

andSchool of Home Economics

Apache County Cattle Committee

Tied to Apache County's prominence in this issue, being featured inour series of articles depicting the agriculture of Arizona counties, is ourcover picture, repeated in miniature here.

This group, whose work in sale listing, brucellosis control and otherprograms beneficial to members is described in the article by CountyAgent Isaacson, had its picture taken after a meeting at St. Johns.

Standing, left to right, are Byron Heap and Elmo Jarvis, both ofSt. Johns; Earl Thode, the chairman, from Vernon; Dr. Carl Thompson,area veterinarian in charge of brucellosis eradication; Harold LeSueur,Eager; Lewis Judd, Alpine and Nutriosa.

Seated, same order, Earl West of Vernon; Jay Reese, Navajo; HarbonHeap, chairman of the county agriculture committee, living at St. Johns;Vince Butler of Springerville and Greer, and at far right, County AgentLeonard Isaacson.

IN THIS ISSUE

Apache Cattle Committee 2

A Hydrologist in Brazil

Apache County Story 4

Calendar of Events 6

4 -H Members in Chicago 6

Making Up Water Deficit 7

84 Bulls in Test Trials 8

Agricultural Radio Listing 8

Sears Scholarships 8

Parasitic Worms in Sheep 9

Our Mystery Picture 9

Sheep in Arizona 10

Micronaire Not Mandatory 11

Installment Buying Advice 11

Yuma Citrus Acreage Grows 12

Extension 50 Years Old 13

Choosing Potato Seed Piece 15

Calcisols in Arizona 16

Mystery Picture Answer 17

Extension Winter School 17

Avoid Hardware Disease ._._ 17

Advertising & Meat Sales 18

What Should I Do? 19

3 New Safflowers Ready 20

PROGRESSIVE

AGRICULTURE IN

,A RIZONA

Vol. XVI No. 6November -December, 1964

Published bimonthly by the College ofAgriculture, The University of Arizona,Tucson, Arizona, Harold E. Myers, dean.

Entered as second -class matter March 1,1949, at the post office at Tucson, Arizona,under the act of August 24, 1912.

Reprinting of articles, or use of infor-mation in Progressive Agriculture inArizona, by newspapers and magazinesis permitted, with credit.

Editor: John Burnham.

Editorial Board Members: Mildred R.Jensen, Mitchell G. Vavich, Robert E. Den-nis, William H. Hale and Director GeorgeE. Hull, ex- officio.

November -December Page 2

A Hydrologist In Brazil

Sol D. Resnick

"... a large section of Ceará mustrely directly upon the unfortunatelyerratic rainfall regime. Under the tyr-rany of the rains, nothing can be morecrucial to the farmer than the coming`winter'. He seeks to discover in na-ture-in the animals and plants, inthe stars, in all that surrounds himsigns of life -giving rains or of droughtswhich may leave him a homeless wan-derer.

"Small wonder, this constant worrywith the outlook for rainfall, for, fromthe year 1603 to our day, more than30 severe droughts have been record-ed in the Northeast ( Brazil) ; that of1877 -79 alone is said to have causedthe death of 500,000 inhabitants ofCeará and adjacent areas, that is tosay, about 50 percent of the popula-tion;"'

Statements like the one above, ap-plied to the vast area twice the sizeof Texas in northeast Brazil knownas the "sertao ", probably create men-tal pictures of an arid and remote in-terior. Yet average rainfall in this areavaries from about 22 to 40 inches, andin drought years only shows an aver-age reduction in rainfall of 45 percent.

Rainfall of this magnitude wouldseem like manna from heaven toranchers in southwest Arizona. How-ever, the rainfall is seasonal andhence continuous dry years can bedisastrous. It is interesting to notethat seasons are defined by precipita-tion, not temperature, in Ceará, astate in northeast Brazil. "Winter,"the first six months of the year, is wet( about nine -tenths of the aggregateannual precipitation ) . "Summer," thesecond season, is dry.

Program Began in 1910Because of disruption of all eco-

nomic activities when deficiencies inrainfall occur, the National Depart-ment of Anti- Drought Works( DNOCS ) was established in 1910.Since then their program against

'Sternberg, H. O., Land Use and the 1951Drought in Ceará. International GeophysicalUnion, Proceedings 8th General Assembly,Washington, D. C., 1952.

Page 3 Progressive Agriculture

droughts includes the following mea-sures: wells drilled at the rate of 375per year, and completion of 755 sur-face water storage units with a further230 units presently under construc-tion.

The combined capacity of all thereservoirs will be about 13,000,000acre feet ( about one -half that of LakeMead ) . The earlier surface waterstorage units were constructed essen-tially for purposes of fishing and pro-viding a local domestic water supply,hence development of the water re-sources took place without the benefitof detailed regional planning. Some ofthe earlier projects have been adapt-ed to provide water for irrigation,and projects presently under con-struction have added irrigation andsometimes power development totheir list of objectives.

In addition to DNOCS, many gov-ernment agencies have been estab-lished, at least in part, for water re-source development, utilization andconservation in northeast Brazil. Thereare, for example, the superinten-dency of Northeast Development( SUDENE ) established in 1959, Na-tional Department of I Iineral Produc-tion ( DNPM ) , Special Service ofPublic Health ( SESP), Northeast As-sociation of Credit and Rural Assis-tance ( ANCAR ), State Secretariatsof Agriculture, and state universitieslike the University of Cearà. Examplesof other agencies engaged in the pro-gram are USAID and their contractgroups, USDA, Food for Peace, PeaceCorps, Inter -American Geodectic Sur-vey, FAO, OAS, Inter -American De-velopment Bank, and Ford Founda-tion.

A Drought of ResearchIt might seem that with all these

groups involved, one might have tostand in line to give assistance or findsomething to do, but with all this helpthere is little hydrologic data available

Prof. Sol Resnick was head of the Instituteof Water Utilization in the U of A Collegeof Agriculture before going, last spring, toFortaleza as a member of this college's teamof agricultural scientists. A gracious mantermed "muy simpatico" by the people withwhom he works, in whatever part of theworld, Prof. Resnick served some years agoin India under Chester Bowles in the earlydays of the Point Four program. A top hy-drologist, he is a key man in the U of A teamin Ceará.

and little research underway in hy-drology or irrigation and drainage.

A research program in agriculturalhydrology and irrigation and drain-age, to be accomplished through theUniversity of Ceará essentially at theirnew experiment station which isabout 50 miles from Fortaleza and inthe "sertao ", is in the discussion stage.The program would be under thesupervision of Dr. José Dario Soares,Director of the Institute of RuralTechnology, and conducted by Dr.José Matias Filho, Acting Head ofthe Chair of Hydraulics, Topography,and Rural Construction.

The research program being dis-cussed consists of studies involvingthe following: Drainage investigationsto determine how to alleviate salinityproblems created by poor irrigationmethods, flooding, and seepage fromcanals. Irrigation studies to determinehow to properly use the limited watersupply, but mostly how to preventwaterlogging and salinity in the shal-low, heterogenous soils that make upthe irrigable areas in the narrow rivervalleys. Consumptive use studies toprovide data for planning irrigationprojects. Hydrologic investigations toprovide data for the planning of thedevelopment of the water resourcesof Ceará.

More Needs DoingBecause of limited personnel and

facilities, the above investigationsare probably all that should be con-sidered at present by the University ofCeará. However, of dire need arestudies concerning water manage-ment on non -irrigated areas, a pro-gram with tremendous possibilities,in my opinion; and, studies to prop-erly develop the third type of agri-culture in the "sertao," which is farm-ing of river bottoms in the summerseason, using improved pumpingmethods.

The agricultural engineering staffmembers at the University of Cearáhave excellent theoretical back-grounds, and are industrious. Work-ing with a group like this should leadto an interesting two years for thishydrologist in Brazil.

Por mucho tiempo se ha descuidado laimportancia del magnesio como elementonutritivo esencial. No sólo no se ha tratadode reparar las pérdidas de este elementosufridas por el suelo, sino que se han au-mentado con aplicaciones intensivas de cal yabonos químicos. Mientras se reincorporaen el suelo el magnesio necesario, puedeproporcionarse directamente al ganado, dan-do a los vacunos 20 gramos diarios de mag-nesia y a los borregos de la cuarta a laoctava parte de esta dosis según el peso.Esto durante unas 6 semanas en caso de pe-ligro de tetania hipomagnesiana.

4te4a 50 Aided. Wide and S4ec/u#i 0 M1e Me

New Mwzica sty

Leonard Isaacson

Dropping down from the WhiteMountains we come to open grasslandcountry, with a sprinkling of junipershere and there. Here is located thecounty seat town of St. Johns ( eleva-tion 5700 feet ) along with such placesas Concho, and, 50 miles to the north,the towns along Highway 66.

From there on north the rest isNavajo Reservation, consisting of highplateaus, rising again to more moun-tains and ponderosa pine forest.Apache County has more NavajoReservation area and population thanany other county. Window Rock, theNavajo capitol, is located in this partof the county, along with the townsof Fort Defiance, Ganado, Chinle, andothers.

Is Sportman's MeccaCounty is a gracious host to

many visitors who come to the countyto fish, hunt and enjoy the scenery. Afew of the natural attractions are theWhite Mountains with their streams,lakes and forests; the Lyman LakeState Recreation Area; the PetrifiedForest and Painted Desert ( mostly inApache County ) ; Canyon de Chellyand others. The bentonite clay minesand the helium well and plant atSanders, the oil wells at Four Corners,and the lumber mills in the mountainareas are also points of interest, aswell as contributing to the economyof the county.

The most valuable resource ofApache County is its people, there

County Agent Leonard Isaacson is in arare category -a county agent who is serv-ing in the county where he was born andraised. Len was born in St. Johns, theApache County seat where he has his officetoday. He spent three years in the army inWorld War II, 1943 -45, then came to Tuc-son where he attended this College of Agri-culture, graduating in 1949 with a bachelorof science degree. He taught vocationalagriculture four years at Snowflake UnionHigh School, across the county line inNavajo County, then returned to his hometown when appointed Apache County Agri-cultural Agent June 1, 1953. He is as mucha part of Apache County as the ponderosapine forests which lend such beauty to thatcountry.

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APACHE COUNTYRising majestically in the south end of the county are the well

known White Mountains in which nestle the communities of Alpine(elevation 8500 feet), Nutrioso, Greer, Vernon, McNary, Maverick,Eagar and Springerville.

APACHE COUNTY HAS more than its share of lakes and streams, including theman -made Lyman Lake reservoir, a large and beautiful lake which attracts fishermenand impounds water for irrigation.

being an estimated 32,000. About two -thirds of these make their homes onthe Navajo and Apache Reservationsin Apache County and were heremany generations ago to greet theremaining third on their arrival. Theentire population of Apache Countyis classified as rural and most of thesepeople are tied quite closely to agri-culture.

Beef and wool production rank asthe chief sources of agricultural in-come in the county. Cattle numbersare estimated at around 40,000 head.Sheep, mostly on the Navajo Reserva-tion, total about 108,000. Land own-ership is as follows:

Reservations 7,020,000 acresFederal 646,000 acresState 695,000 acresPrivate 1,211,000 acres

Total 9,572,000 acres

Apache County cattlemen believein helping themselves and each other.With this in mind, a representative

"Apache County Cattle Committee"was organized to help toward solving

(Continued on Next Page)

COOPERATING WITH

APACHE COUNTY BLEND is a pasturemixture especially suited for northeasternArizona. On the Milford Hall ranch some12 different variety plantings were madefor testing and demonstrations. A neatsign in this pasture along Highway 60, justoutside Springerville, draws attention tothe plantings and also tells where one mayget information about them.


APACHE COUNTY(Continued from Previous Page)

cattle problems. The late Earl Thode,one time world's champion rodeo per-former, was chairman for 1964. Theenthusiasm and dependability of thiscommittee has been demonstrated bytheir 100 percent plus attendance atmeetings and their effectiveness incarrying out various projects success-fully.

Cattle Listing ProgramOne of their most noteworthy activ-

ities is a cattle listing program whichhelps prospective buyers and cattle-men get together at sale time. Thecattle listing, first of its kind in thestate, was begun back in 1956, withassistance from University of Arizonacounty and state Extension Serviceworkers.

The 1963 program is an example ofthe value of the program. Proof of itseffectiveness is indicated by severalfacts:

OATS GROW TALL in Apache County-shoulder high! Left to right, above, areDr. Regis Voss, TVA fertilizer representa-tive; Aubrey Brockman, Eagar rancher,and Dr. Lyman Amburgey, U of A exten-sion soils specialist from Tucson. Brock-man grew this crop on shares at the Har-old LeSueur farm, part of the crop a test-demonstration using different rates of30 -10 -0 fertilizer.

1. 11,891 head of cattle were listedfor sale by 58 cattlemen. One ofthese was movie star, JohnWayne, a new rancher in thearea.

2. A master listing showing esti-mated sale numbers, type ofcattle, desired delivery point,address and telephone numberof seller, was mailed to over 400prospective buyers in the Westand Midwest.

3. The majority of Apache Countycattle in 1963 sold earlier and atprices two cents to four centsper pound higher than those inneighboring areas. The com-mittee's extra effort in gettingthe listing out early paid off.

It is small wonder that this commit-tee is set to continue the listing. It


COUNTY FAIR COMMISSION, up in Apache County, with department chairmenand partners, photographed at St. Johns after a planning session. Standing, left toright, Stan Hamblin, fair manager; Minor Hall, south county commissioner, and JackBrown, top chairman. Others in the group are chairmen of various fair activities,together with their partners.

also sponsors brucellosis testing andscrew -worm control in the county.

Crops for Supplemental FeedField crops play a supporting role

by furnishing feed for livestock dur-ing times when range feed is not ade-quate. Main crops grown include al-falfa, small grains, irrigated pastureand silage corn. Most crops are har-vested for the roughage rather thangrain.

The Little Colorado River, whichoriginates in the White Mountains ofApache County, furnishes irrigationwater for Round Valley, St. Johnsand other areas located along itscourse. At Hunt Valley there is someacreage irrigated with artesian wellwater. Many Farms, on the NavajoReservation, also has an irrigationproject. In the highest elevationsthere is a certain amount of so- calleddry farming.

Noxious plants thrive in ApacheCounty, too. Some of the most trouble-some are salt cedar, rabbit brush,white -top, and blue weed. Recent co-operative test demonstrations byfarmers on blue weed have shownthat this member of the sunflowerfamily can be killed. However, pres-ent methods are too costly except forspot treatment. The new herbicide,Tordon, has shown up well on JohnCrosby's blue weed test plot, andmay be a partial answer when it be-comes generally available. Tordonhas also given results the second yearafter application on some woodyplants in the county. A treatment wasmade on rabbit brush this year andresults should be available next sum-mer.

Getting the HoppersGrasshoppers have been a problem,

especially in the Round Valley andAlpine areas. In Round Valley agrasshopper committee was elected toconduct a control campaign. Twoyears of airplane spraying was done,but last year the committee used left-over money collected to pay for air-

plane spraying to buy a ground rig.They purchased a 200 gallon capacitysprayer and a truck to carry it on. Thesprayer boom covers a 50 -ft. wide stripand also has a nozzle to spray in in-accessible places or for livestock andother purposes.

Byron Wilkins, committee chair-man, says that the sprayer is availablefor a small fee to do any kind of spray-ing job. Rue Hale has been operatingthe equipment for the committee forsome time now. This is another ex-ample of a group of people workingtogether to take care of their prob-lems.

Many Apache County people ownlarge home lots where they can havea vegetable garden and a small or-chard. While there is little commercialproduction of fruits and vegetables,this home production helps to insurea healthful diet. Add a family milkcow, as many families do, and youreally help out the home food supply.

Sweet corn, tomatoes, squash androle crops are among the more corn-


COLE CROPS GROW big in ApacheCounty, as demonstrated by the prizewinning cabbage which Cecil Naegle ofVernon exhibited at the Apache CountyFair.

APACHE COUNTY(Continued from Previous Page)

monly grown vegetables. Test demon-strations have been with tomatoes,planting the new curly top resistantvarieties alongside standard varieties.Resistance to curly top has definitelybeen demonstrated, and tomatoeswere of good quality and size.

4 -11 Camping is FunThe 4 -H club program is an im-

portant part of agriculture for youthin Apache County. Around 400 boysand girls from this county live, learnand serve through 4 -H.

One of the more unusual events inApache County 4 -H has been the"camp- tour." During the last twosummers camping tours have beenheld, with two main goals in mind:to give boys, girls and leaders fromeach section of the county a chanceto learn about other areas and, as withregular camps, to learn to work andplay together. Two years ago thecamp tour was held at Canyon deChelly and Chinle on the Navajo Res-ervation. Last summer the groupcamped out at Sanders and visited thehelium plant, the clay mines, the sandplant and the Petrified Forest.

Last year the county 4 -H club spon-sored an International Farm YouthExchangee youth from Brazil. He was"adopted" for one month by twoApache County families. This pro-

INTERESTED IN YOUNG people is JudgeE. M. DeGlane, Concho, whose front gatesigns advertise two of his activities -beinga 4 -H club leader and also a justice of thepeace. His 4 -H club landscaped the localschoolgrounds and church lawn, usingboth native and purchased plants.

gram helps people of different coun-tries understand and appreciate eachother.

Helping Their CommunitiesCommunity service is an important

part of 4 -H club work in ApacheCounty. "Concho Beautifiers" 4 -Hclub landscaped their school andchurch grounds, using native ever-greens from the White Mountains to-gether with donated and purchasedplants. St. Johns "4:00 O'clocks" plant-ed shade trees at the Apache CountyFairgrounds and the "Sanders Coun-

s

APACHE INDIAN HOMEMAKERS living near Eagar asked the home agent, SarahTwomey, to help them find something with which they could earn supplemental income.She encouraged them to revive the native crafts -beadwork, cradle boards, dolls andbaskets. The women found a ready market for such authentic, attractive articles. Above,Mrs. Fannie John displays her newest cradle board, ready for sale. At left, her sonDaniel, and at right Mrs. Twomey.

try 4 -H Club" beautified the localcemetery.

An Apache County Rural Develop-ment Organization tries to find waysof bettering conditions within the ,

county, including agriculture. The organization has representation from allcounty areas and has worked out awritten plan covering the presentcounty situation, with suggestedprojects for improvement.

NOVEMBER6 -15- Arizona State Fair, Phoenix.

14- Arizona Hereford Assn. 4 -HFamily Day, UA CampbellAve. Farm, Tucson.

18 -20- Nutrition Workshop, UACotton Research Center,Phoenix.

DECEMBER5- Arizona Angus Field Day,

Campbell Ave. Farm, Tuc-son.

JANUARY21 -22 -14th Annual Dairy Industry

Conference, UA Dairy Re-search Center, Tucson.

26 -28-A r t i f i c i a 1 InseminationWorkshop, UA Dairy Dept.,Tucson.

21 4 -H Members AttendChicago Meetings

Twenty -one Arizona 4 -H club mem-bers will be Arizona delegates to theNational 4 -H Congress Nov. 29 -Dec.3 in Chicago.

From Maricopa County the dele-gates will be James Cobos, Del Jim-enez, Lorraine Dorsey, Willa Shields,Janet Hawker, Jim Accomazzo, TomAdam and Caryl Cox.

Pinal County: Michael D. Brown,Jim Snitzer, Wallace Jones and Rob-ert Jones. Cochise: Dawne Seale andClora Jacqueline Ratliff. Yavapai:Stanley Young and Ann Blanton.Yuma: Charlotte Hardy and GeneilBowman.

Also Paul Scott of Morenci in Green-lee County; Ellen Gardener, of Snow-flake, up in Navajo County, and MaryLou Todd of Flagstaff, from CoconinoCounty.


Making Up Arizona's Most Important Deficit -- Water

Martin M. Fogel

Sorne Tite 2l/ell Well Ran _`?Spry/

This is the prospect many Arizonans are facedwith, if the present trend continues. We are constantlywithdrawing more water than we put into our "bank,"causing our reserves, the ground water supply, todwindle each year with increasing alarm.

With all our technical knowledge,we are able to capture only four tofive percent of the water that an-nually falls on Arizona in the form ofrain or snow. Since our present dayuse amounts to eight percent of theannual precipitation, we have beenforced to draw on our ground waterreserves to make up the deficit.

In an average year, 80 million acre -feet of precipitation falls on Arizona.About 90 percent of this amount islost through evaporation and transpi-ration by non -beneficial plants. Somefive percent is used by timber andforage crops. The remaining amount,approximately 3.5 million acre -feet,is the quantity of water that is storedin our surface and underground reser-voirs. Inasmuch as our present dayneeds amount to about 6.5 millionacre -feet of water per year, our deficitruns to three million acre -feet ofwater each year.

Leaves Two AlternativesTo make up this deficit, Arizona

can ( 1 ) Try to increase the totalamount of water available; and (2 )Try to make more efficient use of thewater available.

Increasing the total amount ofwater available to meet Arizona's in-creasing needs can be brought aboutby importing additional water or bysuch processes as rain -increasingthrough weather modification and de-mineralization of saline water.

The Central Arizona Project, whenfinally realized, will provide the statewith an additional 1.2 million acre -feet of water per year. While this willbe a great boost to the economy ofArizona, it will make up only 40 percent of our present deficit. Rain -in-creasing is not a proven process at

Prof. Fogel is acting head of the Instituteof Water Utilization in this College of Ag-riculture.


this time, and saline water conversionis not envisioned as being the solutionfor meeting Arizona's agricultural re-quirements. Thus, the burden of mak-ing up our water deficit in the imme-diate future rests principally withmaking more efficient use of ouravailable water supply.

As previously mentioned, Arizona'sannual overdraft on its ground waterreserves amounts to approximatelythree million acre -feet of water. Sincenatural recharge is not sufficient tomaintain our water levels, artificialrecharge techniques and proceduresare required to help make up our def-icit.

Investigation is under way at theInstitute of Water Utilization to de-termine sites, methods and effects ofartificial ground water recharge ofalluvial basins typical of Arizona.

Studies Made at SaffordResearch now is in its third year on

a 4.54 acre plot at the Safford Experi-ment Station to evaluate the effec-tiveness of grass filtration as a lowcost preliminary procedure for sedi-ment removal from flood water priorto recharge. Presently, much of theflood water that may become avail-able for natural recharge is lostthrough evaporation and transpirationby non -beneficial plants. Natural re-charge is a relatively slow process.The areas where flood waters collectusually are not conducive to water in-take because of such factors as silting,algae, bacteria and air- plugging. Arti-ficial recharge can speed up theprocess by desilting and direct injec-tion to underground water storageareas.

Another possible use of grass filtra-tion is being studied. Sewage effluentoffers a tremendous source of reus-able water, as about half the waterused in Arizona communities goes outas sewage. Plans are underway forcooperative investigations in both the

Tucson and Phoenix areas to deter-mine the up- grading qualities of thegrass filtration treatment of sewageeffluent, and the subsequent rechargeof the resulting water into groundwater reservoirs.

Construction and instrumentationhas been completed on 12 field lysi-meters which will be used to evaluatethe effect on recharge rates of organicmatter additions to the soil surface.An Arizona Agricultural ExperimentStation research team has beenawarded a three -year grant from theU. S. Public Health Service to workon this project.

A project to conserve a saline in-dustrial effluent by means of blend-ing and artificial recharge techniqueshas received the sponsorship of theTucson Chapter of the American So-ciety of Sanitary Engineers. Membersof this group have recently procured$10,000 worth of pipe and diversionfacilities and have committed them-selves to installing these works. Con-struction of the recharge facilities ispresently underway at the Institute ofWater Utilization Research Center.

Half of It LostMore than 80 per cent of the water

used in Arizona is for irrigation. Be-fore surface waters reach the farmer'sheadgate, nearly half of the supply islost in storage and conveyance due toevaporation and seepage. Each yearabout 800,000 acre -feet of water isevaporated from Lake Mead alone.Not all the water that seeps from ourreservoirs and canals is lost. Some isrecovered in our ground water sup-plies. Normally accompanying seep-age, however, are the two relatedproblems of drainage and salinity.

The Institute of Water Utilization,with the aid of a grant from the Proc-tor and Gamble Company, is conduct-ing a research program aimed at con-serving our surface water suppliesthrough controlling both evaporationand seepage. Using evaporation sup-pressant materials supplied by Proc-tor and Gamble on 53 x 78 foot testponds, water savings of about 20 percent have been obtained. Similarly,seepage -control chemicals have cutseepage losses 70 percent on test plots.

In an effort to obtain higher sav-ings through control of evaporation,a wind -activated dispenser has beendeveloped in conjunction with a grantfrom the Bureau of Reclamation.


Scholarships Given By Sears

/e:

J. R. Metcalf, left, manager of the Sears, Roebuck & Co. storein Tucson, presents checks for $2,700 worth of scholarships to DeanHarold E. Myers of the U of A College of Agriculture.

One $300 scholarship is for a student in home economics, theother $2,400 for eight $300 scholarships in agriculture, available toable and needy students.

Portrait in the center is of Gen. Robert E. Wood, past boardchairman of Sears.

84 Young Bulls EnterAnnual Gain -Test Trial

The fourth year of University ofArizona gain- testing of young beefbulls has enrolled 84 animals submit-ted by 25 breeders.

Included are 55 Hereford, 20 Angusand 9 Brangus.

The 130 day test period began Oct.

19, ends Feb. 25. Bulls which passthe test, and which the owners donot choose to retain in their ownherds, will be offered for sale March4.

The idea of testing young bulls insuch a gain -test period is "one of thenewer tools in modern beef produc-tion," says Dr. Bruce Taylor, head ofthe U of A Animal Science Depart-ment.

(Continued from Previous Page)

Water savings of about 40 percenthave resulted with the aid of thisdevice.

Catching Runoff WaterOn an 18 square mile area where

the Institute of Water Utilization isconducting hydrologic studies, theaverage runoff has been barely threepercent of the precipitation. The restof the water is essentially lost by non -beneficial evapo- transpiration. To in-crease water yields, small areas arebeing paved with various materialssuch as asphalt and plastics. The costof water produced by these relatively

efficient water catchment or "har-vesting" systems will depend on theinitial cost of installing these materialsand on their durability. Preliminaryfigures indicate that with the mate-rials being tested, water can be pro-duced at the cost of about $1 per1,000 gallons. This becomes quite fav-orable in those areas of Arizona wherewater is being hauled at a cost of $5per 1,000 gallons.

Summarizing, the entire effort ofthe Institute of Water Utilization isdirected towards making more effi-cient use of Arizona's water supply"before the well runs dry."

Cochise CountyKAWT, Douglas -6:15 a.m. Mon.

through Fri.KHIL, Willcox Mon. thru Fri.,

2 p.m.Coconino County

KCLS, Flagstaff Tues. and Thurs.,8:20 a.m.

KGLS, Flagstaff ( Home Agent ) -Thurs., 9:45 a.m.

KPGE, Page Fri., 2:30 p.m.Gila County

KIKO, Globe -MiamiMonday, 12:45 p.m.

Graham CountyKATO, Safford Sat., 9:30 a.m.

Mon. thru Fri., 12:45 p.m. ( daily)Maricopa County

KTAR, Phoenix Mon. thru Fri.,5:55 a.m.KOY, Phoenix Tues. thru Sat.,5:40 a.m.KOY, Phoenix Sunday Garden

Club of The Air, 8:35 a.m.KPHO, Phoenix Mon., Cotton

Report, 12:40 p.m.KPHO, Phoenix Thurs., Dairy

and Livestock Report, 12:40 p.m.KÇPD, Phoenix Mon. thru Fri.,

5:30 a.m. and 12:30 p.m.KCAC, Phoenix Mon. thru Sat.,

6:30 a.m.Mohave County

KAAA, Kingman -Mon., 10:45 a.m.Navajo County

KDAI, Holbrook Tues., 1:00 to1:15 p.m.

Piral CountyKPIN, Casa Grande Mon. thru

Sat., 6:55 a.m.; Mon. and Fri.,9:30 a.m.; Tues., Thurs. and Sat.,12:20 p.m.

Santa Cruz CountyKNOG, Nogales -

Yavapai CountyKYCO, Prescott -

Fri., 5:55 p.m.KNOT, Prescott

Fri., 5:35 a.m.Yuma County

KVOY, Yuma5:45 a.m.

KYUM, Yuma6:25 a.m.10:05 a.m., Sat.

November- December

Mon., 6:30 a.m.

Mon., Wed. and

Mon., Wed and

Mon. thru Fri.,

Mon. thru Fri.,

Page 8

PARASITIC WORMS'TAKE TOLL OF SHEEP

L. W. Dewhirst and A. M. Lane

"The internal parasite problemin Arizona sheep is getting to bean annual affair and it has be-come extremely serious from aneconomic viewpoint. I wouldventure to say that, except forunfavorable market conditions,parasites have caused a greatereconomic loss to the sheep indus-try than all other conditions com-bined."

With these words, Dr. Roy Eche-verria, Casa Grande veterinarian,summarized the seriousness of theproblem. Statements by some pro-ducers indicate that annual losses dueto internal parasites may reach ashigh as 10 per cent.

Are Many Different KindsStomach worms, as they frequently

are called, are actually a number ofdifferent kinds of parasitic round-worms which live in the abomasumand intestines of sheep. All of themcause damage to the host animal byinterfering with digestion or by lacer-ating or cutting the wall of the organin which they live and feeding onthe blood. In some cases, the youngworms actually burrow into the wallof the stomach or intestines. Infectedanimals may show symptoms ofanemia, weakness, diarrhea and ema-ciation. Not infrequently, severely in-fected animals will die.

The adult female roundworms pro-duce eggs which pass out with thefecal material. Within a few days,these eggs hatch and develop intoinfective larvae which can then befound on the forage. Animals becomeinfected by eating the forage on whichthe larvae are located.

Dense Winter PasturingMost Arizona sheep are pastured on

national forests in the northern part

Dr. Dewhirst is a professor in the Depart-ment of Animal Pathology and Mr. Lane isExtension Livestock Specialist in the Coop-erative Extension Service.


BELOW, NUMEROUS stomach wormswhich were removed from the abomasumof a lamb which died from internal para-sites. Scale is in inches.

Mi&U 10.44.1

of the state during the summermonths. In the fall they are trans-ported to lower elevations, wherethey spend the winter on irrigatedalfalfa pastures. Stocking rates onthese pastures are extremely heavy.With the pasture rotation programwhich is normally practiced, sheepmay be returned to the same pasturethree or four times in the same season.This means that the few stomachworms which sheep harbor in the fallmay quickly and heavily contaminatethe pastures with infective larvae. Asa result, clinical parasitism can andfrequently does develop in sheep inlate winter or early spring.

Through a grant from the ArizonaWool Growers Association, Universityof Arizona research personnel wereable to conduct detailed studies onthe development and survival of lar-vae on alfalfa pastures. The aim ofthe research was to attempt to definemanagement practices which wouldhelp to protect sheep from the ravagesof these damaging pests.

Although detailed studies have onlybeen conducted during a single seasonand future results may slightly modi-fy the results, current indications arethat all sheep should be treated withan effective drug to get rid of as manystomach worms as possible beforethey are placed on pastures.

While several materials could beused, the one which shows the great-est efficacy at the present timé is

Thibenzole. Pasture rotation sched-ules should, if possible, allow a mini-mum of seven weeks before sheep arereturned to a previously pasturedarea. This will, on the basis of resultsobtained last year, allow time for amajority of the infective larvae to de-velop and die before the pasture isagain utilized. A close watch shouldbe kept on all sheep. At the first signof trouble from stomach worms, theentire flock should be treated withThibenzole.

Our Mystery Picture

Where in the world would youfind a sign like this on a mainhighway? The answer, of course,is in Arizona, which is a state fullof interesting and marvelousthings. Turn to Page 17 for theanswer.

42s 4'dkle a Se4ies

SHEEP IN ARIZONAClarence D. Edmond

andJohn W. Wildermuth

Very little research has been doneon the sheep industry of Arizona. Forthe most part, the industry has beenignored by the universities, and fewothers have attempted any researchwork in the industry. The extent ofattention in recent years has been insummary type statistical reports.

Perhaps this lack of attention maybe due to the declining relative im-portance of this industry in the state.Yet, the sheep and wool industry con-tributed nearly $6 million last yearto the state's economy; the stateranked nineteenth in the number ofsheep in the nation as of January 1,1964, compared to thirty- fourth in thenumber of cattle, and sheep and woolstill are the major sources of incometo the Navajo Indians.

For these reasons, it seems worth-while to present a brief review of thedevelopment of the sheep industry inArizona and to analyze the industryas it exists today.

A Five -Part StudyThe study is divided into five parts.

The first part, the historical develop-ment of the sheep industry upthrough 1950, will be covered herebriefly. This history is quite colorfuland deserves more attention than isallotted here. References cited, how-ever, offer leads to very interestingreading.

In the second part, the develop-ments since 1951 are covered briefly.More time and emphasis is given thethird part, entitled Prices of Sheepand Lambs, in order to offer a more

Dr. Edmond is Farm Management Spe-cialist in the Extension Service. Mr. Wilder -muth is a student in the Department ofAgricultural Economics. Statistical data inthis article come from U of A Bulletin A -31,"Arizona Agriculture- 1964" and from theU. S. Department of Agriculture. The Has -kett quoted is Bert Haskett, whose historyof the sheep industry in this state was pub-lished in the Arizona Historical Review in1936. This is first article in a series whichwill explore all phases of the sheep industryin Arizona.

November- December

vivid picture of the present state ofthe industry. The wool industry is dis-cussed briefly in the fourth part.Finally, in the summary and outlooksection, implications of the analysesare pointed out and some ideas arediscussed of what the future mighthold for the sheep industry of Ari-zona.

PART I-Historical DevelopmentsThe state of New Mexico and the

nation of Mexico play key roles inthe early history of the sheep industryin Arizona, for it was from theseregions that pioneer sheepmen of Ari-zona, both Indian and Caucasian, de-rived their foundation flocks. Sheepwere first brought into Arizona byNavajo Indians. These sheep weretaken from Mexican pioneer settle-ments in northern New Mexico. Ac-cording to Haskett, who has donemuch work on the early history of theArizona sheep industry, the exact timeof these first Indian raids is unknown,

1,600,000

1,400,000

-ao 7,200,000a

0 1,000,000

cp

-0E

800,000z

600,000

400,000

but it was near the end of the 16thand beginning of the 17th centuries.

These sheep meant both food andclothing to the Navajos, and furnishedthem with a much easier livelihoodthan did hunting. Although weavingby Indians began in prehistoric times,the use of wool for clothing probablybegan in the late 17th century. Notuntil about the end of the 19th cen-tury did the Navajos begin weavingthe rugs for which they are so wellknown today.

Father Kino Brought SheepApparently, the first introduction of

breeding sheep into Arizona, bypeople of European extraction, wasmade by Padre Eusebio Kino. Thesesheep were brought in from Mexicoat the beginning of the 18th century.They were used to stock the newlycompleted missions of San Xavier delBac, Guevavi and Tumacacori. Later,during the eighteenth century, Span-ish settlers from Mexico moved intothe river valleys of southern Arizona,where they ran great flocks of sheepand herds of cattle. These plentifulsupplies of meat attracted Indians,especially the Apaches, and the Span-ish flocks were destroyed during thelatter part of the 18th century.

The next venture into the sheep in-(Continued on Next Page)

1900 1910 19 20 1930 1940 19 50 1960

STOCK SHEEP numbers on Arizona farms, Jan. 1, 1900 to Jan. 1, 1964. Note the WorldPage 10 War I peak. Source of data is U. S. Department of Agriculture.

Mandatory MicronaireAbolished for '64 Loans

Just as the last issue of ProgressiveAgriculture went to press, Congressvoted to abolish the mandatory micro -naire testing of cotton for the presentcrop. We had reported on the thencompulsory testing program under theheading, "Mike Readings to AffectCotton Prices From Now On."

Thus, micronaire readings on cot-ton are not required for eligibility onCCC loan applications during the1964 -65 marketing season.

Meanwhile, the U.S. Department ofAgriculture will continue its voluntarytesting program as in previous years.

List 7 Important ItemsFor Installment Buyer

Credit is a useful but dangerous toolin the management of home affairs,says Miss Corinne Stinson, Extensionhome management specialist withThe University of Arizona.

Buying from a dealer or merchanton the installment plan creates thelargest part of consumer credit. Andit is here that many families can runinto financial difficulties in trying tomeet payments on time.

Miss Stinson suggests that to avoid

the dangers of improper installmentbuying, families should:

First, make sure that the articlebeing bought will last far beyond thetime the last payment is made. Don'tmortgage income of tomorrow forpleasures and comforts used up today.

Second, make as large a down pay-ment as possible without upsetting thefamily budget. It is generally recom-mended to pay down one -third of thepurchase price of an automobile. Forhousehold equipment and furniture,it's best to pay down at least 10 percent.

Third, complete payments as quick-ly as possible without making the bud-get too tight. No more than 24 monthsshould be ordinarily used to pay forcars, equipment and furniture.

Fourth, know what the item costs,both in true interest rate and in actualdollars. Then decide whether it isworth the price.

Fifth, understand the contract. Itshould list the cash price, credit ser-vice charge, insurance premium, ifany, and other charges, if any Thecontract should include informationabout the down payment, allowancefor trade -ins, unpaid balance, theamount and frequency of each install-ment payment, and when and whereto make the payments.

Sixth, learn how to make up an ac-

Hilgeman CollaboratorIn Fla. Citrus Study

TEMPE Bob Hilgeman is on amailman's holiday squeezing or-anges in Florida.

Dr. Robert H. Hilgeman, superin-tendent of The University of Arizona'sCitrus Research Center here the pastseveral years, is collaborating withother citrus scientists in a study atthe U. S. Department of Agriculture'sresearch station at Orlando, Fla.

He is on sabbatical leave, July 1 toDec. 31, from The University of Ari-zona.

curate, sensible spending plan. Findout how much must go for basicneeds like food, housing, clothing,health, and for fixed bills before mak-ing any agreements about installmentpayments. There should be some lee-way for small purchases and emer-gency monthly allowance in the bud-get. What's left can go to pay debts,including installment payments.

Seventh, maintain a high creditrating. If it becomes necessary to post-pone or reduce scheduled payments,call on the credit manager, merchantor lender immediately. Explain whypayments cannot be made. Discusswhat can be done in the meantime.


dustry by whites occurred in the mid -1860's. These flocks were brought infrom New Mexico, and sheep raisingbecame a major or sole enterprise onmany ranches. During this early pe-riod the sheep were kept only forwool, as Arizona's population wassmall and little demand for muttonexisted. As a result of the disastrousdrought in southern California during1870 and 1871, thousands of head ofcattle and sheep were driven into thevirgin grasslands of western Arizona.By the middle 1870's, Arizona's repu-tation as a sheep range was quite wellestablished.

Then, in the early eighties, the At-lantic & Pacific Railroad was builtacross northern Arizona, opening theterritory up for many more settlers.It was during this period that theArizona sheep industry achieved itsgreatest expansion. Numbers of white -owned sheep in Arizona increasedfrom 803 head in 1870 to 10,000 headin 1876, to 76,524 in 1880 and 698,404head by 1890. In 1891, 35,000 head


were shipped out of the territory toPacific coast and eastern markets.Most of these were grown wetherswhich had a live weight of from 95to 115 pounds. In addition, approxi-mately 5,000,000 pounds of wool wereshipped to markets, primarily on theeast coast. This averaged sevenpounds per fleece.

Enter Kit CarsonBy the early 1860's the Navajos had

"hundreds of thousands" of sheep,said Haskett. But their continuedplundering of ranches in New Mexicocaused the U. S. Army to declare waron the entire Navajo Tribe. Under theleadership of Kit Carson, most of theNavajos were taken prisoner and theirsheep numbers reduced to 940 head.At the time of their release fromprison in 1869, the U. S. governmentgave each of the 7,111 Navajos ( bothsexes and all ages ) two sheep, andnumbers began to climb again. By1935 the number of sheep and goatson the reservation was estimated tobe 927,683 head.

In 1893 the Arizona sheep industry,especially among the whites, receiveda big setback as the severe depression

of the 1890's spread across the nation.This panic lasted for several years.During this period prices of farm andranch products dropped below thecost of production. Before this depres-sion, Arizona wool sold at home for22 to 27 cents per pound, but in 1893prices were down to 7 to 13 cents perpound on the eastern markets. As aresult, in 1894, white sheep numberswere down to 397,460, a drop of300,944 head in four years.

Peak During World War IThe sheep industry of Arizona sur-

vived the low prices and lack ofmarkets during the depression of the90's, and in 1900 stock sheep numbershad increased to 861,761 head. Exceptfor a small decline in 1904 and 1905,sheep numbers continued to increaseuntil 1917, when the number ofsheep in the state reached the alltime peak of 1.4 million head. Subse-quently, numbers declined steadilyand sharply.

By 1952 there were only 378,000head of stock sheep in the state. Sincethat time numbers have increasedslightly.

Yuma's Citrus Acreage is GrowingYuma Mesa Citrus Acreage

BeforeVarieties 1952 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 -58 1959 1960Oranges:

Valencia 500 19 5 40 106 223 1,594 1,511 2,004*Navels 17 10 89 130Hamlin 5 20 65 30Blood 15**Indian RiverTempleMiscellaneous

Grapefruit:White 913 19 28 5 120 ** 140 81Red Blush 20 15 30 118 143 108 207 0" 10

Lemons:Lisbon ( 5,524 )Eureka ( 514 )Villa Franka ( 60 )PryorRosenberger

Total all Lemonsthru 1962 220 260 241 *857 1,545 745 1,583 269 43*

Tangerines:Clementine

( Algerian ) 5 5 8 50 5 35 87 35 60Dancy 10Kinnow Mandarines

Tangelos:Minneola 5 1 4 5Orlando 5

Limes: 5 15 **Miscellaneous

( Variety Plantings )TOTALBY YEARS 1,680 304 303 1,075 1,832 1,162 3,749 1,970 2,368

o Total Acres Minus Acres Removed in Runway Extension

1961

993

3

5

65

13220

2

1,220

1962 1963 1964 total

839 777 37 8,648_5** -5 236

6 10 13615

2 23

-25** -23 1,263-65" 586

220 30 250

140 14020 20

-2" 5,826

12 15 3178 5 23

40 40

95 80 32210 45

22

2 2

867 1,129 237 17,896

** Acreage Reduced from Topworking or Variety Change

Wellton- Mohawk 11esa Citrus Acreage

Varieties 1960 1961Oranges: Valencia 175 263

Washington Navels 12 18Hamlin 24 45Indian River 10

Grapefruit: White 17Red Blush

Lemon: 22Tangerines:

Clementine Algerian 10Dancy Tangerine

Kinnow MandarinsMinneola TangeloMiscellaneous 20Total By Years 290

1962282

26

5

4 13

6 155

336 346

1963705

2080

1964 total840 2,265125 201

149210 220

175

22

2730

1218520

3,162

30100

80

805 1,385

Robert E. Grounds

"From Mesa to Mesa and Now tothe Valley" might be the phrase usedto describe the changing planting pat-tern of citrus in Yuma County.

The Yuma Mesa is divided betweentwo irrigation projects, the old areasouth and west of the U of A MesaExperiment Station, called the YumaMesa Auxiliary Project Part I, Unit B,and the Yuma Mesa Project, which isa division of the Gila Project, the newarea.

Started Many Years AgoCitrus was first planted in commer-

cial quantities 35 to 40 years ago on

Mr. Grounds is a Yuma County Agricul-tural Agent whose principal professionalinterest is the commercial citrus industry.

the Mesa. Water was pumped to thefirst groves by some old Ford motorsfrom the canal that ran along the baseof the Mesa. Shortly thereafter, theUnit B district was established andcitrus was planted.

Most people thought citrus wouldnever prosper, and one of the highestrepayment rates for any irrigation dis-trict in the west was set up for theUnit B district. Even though this im-posed a hardship on the growers, itwas paid on time and now is com-pletely grower- owned, showing thatcitrus will pay its way on the YumaMesa.

Most of the older citrus was grape-fruit, with slightly over 1,000 acres ingrapefruit, 500 acres in oranges and220 acres of lemons in the Unit Bdistrict. There are 3,316 net irrigatedacres in the district, so only two- thirdsof the possible acreage was planted.

Recent Yuma ValleyCitrus Acreage

1963 1964 TotalOranges: Valencias 140 240 380

WashingtonNavels 10 10HamlinTemples 35 35

GrapefruitLemons: Pryor 40 40Total by Years 140 325 465

Plantings slowed during the waryears and then increased, until nowthere are just a few small blocks notplanted.

The new area ( that area aroundand south of the airport, along High-way 80 and adjacent to the city ) con-sists of the Yuma Mesa Irrigation Dis-trict. It contains approximately 19,000acres of which most is now plantedto citrus. Some cotton and peanutsare still grown, but these acreages arediminishing each year or grown be-tween the citrus rows.

East to the MountainsThe next mesa that began to de-

velop was the Wellton- Mohawk Mesa,beginning about 35 miles east ofYuma and extending nearly to theMohawk Mountains all along High-way 80, forming a long narrow mesaunder irrigation. There are approxi-mately 14,000 acres that could be de-veloped that are in the district. In thelast few years this has rapidly in-creased in citrus plantings until itnow has 3,162 acres of citrus. ( SeeWellton- Mohawk table) . Most of thisacreage is planted to Valencia or-anges. Two of the bigger plantingsare entirely Valencia oranges.

This mesa is rolling and has somecold areas and some warm. The soilis heavier than the Superstition Sandseries on the Yuma Mesa. It also hassome thin clay layers which newgrowers need to break up or watchout for. Trees require less water thanon the Yuma Mesa due to the heavysoils.

Many irrigation methods are used,from bordering one row to large bor-ders where several rows are irrigatedat once. Most of the irrigation runsare 660 feet but several are 1,400 to1,600 feet in length. Usually, with thelonger runs, more fall is used to short-en the water run time. Alfalfa was theprincipal crop on the Mesa before the


November- December Page 12

d p

YUMA CITRUS(Continued from Previous Page)

planting of citrus, so most groves arein soils that have several years' his-tory of plant growth.

Scattered Small PlantingsEast of the Wellton- Mohawk Mesa

there are a few spots where citrusexists in Yuma County. These spotsare the Dateland area with about 15acres planted, Horn ( N.E. on theBruce Church Co. property ) wheresome trial plantings of 100 acres arebeing conducted, and the Hyder areawhere a few scattered trees have beenplaced to observe their growth char-acteristics. There are several largeplantings planned for these areas ifthese trial plants are satisfactory.

The newest citrus area is in theYuma Valley, where trial planting twoyears ago have gone through twowinters with little damage. This hastriggered new plantings of severalhundred acres. ( See Yuma Valleytable ) Many of these recent plantingsare 240 trees to the acre, half onRough Lemon rootstock and half onTroyer rootstock. Research showsthat Troyer does better on the heaviersoils, but is more easily affected bysalts than Rough Lemon.

These new plantings actually arecommercial -sized research blocks, de-signed to help select the best root-stock for the valley. Some older citrusacreage in the valley, now approxi-mately 25 years old, was all buddedon the old favorite rootstock, SourOrange. This still is one of the bestrootstocks, but due to the disease tris-teza, ( Quick Decline ) in California,most citrus currently being planted inYuma County is not being planted onSour Orange rootstock.

Additional Acreage PlannedMany new plantings are planned

for the Yuma Valley, the Wellton-Mo-hawk Mesa and surrounding areaswhere good soil and high qualitywater can be found. The Yuma Coun-ty citrus acreage is now slightly over21,500 acres and plantings proposedfor next year will add about 2,000more acres.

Yuma area lemons, oranges andgrapefruit have been received well ondomestic markets and overseas. Twonew citrus packing sheds are beingbuilt to handle the increasing volumeof fruit that will be available. Packingfacilities in Yuma are the newest inthe nation, due to the recent expan-sion by existing packing houses andnew ones now being built.


4/le'z 50 ?/eatS

EXTENSION SERVICEIS BOTH OLD AND NEW

Joe McClelland

"There's nothing new underthe sun."

Many are the arguments begun bythe above statement, but the fact re-mains that often we are surprised bythe basic truth it indicates.

Take the Cooperative ExtensionService, for instance. It's a branch ofThe University of Arizona's Collegeof Agriculture, with offices in everycounty of Arizona. Just 50 years agoit was established under the "cooper-ative" Smith -Lever Act which set upa county, state, and federal govern-ment partnership that ever since hasbeen the envy of other nationsthroughout the world.

Principles Are the SameNow, needless to say, there are a

lot of new things in the Extensionprogram and in Arizona agriculture-since that 50 -year -ago beginning.But essentially the basic principles in-volved have not changed. The simi-larities may be more dramatic thanthe changes.

The Cooperative Extension Serviceprogram still follows the Smith -Leverlaw's directive "to aid in diffusinguseful and practical information onsubjects related to agriculture andhome economics and to encourage ap-plication of same."

Fifty years ago, the Extension Ser-vice staff consisted of a superinten-dent (later called director ) a live-stock specialist, a state 4 -H clubagent, an office secretary and twocounty agents.

Today there are 37 state -staff sub-

Joe McClelland is probably one of themost read" editors in Arizona, having edited

countless agricultural and home economicspublications since he became Extension In-formation Specialist here just 17 years ago.His work has won many blue ribbons innational competition, and Joe himself hasbeen honored by his national association( American Association of Agricultural Col-lege Editors ) by serving as its president, aswell as holding other offices of trust in thatorganization.

HIGHLY CAPABLE DIRECTOR of theCooperative Extension Service at The Uni-versity of Arizona today is Dr. George E.Hull.

ject -matter specialists, and a countystaff of 54, with an office in each ofthe state's 14 counties. And the job ofExtension continues to be that of edu-cation, with the entire state as itsclassroom.

The Extension Service is under thedirection of Dr. George E. Hull. Thelist of directors, with their terms ofservice over the 50 -year period, is asfollows:

Stanley F. MorseJuly 1, 1914 - August 15, 1916( first year Superintendent, sec-ond year Director and StateLeader )

Estes Park TaylorOctober 1, 1916 - June 30, 1920

William M. CookJuly 1, 1920 - June 30, 1922

Alando B. Ballantine( Acting Director )July 1, 1922 - June 30, 1923

Clarence T. DowellJuly 1, 1923 - July 31, 1923

Pontius H. RossSeptember 22, 1923 - October 31,1936


EXTENSION SERVICE(Continued from Previous Page)

George W. Barr( Acting Director )November 1, 1936 - April 30, 1937

Chas. U. PickrellMay 1, 1937 - June 30, 1958

John W. PouJuly 1, 1958 - March 16, 1961

George E. HullMarch 16, 1961-

First Were Farm DemonstrationsArizona's Extension programs start-

ed with the basic farm demonstration-showing groups of farmers thepractical application of the findingsof research from the College of Agri-culture at The University of Arizona,from other similar colleges, and fromthe United States Department of Agri-culture. Essentially, Extension stilldemonstrates to the residents of Ari-zona the results of research affectingagriculture and the wide scope ofagricultural business - as well ashome economics. And, as was the case50 years ago, the work with youth ofthe state through 4 -H clubs is a vitalpart of the entire program. The 4 -Hplan is "Learning by Doing."

The greatest change in the past 50years actually has been in agricultureitself. Cotton was barely mentionedin the first Extension annual report--but corn, grain sorghums, lettuce,wheat, and potatoes were the subjectsof the earliest informational bulletinsissued by the Extension Service.

Poultry, purebred livestock, silosand silage, water storage, the produc-tion of clean milk, and the range bullwere subjects of other early agricul-tural publications. "Corn as a TrapCrop for The Cotton Bollworm" wasthe title of the first publication relat-ing to cotton.

Helping the Housewife"Home Management" was covered

in publications as early as 1917, along

FAR CRY FROM today's efficient farmmachinery was this early "recommended"cotton planter. Note the drag chainswhich returned a dirt mulch over theplanted area.

University of Arizona, College of Orieniture,

'QAT PLANTLNG AND THE SEED SUPPIP, T:,:°t.ox

for a big trstrvrr.t íar 019. 1t ,as ire,rn t;a'íedh;szs°t '.3 : raat 11atr `ex. 4t'r , tf hope it will gutiz_:,E, rEy 5 doiurntxrtuti++nt that wit will z«w-rat /mil*ì9 urs.; ix, issfirrG; we 00:1 t.wsr tnrr,a.szrr +Aiir

turr,>w,"1"), F. 1l,rac,&TYat

xr>assry rsd Agricvs%ttar+,

Growing

[10 oiaIn Arizona

/r %f4M,/ /,,/%%r7Jq/'Tg7,Coaperatíve Extrzsxa#att Service á ñgztrultural Experiment StationThe Cfatvsrsity ot Artiîona Bulletin A32

WHEAT WAS THE subject of one of Extension's earliest bulletins, printed in 1919(left, above) and also one of the most recent bulletins published in 1964 (right, above) .

with "Nutritive Value of StandardFoods."

Later, "Foods for Hot Weather"was the topic of a rather extensivecircular that included menus andrecipes as well as cooking rules. "Gar-ment Making" was a popular 4 -H clubmanual at this time.

The first Extension project in cottonproduction was entitled "EgyptianCotton Extension." Established in1916, it became a leading activity inMaricopa county.

The first mention of Arizona cropproduction appeared in the 1917 Ex-tension Annual Report, with alfalfahaving the greatest acreage 185,000acres. Cotton was grown on 52,000acres; wheat 30,000; barley 32,000;corn 32,000; milo maize 30,000; sor-ghum 8,000; cantaloupes 3,000; citrus2,700; deciduous orchards 5,200; pinkbeans 18,000; and potatoes 4,800. Alsoreported was 4,100 acres of feterita,and 600 acres of olives. Pasture cropswere listed for 54,700 acres.

Expanded Crop AcreageTotal crop acreage in the state was

491,867 acres in 1917; it was 1,165,800acres in 1963. Strangely enough, theacreage of alfalfa now is not muchgreater than in 1917, with 193,000acres reported for 1963.

Within the area of agricultural pro-duction and practices, great changeshave taken place. The Extension Ser-vice has continued for 50 years tohelp farmers -and others interestedin the welfare of agriculture in Ari-zona-to adjust to these changes or,

in many cases, to help bring suchchanges about.

The area of agricultural marketingis of vital importance during the pres-ent era of business farming. But mar-keting also was recognized as part ofthe over -all Extension program as farback as 1916 when it was reportedthat "the Extension Service, togetherwith the Arizona Farm ImprovementAssociation, assisted farmers to finda market for 114,000 pounds of variouskinds of seed crops valued at $2,000."

Better Trained PersonnelFor 50 years the Arizona Extension

Service has served the people of thisstate. As the needs of the state's agri-cultural industry have changed, sohas the organization. There are manymore staff members now than 50years ago. They are better trained inscientific agriculture and home eco-nomics. And they are working on abroader scale than did the early coun-ty agent or specialist.

But the present Extension programcontinues to reach the people of thestate through the county extensionoffice, and it continues to serve inthe ways that local people want it to-as indicated through their requestsfor assistance. The technology of TheUniversity of Arizona is as close tothe public as the County ExtensionAgent's office door.

The county extension staff, welltrained and practical minded, is nowsupplemented by a state specialist


November- December Page 14

t-

r

Seed Selectiafrt One kevTe ?'self Pelda C'Lop

W. D. Pew

During the past few years considerable experimen-tal work has aimed at developing methods for improv-ing potato yields. The two major reasons for this workwere first, to find a way to reduce or offset increasedproduction costs and, second, to provide a crop bettersuited to the improved mechanical harvesting and bulkhandling processes.

It was found that one of the easiestand most effective methods a growercould use to accomplish this was ad-justing the seed -piece size and regu-lating the number of eyes on the seedpiece. Since it is not feasible to regu-late mechanically the number of eyesper piece, it was shown that the samesuccess could be achieved by select-ing or cutting seed pieces largeenough to offset any effect the num-

Dr. Pew is professor of horticulture andalso the very capable superintendent of theMesa, Ariz., Branch Experiment Station.

ber of eyes per seed piece may haveon yield.

To study these effects, seed pieceswere cut into the various groupingsas listed in the "Treatment" columnof the adjoining table. These lots ofseed were planted and grown underfield conditions as ideal as possible.The results are tabulated in the table.They show several interesting corn -parisons.

Small Whole Tubers BestIt was observed that small, whole

tubers, ranging in size from l'2 to 2ounces ( treatment 13 ) and 2 to 3

EXTENSION SERVICE(Continued from Previous Page)

force as members of subject- matterdepartments in the fields of agricul-tural economics, agricultural engi-neering, agricultural marketing, ag-ronomy, dairying, entomology, plantpathology, horticulture, livestock,poultry, soils, watershed management,4 -H club work, clothing, home man-agement, foods and nutrition, andother home -economics areas.


One Aim To ServeEach extension worker -state staff

or county -has but one professionalgoal: to best serve the people of Ari-zona in the broadest areas of agricul-ture and home economics. The workof the dedicated county agent of 50years ago continues today through hiscounterpart, the dedicated Extensionscientist working for his county peo-ple, for the College of Agriculture ofThe University of Arizona, and for acontinuing strong agriculture and sat-isfying family living.

EFFECT OF SEED kind and size on plantgrowth is shown in these three photostaken at the same time, in the same trial,at the Mesa Experiment Station. At left,half ounce cut seed with three eyes;center, two ounce cut seed with threeeyes, and at right, whole potato seed ofthree ounces and up. Note comparativegrowth of vines.

ounces ( treatment 14 ) were consist-ently among the highest yieldinggroup. This appeared consistent withthe factor of seed -piece size, althoughcertain other factors may have exertedsome influence.

Other advantages in the use ofsmall, whole seed pieces are elimina-tion of labor to cut seed pieces, betterprotection against diseases and easeof handling and planting. Each ofthese factors would markedly reducethe cost in general potato production.Certain disadvantages are also ap-parent, such as chances of obtaininglow producing stock as seed and aninadequate supply of tubers fromhigh producing fields grown for seedproduction. The advantages, however,appear to outweigh the disadvantages.

A further comparison, made be-tween the small whole tubers and the2 -ounce cut seed pieces, shows es-sentially the same production capabil-ity. These data indicate that, wheregood seed stock is available in ade-quate quantities, considerable laborcan be saved by using uncut, wholetubers without adversely affectingyields.

Note Several TrendsBased on a closer evaluation of the

data in the table, several generaltrends are noted. Important is thefact that the larger the seed piece,the greater the yield. However, theclose relationship between seed -piecesize and number of eyes, especiallywhere the seed pieces are small, wasalways evident. For example, using2 ounce seed pieces, the 3-eye pieces


SEED POTATO(Continued from Previous Page)

were less productive than where only1 or 2 eyes were left. This points upthe need for adequate seed -piece sizeand shows that the % -ounce pieces areincapable of supporting the numberof stems originating from the threeeyes.

It was also noted that the stemsfrom these seed pieces are small, andemergence and growth slower thanthose from the larger seed pieces. In-creasing the seed size to 1% ouncesseemed to nullify the yield- reducinginfluence of the number of stems perplant. A comparison of the yields intreatments 7, 8, and 9, which are al-most identical, shows that the influ-ence of the number of eyes had beenovercome. Seed pieces smaller than1% ounces show progressively betteryields as the number of eyes are re-duced from 3 to 1; whereas pieces of112 ounces and larger show the reverseeffect, with the greatest yields oc-curring with the 3 -eye pieces, al-though not greatly different than for1- and 2 -eye pieces of the larger sizes.

Plants from the larger seed piecealso appear to produce a larger totalnumber of tubers per plant, with nosignificant difference in the numberof culls obtained from any of thetreatments involving cut seed pieces.However, significantly fewer cullswere found in the whole seed plots.

These findings indicate that a po-tato grower should carefully considerthe use of small, whole tubers wherean adequate supply is available. If anadequate supply is not available, andcut pieces must be used, every effortshould be made to insure that theybe at least 112 ounces in size. Seedpieces smaller than 1% ounces are notrecommended.

Calcisols

In ArizonaS. W. Buol

Much to the dismay of many farm-ers, gardeners, and home owners, ahard carbonate and silica cementedcaliche layer exists in the subsoil ofmany Arizona soils. Soils with this

This is the third article in a series by Dr.Buol, member of the Department of Agricul-tural Chemistry and Soils, who is presentlycooperating in mapping the soils of Arizona,a project involving several agencies. Thenext article will appear in our next issue.

Effect of Seed Piece Size and Number of Eyes on Yield of Potatoes.

GradeNo.1 -A No.1 -B Culls

Treatment 100# Sacks /Acre1. %oz. -leye 217 622. % oz. - 2 eyes 216 423. % oz. - 3 eyes 205 744. 1 oz. - 1 eye 242 905. 1 oz. - 2 eyes 230 1036. 1 oz. - 3 eyes 226 867. 1% oz. -1 eye 257 878. 1% oz. - 2 eyes 256 819. 1% oz. - 3 eyes 256 81

10. 2 oz. -1 eye 255 6011. 2 oz. - 2 eyes 265 8412. 2 oz. - 3 eyes 285 6713. 112 -2 oz. ( small whole ) 26714. 2 -3 oz. ( medium whole ) 287

129125127131137147147145145169149161103 2888

AT LEFT, PROFILE of Cave series inTucson. Note thin layer of soil

over the cemented layer of caliche.

caliche layer near the surface areknown as Calcisols.

One of the best areas to observethese soils is in the city of Tucson,where caliche is present in almostevery area of the city. The hardnessand thickness of the caliche, coupledwith the depth, color and texture ofthe overlying soil material, determinesthe classification given to the soilsin this group.

Over Cemented LayerOne of the most common Calcisol

soil series, especially in the Tucsonarea, is the Cave series. ( Many areasof this soil, especially in Pima County,have been known as the Pinal series) .

The name "Cave" comes from CaveCreek in northeastern Cochise Coun-ty, Arizona. This soil is a light -coloredmedium to moderately coarse -tex-tured soil less than 20 inches thickover a hard, cemented caliche layer.

Soils with similar texture, depth anddegree of cementation, but formed athigher elevations under colder cli-mates and having darker colors, areclassified in the Whitehead seriesnamed after Whitehead Ridge in Co-chise County.

Other series included in the Calci-sol group having a lesser degree ofcementation include the light- colored,gravelly, medium to moderatelycoarse -textured Rillito series, and itsdark -colored counterpart at higherelevation, the Hathaway series. Twoother series of medium and moderate-ly coarse -texture over layers high incalcium carbonate but not cementedare the Laveen and Whitlock series.

Home Grounds for CreosoteThe natural vegetation on the shal-

low, light- colored Calcisols such asCave, Rillito, Whitlock and Laveentend to be dominated by Creosote -bush. The Calcisols at higher eleva-tions, such as the Whitehead andHathaway series, usually supportstands of grasses. Ocotillo also tendsto grow well in some areas on thesesoils.

Numerous studies have been madeto learn how the caliche layers haveformed. Results of these studies areconflicting, and it is apparent thatmore than one process is responsible.

There is little doubt that percolat-ing water carries some carbonate, inthe bicarbonate form, from the upperpart of the soil and deposits it as car-bonate in the subsoil. It is impossible


35 November- December Page 16

rt.


to account for all of the thick calichelayers in this way, because theresimply isn't enough soil over the ca-liche to provide enough carbonate. Tocompensate for this, a theory callingfor the continual erosion of the sur-face has been proposed, as well as atheory calling for deposition of calcar-eous dust on the surface.

Other commonly accepted explana-tions for the thick caliche layers in-clude the theories that the layerresults from the evaporation of groundwater near the soil surface, or that thethick layers are really only geologicstrata high in carbonate, depositedduring the filling of the valleys andfans in the arid regions, and have norelationship to soil development.

Formed Many Centuries AgoRecent work, using radio -dating of

the carbon in the carbonate, tends toindicate that the formation of thethick caliche layers near Tucson is nottaking place today, but dates backsome 10,000 to 30,000 years.' Weak,uncemented carbonate deposits found

STAND OF OCOTILLO on Hathawaysoils.

above the thick cemented calichedated only 2,500 years before thepresent. Such layers are believed to beforming at present.

Regardless of how caliche is formed,it must be recognized as one of themost characteristic features of manyof the soils in southern Arizona. Itspresence also imparts rather severelimits on the use and productivity ofthose soils where the layer is stronglycemented and close to the surface.Special practices, usually involvingdigging the cemented caliche up andrefilling the area with desirable soilmaterial, can be used when only smallareas are involved, such as plantinga tree or hedgerow. Care should betaken to dig completely through thelayer in order to assure good futuredrainage of the area.

1Buol, S. W. and Yesilsoy, M. S. A genesisstudy of a Mohave sandy loam profile, SoilSci. Am. Proc. 28:254 -256, 1964.

Mystery Picture Answer

That highway sign, "Watch forWagons," shown in the photo on Page9, probably would be found fewplaces in America- especially on amain federal highway. This one, ofcourse, was seen along U. S. Highway89, north of Flagstaff and betweenFlagstaff and Cameron.


Reason for the sign is that thisstretch of road goes through the Nav-ajo Reservation, and many Indiansuse teams and wagons as means oftraveling to town.

Indians on horseback, too, are seenfrequently, especially on more re-mote roads within the reservation. ANavajo woman in colorful flowingdress, riding at a dead gallop acrossthe mesa, is a colorful sight to givetourists a thrill they'll talk about foryears afterward.

Metal in the RumenCan be Tough on Cow

It's a good idea to clean up aroundthe farm to help prevent "hardwaredisease" in cattle, says W. R. Van Sant,extension dairy specialist with TheUniversity of Arizona.

Cows, he says, have a peculiar traitwhich sometimes causes them to de-velop "hardware" trouble. Cattle can-not separate from their feed the bitsof metal, nails, wire, fence staplesand such items which may have beenleft in the mangers from baled hay.

Such pieces of metal collect in therumen. They may then work theirway through the stomach wall, pierc-ing such vital organs as the heart orliver -sometimes causing death.

The best way to prevent this is toclean up lots before spreading ma-nure in fields, and avoid dropping ofwire while baling, says Van Sant.

If an animal shows signs that hard-ware disease is developing, a veter-inarian can sometimes remove theharmful metal surgically.

Symptoms of the onset of the di-sease include loss of appetite, a sharpdrop in milk production, a variablefever, and the animal may make grunt-ing noises, with an arched backand have difficulty in breathing.

Extension Winter SchoolAt U of A Next February

The fourth annual Western Re-gional Extension Winter School willbe on The University of Arizonacampus Feb. 1 -19, 1965.

Six courses are offered, and topinstructors are provided. As usual,the courses will appeal to extensionworkers from throughout this nationand also from foreign countries.

Courses offered this winter will in-clude one in agricultural policy, onein agricultural communications, acourse in procedures and techniquesfor working with groups, an eco-nomics course in agricultural market-ing, a course in psychology for ex-tension workers, and one in the phi-losophy and principles of extensioneducation.

Some scholarships are available,and applications and information canbe obtained from any state extensionoffice or by writing to the Divisionof Continuing Education, Universityof Arizona.

DOES ADVERTISING AIDRETAIL MEAT SALES?

Thomas M. Stubblefield

Up to 1950, advertising of meats had been limitedprimarily to products of a firm and not to the productsof the entire industry. During the 1950's meat pro-ducers through their organizations started promotionalprograms to get the public to purchase the particularcommodity which each group had to sell. (Pioneers incommodity group promotion of products were the South-western citrus people, marketing under the "Sunkist"label as early as 1908, and the dairymen who, throughthe American Dairy Association, began dairy advertis-ing through state producer groups as early as 1940.)

From these endeavors came thepromotion of beef, lamb and pork. Inaddition to the promotional programsof these industries, livestock producersasked retail chains as well as otherretail stores to advertise beef, pork,

LESS THAN FEATURE

SUB- SUB -FEATURE

and lamb when there were surpluseson the market and the price at thefarmer's level was depressed.

Raises Many QuestionsThese and other activities have

raised several questions: How is meat

vaies...here's a catch you

Freshly Caught SILVER

SALMONu*11114D. tln.dd fia.

Cater Cat Whole srSteaks Nall

I. 69e Ib.

Round Steak DaD°h°I°e n.79`.......nee.

Chuck Roast :. Ih' 79`Skinless Franks `fir, Ik. 59cSliced Bacon ;4. w - Ik. 59c

Shady Lane

1 -Ib. Ctn.

Large Eggsteak AACrown O.Me Crop

De.en

43' 5Snap Cookies

Busy taker

2-Ib. Pkg. 9°Toilet Tissue

Green Beans

Tuna

Pears

Olives

Cake Mix .

3:'100 Spaghetti .. 2 25'

8 '100 Clover Honey ; Ï 59'

4 '100 Pancake Mix 39'3 100

4'100

29

- _-- Llyuer De01. spr.Gin . . 2.69Vodka .. . , 2.69Bourbon . .. 369

D.-; .e

2 35

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34

SOAP

2 21'

G. I

EGGPLANT°Ike vegetable 'lest"

. ,.. lb.

Carrots ::; . 2 19'

Navel Oranges ::. I 19`

Xe De;l ^.

79' .

59

Beere bel D,....i

2 41-1 69

at 1,c,.a

73

ILLUSTRATION OF the classification of the variouswith the amount of emphasis given to advertised items.

items

Lu.e

29'

1e14 ' I,. t.a.lee neak _ ., 49'21' ' . 39' N.epC.l .... 47'

l.be Meet Stull la Yel Ieuil

' 3:25' : .. 27' : 63'

in the advertisements,

used in retail food advertising? Whatis the effect of such advertising? Whatis meat's share in the relative use ofdisplay space in the store? When isbeef, lamb, pork and poultry adver-tised as related to the wholesaleprices?

The Department of AgriculturalEconomics in this college made astudy of retail meat advertising. Thisstudy included (1). Makeup of the adsin the two Tucson daily newspapers,( 2) Advertising of meat and poultryin relation to the change in the whole-sale price, ( 3) Measuring consumerresponse to such advertising, and (4 )Use made of display space.

Almost 63 percent of the food adswere retail food store ads. Thirty -three percent of the ads were placedin the two newspapers by food manu-facturers, processors and wholesalers.Only five percent of the ads wereplaced in the two papers by retailmeat markets.

Measuring EmphasisEmphasis on type of product was

measured by percentage of columninches of advertising given to eachproduct and its location in the ad.( See illustration ) Beef, lamb andmutton were used most often as fea-tured items, while pork, processedmeats and poultry and sea food wereused most often as subfeatures.

One measure of the emphasis givento meat and poultry and sea fooditems is the number of times theyappear in the ads. Fresh and curedpork items appeared in 53 percent ofthe retail ads while fresh beef ap-peared in 48 percent of the ads. Poul-try and sea food appeared in 43 per-cent of the ads, processed meatsappeared in 43 percent of the ads, andfresh lamb and mutton appeared innine percent of the ads.

These items were advertised ratherregularly, regardless of the wholesaleprice. This probably was due to corn -petition among food stores, and thefact that the stores found it necessaryto change the kind of meat advertisedevery week in order to encouragecustomers to trade regularly at theirstores.

Pay Day is ImportantThree retail food chains in Tucson

furnished information regarding theirweekly volume of fresh meat sales foreight weeks in July and August 1960.


The author is an Agricultural Economist,Department of Agricultural Economics.


¡It IIIIIIII

Witat, . , &tat-tic! , .3a?Frances Stromberg

What do you do when you are facedwith a problem? What does your childdo when he is confronted with diffi-culty? All of us and all of our childrenare faced continually with problems

which must be solved, and difficultsituations which cause stress andstrain for us because we don't knowexactly what to do.

If we could look into the futureperhaps we could train our children

Dr. Stromberg is an associate professorin the School of Home Economics.


There were some changes in the vol-ume of sales that could not be ex-plained by advertising. In fact, therewas greater variation between theweeks of the month than there wasbetween featured and nonfeatureditems. This is apparently caused bythe availability of money with whichto purchase steaks, chops, etc. follow-ing pay days.

The display space at four stores( one high -volume and one low -vol-ume store for each of two chains )used to display fresh beef, fresh pork,cured pork, fresh poultry, fresh lamb


and mutton and fresh veal were meas-ured twice a week for four weeks, andthis information related to the respec-tive food ads appearing in the twoTucson newspapers. We found thateach of the four stores had differentpolicies regarding stocking of displaycounters.

Meat, poultry and sea food wereimportant items in the retail food ads.Beef and calf, lamb and mutton,pork and poultry were advertisedrather regularly without relationshipto wholesale price. Advertising ap-peared to have some effect on volumeof sales, but the week of the monthappeared to have a greater effect. Re-sults of the display space study werenot conclusive.

to know the best means for copingwith their problems, but we cannotpredict all of the specific problemsthat we shall face in the next threeyears, much less those which willconfront our children in the next 30or 60 years.

Certainly, however, the problemsand difficulties will arise, and theability to cope with difficulty may beone of the most important factors insuccessful living in the future. It maybe more important than IQ in deter-mining a child's success in school. Inour scientists, this ability to cope withdifficulty may be the key to our sur-vival. Certainly neither individualsnor families can achieve personal sat -isfaction and happiness unless theyare able to cope with most of theirdifficulties in a satisfactory manner.

Have you, perchance, been taughtthat an immediate, direct attack is thebest method for approaching a diffi-cult problem? Many times it is, butrecent research by students of humanbehavior has indicated that there aremany patterns of responding to diffi-culty which may be just as productiveas immediate, direct attack.

Sometimes a child finds ways tostall for time or to change the subjectwhen he is faced with difficulty, butthis does not necessarily mean that hecannot cope with the problem. Itmay mean only that he needs awhileto figure out "What should I do ?"

Sometimes a child will criticizehimself, "I don't know why I am sodumb!" or criticize the material whichis hard for him to use, "These sillynumbers just won't divide!" or "Thispuzzle is stupid!" He may really besaying "What should I do ?"

They Have Their WaysSome children can admit, as a cas-

ual statement of fact, that a problemis too difficult but this may not meanthat they are accepting defeat; it maybe a way of making it easier for themto ask "What should I do ?" An activeprotest such as "I just don't want to doit, and I'm not going to!" may be thechild's way of indicating that he doesnot know what to do in the situation.

Over -meticulous attention to detail,using humor to cover up embarrass-ment, bravado, excusing failure, seem-ing not to hear, making nonsensenoises, and rubbing, patting, or fin-gering his own body or some material,are responses to difficulties which,numerous times, you probably havebeen annoyed by. Irritating as thesemay be, results of observationalstudies of a large number of childrensuggest that almost all children resort


WHAT SHOULD I DO?(Continued from Previous Page)

to some of these patterns of behaviorsome of the times when they arethreatened by difficulty.

Careful consideration of the behav-ior of the children who were studiedover a period of time suggests thatthese responses to difficulty may notbe wholly undesirable, but may servea very worthwhile purpose by givingthe child time and courage to mobil-ize the forces he has for coping withthe difficulty.

Some Can Cope EarlyThere are some children who seem

to develop a number of desirable pat-terns for coping with difficulty at avery early age. Sometimes these pat-terns seem to be a reflection of thechild's personality, and sometimesthese desirable patterns develop as aresult of teaching or training.

From whichever source they arise,some of the coping patterns whichhave been observed in children andwhich seem good to encourage are:calling on past experience to meet achallenge; talking about the problem;classifying and comparing differentaspects of the problem; planning solu-tions; being able to accept substitutesolutions; being able to develop warmrelations with other people; being ableto accept help from other people;using humor to ease tension; and beingable to identify, or feel some closerelation, with family, friend, or co-worker who has been successful.

When a child's words or his actionssay to us, "What should I do ? ", hereare some suggestions for helping him:

Guide him to ask himself what hemust do or why he must do what hehas been asked. Don't solve his prob-lems for him. Remember that childrenare great mimics, so set a good ex-ample.

A Pat on the BackTell him when he has done a good

job.Help him feel that he is an impor-

tant, responsible member of his fam-ily.

Show him each step in solving theproblem, if he needs this much help,so that he may feel capable and con-fident.

Remember, children learn by doing,so help them practice their skills incoping with difficulty.

There are many ways for a child toask, "What should I do ?" and manyof these ways may be "good" if theyhelp the child cope satisfactorily withdifficulty.

3JVew Sc4jIawe4s Agailaae

Robert Dennis

Three new experimental safflowerlines are now available to growers forfurther on -farm evaluation. Theselines are A 104, A 12417 and A 101.Dr. D. F. McAlister, Assistant Direc-tor of the Arizona Agricultural Ex-periment Station, cautions that a gen-eral recommendation for the use ofthe three new lines in commercialplantings is not made at this time be-cause additional field experience isnecessary. However, certified seed ofeach is available from Arizona seeddealers for on -farm observation.

All three lines were developed atthe Arizona Agricultural ExperimentStation by University of Arizona andU. S. Department of Agriculture per-sonnel. Leaders in this breeding pro-gram were Dr. David D. Rubis, NorrisW. Gilbert and Donald G. Lorance.

A 104 has more frost tolerancethan Gila. It is suggested especiallyfor trial use in early plantings. Yieldsobtained for A 104 have been com-parable to those from Gila. The seedhas a normal hull, is white in colorwith gray stripes and contains slight-ly more oil than Gila.

The lines A 101 and 12417 bothhave a brown striped hull. The seedsare brown to purple in color and havean oil content of 45 to 50 percent ascompared to Gila at 35 to 38 percent,dry weight basis. In 1964 yield tests,A 101 averaged 80 to 85 percent asgreat a seed yield as Gila. The yieldof A12417 has varied more than thatof A 101 but has averaged about 80%of Gila. This line also appears to be

Dr. Dennis is Agronomist in the U of AAgricultural Extension Service.

more susceptible to a disease knownas the "yellows." Because of results ofpreliminary tests it is believed thatthe cost of refining oil of the brownstriped hull lines A 101 and A 12417may be slightly higher than for Giladue to pigments in the seed.

The vegetative growth of plants ofall three lines is similar to Gila butflower color varies somewhat fromGila. The yellow flowers of Gilaplants mature to a bright orange whilethose of A 104 dry to a yellowishbrown. Flower color of A 12417 issimilar to that of Gila. For A 101,flowers are orange or white.

There is an ample supply of seed ofA 104 and some seed of A 101 andA 12417 for on -farm comparison testplantings this year. Since the brownstriped lines usually yield less thanGila they should not be grown unlessa substantial price differential is paid.Scme oil mills now offer contractswhich carry a higher price for thesebrown striped lines.

The new experimental lines mayhelp to improve the per acre yield ofsafflower oil in Arizona. The early re-lease this year will help Arizona grow-ers determine if any or allof them are superior to the presentlyrecommended variety, Gila. Agricul-tural Extension Agents in Maricopa,Pima, Pinal and Yuma Counties willfollow closely the performance of on-farm plantings this year.

Regardless of the variety or lineof safflower used, it is well to keepin mind that date of planting, irriga-tion, fertilization and several othercrop production practices will playsignificant roles in determining theyield of safflower. These practicesusually will dwarf the influence ofvariety.

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