IQ test in pediatric dentistry
-
Upload
purva-chaudhari -
Category
Documents
-
view
235 -
download
0
Transcript of IQ test in pediatric dentistry
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
1/37
IQT ST
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
2/37
INTRODUCTION
Introduction to few terms
Significance of Intelligence in pediatric dentistry
History of IQ tests
Measurement of IQ
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
3/37
INTELLIGENCE
The word intelligence comes up & many people often think of
intelligence quotient or IQ
Intelligencehas been defined in different ways, including the ability to
abstract thought ,understanding, communication, reasoning,
learning, planning , emotional intelligence and problem solving.
As IQ measures only a limited part of cognitive functioning of brainhence it is not correct to regard intelligence as IQ(Meaning of intelligence. George D. 1943)
Measuring the IQ becomes difficult when the person is unable to speak, write
or express.
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
4/37
Intelligence derives from the Latin verb intelligere which derives
from inter-legere meaning to "pick out" or discern.
It is also related to a Greek word nous which was more concerned
about metaphysical and cosmological theories
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
5/37
Researcher Quotation
Alfred BinetJudgment, otherwise called "good sense," "practical sense," "initiative,"
the faculty of adapting one's self to circumstances ....
David Wechsler The aggregate or global capacity of the individual to act purposefully, tothink rationally, and to deal effectively with his environment.
Cyril Burt Innate general cognitive ability
Intelligence :According to various researchers
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
6/37
Linda Gottfredson The ability to deal with cognitive complexity.[
Sternberg& Salter Goal-directed adaptive behavior.
Reuven Feuerstein
The theory of Structural Cognitive Modifiability describes intelligence as
"the unique propensity of human beings to change or modify the structure
of their cognitive functioning to adapt to the changing demands of a life
situation."
Howard Gardner
To my mind, a human intellectual competence must entail a set of skills
of problem solving enabling the individual to resolve genuine problemsor difficulties that he or she encounters and, when appropriate, to create
an effective product and must also entail the potential for finding or
creating problems and thereby laying the groundwork for the
acquisition of new knowledge.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intelligence -
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
7/37
MENTALABILITY
Mental ability - the power to learn or retain knowledge; in law, the
ability to understand the facts and significance of your behavior.
(Thesaurus, 4E)
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
8/37
MENTALAGE
The term mental age is used in intelligence testing.
It means that the individual received the same number of correct
responses on a standardized IQ test as the average person of that
age in the sample population.
The mental age only refers to the intelligence test score.
It does not describe the level and nature of the persons experience
and functioning in aspects of community life.
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
9/37
MENTALRETARDATION
Mental retardation is a disability characterized by significant
limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior
as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills.
This disability originates before age 18
( 2002 American Association on Mental Retardation)
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
10/37
Globally, the prevalence of mental retardation is estimated to be 30
per thousand
According to the National Sample Survey Organization (NSSO), in
1991, out of 1000 children in the rural areas, 31 had somedevelopmental delays, whereas in urban areas 9 out of every 1000
children were developmentally delayed.
( Status of Disability in India-2000, RCI)
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
11/37
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
12/37
Mental retardation can be associated with other disorders, e.g.:
Seizure disorders
Chromosomal disorders
Cardiac anomalies
Emotional disorders
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
13/37
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
14/37
ADAPTIVEBEHAVIOR
Adaptive behavior is the collection of conceptual, social, and
practical skills that people have learned so they can function in their
everyday lives.
Significant limitations in adaptive behavior impact a persons dailylife and affect the ability respond to a particular situation or to the
environment.
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
15/37
GROWTHOFINTELLIGENCE
The point at which intelligence begins
depends on the definition of the term
A new born infant can learn through process
of conditioning has been demonstrated.(Irwin Orvis 1934)
Intelligence develops intrauterine with
senseromotor development(Sherman and
Sherman 1929)
A mental curve has been developed,
according to growth of mental ability of a
child at successive ages.(Richard 1941)
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
16/37
CONCEPTOFGENIUS
Genius may involve extraordinary development and employment of
test aptitudes or it may signify other attributes
It can be in sense of humanity, sympathy courage, character,
appreciation of beauty, or can be occasional.
The concept of genius surpasses the purely intellectual
achievements
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
17/37
FACTORSAFFECTING
INTELLIGENCE
Genetic influences:
Twin studies suggest that identical twins IQ's are more
similar than those of fraternal twins (Promin & Spinath, 2004).
Siblings reared together in the same home have IQ's that
are more similar than those of adopted children raised
together in the same environment (McGue & others, 1993).
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
18/37
Environmental influences:
Identical twins reared apart have IQ's that are less similar
than identical twins reared in the same environment(McGue & others, 1993)
School attendance has an impact on IQ scores(Ceci, 2001).
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
19/37
There are no changes of environment on intelligence(Cundick Lind et al a Developmental Psychology, Nov 1974 )
Race differences There are no changes according to race
(Bruce, Myrtle , American Psychological Association 2011 )
Nutrition
Children who are breastfed during the first three to five months
of life score higher on IQ tests at age 6 than same-age children
who were not breastfed (Reinberg, 2008).
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
20/37
SIGNIFICANCEFOR PEDIATRIC
DENTISTRY
In pediatric dental practice the verbal or non verbal communication is
often used.
The most important thing is that the patient must receive the message
given by dental practitioner
there is a significant correlation between the IQ level and the behavioral
conduct manifested by child.
(Carmen Savin JOURNAL OF PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 2008; 132-140)
The pediatric dental practitioner must approach the child patient in the
complexity of its problems and determinatives.
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
21/37
HISTORYOFIQ TESTS
The science of testing an individual's intelligence has always been
one mired in controversy.
Questions are always raised about the accuracy of these tests and
ethics
The history of IQ began in the ninetheenthcentury with sir
Francis Galton-A british scientist
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
22/37
After the shake-up from the 1859 publishing of Charles Darwin's
"The Origin of Species", Galton spent the majority of his time trying
to discover the relationship between heredity and human ability.
He believed that mental traits are based on physical factors.
His works were influenced by Belgian statistician named Lambert
Adolphe Jacques Quetelet
Galton's irrational belief in races with "superior" intellect led to thedevelopment of biased and often blatantly unfair tests.
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
23/37
Frenchman named Alfred Binet who in 1904 developed the first
objective of intelligence test
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
24/37
Binet's test simply put evaluated the average tasks that should be
performed by a child of a given age to obtain mental age.
This was then divided by the chronological age and multiplied by 100
to get the IQ.
This simple formula to date remains the backbone of intelligence
testing.
Binet's work was brought to America and modified at StanfordUniversity by Lewis M. Terman , and thus the famous "Stanford-
Binet"intellegence test was born.
SB-IV is still widely used.
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
25/37
This test would require the child to read the questions or at least
have the questions read to him/her.
Which was very difficult for a child who had never been to a school
So Wechsler Intelligence scale for children (WISC) was , developed
by Dr. David Wechsler (1949)
Ages of 6 and 16 inclusive
without reading or writing
The current version, the WISC-IV, was produced in 2003
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
26/37
Verbal Comprehension index (VCI), (define, similar)
Perceptual Reasoning Index (PRI), (block design)
Processing Speed Index (PSI) and (symbol search, coding)
Working Memory Index (WMI). (numbers)
Recent addition :-Picture Concepts, Letter-Number Sequencing,
Matrix Reasoning
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
27/37
An Indian child may not know what a snowman is or what blueberry
pie tastes like, not because he/she is dull, but for the obvious reason
that he/she has very little chance of having seen either.
The Standford-Binet test has been adapted for an Indian populationby Kamath in 1940 and is known as the Binet-Kamath Test.
The Bhatia IQ test is another widely used IQ test for Indian children
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
28/37
DISADVANTAGESOFIQ TESTS
Most tests are not truly representative, especially regarding lower
income and minotiry groups.
Traditional psychometric tests of intelligence are based on the
proposition that human beings are endowed with a single, "generalfaculty" for acquiring information.
If a person is given a fixed I.Q. score, his/her intelligence is taken to
be a fixed, unchanging entity.
Traditional tests of intelligence do not take situational and
contextual information into account.
They penalise a child for a creative or unconventional answer
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
29/37
MENTALSCORING
American association of Mental Retardation(2002)
Old system:- Mild, moderate, severe, profound
New system:-Intermittent, limited, extensive,
pervasive
MENTAL AGE x 100 =I.Q
CHRONOLOGICAL AGE
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
30/37
IQ range Grade
Above 140 Very superior
120- 139 Superior
110- 119 High average
90- 109 Average
80- 89 Low average
70- 79 Boderline impared
< 69 Mentally retarded
Classification Diagnostic features Special
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
31/37
Classification Diagnostic features Special
requirements for
dental care
Degree of
disability
SB-IV WISC-III Communication
skills
Practical
description
Mild 67-52 69-55 Speak well
enough for most
communication
Can be educated
in special classes
Treat as normal
child; mild sedation
or nitrous oxide may
be benificial
Moderat
e
51-36 54-40 Has vocabulary
to communicate
at a basic level
Trainable can
perform self help
skills sheltered
workshop
employment
Mild to moderate
sedation , restrains,
Positive
reenforcement may
be indicated in casesof severe dental
problemsSevere 35 and
below
39 and
below
Little or no
communication
skills
Self help skills,
consistent
custodial care
required
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
32/37
NOWAKSTENCOMMANDMENTS
Know the patients illness Assess each person individually
Avoid prejudicial thinking
Structure the office for children Use firmness and TLC
Use adjuncts to give out patient care
Use positive reinforcement Train patients in prevention
Continually studying handicapping conditions
Train your auxiliaries
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
33/37
TOBETAKENINCONSIDERATION
Befriend the child
Communication with parent /care takers
Preventive care and dental education to
parents/care takers
Adaptive behaviors can be taught according to
understanding
Appropriate treatment planning
Supports -parent, friend, teacher, psychologist,
doctor or any appropriate person or agency.
Motivation for follow ups
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
34/37
REFERENCES
Textbook of Pedodontics, Shobha Tandon, 2nd Edition
Dentistry for the child & adolescent, Ralph E. Mcdonald, David R. Avery, 8thEdition.
Pediatric dentistry , Ray E. Stewart
Oral health care for physical and mental disabilities : Daniel E,
Changes in scholastic achievement and intelligence of Indian children enrolled ina foster placement program. Cundick, Bert P.; Gottfredson, Douglas K.; Willson,Linda Developmental Psychology, Vol 10(6), Nov 1974, 815-820
Factors Affecting Intelligence Test Performance of Whites and Negroes in theRural South. Bruce, Myrtle , American Psychological Association 2011
How Youth in India and Lebanon Rate their Intelligence,Ramzi Nasser: Journal ofsocial sciences 2006
Bulletin of the Atomic ScientistsMay 1970
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
35/37
Studies in infant behaviour , Irwin oris : Jr. Child welfare 1934 174-180
Process of human behaviour, Shermen mendel and Shermen Irene:
1929 pg 227 Curve of mental growth, Richards T.W. 1941- 141-147
http://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdf
http://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htm
http://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.html
http://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdfhttp://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdfhttp://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htmhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://specialchilddentistry.blogspot.com/2009/02/intelligence-testing-iq-and-feasabilty.htmlhttp://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htmhttp://psychology.about.com/od/intelligence/f/int-influences.htmhttp://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdfhttp://www.heionline.org/docs/training/introduction_to_mental_retardation.pdf -
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
36/37
THANKYOU
-
8/12/2019 IQ test in pediatric dentistry
37/37
Artificial intelligence (or AI) is both the intelligence of machines
and the branch of computer science which aims to create it,
through "the study and design of intelligent agents"or "rational
agents"