IPR, Innovation and Research Policy Leadership Brian D. Wright Agricultural and Resource Economics...
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Transcript of IPR, Innovation and Research Policy Leadership Brian D. Wright Agricultural and Resource Economics...
![Page 1: IPR, Innovation and Research Policy Leadership Brian D. Wright Agricultural and Resource Economics University of California, Berkeley “The Intersection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d595503460f94a39d6c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
IPR, Innovation and Research Policy Leadership
Brian D. WrightAgricultural and Resource Economics
University of California, Berkeley
“The Intersection of Energy and Agriculture: Implications of Biofuels and the Search for a Fuel of the Future”
UB Berkeley, October 5, 2007
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Preliminary clarifications
• I am going to talk for about 20 minutes on IPR in the EBI project
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Preliminary clarifications
• I am going to talk for about 20 minutes on IPR in the EBI project
• I do not know what I am talking about
![Page 4: IPR, Innovation and Research Policy Leadership Brian D. Wright Agricultural and Resource Economics University of California, Berkeley “The Intersection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d595503460f94a39d6c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Preliminary clarifications
• I am going to talk for about 20 minutes on IPR in the EBI project
• I do not know what I am talking about
• No I am not a lawyer
![Page 5: IPR, Innovation and Research Policy Leadership Brian D. Wright Agricultural and Resource Economics University of California, Berkeley “The Intersection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d595503460f94a39d6c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Preliminary clarifications
• I am going to talk for about 20 minutes on IPR in the EBI project
• I do not know what I am talking about
• No, I am not a lawyer
• So yes, I am an economist
![Page 6: IPR, Innovation and Research Policy Leadership Brian D. Wright Agricultural and Resource Economics University of California, Berkeley “The Intersection.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022062421/56649d595503460f94a39d6c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
EBI: motivating insights?• Corn source is a mistake
• Ethanol is an inferior fuel
• Solar electricity only part of the answer
• Nuclear
– Ploughshares into swords?
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EBI: Addresses Global Challenges
• warming
• sustainable energy sources
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EBI: Addresses Global Challenges
• warming
• sustainable energy sources
• sustainable emergence of new economicgiants without large-scale military conflict
- unprecedented?
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EBI: unprecedented scope
• New crop(s)
• New harvesting/handling infrastructure?
• New pretreatment and processing
• New fuel product(s)?
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EBI: unprecedented scope
Over ten year horizon: High risk, high payoff:
• Value of integrated success: huge
• Probability of integrated success: low
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EBI: unprecedented scope
• In typical projects the aim is a new product or process for an established industry
• Aim is to establish a new industry to supply familiar products
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Comparison of Agendas: EBI Novartis/UC
New crop(s)
New harvesting, handling
New pretreatment
New processing
Unspecified progress in plant biology
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EBI: Rationale for BP
• Rational part of a portfolio of initiatives
• Complementary benefit: expertise and contacts in biofuels research?
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EBI: Rationale for UCB, UIUC
• Important source of financial support
• Small chance of large applied contribution
• Unusually applied focus for these top-ranked institutions: – Will the tradeoff be fewer complementary
advances to scientific progress, relative to resources used?
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EBI: Rationale for UC, UIUC
• EBI poses a greater range of challenges, and more daunting challenges, than posed by typical industry/academic collaborations
• More room for initiative, more risky, more interesting
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EBI as innovation generatorUsers:
Private• BP• Others
Public/nonprofit• Universities• National labs• Government• NGOs
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EBI as innovation licensor
(Apart from BP’s own technology)
1. Nonexclusive no-cost license to BP
2. BP gets renewable option to exclusive license with modest capped royalty?
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EBI as innovation user
– Researcher “Background IP”:
• Supported researchers (simple)– Bound by agreement in return for support– Nonexclusive, royalty-free licenses?
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EBI as innovation user– Sources: Researcher “Background IP”
• Other researchers (through UC, UIUC)– Profs have IPR sharing rights – Constrains university as licensor?
• Effect on professor patenting behavior?
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EBI as innovation user– Sources: Researcher “Background IP”
• Others ( incls. UC, UIUC researchers with IPR assigned to other entities)
• Infant scientific fields, total capitalization less than a few years of EBI?
• Yet already exclusive commitments have apparently constrained EBI research plans– Less synthetic biology in EBI?
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EBI as Innovation user
Examples of Industry sources with current or past connections to EBI researchers include:
• Mendel (biofuel germplasm development)
• LS9 (biofuel to replace oil)
• Amyrys (biofuels to replace gasoline, diesel etc.)
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EBI: potential patent holdups
• Mendel (germplasm development)
– Miscanthus hybrids (including Tinplant European assets)– Monsanto link – checkered history of university sharing
• Ceres– Switchgrass IP?
• LS9 (biofuel technology for crude oil substitute)
• Amyrys (biofuels to replace gasoline, diesel etc.)
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Patent Landscape
• Big question
• Young field – unpublished patent applications?
• Broad patents in the wings?
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EBI: potential regulatory holdups• Miscanthus
– Brief US experience– Unforeseen problems?– Exotic– Transgenic?
• Switchgrass– Indigenous, safer?
• Bioengineered microbes– Regulation?– Exotic2
– Transgenic– Bioterror?
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Beyond the applied project:
EBI as an institutional innovation:
• Unprecedented scale of university/lab/industry collaboration
• May be a precursor of others in UC’s and UIUC’s futures (independent of State)?
• Choices now will set path for future collaborations
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Beyond the applied project:
EBI is establishing (or confirming) norms for collaborative innovation:
• Assignment of intellectual property rights
• Licensing policy
• Access to innovations
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Beyond the applied project:
EBI: Opportunity for establishing norms for collaborative innovation:
• BP as innovation user has interest in fostering competitive, low-cost innovation suppliers
• Special opportunity: “synthetic biology”
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Synthetic biology
• Applies Adam Smith’s insight:
• Wealth of Nations (Book 1)– Pin factory– Division of labor (well recognized)
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Synthetic biology
• Applies Adam Smith’s insight:
• Wealth of Nations (Book 1)– Pin factory– Division of labor (well recognized)– Open Source (not well recognized)
• User innovation• Open access to invention
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Synthetic biology
• Systems
• Devices
• Parts
• DNA
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Synthetic biology
• Standard parts
• One task per part
• Use leads to cost reduction, increased reliability, increased use
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Synthetic biology
• “Tipping” phenomenon in demand for parts (20% cost reduction per use??)
• Most-used parts become the most attractive
• Electronics as an example
• Multiple equilibria
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Synthetic biology
• EBI is large relative to current industry
• Opportunity: “tip” the equilibrium standard to open access by insisting grantees deposit parts in a publicly accessible registry – Crucial for progress and rate of cost reduction– Should be attractive to BP as parts buyer
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Needed: Accessible Registry of Standard Biological Parts with Freedom to Operate
How to do it?
1. Foreswear exclusive license demands re parts
• Consistent with BP precedents
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Synthetic biology
• Endy:
• MIT Registry of Standard Biological Parts
• http://parts.mit.edu
• Will it work for EBI?
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Synthetic biology
• Endy:
• MIT Registry of Standard Biological Parts
• http://parts.mit.edu
• Will it work for EBI?
• Ignores IPR
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Accessible Registry of Standard Biological Parts with Freedom to Operate
How to do it?
2. Prevent hijack by rivals:
Options to consider:Pre-emptive patentingNonenforcement commitmentPre-emptive publicationCopyright??
All have problems: merit timely attention
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Accessible Registry of Standard Biological Parts with Freedom to Operate
Cases to consider: SNPs consortium
Human Genome Project
Common Factor:
Support by corporate users
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Synthetic biology
• Will it be like Microsoft or like linux?
• Maybe EBI can influence the outcome
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