IPNI Informaciones Agronomicas sept 2011 Laing PC Full Document (2).pdf

8/19/2019 IPNI Informaciones Agronomicas sept 2011 Laing PC Full Document (2).pdf

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I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

26

#HFI=T IKLGMG @KOL GGL NG LHKG,@GKEFGM GHFGH NK]G CH@HEEH (C) GLI\HE, E EF BN HM G G@EYL, R AFKEFGMH"ME H GSKH (A") G IHKMN@NYL, G FNLIEGMHGL HFKEL IEF M ( E'a$"0$$). !E LHKG L HGH G OKHL I[LLIKHNMHKL EL AFYKL R jK L EHL IKFKHLGHKFL GDG@ G 1928 ( "KGJNOEE, 2001) GNG IEGM]G QIEHKMHK LFK IHK E GMHGLGM "KNM CHFIGR K E HKK@FGMH AEF-KGM G GFU. L GGL FUL LKL G LHKIHKML G SHGL IKHN]G LI[L CHEHF-, !NHK, K^, CHLM , BKLE eIKGIEFGM GEHL !LMHL KU R AFSHGLe, GSNE, NKGF,K@N R G E K@]G NMHKE HLM E jKCGMKE, IKMNEKFGM G E HK IÊFHKUM E CHG@H-K R E IÊ E CHG@H-BKSSOEE (N, 1963; "KGJNOEE, 2001).

C GH LH GM HFH NG IKHEF LKHG $HGNKL, G E SHG IKHN]G G E HLM

#NMFE G E MHKE [H, E MHKE AMEUGMH YQH H G E IÊ HFGG. GMFGM,L[GMHFL C G LH MMHL G EHL [KHLHFKEL ("1) E. "0$$ HG E. *'7!a IHK EHFGHL G CHEHF R !NHK, IKH @GKEFGM LMHLFMKEL MGG NG FGHK @KH LNLIME.L L@EHL EL KHEL MKHGEL E."0$$ G EL EL G EHL MK]IHL ^FHL jK R G B[ (BKLE) GH G MGH GGLL@GMOL C (N, 1963; KN M E., 1992; "KGJNOEE, 2001).

L IYKL G IKHN]G G CHEHF G E 2009NKHG LMFL G FUL 100 FEEHGL ]EKLGNEL ("IEF-CGIEF, 2009). !E KGFGMHGHGE M KNH G CHEHF H L EFUQFH LM]KH 4 M -1 G 2004 3 M -1 G 2010(L, 2010) R NG IKM L@GMO LM LGLH LMKNE EHL LMK@HL E C. L IYKLHG]FL L G IKGIEFGM IHK E KN]G EKGFGMH, IHK EHL FRHKL HLMHL LHHL EKGHO]G IKFMNK EL IEGMHGL R EHL HGMKHELMHLGMKHL eGENRGH EHL E NH E EFe

GNKKHL NKGM EL LL EGM KNIK]G EMKLMHKGH. C L HGLK IHK FNHL HFH E

EFM]G FUL FIHKMGM IK E GNLMK IEFK GAFYK; R NG NEEH HMEE K[MH IK E QIGL]G E IEF G E NG FS]G ("NG]G HGKAGNK, 2008; BHK, 2008).

!LM KM[NEH IKLGM NG I]MLL G E NE E GMKGLMHK EH (C) MG NG KHE IKFHKE HFHNLGM E C. L LL LHE]@L R EL IKNL LIKLGMG G MEE IHKJN R OG NG EM MG]G FNGE LHK LM MF MI IHK: () ELGNL IEHGL GFGL C, LIE-FGM G AFYK; () E ]G IKH@KLO EHLLNEHL H E IK@F FGH @KHG]FH FIHKMHE AL; R () E HGMGN G E NLH E H H. 17 IKMKFGK E GOE GNMKGML GH KFHOESHL G EEHF. C NGH LML MKL KEL LM FIE GLM HNFGMH.

C GH L E ^GH L[GMHF E a'a$ a'a JNMG IKEEHL G E GNLMK GGK (EHMS, 2000;NKGK R HLEL, 2003) R G HMKHL NEMOHL IKFGGMLG E MK]IH HG E IK@F @KHG]FH HFGGML IKGMFGM GHFIME HG E LHLMGE G

E FGH R EK@H IESH. ]G IKH@KLO EHL LNEHL GGKHL L HGLKH NGH EL MHKLFUL K[MHL G E MKHKH E LEN KE-KSHLKG LLMFL GMGLOHL (KKGH, 2003). L NLL LM G]FGH G E IEF M LHG FNR LFEKL EL E GGH (ELHG M E., 2010). CHFH MHL ELI]MLL GM[L, EHL KLNEMHL R HGENLHGL ELNMNKL GOLM@HGL LHK E C KUG LKLHFMHL LKNMGH GM[H GMKGHGE FIK-E. CHFH KLNEMH LML GOLM@HGL, LHGIKOLEL FHL KULMHL G E FHEH @KHG]FHHK L NGOKLE E GNLMK IEFK G AFYK.

=HHR M H=R C

#4:' 4 :/* '6/'

HL L[GMHFL OLEL C G L MHL EL K@HGLML NKG NG KG@H FNR OKE GHFE[L GEL HL IEL FUL ]OGL, HFGSGHKNGMFGM HG NG HEHK]G FKEEGM. !EIKFK L[GMHF HGLMGMFGM HLKOH G MHHL EHLGHKFL EL SHGL IKHN]G ML GAFYK R jK (N, 1963; KN M E., 1992;

"KGJNOEE, 2001; BHK, 2008; KM[GS M E., 2009)L E EL]G GK]M JN IK G E L]G LME

LA DEFICIENCIA TRANSITORIA DE CALCIO COMO

CAUSA PRIMORDIAL DE LA PUDRICIN DE

COGOLLO EN PALMA DE ACEITE

DIG &=1

1 AFT-=G=T: CGIHF F=J ==H == C= C=. CFF HFT=:F=99@H=. - HH://=H.K=?=GG.


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EL EL FUL KGML EK@L E OLM, HG IHKNFK LNLOIHLMKHK EHL MHL IEL G EFNH LM E FKLMFH GMKE,HG E FNKM E IEF G LHLQMKFHL.

!G LHL FUL G@GHL C,M[IFGM KEHGHL HG ELGGL FGHL @KOL G MK-FGL K@HGL eHFH EHL EGHLKGMEL CHEHFe EL IEFLML L ING KNIKKNKGM NG IK[HH FLL H \HLHG OKLHL @KHL YQMH. !GFNHL LHL IEFL GONELML, JN L G KNIKHIEGFGM R JN LHG L GHKFELG MYKFGHL IKHNMO,ING OHEOK LKKHEEK GNOHLL[GMHFL E MKLMHKGH.

#4:' 4 /:' 8'*/'

!E HMUGH G@EYL C.. KEP, G1954, N NGH EHL IKFKHL GHLKOK JN E LLMF KE K FNR GHKFE GIEFL M HG EHL IKFKHL L[GMHFL C ("KGJNOEE, 2001). CGNGM \HL FUL MKAEKMSS M E. (2005) G CHLM G KIHKMH, GNGH EHL IKFKHL GLRHL HKFEL LHK E MF, NGGHME KN]G G E KFGMH R GHKFELLIEFGM G EL K[L MKKL R NMKGKLLM 5 FLL GML EHL IKFKHL L[GMHFL GKHLLOLEL G EL EL. !LMH KIKLGM NG L[H IKEHL GLHKL NG I]MLL L G NG NL]M IKFHKE IK E C, INL G QIEK EIK]G LMHL L[GMHFL G K[L HG 5 FLL GME]G EHL IKFKHL L[GMHFL YKHL.

!E NMHK, NKGM LNL IKHIL GLIHGL GL EHML G CHEHF R !NHK HG C, LFIK

HLKOH JN EHL LLMFL KEL LNIKEL G EHLIEMHL LHG FNR KNHL G IEFL HG EHL IKFKHLL[GMHFL IEL, G HFIK]G HG IEFLJNOEGML G R IKGMFGM LGL G HMKHLEHML E FLFH FMKE MGK HG E C GH HNKKH MHO[. !G EL IEFL HG C, EL K[LMKKL R NMKGKL LFIK FHLMKKHG GHKFE-L, LIEFGM HG EL INGML KHGL RHKFL HG HEHK GHKFE. !G FNHL LHL EHKMS eE I QMKHK GHKFEFGM FKK]G HLNKHG HEHKe EL K[L IKFKL K FUL KU@E RUEFGM LIKGE. !G FH, EL K[LLNIKEL JN KG H EL IEL HL OL GLHFIHL]G, LIEFGM G EHML IEFLFNKL eLG H HG EHL IKFKHL L[GMHFL E Ce LLFIK KG GLL, LG LMHKLHGL, HEHK KF R

IKGMFGM MOL. !G IKMNEK, EL K[LIH@HMK]L (HNKG M E., 2000), @GKEFGMLNGKL HG KFGMH OKME KK, NKHGGNFKHLL R MOL (=IF 1).

#4:' '8'


3/27

FIEK[ JN E IEF M eLG E IKLG\G R ME E INHe MG NG FGLFH JNIKFM E IEG KNIK]G LM LHKG IHKFH E FK@G @KNE HL GHKFELLM IKHNK HL GHKFEL. !G LM FLF E[G KSHGFGMH, L IHLE JN EL IKFKL HLIJN\L, HG FGHL MKGLIK]G IHK KS]G E UK

HEK FNR KN, IHRG E IEF HG FGHK @LMHLHE]@H JN IKFM LN OS E @KNE KNIK]GE LLMF KE R E FKLMFH GMKE IK OMKJN E IEF FNK IHK LMKYL @N.

M/88'4/ 686;: ';'4: * ' C

!G E 1 L IKLGM NG KLNFG EHL @GML]MHL IKHINLMHL FUL FIHKMGML, KIHKMHL IHK EHL

GOLM@HKL G OKLHL I[LL GLMMNHGL G jKR G AFYK L 1928 LM E . G FIE@F FKHHK@GLFHL HFGIKLGML G E GMNKES HLLMFL MKHIEL, G LN FRHK[ LIK]MHL, GLH GMHL, MGMH G EHL MHL LHFINLMHLHFH G EHL MHL GMKHKL E E[G E INK]G,G IEFL HG EHL IKFKHL L[GMHFL E C. LINYL

NG LGG^FKH GLRHL HG FEL LEFGMHL,EHL IM]EH@HL G GMH NG FIEH KG@H FKHHK@GLFHL HFH EHL IHLEL NLGML.

HL HLMNEHL H GNG L G NFIEH HGKLIMH EHL LMGMHL FKHHK@GLFHL NLGMLIKHINLMHL G EL GOLM@HGL IMHE]@L. G EL IKGIEL KSHGL IK LMH L E MKK IHLMNEH

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

1. GI =GHF= G F==G GHI=G =HHT=G F IF==T C (C) E'/ ;/44/ M =GH =FF=GG =H==G M/ FIGHG IG GF II G=FIG F GH=GF G GHIG 1 M 2.

#JGH=FG RG F EH= F== F=GG FIGHG

GDG@1 1928 GFU GM "KNM CH. F0a$0 *$'$!*

#LJNK1 1935 CHG@H .. BYE@ P#4/*#/#*a a'$1*a, Bac$''0 c*'$

BR1 1954 CHG@H I. "KG F0a$0 R MKL

N 3 1963 CHG@H .. $KFGHL OK E$$a 'a/#4$

GK M E.1 1964 CHEHF CA "KG F0a$0 (F. *34*0 4 F. *'a$)

GK M E.1 1976 CHEHF CA "KG F0a$0 (F. *34*0 4 F. *'a$)

$KIK M E.1 1982 !NHK GO. ANNKG A F0a$0 R MKL

NEE M E.1 1983 !NHK KLMHF "KG P#4/*#/#*a

G #NGR1 1983 !NHK GO. CEHKG FUMHHL H'$c*/4'c0

GK2 1986 BKLE CA-!FKI RMNF

G@ M E.7 1988 BKLE !FKI $HKMESL KHL (HL GNEYHL)

EO4 1989 BKLE GIL $HG@HL/MKL (27 LI. GML)**

MH R #]FS1 1991 CHEHF CGIEF F0a$0 *'a$

HEEM1 1991 !NHK CA/$ KNL H OKHL (A HE KG)

BNMK M E.1 1992 BKLE GO. NLLEHK KHL (A HE KG)

AEEG M E.1 1995 !NHK GO. CEHKG E$$a

MH1 1996 CHEHF CGIEF F0a$0, P4/#$0, T#$'a1$*$

"KGJNOEE1 1998 !NHK CA "KG F0a$0

MH R #]FS1 1999 CHEHF CGIEF F0a$0, P4/#$0, T#$'a1$*$

UGS1 1999 CHEHF CGIEF P#4/*#/#*a

KG M E.2 2000 BKLE !FKI-CA "MHIELF

#]FS1 2000 CHEHF CGIEF T#$'a1$*$ aad*3a

KM[GS M E.5 2008 CHEHF CGIEF P#4/*#/#*a a'$1*a

HKKL M E.6 2009 CHEHF CGIEF P#4/*#/#*a a'$1*a

IH: 1D FIJ= (2001); 2BF= (2008) BFG=; 3DI (1963); 4=J H . (1995); 5'FHRN H . (2009); 6FFG H .(2010) M 7= H . (1988).

** F 2 F =H===T == G 27 =FF=GG.

28


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H JN LI FNR LMKMFGM JN EKIKHN]G L[GMHFL MG JN FHLMKKL L]EH GIEFL LENEL R GHKFEL JN KG O@HKHLFGMIK EN@H GHNEKEL HG NG I INK (IKOFGMLE R NEMO) E HK@GLFH IKHINLMH HFHNLGM. GH EHL HGIMHL GMKEL E NMHK EIKLGM I]MLL, NKH HG EL HGENLHGL

N (1963) R EO M E. (1995), L JN EL IEFLLNLIMEL E C LMUG FEGNMKL R IHK MGMHMFIHH LMUG LENEL, GML E GOL]G EHLMHL IEL IHK EHL FKHHK@GLFHL LIKH[MHLKLIHGLEL E INK]G LMHL MHL.

I4


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IKKGE, IKH L HLKO] NG FRHK IKLG IEFL LGMHFUML G EL HKEEL EHL KKHRHL.CHGENLHGL IKEEL EL KGK M E. (1998)NKHG KOL IHK E NMHK LM I]MLL IKMKE GUELL EHL MHL HL (2005) LHK NG GLHLIE R MFIHKE E C G NG IEGM]G GCHEHF IKLGM G E IGÊMF L]G LM

HNFGMH R G E LMH P E NMHK. BH7;*' 8/4: * ' ';' * ' C

FUL KGM GOLM@]G IMHE]@ LHK E C,HGN IHK CGIEF G CHEHF (HKKL M E.,2010) FGM NG IKHMHHEH QIKFGME FNR LFEKE N, INGM QENLOFGM E HHFMH(ILNHHG@H) P#4/*#/#*a a'$1*a HFH EHK@GLFH NLE. G FK@H, E GM]G P.

a'$1*a HFH NL E C GH NFIEH HG EHLHLMNEHL H. G IKH@KF GHGE FGH

E C LH FHGMH G 2009 IHK "IEF-CGIEF IK EHL \HL 2009-2012. !LM IKH@KFGHGE LMU LH G NG @F IKHFGMHL HGMKHEL MHLGMKHL, GENRGH IEHGL NGFIE @F NG@L LI[FGM IK EHGMKHE P. a'$1*a (KM[GS M.E., 2009). C(A") G BKLE (BHK, 2008) LH FNR LMN,IKH GH L LIHG LHENHGL MOL MHO[,LIEFGM G EL SHGL FGMEFGM IKHFLHKLIK E IEF G E !LMH KU E LNK BEF. HLHMKHL I[LL IKHNMHKL G AFYK HG @KOL

GGL C, ^G GH G HIMH IKH@KFLGHGEL LM [GHE.

A ILK EL GOLM@HGL KESL IHK EHLQIKMHL IM]EH@HL G MKHL FNR G K@HL,QMGLHL R MEEHL G FNHL I[LL MKOYL EHLÊMFHL 80 \HL, EL IYKL L@NG HNKKGH G MHHLEHL I[LL HG R SHGL ML, LIEFGM GAFYK. @^G E KMKH E NMHK, E EK@ LMHK E C L G L[ FLF KS]G LNGM IK FINELK E

^LJN NLL ]ML IK LM OLMHKMKLMHKGH.

"=THG=G =TH=

IKFK OKL]G LM I]MLL N IKLGMHKFEFGM IHK E NMHK G E IKH@KF LFGKHLE CA G CHEHF G NGH 2009. L@NGOKL]G (G@, 2010), HG GNOL OGL, NIKLGM HFH IHGG GOM G E CHG@KLH!NMHKGH CG NEH G GHOFK E 2010. ÊMF IKLGM]G2 HGMG NG FIE @F

OGL G LHIHKM E I]MLL JN HFIEFGMGE IKLGM HNFGMH.

!G MHL EL LKIHGL E C, GHKFEL ELHL FUL ]OGL eLIEFGM E IK]G FNRMFIKG ELHGL GK]ML G EL ELe LHG EHLL[GMHFL OLNEL GEL FUL HFNGL. @^G EI]MLL ]M, E IK]G LMHL MHL GK]MHLL NL IHK NG GOL]G FKHG HLHG IHK NGOKE KIKMHKH FKHHK@GLFHL LIKH[MHL RHIHKMNGLML (HFH HG@HL, HHFMHL R/H MKL)HFGIKLGML G FGML MKHIEL ^FHL. !LMI]MLL G JN E GOL]G EHL MHL IHK LMHLHK@GLFHL L HK@G IHK NG \H LHE]@H

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

30

2. '=F=GG =GG G H=G =G G E'/ ;/44/ C H=T DG EGH FP, BFG=.

----------------------------------------------------------- "G M =HG -----------------------------------------------------------

La$*d$'*d$a /#*b*a P4/#$0 . C#a/*$0 .

M$c*#aa *'$16ca F0a$0 *'a$ F0a$0 .

R#$5*c/*$a . C010'a$a a''c F0a$0 *34*0

Ga#$0 . Dac4'a$a . M0c* ac*0

M4c'$a /$'$a P/a'*/$*$ . C010'a$a #aa/a

P#4/*#/#*a . T#$'a1$*$ . P#*a .

C*''/*/$c#0 . P#**$ . G'***$0 .

------------------------------------------------------------------- BHF=G -------------------------------------------------------------------

A*bac/ a*" E$$a #b$c*'a P0d**a a0"$*a

P0d**a 0/$da P0d**a !'0*c Bac$''0 *'443a

IH: =J (1989), =H===T G G=G I=G F #.&. F (#"), $.&. BNFF (C) M CFG G($) IF =F=T =GHTF= G =JGH==G GF C BFG= F=N F BF= (2008).

&G FG QFG G=G FG F IF H=Q =H==G F HFG =JGH=FG IGG =TH=G C 1.

2 F F=J H HH://=H.K=?=GG.


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IKFHKE JN HNKK GML E FK@G ELEL ML NKGM E L KUIH KFGMHMKHMK]H, L K MHL JN GH KESG HMHL[GMLL,LG MKGLIK]G R JN KG LNLMGMH HMKL IKML E IEGM.

I]MLL ]M IKHIHG NG FGLFH NLE IK

QIEK NG MKLMHKGH LHE]@H R GNMKHGE JNFIE MH E IEF, L K, L EL K[L EFGM]G eEL MKKL R NMKGKLe LM EHLMHL IEL, JN NLG GHFE[L LMKNMNKEL

eLIEFGM KEHGHL HG GLNGL G EIMMH EHe NKGM E HKF]G EL IKLENEKL EHL MHL MKHMK]HL EL GNOLHL G KFGMH KUIH.

I]MLL IKHIHG NG G C MKGLMHKFNR LI[ GML E FK@G EL EL,HFH E NL IKGIE E C. GG LM

G MKGLMHK IG EL GMKHGL NG HGNGMH HFIEH MHKL EFUMHL, @GYMHL,UHL, GNMKHGEL, @KHG]FHL KHE]@HLHGHGGML JN GNG E LNLIME KEMO IEFL GONEL H @KNIHL IEFL KGH GLMHL JN OHKG E HG]G G NG]G KMK[LML K[ML E LNEH JN OK[GLIEFGM.

HL LHL C HNKKG G IEFL LEL H G @KNIHL HKF L LFNEMUG. #KNIHL IEFL HGM@NL GNG SHG LI[ ING FHLMKK EHL IKFKHLL[GMHFL E FLFH MFIH eM[IFGM MKOYL IK[HHL 1-4 LFGLe G LMHL JN LHG GHFGHLKNGMFGM HFH fHHL G]Gg. !LM KM-K[LM, FNR HF^G G L MHL EL FGLMHGL C, K[ E F@G E LMKN]G LIE NGGKF EUL. !E HGIMH MHO[ FIEFGMLHLMGH JN E C L G KE NG GKFEUL, IK KOH G IKM LML ÊMFLHLKOHGL.

G FK@H, NG EL KMK[LML G E LMKN]G

LIE E C FUL HGMNGGM G HGMK EIKLNG]G GKF EUL, L E HLKO]G JN G L MHL EL IEGMHGL QLMG IEFL eLNINLMFGM E FLFH @GHMIH HK@GEe KGHLENEFGM GFMFGM RGML EL UKLIKOFGM ML IHK C, R JN FULIKFGG LGL IHK \HL LINYL E IK]G EHL L[GMHFL GEL G EL IEFL ML. !LMÊMF KMK[LM L FNR HF^G G L MHL ELSHGL ML IHK E C R GH L QIENFGM IHK EHL IKHIHGGML NG NL ]MIHK FH NG IF EUL. !G IHL IEKL:cHK JNY LML IEFL LHKOOGML GH NKHG MLMFYG IHK E FKHHK@GLFH MG OKNEGMH JNLNINLMFGM N E NL MGMH \H GMK ELIEFL ML GMKHKFGM G E FLFH LMH?

QIE]G IK LM G]FGH EL IEFLLHKOOGML G E IKLGM I]MLL LMU KEHGHG NG NFKE LHE]@H GMK EL GMKHGL ELHGHGL FMHKHE]@L, UL R @KHG]FLJN HGMKNRG JN EHL MHL E@NGL IEFL(LHEL H G @KNIHL) L FGMG@G LGL, H NGFGHK KL@H G C G LMHL FKH-LMHL

LI[HL.E=G=R = HG GIF=FG

N@EG R FFK (1999) G IKLGMH NGFIE R HFIEM KOL]G LHK E KHE LHE]@H EC G EL IEGML LNIKHKL HFH HFIHGGML EHLHLLMFL MKKLMKL. $IEK (2005) MEEH ELFÊMIEL NGHGL R E HFIE LHE]@ E CG EL YENEL IEGML LNIKHKL. BG@KM (1979) KOLH E EMKMNK LHK EHL L]KGL LHE]@HLKEHGHL HG E GNMK]G C R HGENR] JN EHL

L]KGL LHE]@HL C G T30 LIL LMGKEHGHL FUL KNGMFGM HG NG FELMKN]G C G E IEGM JN HG NG GIHK NG GN LHK]G E LNEH. @^G MHHL EHLLMNHL LIHGEL, E LHK]G R E MKGLIHKM CL E LHEN]G E LNEH L QENLOFGM GHKF E HG OEGM EH (C2+).

$8'468: * '/ 4 =/'

KUMFGM G MHL EL FEL IEGMLLNIKHKL eGENRGH MHL EL LIL IEFLe E

LHK]G R MKGLIHKM C2+

L LGEFGM NGIKHLH ENH FLOH, ILOH, NGKHGE ROKME G E KNM IHIEULM (O[ EL IKL ENEKL K[L GL LM E QEF). !G IEGML LNIKHKL,E @KG FRHK[ E C L LHKH R MKGLIHKMH IHKFH EL IKL EL YENEL KEL R GH IHK EKNM LFIEULM, L K MKOYL E MHIELF ELYENEL. KNM IHIEULM MG E NG]G MKGLIHKMK E C2+ LM EHL MNHL GMKHGMHL EQEF GMK EHL IJNML OLNEKL (N@EG RFFK, 1999).

HL IJNML OLNEKL G EL IEFL LHG M[IHL ELFUL FHGHHME]GL, HG EHL KGML EFGMHLENEKL E QEF R EHF KNGHL G E FLFLMKNMNK (IJNM) GMKH E LM[IM. N]G NG IJNM OLNEK G IKMNEK G E LM[IM GHFIE JN LM IJNM L GNGMK HGMH RH LNKMK EL HL FUL KGL G E LIKEHEK IEFKH. L GMKHGQHGL E LLMF OLNEKLHG LNGMFGM HFIEL IK L@NKK JN NGIJNM OLNEK G IKMNEK LMU LKOGH MHL ELLMKNMNKL IEL E IEF @NE FGK (D

"LK, 2009: CHFNG]G IKLHGE LHK E GMHF[ IEFL).

ML LHK]G E EH (C2+ G F@ IEGM-1 [-1)L E LHEN]G E LNEH L MHMEFGM IGGM R

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

31


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IKHIHKHGE E ML MKGLIHKM @N EHLMHL LNIKHKL E IEF O[ E ENH MKGLIK]G. LHK]G R MKGLIHKM MHHL EHLHMKHL FKHGNMKGML F]OEL G E EHF (, , , @R ) R EHL FGHL F]OEL HFH EHKH (CE), HK (CN) RSG (G) L KESG IKGIEFGM O[ E KNMLFIEULM LM E ENH E[JNH KHGE G E

EHF R QEF. !G @GKE E IKHLH LHK]G RMKGLIHKM G E LH LMHL GNMKGML F]OEL G EEHF KJNKG E IKMI]G IKHLHL MOHL RHG HGLNFH GK@[, IHK EH MGMH E LHK]G LKEMOFGM GIGGM E ML K ENH MKGLIK]G (N@EG R FFK, 1999).

A8/4 * C'2+ 68 ' 8'

KLGK (1995) FGHG JN E KNM GE IKLHK]G C2+ IHK EL K[L G IEGML LNIKHKL LL MHMEFGM IHK FH E KNM IHIEULM, MKOYL

EL IKL EL YENEL G E K[S JN MHO[ GHMGG E BG CLIK G LKKHEE. !QLMGMKHL JN LKG G MEE EL K[L E IEF.HNKG R R (1997) GOLM@KHG E KJNMMNK ELLMF KE E. "0$$, GENRGH EL K[LIH@HMK]L. EES (1971) LMN] E LLMF KE E IEF G LNEHL UHL G E @EG H CHEHF. HGH E NLG IEHL KELG IEFL FNKL G FNL LIL, GENRGH ELHL LIL E'a$ (CHKGK, 1966; CK M E.,2009; R HF. IKL. D "LK "KE, 2009).

!LMH L NG MHK FIHKMGM INL HGGMK E FRHKIKM E LHK]G C2+ G EL K[L FUL GL R ]OGL.

KNM IHIEULM IK E C2+ FIEK[ JN ELHK]G GE L MKOYL EL K[L FUL GL GEL SHGL K EHL GNOHL INGMHL KFGMH JNIHL MHL LG E@G]G H LNKS]G. !G LMLGMH E KNM IK E C2+ L LMGM E E@NGHLHMKHL FKHGNMKGML, LIEFGM , R @. PM E. (2010) KIHKMKHG LHK E HGMKN]G K[M EHL INGMHL ]OGL EL K[L IKFKL (HEHK KF-

EG) E IEF M G E LHK]G L]MHIHL ]LHKH. !LMNHL LFEKL, IKH NLGH EHL L]MHIHLLMEL C (HFH C44), LHG GLKHL G EL HLLIL E'a$ IK HGKFK HG FRHK IKL]GEL KNML LHK]G E C.

KNM L ^G IK E LHK]G GE E C2+

FIE JN EL K[L EL IEFL G HGMGNK LNKFGMH G HKF GL, O@HKHL R LENE IKL@NKK E I LHK]G HGMGN,LIEFGM C, G KLINLM E FGHLHG IHK E KUIH KFGMH EL IEFL. !LMHL K[MFGM FIHKMGM G LLMFL IKHN]GGMGLO HG EMHL GOEL KMES]G(LIEFGM HG , , R @). LEN E LLMFKE EL IEGML LNIKHKL L OME IK E LEN

E IEF GMK, LIEFGM IK L@NKK ELHK]G GNMKGML GF]OEL G E EHF HFHC, B, " R G. IKLG EM HGGMK]G AE3+ G E LHEN]G E LNEH HG I$


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$4+, +, @2+ R C2+) HLHGGH ]G G EFH KFGMH KE. KKGH (2003) GM]LM ^EMFH G]FGH HFH NG EL IKGIELNLL E ]G EHL LNEHL GGKHL. KIM]G LMHL QIKFGMHL G E'a$ L FNRFIHKMGM IK FK ENLMKK EL KGLLHE]@L E C G KE]G HG EHL FUL MHGL.

EEKDE R #HK@ (2004) G LMNH EMKGLIK]G L E HI E IEF M GIEGMHGL G MKL SHGL EFUML HGMKLMGML G EG. !LMNHL LFEKL LHG FNR GLKHL GAFYK eLIEFGM G LNEHL UHL HG LNLNEHLEMHL G AEe IK GK E KHE E OK]G K GE MKGLIK]G G KE]G HG E LHK]G GNMKGML GF]OEL, LIEFGM C2+.

HL MKHL CG@ R EEK (2004 R 2008) LHK EGKHLL IE G E FHGHHME]G L$'$0 G

FHLMKH HG E@G E KE]G GMK MKGLIK-]G, GKHLL IE R E HGMGH C. G LFIEFGINE]G EL HL GFNKL IEL eMHO[GKHEELe NFGM E MKGLIK]G MKOYL LMHLMHL GFNKHL NLGH NG GKFGMH G EHLGOEL C, R LM ]G KLNEM G NG GHMEKN]G G E GG GKHLL IE (NG LKHMKLMHKGH LHE]@H LM LI G GOKGKHL).

!G KLNFG, HG LMHL K@NFGMHL, L IKHIHG JN ELHK]G C2+ G IEFL MFYG LFGNR HHGHGL FMHKHE]@L JN HGEEOG

OIHMKGLIK]G KN, G HFIK]G HG E ML LHK]G G HGHGL FUL LHEL NKGMIK[HHL LHL, IKH HG LNGM KLKO @N G EIKE E LNEH IK OMK E LMKYL [KH GMKGH.OFGM, NKGM EK@HL IK[HHL LHL R LG K@H ELMN]G L LMGM.

M


9/27

NKGM E KFGMH KUIH JN Q@ FUL GNMKGML.!LMHL MHL LHG EL EL MKHMK]L GML EIK]G OLE G E FNH. NKGM LM MI ELYENEL EL GNOL EL LMUG G KUI EHG@]GHKS IHK E IKL]G MNK@HK G E GMKHK EHLMHL. CHG E ONHES]G LML YENEL EFG C2+ L GKFGM, GH LHEFGM IHK LNKMK

E ONHE eHG E HGGMK]G C2+ L FUL EMG HFIK]G E MHIELFe LGH MFYG IKHKMEK EL IKL ENEKL HG IMMH C G EL KUI QIGL]G.

!LMNHL G A E EF !QIKFGME MMHG GI^-# (BKNK, 1994) JN NMESKHG E FYMHH L]G LNGE E HKHG E LM[IM, GFHLMKH JN E L KFGMH KUIH RMKHMK]H EL GNOL EL eL LNL HK[@GLG EL YENEL IKFHKEL EGMH KFGMH G EFKLMFHe HFGS G E MI E H -10 (LK, G 10 HL FUL ]OGL JN E E FK@) RT5 FLL GML E IK]G EL EL G EFNH (H HGHGL FGMEL L ]IMFLIK E IEF R LFKL G GLL GHKFEL).BKNK HLKO] K 50 @KNIHL YENELIKFHKEL HL G NEJNK FHFGMH G EFKLMFH GMKE, LIKGH G E IHK E MNKGH IKHFGSK E L KUIH KFGMH.

CHFH FGHGH KK, NGH EHL L[GMHFLHFNGL HLKOHL NKGM E L KNIK]G

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

HL MHL KIKHNMOHL, FLNEGHL R FGGHL G LNIKHIH FHFGMH EMKGMOH HGMG^G LEGH

HGNGMFGM HG E IK]G EL HL, IKH HGKNHGL FNR OKEL G E ML FK@G G EHLFLL IKOHL EHL L[GMHFL OLEL E C G ELEL. !LMHL MHL KIKHNMOHL LHG KKFGM

MHL IHK L@GHL INK]G eIHK EH FGHL GIKFK GLMGe NKGM EHL ILHHL E C. !LIHLE JN LMHL MHL RG LH IKHM@HL FGME IKL]G OHENMO IHK E@^G FGLFH LHE]@H,HKKE]G GM]F H MFIHKE KEHG HG ELGMKHGQHGL E QEF R EHF, JN @KGMS ELNIKOOG EHL MHL KIKHNMOHL NGH R

NG EFM]G G E LNIEFGMH C. D//4/' > :=//*'* * 4;:8/4: 4


10/27

HK HMKH EH, EL MHQL G R " G LNEHL FNRUHL LHG FGHGL HFH IHLEL MHKLMKFGGML G E HK@G E C. !G E LH G EHLGOEL G HEK G H H. 17 LHG FNR OKELIGGH E I$ R E IKLG G]NEHL G GEHL LMKMHL LNIKEL E LNEH. HL MHL LHKIHKGM G G E H H. 17, G IEFL HG C

LHG EMHL H HL LM OK]G G EHL MHKL UHL RMHO[ GH R GHGL EKL LHK NG IHLEKE]G HG E C. !G E LH MHQ " EHL MHL GUELL HEK LIHGEL IHK E NMHK IEGMHGLG LNEHL FNR UHL, FHLMKKHG GOEL HEKL HLH GHKFEL G IEFL HG EHL IKFKHL L[GMHFL C.

L HLKOHGL FGHGL G LM L]G LHKEL GL H MHQL HMKHL GNMKGML HFHIHLEL NLGML C NKHG HGKFL G ELGOLM@HGL KIHKML G E MLL HFKH (2009)G CHEHF, LIEFGM IK B, G, " R (MHHL

GF]OEL G E EHF) R IK MHHL EHL GNMKGMLF]OEL QIMH @. HL KLNEMHL LM ^EMFHLMNH KEHGH HG C, @ R R E C LHGGESHL FUL EGM G LM HNFGMH.

HFG FT=G G=G C

AEOKH M E. (1996) G LMNH E GG CG CHLM G KE]G HG HGHGL @KHG]FL,UL R EFUML. G EL HLKOHGL FULLML N JN E C K FUL KNGM NKGMIK[HHL EM IKIM]G R K]G LHEK.

NEHL FNR KEEHLHL R FE KGHL MFYG LLHG HG EOL GGL C; LM HGENL]GLMU NKH HG EHL KLNEMHL NGYOK M E.(2001); NGYOK R AHLM (2002); AHLM R NGYOK(2003) R CGEE (2008). @^G MHHL EHL MHLLIHGEL, E. "0$$ G @GKE GH LMU GIM HGHGL FE KG HG EHLLMKMHL LNIKEL LMUG LMNKHL NKGM EK@HLIK[HHL. LEN KE, LIEFGM E EL K[LFUL GL, L O NKMFGM IKN IHK ELMNK]G IKHEHG@, EH JN L HFIKHFM EI KK HGMGNFGM IK L@NKK ELHK]G C R EHL HMKHL GNMKGML GF]OEL G EEHF (HFH B, " R G).

!E FHKFGMH E KG L KNGMFGM EIKFK E[G MJN HGMK E C. !G EHL LMNHL AHLM R NGYOK (2003), KESHL G EL IEGMHGL E HG KGM G CHEHF, L GM] EMGG NG LH]G GMK FE KG R EMGG E C; IKH LMHL FLFHL LMNHLFHLMKKHG JN E@NGHL EHML HG E KG KKSHGE E C MFYG LM IKLGM G EMH @KH.

!QIKGL G E @EG H CHEHFFNLMKG JN E C L GHKFEFGM LOK G SHGLFE KGL, IKH R GGL NKML G LNEHLG KGHL.

AIKM AEKMSS M E. (2005) HMKHL GOLM@HKLINGMG EL GHKFEL G E LLMF KEKEHGH HG E GG C, IHK FIEH EHLMKHL G EH R HNS (1991). !LM HEGYL,HG QIKG HG EL GGL LKL E C GNKGF R G GIL (KU), N NGH EHL IKFKHLG K YGLL G JN E NLG EHL INGMHL EGHL

LG HKFHGL G EL K[L FUL GL K E IKFKL[GMHF HGLMGM E C GML E IK]G EHLL[GMHFL IEL (BHK, 2008).

!G EL AFYKL EL IKUML @KHG]FL@GKESL LHG NG HI FUL H FGHL E EFHEH IEFKH LUMH, GENRGH E FGMGFGMH EHL IEMHL EFIHL. !G L SHG E HGGMK]G EL K[L GL G IEFL LGL JN KG G LNEHLKSHGEFGM YKMEL L L LFIK FUL GL, R LE FLF SHG HG L IEG GHKFEFGM E FRHK[ EHL KMESGML LHENEL. "KNKLM (1996) FHLMK]E LMK KE]G GMK EHL LMHL EM GL EL K[L R EL SHGL IE]G KMESGML G EIEMH. ELHG M E. (2006) G G NG AGLHE IEFKH GIN-#, HGKF] LML ^EMFL HLKOHGLNLGH (HFH NG [G GL K[L) ELIKHIHKHGL @N QMK[L L EHL LMKMHL LNEHL G E IKE OKL LMGL E LM[IM. !LMHLKLNEMHL FHLMKKHG JN EL K[L MOL LMNOKHGHGGMKL G E SHG E IEMH HG FGHK GLH EL IEL HL IHL R FNR IKLG GEL EEL HL.

HL MKHL ED M E. (2005) G NG NEMLHE GBHKGH eNG K@]G HG FNR EMHL KGFGMHL M IHK MUK R LG Ce INGMG EKFGM ELEML HGGMKHGL K[L e MHHL EHL NMKH]KGLe K E LM[IM R G E LMKMH LNIKE EIEMH.

SHG E IEMH (20% E MHME E UK LFK) LHGMGNFGM LRK JN[FFGM HG @EHLMHR HMKHL H [LFGM HG @N\ R/H S]G, EO@M]G LHMHHLJN (LIL HL GL,

@KF[GL R EHL). !LML IKUML LNINLMFGMMGG MHL G@MOHL LHK E LEN EL K[LLNIKEL. !G E FLFH LGMH, E LMNH CHKIH (\ M E., 2008) G NFH (CHEHF),LHK EHL MHL G@MOHL DNSN (P0a$a

#a*'*$d) G EHL IKFKHL \HL NG LFK,MFYG LHG FNR IKHNIGML.

]G U LMU G IEG FK G AL( M E., 1995; AGNK R #H, 2008 R ELHG M E.,2010) ILK EHL GHL EML HLLNFNEMOHL KHL HLUML, HFH FIHKMGML

NGML C NKGM MHH E EK@ LMHK ELIEFL G AL (K M E., 1985). L IYKLKEHGL HG E NK]G BLE E !LM[IM LHG EFUL LK FGS E GNLMK IEFK G LM K@]G.

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

35


11/27

!L FNR IKHE JN EL GGL LM GKFLG \H FUL KNGML R QMGLL, R JN LMYGIKEFGM KEHGL HG E LEN EHL LNEHL, RLI[FGM HG EL HGHGL E KSHLK(ID M E., 2008).

@^G EL HLKOHGL E NMHK, EL IEHGL

GFGL C (E @K[HE, E HEHFM, RLH@K[HE R HMKHL) G EHL LNEHL UHL AFYKIKG FNR EFML G KE]G HG E GL GOEK E LMMNL C HG KE]G EHL HMKHL FKH-GNMKGML R IKOGK H FKFK E ]G U. EM LNGML GFGL C R HMKL IKUMLOKLL MKOYL EHL \HL G LNEHL LNLIMEL,LIEFGM G LNEHL HG I GMKFH MHGL MOH (CC!) R I FHKM@N]G, OGMNEFGM MGG@MOFGM E LEN E LNEH R E LLMF KE EL IEFL, R IHK LH E EM IKHE GMKGLMHK C G GNOHL MHL.

IKGM NLG EML GGL C G ELKHEL MKHGEL KMLGEL EL EL GjK R BKLE, FGHG GMKHKFGM, L NGLHIHKM FIHKMGM IK YLM I]MLL ]M. !L FNRIKHE JN G LML HGHGL K^LML E LLMFKE EL IEFL L FUL LENE H ENLG E NLH KMESGML LHENEL R E IKLG NG LNEH E IEMH FUL HK@UGH G KS]GIKGIEFGM E EM HGMKHE LMKMH EL

FEL KL (=IF 1).

!G E FLF E[G HGIMNE, EL FEL IEFL E."0$$ LFKL G EL OGL R EEL NKGLG FNL NL MKHIEL AFYKIKGMFGM GH G LNKH MKLMHKGHL HG EHL FLFHLL[GMHFL M[IHL C. A ILK EL HGHGLQMKFL R OKLL JN FNL LML IEFL GLNKH eIKGIEFGM EM @N, KLMKHGL[LL E LKKHEEH KNEK, IHEN]G U RMFHLYK IKHOGGM E MKUH ONEKe, LMLL@NG OOL R OKL LINYL FUL 30 \HL. !LFNR IKHE JN EHL LNEHL e MKOYL EHL \HLe GLML KGL LG GHL IHK E IHEN]G ONEKR E IHEOH LHH HG E MKUH.

!LMNHL KESHL G $HG@ HG@ LNMKHIE (F,1998), G FHLMKH JN EHL LNEHL LMGHL IK ELFK UKHEL NKGHL K EL KKMKL LHGLFIK FUL EEGHL JN EHL LNEHL GMNKEL G SHGLHFIKEL, IKH FUL EL E MKUH. NEHL FULEEGHL eIKH GH LEGHLe MGG NG FRHKLIHGE C R F@GLH (@), R MGG NG

FGHK H GNE LIHGE AE LHENE. K[ @KGGMKYL GOLM@K EHL LNEHL EL SHGL OKL K EL KKMKL G E MK]IH AFYK HG RIEFL OL LENEL IK HGKFK LML ^EMFL

HLKOHGL LHK E EEG EHL LNEHL HFHNG IHLE KS]G LM HG]G.

@^G E I]MLL ]M, EL IKUML @KHG]FLKEHGL HG E NLH R NLH E IEMH LMUGKMFGM LHL HG E HK@G E C. !E NMHKHGLK JN E IK@F @KHG]FH LMEH G

AL IK E NEMOH E IEF eHG IKUML@KHG]FL IKGMFGM IKHIL IK L K@]GeL IKEFGM KLIHGLE E K]G HGHGL IML IK E C G AFYK. !L FNRIKHE JN NG LHEN]G MO E C FG NGFH KULMH G EL IKUML @KHG]FL. !G LMFLFH LGMH EL GGL EL HMKL EFMHGLfMHLGMKLg EL IEFL, LIEFGM GAFYK, HFH EL GHFGL KMS HKIKLO,KMS ME R KMS LNEK, MFYG INGLMK KEHGL HG EHL IKHEFL LEN KE-KSHLK G LNEHL LNLIMEL.

CJG =THG=G

!G KLNFG: EHL NGFGMHL GM]FHL R LHE]@HL E I]MLL ]M LHG E JN NKGM EHL K 5FLL KUIH KFGMH eG IEFL LENEL RH HGHGL EFUML GHKFEL IK E IEF Me G E L MKHMK] EL GNOL EL, EHGMGH C G EHL MHL LNLIMEL L KN IHKH EH GHKFE. !LMHL GNOHL MHL LMUGLMKFGM GKKHL GMKH E LM[IMKNGGM LG I HMHL[GMLL GMKGLIK]G R IKHOLML LHEFGM HG GNMKGML RHMHLGMMHL MKGLEHHL L E KLMH E IEF.CHGLNGMFGM, LMUG LNMHL GLMKGLMHKL GNMKGML GH FHOESHL IHK E EHF,LIEFGM C, GNL IHK E KN LHK]G LM GNMKGM NKGM EHL IK[HHL MKGLIK]G, HFH LN NKGM IK[HHLGLFGM GNEHL (M[IFGM 3-5 FLL G EMK]IH EL AFYKL).

!LM ^EMFH MH L QKH NGH E LHEN]G E

LNEH HGMG NG HGGMK]G C2+

RKEMOFGM EM HGGMK]G AE3+, GHKFEFGMKEHGH HG LNEHL FNR UHL I$


12/27

=: J==G ==PH=G

CHG E EGMFGMH @EHE G NKLH, R EHL FHLEFUMHL LLMKHLHL LHHL JN HK L HLKOGG L MHL EL EMMNL E FNGH, EHL ILHHL \ eL K E L K[ E LE]G E NK (!E\H-HNMKG LEEMHG, H ! IHK LNL L@EL G

G@EYL)e G LH FGHL KNGML G EHL ^EMFHL 25 30 \HL, IKH NGH L IKHNG, HFH G E KGMILHH G 2008-2009 R HK G 2010-2011, MGGMHL IKHNGHL G EL MOL @K[HEL G EHLMK]IHL HGMEL AFYK. !E KHM FNRLMKNMOH C G E SHG LNK NKMH EL,GMGK, CHEHF (HHKGL: 7H17i; 73H50i)G EL MKL IEGMHGL FUL @KGL E SHG HGQMKMHKL (E@GHLL EL BKLL, HGMKKR RE@GHLL BNKE) R G EL L MHL ELIEGMHGL OGL, IK LMK KEHGH HG LMHLKGML ILHHL \.

!G E =IF 3 EHL MHL E kG NEMOKH !(! G G@EYL) AA, FNLMKG E GUF E! GMK 1994 R 2009. !G LM IKHH NH 2ILHHL NKML \: E IKFKH G 1999-2001R E L@NGH GMK 2008-2009. NKGM \ 2008-2009 EL IKIMHGL NKHG FUL EML JN ELGHKFEL HG FGHL HKL LHE R E NF E KN FUL EM (MHL GH GENHL) NKGM NG MHME 15FLL L HGMGNHL (=IFG 4 M 5).

HL K@LMKHL EL GGL E C G E =IF 5G E IEGM]G HGMKKR FHLMKKHG NG FUQFHFGLNE GLH T22.500 IEFL (5% E MHME ELIEFL E IEGM]G) GNOHL LHL K@LMKHL HGEHL IKFKHL L[GMHFL OLEL C G EL EL G EFL FK E 2008. !LM OGMH MLMK]H

HNKK LINYL 7 FLL (FRH-GHOFK E 2008)L HGMGNHL FNR GLHE]G.

!G HGMKLM, E \H 2007 N NG IKHH KFGMHFNR HKSH HG EMHL KGFGMHL KNML, R IHK LHE ]G U EHES K QK G EHLEHML FUL IKHNMOHL. @^G LM I]MLL, L FNR

IKHE JN E L EGM GGL GNOL GMKFK E 2006 R TKKH E 2008 NK EKLNEMH E @KNE ]G EHL LNEHL.NKGM LM IKHH, E QLH LHK]G MHGL(LIEFGM $4+, + R @2+) G KE]G HG EHLGHGL (IKGIEFGM 3-, $24- R CE-) NJNEKH HG E QMKNL]G eIHK FH EL K[L FULMOLe IKHMHGL ($+) G E HKF UHLHK@UGHL. ]G EHL LMKMHL LNEH K EL K[L eLIEFGM G E SHG E IEMHe LMEK NKGM E IKHH. CHGLNGMFGM, ELHGHGL !E \H, HG FNR EM K]G LHEK,IKHNG HGHGL UL G@MOL JN EN@HNKHG HFGL HG NG IKHH FNR K]G LHEK eJN KN E LHK]G Ce NKGM \ FNR GMGL E 2008. NKGM EHL 7 FLL LMFK E 2008, E LHK]G C N KN,LIEFGM G FKHLMHL FUL LNLIMEL E C.!LM HFG]G HGHGL IKHOH] E IHKILHH E C G E LMHK IEFK CHEHF.

!G A@HLMH E 2009, HGMKKR K@LMK] NG MHMENFNEH 219.006 IEFL HG L[GMHFL C, EH

JN KIKLGM NG 50% E MHME LFKH G EL 3145. HL MHL FUL KGML GH HGKFHL, LIHGELG NG LMH P K@HGE NEH E 2011, GG JN EGG G HGMKKR G E IKFK LFLMK E 2011EGS] FUL E 80% EL IEFL NFNEL HGL[GMHFL E C.

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

37

=IF 3. "FG F= GF GI H=T BIF=, IFH =G, C= (R F) Z= 'E# E GU AA (R NI), F F= 1994-2010 GF G ==G HFT=G M

FP=G R=. &G NG NI FFG F=G H= & =S GU R= (JFG H=JG). EHF 1994 M 2010 IFF G IFHG =G=G & =S: 1999\2001 M 2008\2009.& =S 2008\2009 I PG H=I G HG FI=T FG G F= (M F G F==TGF ). & =S 1999\2001 I PG F H= F F=G =HFG GG PG HF==T GF. DHG 'E#: KKK.GF..J/G//?IG.KHF/'E#

H o r a s s o l , h m

e s - 1

I n d i c e M E I d e

E N O S

Periodo 1994 - 2010

280

260

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

E n e r o

9 5

J u l i o

9 4

J u l i o

9 5

J u l i o

9 6

J u l i o

9 7

J u l i o

9 8

J u l i o

9 9

J u l i o

0 0

J u l i o

0 1

J u l i o

0 2

J u l i o

0 3

J u l i o

0 4

J u l i o

0 5

J u l i o

0 6

J u l i o

0 7

J u l i o

0 8

J u l i o

0 9

E n e r o

9 4

E n e r o

9 7

E n e r o

9 6

E n e r o

9 9

E n e r o

9 8

E n e r o

0 1

E n e r o

0 0

E n e r o

0 3

E n e r o

0 2

E n e r o

0 5

E n e r o

0 4

E n e r o

0 7

E n e r o

0 6

E n e r o

0 9

E n e r o

1 0

E n e r o

0 8

-1.500

-1.000

-0.500

0.000

0.500

1.000

1.500

2.000

2.500

3.000

Horas sol, h mes-1, Bucarelia Índice MEI NOAA


13/27

HL KLNEMHL LM GUELL HEFUMH IHRG EI]MLL L@^G E NE E IK[HH FUL K[MH \H EL IKL ENEKL EHL MHL, H EG MKGLMHK C, IHK[ LK NLMH LINYLE HFGSH E KFGMH KUIH EL GNOL HLLM T5 FLL GML E FK@G G E FNH.!LM HGENL]G L LNLMGM IHK E HLKO]G JNEL IKFKL ELHGL C G EL EL L IKLGMG

FNR KNGMFGM G E QMKFH LME EL GNOLHL, E IKFK SHG JN HFGS E L QIGL]G KUI EL YENEL L E FKLMFHGMKE, HFH R L GH (BKNK, 1994).

!E KGFGMH M KNH IEF (C) G EHG CGMKE IEFK HEHFG G 2008 N E FULEMH G E LMHK E I[L HG 5.0 M -1 (L, 2010).!G E 2010, LM OEHK L KNH NG 46% LM 3.2 M -1.!LM LGLH, G @KG IKM, L QIE IHK E C.@^G E I]MLL ]M, MHHL EHL MHKLIKLIHGGML E C LMNOKHG IKLGML G ELIEGMHGL E LNK E @EG H CHEHF

G E 2008. L FGLMHGL GEFGM NKHG GEHL LMHL FUL LNLIMEL NKGM E L@NGH LFLMK L \H. !E IH C HLKOH G E IEGM]GHGMKKR NKGM E IK[HH \, HG] HGEHL 7 FLL KUIH KFGMH G HGHGL

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

38

=IF 4. F=G GIG F==H=T ( G-1, R NI) M FG G (FG G-1, R F) H=T BIF=, 'I=== IFH =G, DH. HF, C= IFH 2005\2009. DIFH &=S 2008\2009 I O15 GG F==T GF (J=F 2007 GH F 2009) M H=Q IF==H=G PG HG M H=IG F IFH G GG IJ=GG 2008. &G FG G GIG

IF G=H FI=G IFH G GG M 2008 GH F 2009. E = C ( GG IJGF G) GH N IFH =G G = ==F 2008 GIQG 7 GG, HF M 2008 M J=F 2008 & =S =HG. & F =F= HF 2008 M G HFG SG I I GH S =IF F G GG I=-I=-GH W GH = FH =W IFF=T F G HG & =S.

Periodo 2005 - 2009

La Niña 2008

P r e c i p i t a c i ó n , m m

H o r a s s o l , h m e s - 1

700

800

600

500

400

300

200

100

0 140

160

180

200

220

240

260

280

300

F e b

. 0 6

E n e

. 0 6

M a r . 0 6

M a y

. 0 6

J u l . 0 6

S e p

. 0 6

N o v

. 0 6

D i c

. 0 5

J u n

. 0 6

A b r . 0 6

O c t . 0 6

A g o

. 0 6

D i c

. 0 6

F e b

. 0 7

E n e

. 0 7

M a r . 0 7

M a y

. 0 7

J u l . 0 7

S e p

. 0 7

N o v

. 0 7

J u n

. 0 7

A b r . 0 7

O c t . 0 7

A g o

. 0 7

D i c

. 0 7

F e b

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Horas sol valor realCasos nuevos de PC Horas sol promedio 1994-2010


14/27

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

39

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=: J==G QH=G

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!QLM NG OK]G G E @KH LNLIME GMKEHL FMKEL MGK HFKEL NRH HK@G LIKGMFGM @GYMH, IKH EL OENHGL GH LHGHGLLMGML MKOYL KGML LMHL OEN]G(OK EHL MKHL G CHLM MKEG@ R AEOKH,1996). !G CHLM , CGEE (2008) HLKO],LINYL E@NGHL \HL FUL QIKGL G A,JN EHL FMKEL MGK KOHL EHL KNL GMK

D'$ d0a R A1* LHG KEMOFGM FUL LNLIMEL EL KGML LGMHFMHEH@[L E C G L I[L. OK]G G EHL KGDG@L LNLIME G E@NGHLLHL IHK[ KL JN KMHL FMKEL NKHGLFKHL G UKL EL IEGMHGL HG E LNEHK FUL IKHIH IK E C.

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FMKEL L KGML NGMLG NGMH E LNLIME C.G FK@H, MHL HFIKMOHL OKLL IEGMHGL G CHEHFLN@KG JN E FMKE MGK HGFK R IK LEHGH IHKEMHL KGFGMHL KFHL IHKMUK, R IHK HMKL KMK[LMLFIHKMGML G EL IKH@GL E!LM]G !QIKFGME A GNO BKM\ (IN #), GFHLMKH HGLLMGMFGM EMLNLIME C. HL FMKELI^ "EHKL R I^ A LMKGMK EHL FUL LNLIMEL E C GCHEHF, L K HG NG

GG FUL KUI R/H NG FRHK GOE GGGE. GHKF]G G E 3 L NG FIEH EHLMHL EHL GLHL LIHGEL.

!E NMHK MNOH LH EHL MHL E GLH FGLNE HMKL @KGL IEGMHGL G E SHG HKGME CHEHF, GENRGH EFL CLGK (=IF 6),

LN@KG JN EHL FMKEL LEHGHL G A-I^ L EL IHEHGL D'$ d0a Q A1* LMUGGMK EHL FUL LNLIMEL E C HG MLL GGL FGLNEL EML R/H G EHL GOEL GEL EL GGL NFNEL.

!G EL, CKLMGH M E. (2010) G LMNH GNG GOKGKH EHL MHL LHK E KFGMH R EGNMK]G KGML HGGMKHGL AE LHENEHG IEGML ]OGL G NG NEMOH KHI]GH (I$ 4.4)G 4 IKH@GL ( A"*'a d0a 3 A"*'a d0a, $"$ad0a 3 N$"$a d0a, D'$ d0a 3 A1* $$!a R D'$

d0a 3 D04 A1* $$!a). !E FMKE FULLNLIME E MHQ AE G MYKFGHL LHE]@HLR GNMKHGEL NKGM EHL 8 FLL E IKN N D'$d0a 3 A1* $$!a. !LMHL KLNEMHL LNLMGMG LMI]MLL, LI[FGM G KE]G HG E EMLNLIME LM FMKE E C G CHEHF RCHLM . GH EHL FUL KULMHL R KUIHL MHLLHK E LHEH@[ EL IEGML LNIKHKL LNLIMELL E MH EML HGGMKHGL AE LHENE G EFH KE LHK E GMKKG G E LHK]G C (N@EG R FFK, 1999).

I6/'/4 * ' *//4/' * '4/ 4 N;


15/27

LNEHL E SHG GHKM-HLM E LE LMUG HKFHLLHK GSL OHEUGL KGML ( M E., 2009).HL FGKEL E LNEH LHG HFGHL IHK E ELIMH

ULH IE@HEL (HG HKFNE JN[F AE38-CAE228). IKFK GM]G E QLMG E G @ G IEFL MGKL G LM SHGN INE IHK GF (1971). !G LMHL \HL,GF K NG @K]GHFH E HFI\[ LNIKOLHIHK E NMHK G E IKH@KF FLMK[ EGOKL [GR (ANLMKE).

HLMKHKL LMNHL @KHG]FHL R UHL FNRMEEHL G NG IKHRMH HEHKMOH GMK EHLGOLM@HKL E HFI\[, EHL E LMHK HE EI[L R EHL ANLMKE LHK E IKHEF G @ NKHG HGNHL H EHL NLIHL ACA( M E., 2009).

HL LMNHL LHK E G @, ILK EHHFIEMH EHL FLFHL, GH NKHG QMHLHL GGHGMKK NG LHEN]G @KHG]F LM IKHEF. !G

IKG, IHK EHL FNR EOHL GOEL C R E HHGMGH @ G LMHL LNEHL, E HFIMG GMNKEJN QLM GMK C R @, R E GMK]G G@MO LHKEHL HL EL EML IEHGL , OHKG EIKFGMH EL GL @ (OK E ]GLHK EHL LMNHL HFKH, 2009).

!E FHKFGMH @GYMH MKFG] LGH E LMKM@ eHGLGM H GHGLGMe IK LHENHGK E IKHEFIHK IKM EHL GOLM@HKL KEHGHL HG ANKGM MHHL EHL \HL L T1965 LM E . LFUL FIHKMGML IHEHGL @GKL NKHG ELMGKL ("1) HFKEL HMGL E KN D'$ d0a(FKL) HG E $7!a A1*3.

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

40

3. CG HF=G H=T =GG &G BF=GG (IFH =G, C=): PFG GFG === II FH C I= 2009.

'HF=/FG IH HF=G G=FYF GF

C II

%

IN "EHKL ( D'$ d0a 3 A1*) A-# O L "EHKL 43 14.6

$ ( D'$ d0a 3 La M$) , CHLM KE, CA 90 11.5

D'$ d0a 3 N$"$a A (CHLM ) 35 11.3

IN A ( D'$ d0a 3 A1*) F-# O A, CHLM 1138 10.6

C*ac/a 3 N$"$a A (CHLM ) 17 6.6

D'$ d0a 3 G#aa A (CHLM ) 91 6.3

A A 23 5.5

$ 2501 $/CA 369 4.7

GEOK GEOK 18 4.6

$ 2550 $/CA 83 4.5

Ta5a$a 3 E&*a A, CHLM 58 4.4

$ 1001 $/CA 224 4.4

GK CA ( D'$ d0a 4 Ya"a$) CHKIH, NFH, CHEHF 137 3.7

D'$ d0a 3 La M$ A (CHLM ) 24 3.7

FHE-CFKNG FHE 18 3.6

FHE-GEOK FHE 8 3.2

FHE-K-GEOK FHE 92 3.0

CFKNG FHE 8 2.5

SE HE 21 2.0

FHE-CFKNG-GEOK FHE 39 1.9$ 2551 $/CA 31 1.7

CHLM A, CHLM 62 1.7

$KH (Q#) GIEF GIEF, CHEHF 12 1.1

H H M % C F 2641 7.4

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3 #F=T G=H= K SR ==T I GHG HF=G QH=G IF G PG IH==NG G:HH://KKK.../FGF/=L.H


16/27

HL IKL NKHG LEHGHL IHK E EMH KGFGMH EL IKH@GL H HGHGL G K]G @ G NG FGM FIH L ]IMFH IK EIEF G MHHL EHL HMKHL IKUFMKHL HFH EFUMHL,UHL R MHLGMKHL. L LEHGL NKHG FNRQMHLL GMK IHEHGL IK GMK E[GL YEML LMHL IKH@GMHKL IK NG FHK I

KHFG]G EL KMK[LML LL NKGMFUL 40 \HL. HL FMKEL MGK A, HGEMHL GOEL IKHNMO KFHL, E IKHIK KGK, IHKGM KNIK]G M G EIKHLFGMH R E E M, LMUG GMK EHL FULQMHLHL G E FNGH LIHGEL IK E GNLMKIEFK. HL FMKEL HG FHL IKLLEHGHL G A LMUG FIEFGM LFKHLG FNHL I[LL G EL AFYKL, R LHG FIHKMGML GEL NMKH K@HGL IKHN]G CHEHF.

HL MKHL FHKFGMH @GYMH HGNHL IHKA (BKNK R BHL, 1992) NKHG L\HL IKFHLMKK E ME LEHGK IKH@GMHKL GL OKHL KMKHL LHE]@HL, GENRGH EHGMGH @ G E H H. 17 G EL [email protected] JN @ N FIEFGM IKHH HFH EIKGIE MHK EFMGM E KGFGMH G E SHG, ELE]G HG EMHL GOEL @ HEK N E FULQMHLH EHL KGML [GL NMESHL. HK MGMH, EIHKGM @ G H H. 17 K NMESH HFH@KGM EMHL KGFGMHL G EL IKH@GL MGKLIK LM @KH-HLLMF.

MKHL LMNHL @GYMHL KGML G I^ P#NG ( M E., 2009; ELHG CHF. KL.) GMK ELIKH@GL KNL D'$ d0a Q D'$ d0a R D'$ d0a Q

A1* G FHLMKH JN E LE]G IK EMH @HEK G EHL IKL, E FLFH MFIH K FNR MOHG GKFGMK IKEEFGM E HGMGH C G ELIKH@GL L E H H. 1 LM E H H. 25, ILK JN LM ^EMFH KLNEMH GH LMNOH GMK EHLHMOHL HK@GEL E LE]G. LE]G GHGHGL UL H @ IKHNHIKH@GL IKHIHKHGEFGM HG FRHKL GOEL

C HEK.

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!E NMHK LN@K JN EHL FMKEL A KOHL KNL HG FHL IKL (@GKEFGM E[GL

D'$ d0a R A1*) NKHG LEHGHL LIHEHGL FGMGL MKOYL >40 \HL LE]GGMGLO G EHL LNEHL OHEUGHL HG NG GK]G @ (LG LHENHGL @KHG]FL) GIKHNH IKH@GL MGKL HG NG KJNKFGMH CKMEFGM EMH. !LM HG]G LNINLMFGM LMU

GH EL KMK[LML fHGLNFH ENHLHg CIK L@NKK E KFGMH GM NGH @ L

GM G E LNEH. !G HMKL IEKL, EHL GELLHE]@HL LHK]G GNMKHGE G L@NKH JNHG E FUL EM LHK]G C MFYG L @KGMSNG FUL EM LHK]G @. !E GKFGMH G @ IHKFH E LE]G GMGLO IKHNH @GHMIHLHG EM FG C, R LMHL FMKEL NKHG FNRQMHLHL G LNEHL HG GOEL C KSHGE IKH GH

G LNEHL HG G K]G LM GNMKGM,HFH GNLMKL MKKL FNR FMHKSL G EHL MK]IHL EL AFYKL.

!E G@. !@K @GH BKKK (2009) BNKE(CHF. KL., 2010) HLKOH JN LMHL FMKEL I^ MGG NG IKG FUL LNNEGM G EHL MHLHEKL (FUL EGL R LNOL) JN EHL FULFMKEL LFKHL G E IEGM]G. EM CIK KHKSK EL IKL EL YENEL HEKL IN LKNG EL IHLEL NLL LM G]FGH. NKGM EOLM BNKE G A@HLMH E 2009, E NMHK K]

HLKOHGL IHK IKM EHL @K]GHFHL OKLIEGMHGL LHK E IKGM LNLIME C EHL FMKEL MGKL HG FHL IKL LEHGHLG A, I^ P #NG.

!L FNR IKHE JN LM KMK[LM @GYMKEHG HG E C GH L HFIME HG EHL LNEHLIEFKHL UHL EL AFYKL, LIEFGM HGE GOE LM GNMKGM L FNR EFMH R E AE L FNREMH. LNLIME KGE R Q@K LMHL^EMFHL FMKEL IHK E G C LIKHEFGM NGH EHL KLNEMHL LML MGGLGUFL IHEHGEL EK@H IESH G A.

MGK f$g (LNINLMFGM HG IKL D'$ d0aQ Z), FIEFGM LFK G CHEHF RKO IHK FH E LE]G EHL IKL G ELM]G $/CA G CHLM KE,MFYG FHLMKH GOEL LNLIME GMHL OKL IEGMHGL G CHEHF, GENRGHL BKLL R HGMKKR4.

!E LMNH GNMKHGE CKLMGH M E. (2011)HGNH G E IEGM]G #NKFH (EGHLKGMEL CHEHF) GMK [KHL MGKL (Q) GMKLI[HL (Q#) FHLMKH JN EHL GOEL C R B HEK G E H H. 9 R EN@H LM E H. 17 KGHGLLMGMFGM FUL EMHL G E KH Q# JN G EHLQ (MHH G IEFL GFNKL) NKGM EHL 6 \HL KFGMH G E FIH H HGHGL HFKELHKKGML NGH MHHL EHL HMKHL GNMKGML HEKL KGFUL HL G E KH Q#. !LML GHGL, HGHGKF]G G HMKHL FGML, LHG OGL JNE @GYM E IKH@GMHK FH ( E'a$ *'7!a) L EIKHNMH E OHEN]G LM LI AFKG G EHL

LNEHL FNR UHL GYKMEL G E NG FS]GGH NG IM]G LML HGHGL IHK FH

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

41

4 #F=T FFH F G FTG JF=G H=G =G I G=F= FH==H=J HF=I=G IHF &G BF=GG AGH 2009.


17/27

NG EM G G E LHK]G C R B L LMHLHQLHEL R NEMLHEL FMHKSHL. !LMHL ^EMFHL KLNEMHLLHG IKMFGM HFIMEL HG E IKLGM I]MLL]M NGH E FHLMK LNLIME KN EHL [KHL Q# E C L MG G NGM. !L FNRIKHE JN E FRHK MHEKG E C EHL FMKELQ# LMY KEHG HG NG FRHK G G E

LHK]G C G LNEHL FNR IHKL G LM GNMKGM."NMNKL GOLM@HGL LHE]@L GMK NGML @KFHIELF HGMKLMGM LKUG FNR FIHKMGML IKGK R HGKFK LML MGGL @GYML G E MGHK C HEK, R EL FIEHGL GNMKHGEL G LNEHLFNR UHL. HGKF]G LM MHK @GYMH GE LNLIME KGE E G C GEL GGL E C IN LK NG EL IKNLFUL HGMNGGML LHK E KHE GMKE C HFH ENL NGFGME E C.

=: J==G FT=G!G LM L]G L GES E LMHK NG EHM G EIEGM]G E@GHLL EL BKLL G E NGIH NKMH EL G E IKMFGMH GMGK(CHEHF) IK FHLMKK E GENG MHKL@KHG]FHL LHK E C, G E HGMQMH ELHGHGL UL, EFUML R E @GYM E FMKELFKH. IEGM]G HFIEM LM NEH E 2009MNOH NG EO GG C, LHEFGM 6.4% LHLNFNEHL G HFIK]G HG EHL HL OGHLHGMKKR R E@GHLL BNKE HG EL GGLNKHG K E 50% G FHL LHL. !G LIMFK E2010, E@GHLL L BKLL K@LMK] 30% GGNFNE C, BNKE 60% R HGMKKR 80%. GG C L GKFGMH NKGM E IKFKLFLMK E 2011 LM GOEL MLMK]HL FUL E80% NFNEH G FNL FUL IEGMHGL G LM SHGE @EG H CHEHF. HL FIMHLHG]FHL R LHEL E C G LM K@]G LHGKEFGM GMLHL.

C'8':8:/' *@/' * : L5 4 L' B8/'

GG E C N LMN IHK E NMHK GHEHK]G HG EHL @K]GHFHL G E EHM (5) HG NGMHME 1950 IEFL G T20 LFKL G 1997 HGE MGK hIN "EHKLi E GL GHKFE 143IEFL -1, G NG LNEH ELH GIMLHEHEG[MH, KGH, FNR H, G KGH R M[IH EHL LNEHL OHL FMHKSHL E HK@G KKH EOEE E K[H @EG.

!E EHM 5 LMU NH NG LMG T12 DF E K[H@EG R T1.8 DF E K[H H@FHLH eG EHL INGMHL

FUL KGHLe R HG EMMN T90 F NGH EL KKLE K[H IKGIE LHG T68 FLGF. !E EHM LMU NHG LNEHL M[IHL E HKF]G @HFHKHE]@ MKKS F E @EG H HG EO IGGM.!E LLMF GM@KE KGL E IEGM]G N

GLMEH G E SHG E EHM IK L@NKK JN EL YIHL LMNK]G E LNIK LG KNL E F[GFHIHLE, ILK EL EML EENOL KL GMK 2008R 2011. L IEFL G LM EHM KG FNR NGHKFL, RMNOKHG NG IKHNMO FNR IME >25 M -1

KFHL KNM KL G EHL MKL ^EMFHL \HL(2007-2009). !E EHM MNOH 5% LHL NFNEHL

C G E GLH NEH E 2009. HL KLNEMHLIKHFH R E KG@H OEHKL EHL GUELL E LNEH 4 FNLMKL (0-20 F IKHNG) MHFHL LEHL IEMHL G IMFK E 2009 L IKLGMG G E 4. L KMK[LML E LNEH LHG M[IL NGGIMLHE HG EMH HGMGH KG R EFH RLHEFGM HG 9-12% KEE. HKIKLOFGM E LNEHMG NG EMH HGMGH FMK HK@UG (5.7% LM7.2%) IKHEFGM KOH NG IKHH HGNKM DNSN GMK 1997 LM K E 2004.

!E I$ K FNR H HG NG OEHK F[GFH 3.88 R NGFUQFH 4.5 R NG LMNK]G AE FNR EM HFH NGKEH KMH E S. CC! K FNR (3.6LM 5.7 FHE D@-1 ) HG NG @KG KG GMK ECC R CC!. HL LNEHL HEG[MHL KU@EL HG LMLKMK[LML IKLGMG K@ OKE, EH JN FIEJN HG E ]G E CC L KN R L MGFGHL I IK E KMG]G EL LL K[ML(, C R @) R L GMGL E HFIMG G ELIHGE LMHL GNMKGML. !E EMH HGMGH K]G HK@UGH IHLEFGM G JN EHL LMHLG@MOHL K@ LIHGE G E CC LMG

HNIHL HG $+ EHL UHL HK@UGHL KOHL ELHFIHL]G FMKE HK@UGH FNR EUE EDNSN R/H IHLEFGM IHK E LK]G eL ELK[L FUL MOL LM E KSHLKe UHLHK@UGHL (EONQ R NNDK, 2003). !E LNEH KKEMOFGM H G G, " R B IKH EL IEFL GH GFHLMK GG@^G L[GMHF G LMHL NHMKHL GNMKGML FGHKL.

!E LNEH, HG H HGMGH KEE R EMH G KG,IKHEFGM MG NG I FHKM@N-]G KGM EHL FHL I$ IKHNMH ELIKUML HKL KMES]G HG LNEMH FHGH R HMKHL FHGEL, G E FGH E IEMH G@GKE R IHLEFGM L EHL MHL KMHL R/HKLNEL E DNSN, LIEFGM G E EK]G E EQO]G C2+ G IK HG 32- (NEMFH KOH E LHFIHL]G FMKE HK@UGH NKGM EHLT4 \HL LINYL E HFG]G L MHME E DNSN

eJN L FNR HF^G G LM SHGe.

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HL MHL KOHL E FHGMHKH KNMGKH EHLGOEL HEKL (H H. 17) GNMKGML (2000-2009),EL IEHGL KMESGML E IEMH (2004-2009) REHL KGFGMHL GNEL (2000-2009) L IKLGMG G E=IF 7. GUF MFIHKE EHL GOEL HEKL

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

42


18/27

GG, HFH L LIKK, NG NKM GMK]G GMKC R KEHG HG E HFIMG GMK LMHLGNMKGML. HL IHHL FHL G R @ GG IHKHMK IKM, JN EL GENGL FUL FIHKMGML LHK EC IKHEFGM KLG G EL KEHGL GMK RC. !E KGFGMH HFIKMOFGM H G 2006 23 M -1, IKHEFGM LMU KEHGH HG EKNH HGMGH HEK G GKH 2006HFGH HG NG OGMH FHKH \ JNHNKK] G LM FLFH \H HG OKHL FLL GLHE]G. !GMK 2007-2009 EL EML KMESHGL (LGGFGL C HIHKMNGH) IK HFIGLK IHK LM \H H KGFGMH NKHG KLIHGLEL NGKN]G G E GOE C G GKH E 2009 LM0.40% G E H H. 17. !LM ^EMFH OEHK C LMUFNR IHK H E GOE K[MH (0.65% C) GHIHK EHL LMUGKL GMKGHGEL ("KNKLM R $VKMK,2003 R "KNKLM M E., 2005). !LMHL MHL KNMGKHL EHM 5 MHFHL G GKH-KKH LHK , , , C R

@ NKHG HGKFHL G LIMFK E 2009,LIEFGM IHK E FNR H C 0.45% G EFLF H H. 17 ( 5).

HL KLNEMHL C, , R @ E EHM 5 HG L[GMHFL C LMUG GENHL G E 5 IK E H H. 1 RE H H. 17 G HFIK]G HG EHL MHL HMKHL@KH-HLLMFL, HL G LNEHL HGMKLMGML GCHEHF (LG C) NGH G I^ # (LG C) R NMKHIEGMHGL G CHEHF HG EHL OEHKL IK EHL MKLGNMKGML NKHG MKFGHL G HL L H RIK HL LMHL LKKHEEH E C. HL MHL HFKH (2009) GENHL G E 5 LHG GESHLHG FRHK MEE G E L@NGM L]G R KIKLGMGNG ILH FNR FIHKMGM G E KLHEN]G LMIKGM IKH.

=: J==G IHF==G

G MEEH LMNH KGM LHK E IHLELH]G E GNMK]G E IEF HG E GG E C, LIEFGM LHK E KHE LEH (), NKIHKMH IHK NGYOK R HFKH (2009) HG MEELKGESHL IHK E NMHK L E LL LMK[ AE HFKH (2009). !E LMNH, KESH LHKIEFL LGL (LG L[GMHFL E C) R IEFL HG EHLIKFKHL L[GMHFL GEL E C G EL EL, NHGNH G NMKH IEGMHGL (BNKE R

I48'/4 A84/' - N. 3

43

F= =G F= #HFFH=T FG

AKG % 45 - 40-50

AKEE % 10 - 9-12

FH % 45 - 39-50I$ (A@N) GL 4.30 BH 3.88-4.50

MK HK@UG % 6.6 AEMH 5.7-7.2

HMLH FHE D@-1 0.67 AEMH 0.32-1.14

CEH FHE D@-1 0.58 BH 0.34-0.73

@GLH FHE D@-1 0.46 BH 0.29-0.66

AENFGH FHE D@-1 2.88 AEMH 2.47-3.32

"]LHKH F@ D@-1 116 AEMH 38-237

CC FHE D@-1 13.1 GH 11.7-14.6CC! FHE D@

-1 4.7 NR H 3.6-5.7

MNK]G LL % 37 BH 24-49

MNK]G % 13.4 AEMH 5-23

MNK]G C % 12.4 NR H 9-16

MNK]G @ % 9.5 BH 8-11

MNK]G AE % 63 AEMH 51-76

C:@ E]G 1.34 BH 0.8-1.92

C: E]G 0.86 NR H -IH: AP=G=G F=N F C= 4 IGHFG HG 1 M 2 GHR=H M HF 0 20 FI=.

4. AP=G=G G GIG H &H &5 =GG &G BF=GG (IFH =G, C=): H=F 2009.


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IPNI Informaciones Agronomicas sept 2011 Laing PC Full Document (2).pdf

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