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What is Integrated Pest
Management(IPM) ?
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Learning Objectives
Create an understanding of IPM
Importance of IPM to Producers
Importance of IPM to the environment
Importance of IPM to human health and safety
What are IPM strategies
Advantages and limitations to IPM
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Why Study IPM?
Why a new approach to pest management is needed:– 1920’s cotton pest management– “Pesticide Treadmill” of 1960’s – 1970’s
Pesticide resistance
Secondary pest outbreaks
Environmental concerns
– IPM concept “reborn” in 1970’s
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IPM is:
A pest management philosophy that utilizes all suitable pest management techniques and methods to keep pest populations below economically injurious levels. Each pest management technique must be environmentally sound and compatible with producer objectives.
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“A pest management philosophy….. “
– Recognizes there is no “cure-all” in pest control.Dependence on any one pest management method will have undesirable effects.
– Determine and correct the cause of the pest problem.Understanding Pest biology and ecology is essential.
Manipulate the environment to the crop’s advantage and to the detriment of the pest.
– Recognizes that eradication of a pest is seldom necessary or even desirable, and generally not possible.
Some damage is unavoidable and acceptable
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IPM is a continuum, not an end.
Poor
Fair
Good
Better
Best
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“Utilizes all suitable pest management tactics…………..”
Pesticides CulturalMechanicalSanitaryNaturalBiologicalHost Plant Resistance
NOTE: Some tactics fallInto several categories.
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Should Pesticides be used in an IPM Program?
Pesticides can to be used in an IPM program, however only as a last resort and of course in a manner that is legal.Pesticides are to be used when there is no risk of environmental damage or when benefits outweigh the risks. Use pesticides only when other control practices aren’t available, economical or practical.Must monitor pest populations in the field.– Identify the pest– Compare pest population and the economic threshold– Life stage susceptible to pesticide?– Crop stage and preventable loss.
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What is “Cultural Control”
Agronomic practices that are designed to:– Optimize growing conditions for the crop.
Anything that increases a crop’s competitive edge will result in increased tolerance to pests often resulting in reduced pesticide use.
– Create unfavorable conditions for the pest
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What is Mechanical Control?
Uses machinery and/or other tools to control pests– Tillage– Physical barriers
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What is Sanitary Control?
Methods to avoid introducing a pest into a field
– Cleaning field equipment
– Planting certified seed
– Quarantines
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What is Natural Control?
– Enhancement of naturally occurring pest management methods
Beneficial insects
Beneficial diseases
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What is Biological Control?
Manipulation of biological organism to control pests– Release of predators/parasites/disease of an
insect or weed– Can be time consuming, expensive and
difficult
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What is Host Plant Resistance?
Manipulating the crop to withstand or tolerate pests– Natural breeding method– Genetically modified plants– Not a permanent method of control– Examples: Glandular-haired Alfalfa, Bt Corn,
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“To Keep Pests Below the Economic Injury Level”
Economic Injury Level:– Cost of control = $ amount of damage caused by
the pestIncludes amount of pest damage
Cost of each control practice
– Are determined through extensive research
– Economic Injury Level is the information that is necessary to develop an Economic Threshold, which is used by crop advisors
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Economic Threshold
Pest Population at which a grower must take action to prevent a pest populations from reaching the economic injury level
– Economic threshold is slightly below the economic injury level
– Pest populations must be increasing
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Time
PestDensity
Economic Injury Level
Economic Threshold
Pest Population
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Economic Threshold Example: European Corn Borer on Corn
Field Sampling Data needed:– % plants infested– Ave. number of larvae/plant
Crop Management Data Needed– Expected yield (bu/A)– Expected selling price of the crop
Cost of pest control
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1st Generation European Corn Borer
Economic Threshold Worksheet
(1) ___% of 100 plants infested x ___average # of borers/plantA = ___average borers/plant.
(2) ___average borers/plant x 5% yield loss per borer = ___% yield loss.
(3) ___% yield loss x ___expected yield (bu/A) =___ bu/A loss(4) ___bu/A loss x ___$ expected selling price/bu =___ $ loss/A(5) $__ loss/A x___ % controlB = $ ___ preventable loss/A(6) $___ preventable loss/A - $ ___cost of control/A = $ gain (+) or loss
(-) per acre if treatment is appliedA Determined by checking whorls from 20 plants.B Assume 80% control for most products
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1st Generation European Corn Borer
Economic Threshold Worksheet
(1) 0.67 (% of 100 plants infested) X 2 (average # of borers/plant)A+ = 1.34 (average borers/plant).
(2) 1.34 (average borers/plant) X 5 (% yield loss per borer) = 0.067 (% yield loss).
(3) 0.67 (% yield loss) x 120 (expected yield in bu/A) = 8.04 (bu/A loss)(4) 8.04 bu/A loss x $2.25 expected selling price/bu = $18.09 $ loss/A(5) $18.09 (loss/A) x 80 (% controlB) = $ 14.47 (preventable loss/A)(6) $14.47 (preventable loss/A) - $ 15.00 (cost of control/A) = - $0.53 (gain (+)
or loss (-) per acre if treatment is applied)
A Determined by checking whorls from 20 plants.B Assume 80% control for most products
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Potato Leafhopper Threshold for Alfalfa
Alfalfa Height Economic Threshold(leafhoppers/sweep)
< 3 inches 0.2/sweep
6 inches 0.5/sweep
8-11 inches 1.0/sweep
> 12 inches 2.0/sweep
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Economic Threshold Concept doesn’t work for all pests and
pest typesInsects
Weeds
Diseases
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“Each Pest Control Technique Must be
Environmentally Sound”
Risk vs. Benefits
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And
“Compatible with With Producers Objectives”
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What IPM Is and Isn’t
Stresses a multi disciplinary approach to pest management– Entomology– Plant Pathology– Nematology– Weed Science– Crop Sciences (Horticulture/Agronomy)– Soil Science– Ecology
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IPM is not static
New Pests– Soybean aphids, bean leaf beetle,
New Races/strains of pests– Western corn rootworm
Weed Species shifts– Roundup ready technology– Tillage system
Pesticide Resistance– Colorado Potato Beetle– Common lambsquarters
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Four Basic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their interrelationships
2) Requires advanced planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest conditions
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1a. Understanding Crop Growth and Development
How do you grow a healthy
crop?
When is the crop most
susceptible to pest damage?
When is the crop under stress?
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1b. Understanding the Pest
Proper ID Understanding of Pest Life cycle– When is it present– When is it most susceptible to control-– ”Weak Link”
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Meadow Spittlebug nymph
Potato Leafhopper nymph
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Giant foxtail
Large crabgrass
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1c. Understanding the Pest and Their Life Cycle
When is the pest present
When is it most susceptible to
control-”Weak Link”
When is too late to control
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1d. Understanding the Environment
How does it affect crop growth–Stress–Time within susceptible stage
How it affects pest development
–High mortality–High survival
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Basic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their interrelationships
2) Requires Advanced Planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest conditions
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Basic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their interrelationships
2) Requires Advanced Planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest conditions
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Basic Principles of IPM
1) Thorough understanding of the crop, pest, and the environment and their interrelationships
2) Requires Advanced Planning
3) Balances cost/benefits of all control practices
4) Requires routine monitoring of crop and pest conditions
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Potato leafhopper scouting
Equipment: – 15 in diameter insect sweep net.
Timing:– Start on regrowth of second crop alfalfa
Frequency: – Scout once each week.
Scouting pattern: – walk a W-shaped pattern in the field
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Potato leafhopper scouting
Take 20 consecutive sweeps in each of 5 areas along the W-shaped pattern (100 total sweeps)
Count the total number of Potato leafhopper nymphs and adults divide by 100 (total number of sweeps)
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Potato Leafhopper Economic Threshold
Alfalfa height Treat if PLH number are = or > than listed
3 inches 0.2/sweep
6 inches 0.5/sweep
8-11 inches 1.0/sweep
> 12 inches 2.0/sweep
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Benefits of an IPM Program
Protects environment through elimination of unnecessary pesticide applications
Improves Profitability
Reduces risk of crop loss by a pest
Peace of Mind
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Disadvantages of an IPM Program
Requires a higher degree of management
More labor intensive
Success can be weather dependent
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Career opportunities in IPM
Crop Advisors– Independent– Industry
Ag. Industries– Sales (chemical, seed)– Research – Technical services
Teaching– Cooperative Extension– High school– Technical college
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Education
2 or 4 year degree
Major Field of Study– Agronomy– Soil Science
Areas of interest– Weed science– Entomology– Plant Pathology
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Possible coursework
Crop ManagementWeed ManagementEntomologyPlant NutritionSoil ConservationEcologyPlant PathologyPlant PhysiologyBusiness Management