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Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. Scientific name: Ipomoea hederacea (L>.) Jacq. Synonyms: Ipomoea barbigera, I. desertorum, I. hirsutula, Pharbitis barbigera, P. hederacea, Ipomoea purpurea, Ipomoea sidaefolia, Ipomoea tricolor, Ipomoea violacea. Family: Convolvulaceae Genus:Ipomoea Species: hederacea Common name: Pharbitis seeds, Kaladana, Woolly Morning-glory, Ivy-leaved Morning Glory, Mexican Morningglory, Entireleaf Morningglory, Flying Saucers, Heavenly Blue, Pearly Gates, Tlitliltzin, Yaxce’lil. Parts used: Seeds, roots Plant Description: I. hederacea is 6-8 feet tall annual trailing vine. The flowers are 2 inches wide, funnel shaped, having five sepals and open in morning. The flower bases are densely hairy. The flowers are generally blue in colour with traces of purple, magenta or white. The flowering stalks are relatively short and having 1-3 flowers. The calyx is hairy, green, separated into five linear-lanceolate lobes. A capsule contains 4-6 seeds. The slightly big seeds are wedge-shaped and brown to black in colour. The arrangement of the leaves is alternate and depressed at the base. The leaves margins are smooth, undulating. The upper surface of the leaves is more or led hairy. The petioles are long and hairy. Seeds are dull black, about 5 mm long and 3 mm wide, weight about 34 mg; the hilum is distinct, brown, slightly hairy and depressed spot. Chemical Constituents: Steroids/triterpenes, alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, amino acids, resins, reducing sugars, tannins, and fixed oils, potassium, iron, phosphate, chloride; Indole alkaloids - ergoline type (0.5%), Lysergol (50%), Chanoclavine (35%), Penniclavine, Elymoclavine;Fatty oil (12 to 14%) - Oleic acid, Palmitic acid, Stearic acid; Resins (15%) – Glycoretines.

Structures of chemical constituents isolated from Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq.

Ergoline Lysergol Chanoclavine

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Penniclavine Elymoclavine

Stearic acid

Action of herb: Diuretic, anthelmintic, deobstruent, detergent, irritant, cathartic, vermicidal, cholagogue. Medicinal Uses: Seeds are prescribed in dropsy and constipation, to promote menstruation, and to produce abortion.Seeds are useful in cold, phlegmatic ailmentssuch as gout, joints pain and dropsy. They are also beneficial in vitiligowhen used externally and internally. Effective in itching and scabies. It kills and repels intestinal worms including thread worms. It is useful in dyspepsia, flatulence and constipation. Dosage: 1-1.5 gm. Side effects: Produces headache, restlessness, strong purgative therefore develops irritation, gripping and cramp like pain. Contraindications: Pregnancy Microscopic characters of I. hederacea root Diagnostic microscopic characters of I. hederacea root includes; starch granules, thin-walled parenchyma, numerous spherical masses of resins, calcium oxalate crystals, fragments of cork, fibres, vessels, trachieds, sclereids.

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Figure: Microscopic features of I. hederacea root. 1. Cork in surface view; 2. Starch granules; 3. Calcium oxalate crystals; 4. Fragment of a large bordered pitted vessel; 5. Large elongated sclereids; 6. Smaller sclerids; 7. Parenchymatous cells containing prisms and clusters of calcium oxalate crystals; 8. Part of group of fibres; 9. Parenchyma with part of a file of calcium oxalate crystals in longitudinal section; 10. Part of a group of vessels and xylem parenchyma; 11. Cork in sectional view; 12. Masses of resin with adherent starch granules.

Jackson BP, Snowdon DW. 1990. Atlas of microscopy of medicinal plants, culinary herbs and spices; 134-135.

280

Physio-chemical parameters of I. hederacea seed oil I. hederacea seed oil was evaluated for color, refractive index, acid value, saponification value and unsaponifiable matter according to standard IUPAC methods by Zia-ul-Haq et al. (2012). See table below.

Table: Physio-chemical parameters of I. hederacea seeds oil

Thin-layer Chromatography of I. hederacea Thin-layer chromatography of I. hederacea extract was carried out using two solvent systems. See the table below.

Table: Thin-layer Chromatography of I. hederacea extract

Ahmad M, Mehjabeen, Zia-ul-Haq, Jahan N. 2011 .Determination of LD50 and ED50 by dose response relationship

and assessment of toxicological and non-toxicological behavior of Ipomoea hederacea. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4(4): 1176-1178.

Infra-red spectroscopy of I. hederacea Infra-red spectroscopy of I. hederacea chloroform (C1), acetone (C2) and methanol (C3) extracts were carried out by Singh et al. (2012)..

Table: Infra-red spectra of chloroform (C1), acetone (C2) and methanol (C3) extracts of I. hederacea

Singh BP, Singh S. 2012. Chemical Investigation of Seed of Ipomoea hederacea and its Biological Activity. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research; 4(2):1441-1448.

281

Figure: Infra-red spectra of chloroform (C1), acetone (C2) and methanol (C3) extracts of I. hederacea.

Singh BP, Singh S. (2012). Chemical Investigation of Seed of Ipomoea hederacea and its biological activity. .Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research; 4(2):1441-1448.

1H NMR spectra of I. hederacea 1H NMR spectroscopy of I. hederacea chloroform (C1), acetone (C2) and methanol (C3) extracts were carried out by Singh et al. (2012). NMR spectrum is given below.

282

Figure: 1H NMR spectra of chloroform (C1), acetone (C2) and methanol (C3) extracts of I. hederacea. Singh BP, Singh S. 2012. Chemical Investigation of Seed of Ipomoea hederacea and its biological activity. Journal

of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research; 4(2):1441-1448.

283

Mass spectra analysis of I. hederacea extract Mass spectroscopy of I. hederacea chloroform (C1), acetone (C2) and methanol (C3) extracts were carried out by Singh et al. (2012). The mass spectrum of chloroform extract of I. hederacea exhibited the highest molecular ion peak at m/z value 468.The mass spectrum of the acetone extract of I. hederacea revealed the highest molecular ion peak atm/z value 741. The mass spectrum of methanolic extract of I. hederacea showed that the m/z value 535. Anti-oxidant activity of I. hederacea The anti-oxidant activity of different extracts of I. hederacea was evaluated by Zia-ul-Haqetal.(2012) by four methods: DPPH free radical scavenging activity, ferric reducing anti-oxidant power (FRAP) assay, total antioxidant activity and Folin-Ciocalteau reagent assay for the determination of total phenolics.

Table: Anti-oxidant activity of I. hederacea

Anti-bacterial activity of I. hederacea Anti-bacterial activity of I. hederacea was assessed by Zia-ul-Haqet al. (2011) on following bacterial strain; Escherichia coli, Citrobacter sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Micrococcus luteus, Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis.

Table: Anti-bacterial activity of I. hederacea

Anti-fungal activity of I. hederacea The antifungal activity of I. hederacea extract was evaluated by Zia-ul-Haq et al. (2011) against nine fungal strains, that is, Aspergillus parasiticus, A. niger, A. effusus, Yersinia aldovae, Candida albicans, Fusarium solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Trichophyton rubrumu sing the disk diffusion assay.

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Table: Anti-fungal activity of I. hederacea

Nematicidal activity of I. hederacea Nematicidal activity of I. hederacea was carried out by Zia-ul-Haq et al. (2010) against larvae of Meloidogyne incognita, Meloidogyne javanica and Cephelobus litoralis. Moderate time and concentration dependent activity was reported.

Insecticidal activity of I. hederacea Ahmad et al.(2011) studied the effects of different doses of I. hederacea crude methanol extract on insecticidal activities against Tribolium castaneum. At the dose of 0.01 to 300 mg/kg mortality was 100%, while at 0.001 mg/kg no mortality was observed. All the results obtained were time dependent.

Table: Insecticidal activity of I. hederacea extract

Ahmad M, Mehjabeen, Zia-ul-Haq, Jahan N. 2011.Determination of LD50 and ED50 by dose response relationship

and assessment of toxicological and non-toxicological behavior of Ipomoea hederacea.Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4(4): 1176-1178.

Analgesic activity of I. hederacea Analgesic activity of I. hederacea was assessed using writhing test and hot plate method byAhmad et al. (2011). I. hederacea extract inhibited acetic acid induced writhing in mice and

285

increased the pain threshold according to the hot plate method. The methanolic extract of I. hederacea revealed significant analgesic activity at low doses, that is, 1, 0.025 and 0.0125 mg/kg respectively. See the tables below.

Table: Acetic acid induced writhes analgesic activity of I. hederacea extract

Ahmad M, Mehjabeen, Zia-ul-Haq, Jahan N. 2011 .Determination of LD50 and ED50 by dose response relationship

and assessment of toxicological and non-toxicological behavior of Ipomoea hederacea. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4(4): 1176-1178.

Table: Hot plate analgesic activity of I. hederacea extract

Ahmad M, Mehjabeen, Zia-ul-Haq, Jahan N. 2011 .Determination of LD50 and ED50 by dose response relationship

and assessment of toxicological and non-toxicological behavior of Ipomoea hederacea. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4(4): 1176-1178.

Toxicological studies of I. hederacea Effects of methanolic extract of I. hederacea were observed in mice by Ahmad et al.(2011)at a dose range of 0.0125–300 mg/kg. The LD50 value was found 229.2 mg/kg, whereas, the ED50 was found to be 0.0125–1 mg/kg. Dose dependent toxic effects in mice behavior included convulsions, tremors, unsteady gait and respiratory distress to death.

Table: Toxicity in terms of convulsions and percentage mortality of crude extract of I. hederacea

Ahmad M, Mehjabeen, Zia-ul-Haq, Jahan N. (2011).Determination of LD50 and ED50 by dose response relationship

and assessment of toxicological and non-toxicological behavior of Ipomoea hederacea. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4(4): 1176-1178.

286

Assessment of Gross behavior activity of I. hederacea Gross behavior activity of I. hederacea extract was studied in albino mice at the dose of 300-0.0125mg/kg by Ahmad et al. (2011).

Table: Gross Behavior evaluation of I. hederacea extract

Ahmad M, Mehjabeen, Zia-ul-Haq, Jahan N. (2011).Determination of LD50 and ED50 by dose response relationship

and assessment of toxicological and non-toxicological behavior of Ipomoea hederacea. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4(4): 1176-1178.

Assessment of neuro-pharmacological activities of I. hederacea Neuro-pharmacological effect of I. hederacea was evaluated by using different test parameters.

Table: Neuro-pharmacological activity of I. hederacea

Ahmad M, Mehjabeen, Zia-ul-Haq, Jahan N. 2011 .Determination of LD50 and ED50 by dose response relationship

and assessment of toxicological and non-toxicological behavior of Ipomoea hederacea. Journal of Pharmacy Research. 4(4): 1176-1178.

Hepato-protective activity of I. hederacea Evaluation of hepato-protective activity of I. hederacea was carried out by Ruckmaniet al. (2010). Significant hepato-protective effects were observed on administration of I. hederacea

287

incarbontetra chloride treated experimentally induced hepato-toxitic rats in comparison with standard hepato-protective drug silymarin.

Table: Levels of serum bilirubin and lipid peroxide GGT in liver homogenates

Devi RS, Chitra M, Jayamathi P. 2010. Hepato-protectivity and an antioxidant study of Ipomoea hederacea on

experimentally induced hepatotoxic rats. Recent Research in Science and Technology; 2(11): 17-19.

Table: Activity of Super oxide dismutase, catalase, Glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GRD) in liver homogenates

Devi RS, Chitra M, Jayamathi P. 2010. Hepato-protectivity and an antioxidant study of Ipomoea hederacea on

experimentally induced hepatotoxic rats. Recent Research in Science and Technology; 2(11): 17-19.

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