IPM in arable crop rotations Including examples from ENDURE RA2.6
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Transcript of IPM in arable crop rotations Including examples from ENDURE RA2.6
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FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY
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IPM in arable crop rotations
Including examples fromENDURE RA2.6
MODULE C10
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FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETYContext:
Country Site Soil Climate Regional land-use context
Denmark Main pig-producing farms in Denmark
Both clay and sand
Maritime climate
Predominantly husbandry
UK Main predominantly arable area of England
Clay and clay-loam
Maritime climate
Predominantly arable
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FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETYCurrent rotations:
Current crop protection strategy: pesticides and cultural control (e.g. cultivations, sowing date, crop rotation)
Main pest risks: Weeds: Grasses especially black grass (resistance in the UK, observed in DK), bromes (all crops) (in the UK)Fungal diseases: especially Septoria, yellow rust (winter wheat),
Phoma, light leaf spot (In the UK), Sclerotinia (winter oilseed rape).
Invertebrate pests: aphids / virus (winter wheat/oilseed rape); flea beetle and pollen beetle (resistance) (oilseed rape); slugsPigeons in the UK (oilseed rape)Expected yield: national average or above
Country Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4UK Winter wheat Winter wheat/winter
barleyWinter oilseed rape
DK Winter barley Winter oilseed rape Winter wheat Winter wheatThese current systems do not necessarily reflect the systems of all farms in each country, but are important examples.
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Main considerations for alternative rotations
Grass weed management (in UK: black grass containment)disease control in WOSR - more years between cropspesticide targeting and stewardshipconservation biological controlspreading the workload
- maintaining yield! (In DK especially for fodder, as it is expensive to buy in extra)
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Suggestions for alternative rotations
Effect of crop sequence change1
Effect of crop sequence plus changed practices1
Rotation no.
System No. years
Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 Mean TFI p.a.
% change in TFI p.a.
Mean TFI p.a. % Reduction in TFI p.a.
UK
- Current 3 WW WW WOSR 6.2 6.2
I AS 4 WW S Beans WW WOSR 5.6 -11 4.3 -31
II AS 5 WW S Beans WW S Wheat WOSR 5.3 -14 4.2 -33
II AS 5 WW S Beans WW S Barley WOSR 5.0 -20 3.8 -38
DK- Current 4 WB WOSR WW WW 2,5
I AS 5 WB WOSR WW WW SB+CC 1.78 -29 1.65 -34WW: Winter wheat, WB: Winter Barley, SB: Spring Barley WOSR: Winter Oilseed Rape, CC: Catch Crop
1Based on expert judgements
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System tools to reduce pesticide use:
Pesticide targeting and resistance management: ensure effective use of pesticides strictly according to need, using economic thresholds and decision support systems.
Crop sequence:Introduction of spring crops and greater taxonomic variety of cropping for pest management particularly containment of grass weeds (in UK: especially black grass). Lengthening the rotation: more years between OSR crops to help disease control
Tillage:Minimise tillage and chop straw wherever possible to conserve natural enemies and energyConsider ploughing for grass weed management before a second cerealBefore spring crops plough if necessary in spring (in autumn on heavy land) to create seedbed and for weed control.Conservation biological control
IPM means that all plant protection measures have to be used wisely, otherwise problems like resistance may develop rapidly
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Other tools for different pest groups:
Weed management:Use higher seed rates and cultivars with strong competitiveness where weeds are problematicSpot mapping and targeting of weeds
Disease management:Use of resistant cultivars
Invertebrate pest management:Conservation biological control
– E.g. Beetle banks, wild flower margins, hedges, etc.
Use of resistant cultivarsPlough for slug control
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Maize Based Cropping System: The Case in HungaryDriving forces:
market demand, highly profitable, soil conditions, farm practices;
Agri-Environmental Measures (Integrated Production): since 2004, but was remold in 2009continuous maize maximum in 3 consecutive years (cross compliance)BUT if WCR larval damage occurs, maize field should be rotatedshare of winter wheat, grain maize and sunflower max. 60 %share of leguminous crops should reach 10% (whole farm, given year)
How to manage of WCR (western corn rootworm) in continuous maizeration of continuous and first year maize is crucial
Maize Based Cropping Systems in Central and Eastern Europe
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The effect of a varied crop rotation:
Plan
ts/m
2
Crop rotation with 50 % cereals Crop rotation with 75 % cereals
No weed control No weed controlWith weed control
With weed control
Broadleaved weeds
Apera spica-venti
German experiments
Grass weed case: The crop rotation:
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Grass weed case: Chemical weed control
Choose the right product for the right job!Use as little as possible but as much as neededUse Decision Support Systems where available, e.g. Crop Protection online: http://pvo.planteinfo.dk/cp/menu/menu.asp?id=demo&subjectid=1&language=en It is a challenge to treat fields individually. Where large scale farming is an important parameter, it may e.g. be relevant to think about a basic- and advanced treatment – Divide e.g. the fields in groups according to problem
Consider margin and patch spraying in larger scale
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Grass weed case: Prevention of resistance
Change between products with different modes of actionAvoid using Sulfunylurea-products more than once every growing seasonChange between modes of action
This wheat field was in the spring treated with 2 ALS-inhibiting herbicides: 110 g Broadway (florasulam+pyroxulam) and app. 0.1 l Iodosulfuron.
Lolium perenne is still growing almost unaffected, which leads to a suspicion of resistance, it has however not been confirmed.
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Grass weed case: Dispersal of weed seeds
Through machinery– As the farms grow bigger, the machinery has to cover
larger areas, and seeds are very likely to be spread
Therefore: remember proper hygiene– This means:
Harvest the infested fields last, whenever possible Clean machinery when leaving an infested field Keep a stable field margin with perennial herbs, to avoid
weed infestations to spread from here
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Grass weed case: Evaluation of the effort
Before harvest, make a field walk to:– Follow up on the crop protection performed through the season– Plan the strategy for the next season– Make/update the weed map
A good result starts with proper planning!Weed map:
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Without any IPM90 % maize
10% winter wheat
IPM Program60 % maize
20% winter wheat20 % sunflower
Net profit of a farm (100 ha) in $ (Hungary, 2004)
Case: Maize Based Cropping Systems
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0
100
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WINTER WHEAT SOYBEAN SUNFLOWER CORN0
5
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15
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30
35
CROP: CORN CORN CORN CORNPRE-CROP: WINTER WHEAT SOYBEAN SUNFLOWER CORN
WCR adults captured in soybean, winter wheat, sunflower and maize
WCR larvae in subsequent year’s maize after the pre-crops listed before
WCR BIOLOGY IN CONTEXT OF CROP ROTATION
Feeding and oviposition by females in maize crop stand, successful larval development in subsequent year maize only
Case of Western Corn Rootworm
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Case of Western Corn Rootworm
1st year 2nd year
1. MONITORING
PROCESS OF THE DECISION ON CROP ROTATION
2. DECISION
- risk estimation based on the results of the monitoring;- considering other factors (economic, environmental, cultivation, etc.)
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Conclusion: Response to general principles of IPM
Environment::– Reduced quantities of herbicides: general principle 6
Agronomy:– Crop rotation: general principle 1– Choice of products: general principle 5– Resistance management: general principle 7– Evaluation, weed map etc.: general principle 8
For further information: See the other Training Guide-presentations