I'

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT, FOR 1990IPLASMA THEORY AND SIMULATION GROUP

Professor C.K. Birdsall

o K DTIC~af 8 ELECTE

MAR 2 0 1991

- January 1 to December 31. 1990

DOE Contract DE-FG03-90ER54079__ONR Contract N00014-90-J- 1198

Univ. of Arizona 155456 Sematech Ctr. of ExcellenceVarian NCRO 90-018

IIa-

91 3- 5 26.

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4. TITL.E (and Swifltlo) S. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOO COVEREO

Annual Progress Report Progress, 1/90 - 12/90Jan. 1, 1990 - Dec. 31, 1990 G. PERFORMINGOR. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHOR(#) 8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERI()

Professor Charles K. Birdsall ONR FD-N00014-90-J-1198

S. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AN4 AOORESS 10. PROGRAM E...EMENT. PROJECT. TASKAREA A WORK UNIT NUMBERS

Electronics Research Laboratory Element No. 61153N, ProjectUniversity of California Task Area RRQI-09-01, WorkBerkeley, CA 94720 lUnit No. NR 012-742

41. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS 12. REPORT DATE

ONR Physics DivisionDepartment of the Navy ONR 1. NUMBEROF PAGES

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Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

17. OISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abetrct entered In Block 20, If different from Rpor)

I. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

Our group uses theory and simulation as tools in order to increase theunderstanding of plasma instabilties, heating, transport, plasma-wallinteractions, and large potentials in plasma. We also work on the improve-ment of simulation both theoretically and practically.

IS. KEY WOROS (Continue on reverse side If necesary and identily by block n.mber)

Research in plasma theory and simulation, plasma-wall interactions, large

potentials in plasmas, bounded plasmas

20. ABSTRACT (Coninue an overs side Ii neceeary and Idenlly by block number)

This is a brief progress report, covering our research in general plasmatheory and simulation, plasma-wall physics theory and simulation, and codedevelopment. Reports written in this period are included with this mailing.A publications list plus abstracts for two major meetings are included.

DD 1473 CDITION OF, NOV sis OSSOLETES/N 0102- LF. 014- 6601 SECURITY CLASSIVICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Dote inteted)

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT 1990PLASMA THEORY AND SIMULATION GROUP

January 1 to December 31, 1990

Our research group uses both theory and simulation as tools in order to increase the understanding of

instabilities, heating, transport, plasma-wall interactions, and large potentials in plasmas. We also work

on the improvement of simulation, both theoretically and practically.

Our staff is:

Professor C.K. Birdsall 191M Cory Hall 643-6631

Principal Investigator

Dr. Scott Parker (May-August) 199MD Cory Hall 642-1297

Dr. Xueqiao Xu (August on) 187M Cory Hall 642-3477

Dr. A. Tarditi (from Genoa, Italy, NATO Fellow, October on)

Post-doctorates

Mr. Scott Parker (Ph.D. completed April) 199MD Cory Hall 642-1297

Mr. Richard Procassini (Ph.D. completed April) 199MD Cory Hall 642-1297

Mr. Vahid Vahedi 199MD Cory Hall 642-1297

Mr. John Verboncoeur 199MD Cory Hall 642-1297

Mr. Henry Heikkinen 199MD Cory Hall 642-1297

Mr. Frank Tsung 199MD Cory Hall 642-1297

Mr. Ed Chao 199MD Cory Hall 642-1297

Research Assistants(students)

M. Virginia Alves (from Brazil, until July)Prof. Jan Trulsen (from Tromso, Norway, April-July)Prof. S. Kuhn (from Innsbruck, Austria, August)Dr. M.J. Gerver (from SatConTech, MA, two weeks, August)Visitors

Our advisers are:

Dr. Ilan Roth 304 SSL 642-1327Physicist, Space Science Lab, UCB

Dr. Bruce Cohen L630 LLNL 422-9823

Dr. Alex Friedman L630 LLNL 422-0827

Dr. A. Bruce Langdon LA72 LLNL 422-5444Physicists, Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab

DOE Contract DE-FG03-90ER54079ONR Contract FD-N00014-90-J-1198

Univ. of Arizona 15546State MICRO 90-018

ELECTRONICS RESEARCH LABORATORY

University of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA 94720

ANNUAL PROGRESS REPORT 1990

January I to December 31, 1990

Our research for 1990 has been widely reported, as given by the listing following, of 16 Journal

Articles, 3 ERL Reports, 4 Talks, and 12 Poster Papers.

Abstracts are attached for some of the talks.

Sent along with this Report are reprints of Journal Articles and the ERL Reports.

Our prior mode was to publish Quaterly Progress Reports; these then became Semi-AnnualReports, which ended in 1988. In 1989, we began publishing Annual Progress Reports. While QPR'swere excellent exercises in reporting, they required an immense effort; in today's research climate, sucheffort is not available.

We trust that our reporting is still usefull.

C.K. BirdsallPrincipal Investigator

rcesion or I

NTIS CRA&ML1D'IC TABIU a.,,ou..r.ed

z.tfic-,tion ............... . ..

B y ....................................... .......Di.-t ibution I

0 "stI

Publications for 1990

Journal Articles

M. Surendra, D.B. Graves, and IJ. Morey, "Electron Heating in Low- Pressure RF Glow Discharges,"Appl. Phys. Let., 56, pp. 1022-1024, March 12, 1990.

Lou Ann Schwager and C.K. Birdsall, "Collector and Source Sheaths of a Finite Ion TemperaturePlasma," Phys. Fluids B2, pp. 1057-1068, May 1990.

MJ. Gerver, SE. Parker, and K. Theilhaber, "Analytic Solutions and Particle Simulations ofCross-Field Plasma Sheaths," Phys. Fluids B2 pp. 1069-1082, May 1990.

IJ. Morey and C.K. Birdsall, "Traveling Wave-Tube Simulation: the IBC Code," IEEE Trans. PlasmaSciences., pp. 482-489, June 1990.

J.K. Lee and C.K. Birdsall, "Particle Simulation of Drift Cyclotron Instability", Japanese Journal ofApplied Physics, Part 1, 29, pp. 2126-2134, October 1990.

RJ. Procassini, C.K. Birdsall, B.I. Cohen, "Particle Simulation of Collisional Transport in a DivertedScrape-off Layer. Part I-The High-Recycling Regime,"Nucl. Fusion. 30 pp. 2329-2347, November1990

RJ. Procassini, C.K. Birdsall, E.C. Morse, "A Fully-Kinetic, Self-Consistent Particle Simulation Modelof the Collisionless Plasma-Sheath Region," Phys. Fluids B2 pp. 3191-3205, December 1990.

S.E. Parker, and C.K. Birdsall, "Numerical Error in Electron Orbits with Large o, At," accepted by J.Comp. Physics.

A. Friedman, S.E. Parker, S.L. Ray, and C.K. Birdsall, "Multi-Scale Particle-In-Cell Plasma Simula-tion," accepted by J. Comp. Physics.

S.E. Parker, A. Friedman, S.L. Ray, and C.K. Birdsall, "Bounded Multi-Scale Plasma Simulation:Application to Sheath Problems," accepted by J. Comp. Physics.

N.F. Otani, J-S Kim, C.K. Birdsall, B.I. Cohen, W. Nevins, N. Maron, "Elimination of Velocity SpaceRings-and-Spokes Instabilities in Magnetized Electrostatic Particle Simulations of Plasmas," acceptedby J. Comp. Physics.

SE. Parker, RJ. Procassini, C.K. Birdsall, B.I. Cohen, "A Suitable Boundary Condition for BoundedPlasma Simulation without Sheath Resolution," accepted by J. Comp. Physics.

V. Vahedi, M.A. Lieberman, M.V. Alves, J.P. Verboncoeur, and C.K. Birdsall, "A One DimensionalCollisional Model for Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation," accepted by J. Appl. Physics.

M.V. Alves, M.A. Lieberman, V. Vahedi, and C.K. Birdsall, "Sheath Voltage Ratio for Asymmetric RFDischarges," accepted by J. Appl. Physics.

J.P. Verboncoeur, M.V. Alves, and V. Vahedi, "Simultaneous Potential and Circuit Solution forBounded Plasma Particle Simulation Codes," submitted to J. Comp. Physics June 1990.

-2-

T.L. Crystal, P.C. Gray, W.S. Lawson, C.K. Birdsall, S. Kuhn, "Trapped Electron Effects on

Time-Independent Negative-Bias States of a Collisionless Single-Emitter Plasma Device: Theory andSimulation," to appear in Physics of Fluids 3, January 1991.

ERL Reports

M.V. Alves, M.A. Lieberman, V. Vahedi, and C.K. Birdsall, "Sheath Voltage Ratio for Asymmetric RFDischarges," Memo. No. UCB/ERL M90/56, June 21, 1990.

V. Vahedi, M.A. Lieberman, M.A. Alves, J.P. Verboncoeur, and C.K. Birdsall, "A One DimensionalCollisional Model for Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation," Memo. No. UCB/ERL M90/60, July 9,1990.

J.P. Verboncoeur and V. Vahedi, "PDPI: Plasma Device Planar I Dimensional Bounded ElectrostaticCode. Reference Manual," August 1990.

Conference Proceedings, Poster Papers

Sherwood Fusion Theory Conference, Williamsburg, VA, April 23-25, 1990:

RJ. Procassini, and C.K. Birdsall, "Particle Simulations of Transport in a Diverted TokamakScrape-Off Layer. The High-Recycling Regime."

Live demonstration in Plasma Visualization evening session 7-1lpm April 24 of our boundedplasma PC codes, applications. (by Birdsall, Vahedi)

Microwave Power Tube Conference, Monterey, CA, May 7-9, 1990:

IJ. Morey, and C.K. Birdsall, "Traveling-Wave Tube Simulation; the IBC Code."

1990 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science, Oakland, CA, May 21-23, 1990:

RJ. Procassini, C.K. Birdsall, B.I. Cohen, "Particle Simulations of Transport in a High-Recyc!ingDivertor Scrape-Off Layer."

M.V. Alves, M.A. Lieberman, V. Vahedi, C.K. Birdsall, "Sheath Voltage Ratio For AsymmetricRF Discharges."

J.P. Verboncoeur, V. Vahedi, M.A. Lieberman, C.K. Birdsall, "Work Done And Energy Balancein RF Discharges.'

V. Vahedi, M.A. Lieberman, M.A. Alves, J. P. Verboncoeur, C.K. Birdsall, "A Collisional ModelFor Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation."

Workshop on High-Density Plasma Techniques and Processes for Integrated Circuit Fabrication, Bur-lingame, CA, September 11-12, 1990.

V. Vahedi, M.A. Lieberman, M.A. Alves, J.P. Verboncoeur, and C.K. Birdsall, "A One Dimen-sional Collisional Model For Plasma Immersion Ion Implantation."

V. Vahedi, J.P. Verboncoeur, M.A. Alves, and C.K. Birdsall, "Plasma Processing Via ComputerSimulation."

-3-

4 3 rd Annual Gaseous Electronics Conference, Urbana-Champaign, IL, October 16-19, 1990.

C.K. Birdsall, "Particle-In-Cell Combined with Monte Carlo Collisions In Living Color." (Invitedtalk)J.P. Verboncoeur, V. Vahedi, and C.K. Birdsall, "Power Deposition in Parallel Plate Discharges."

APS/ID:ision of Plasma Physics, Cincinnati, OH, November 12-16, 1990.S.E. Parker, and C.K. Birdsall, "Particle Transport due to Kelvin-Helmholtz Vortices and SmallScale Turbulence."

US-Japan Workshop on "Advanced Computer Simulation Techniques Applied to Plasmas and Fusion,"UCLA, September 26-28, 1990.

V. Vahedi, J.P. Verboncoeur, M. Surendra, and C.K. Birdsall, "A Monte-Carlo Collision Modelfor the Particle-in-Cell Method."

Course

M.A. Lieberman and C.K. Birdsall, "Low Pressure Plasma Discharges Used in Semiconductor Process-ing", UC Extension, San Francisco, CA, May 23-25 1990, and Oxford, England, July 9-11, 1990.

Invited Talks

C.K. Birdsall, "Interactive Plasma Computer Experiments; Plasma Device Simulations on PC'sand Workstations," January 16, 1990 at Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C.

C.K. Birdsall, "Magnetized plasma sheath, with Kelvin-Helmholtz instability, vortices, Bohm-likediffusion", and "Computer experiments with bounded collisional plasmas on fast PC's, March 26-27, 1990, at University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

C.K. Birdsall, "Interactive Plasma Computer Experiments; Plasma Device Simulations on PC'sand Workstations," June 1, 1990 Naval Post Graduate School, Monterey, CA.

C.K. Birdsall, "Particle-In-Cell Combined with Monte Carlo Collisions In Living Color:, October16-19, 1990, at the 43rd Annual Gaseous Electronics Conference, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.

Presented at Sherwood Fusion Theory ConferenceWilliamsburg, VA, April 23-25, 1990

Particle Simulations Of Trans port In A Diverted TokamakScrape-Off Layer: The High-Recycling Regimeo

Flichard J. Procassmnl and Charles K Birdsall

Electvonics Research aortiUnkorsy of Califrna8*daf CA 94720

Bruce 1. Cohen

Magnet Fuafon Eneig Dh&iaonLawrenc Uvemwe Natixna Laboratoy

LivwmWev, CA 9455

The transport of particles and energy through a tokamak scrape-off layer (SOL) is studed via the particlesimulaton code DIPSI (Direct Implicit Plasma Surface Interactions), ihis code combines direct-implicitparticle-in-cell (PlC) techniqu~es with Monte Carlo models for Coulomb collisions, and chargedieutral atomicphysics Interactions. The fully-kinetic guiding-center PlC code provides a seE-consistent solution of theelectrostatic potential profile In one spatial dimension (along the open field lines in the SOL) and two veicitcomponents (w1,V~.

The Monte Carlo. binary-parille Coulomb colision model conserves both fth momentumn and kinetic energyof the interacting particles. The 6uN range of Couob collisional processes (e&e, *4 and R) are included.Recycled neutral particles are treated in an ad hoc manner. the density Is assumed to decay exponentiallywith increasing distance from the divertor plate (the e-ofolin length Is taken to be the average mnean-freepath to ionization) and the temperatre of the neutrals is prescrbed by the user. The neutral particles interactwith the background plasma via charge-exchange events with ions and impact Ionization events arising frmelectrornsutral collisions.I

This model Is used to determine the effect of chargeluta interactions on the transport properties of atokamak S0L plasma. The prescrlbe neutral particle density will span a wide range of recycling fractions.Values of the presheath and collector sheath potential drops, plasma temrperature. flow velocity and parallelheat fluxes as a function of cagedhtetra colionalhty will be presented

We willalso disoussthe os:ityof extending this model to include the effects of sputtred Impuit particles.wihcould be evolved as a second Ionic species. This would allow one to determine the effect of sputered

impurities; on the potential profl (and ulimately, the transport of particles and enrmy) in the plasma-sheathregion.

Work performed for the U.S. Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory undercontract W-7405-ENG-46.

Presented at IEEE International Conference onPlasma ScienceOakland, CA

May 21-23, 1990

MP-4 4P1-9Particle Simulations of Transport in a SHEATH VOLTAGE RATIO FOR

High-Recycling Divertor Scrape-Off Layer ASYMMETRIC RF DISCHARGES'

Richard J. Procassird and Chales K ida M. V. Alves2, M. A. Lieberman,V. Vahedi and C. K. Birdsall

E~ronins Research Laboratoy University of CaliforniaUwersy CAi420 .S. Berkeley, CA 94720

Bruce 1. Cohen Spherical and cylindrical many-particle models are beingMagnticFusin EergyI)Mibnused to simulate RE discharges in which the RE powered and

Lawrence Livermore National Laboralory the grounded electrodes have different areas. This asymmetryLivennore CA 94550 U.S.A determines the magnitude of the self-bias voltage V, (the ion

bombarding energy) at the powered electrode, which is a

The tansport of particles and energy throughi a tokamakc scrape-off lae critical process parameter. Recent analytical models for the(SOL) is studied via the particle simaton code DIPS1 (Direct imicit sheath voltage ratio including the effect of the floatingPlasm Surface Interactions). This cods cobie direct-inrpm potential have been developed' 4 that agree with someparticle-rn cell (PlC) techniques with Mote Cad* models for Cou~lomb experinmental results. One dimensional (radial) spherical shellcollsinandargenvalatomicp~yics ieractons. Tef-iintic models have also been developeds, incorporating variousguidng-centsr PIC code provides a sell-consisteit so~~ of th 0190- assumptions for the sheath and the glow discharges, leadingtrostatic potential profile inone spatial dimnsion (along th oe field ae. to a scaling which is in agreenment with some measurements.

in te SL) ad W veocit coponnts v..vj.We have simulated the sphuricail model with a non uniformm te St) nd wo eloitycononets v.,~j.ionization and the results agrec %with the 1!1i:Ory. The cylin-

The Monte Carlo, binary-parficle Coulomb collsion model conserves both drical simulation shows that the floating poiential plays anthe momentum and Wi nstcs yotthe ltrfactng paticles. Thefu~hlage important role. The simulation results will be givenof Coulomb colisional processes ("-. s-I and I"I are included. Recycled graphically as the sheath voltage ratio versus area ratio, andneutral particles are treated in an ad hoc manner~ the density is assumned will be compared with the theory. The simulation codes areto decay exponentially with increasing distance from the divertor plate (the PDC1 (cylindrical) and PDS 1 (spherical) which utilizee-tolding length is tian to be the average mean-fre path to ionization) particle-in-cell techniques plus Monte-Carlo simulation ofand thetlempeature ofthe nsutraftisspresAbed by the user. The neutral electron-neutral (elastic, excitation and ionization) and ion-particles interact with the backcground plasmae via charge-exchange events neutral (scattering and charge-exchange) collisions''7.with ions and impact lonization events arising from electrorWeural CO-

sions.1. This work is supported in part by ONR contract NOOO 14-This model is used to determine the effect of chargsdineutral irWsradld; 90-3-1198.on the transport properties of a tokamaks SOL plasm The pr-P Ild 2. M. V. Alves. visiting from INPE-Brazil, supported par-neutral particl dsntaywll an awldsrangeofrecyclngfralons.o Valis tially by CAPES-Ministry of Education, Brazil.of the preshealtiand oborWsheath potental dopa.plsm 11011peraare. 3. M. A. Lieberman, to appear in J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A,flow velocity and perallel heat fluxes as a function of chargedftlut 001- (1990)lisionailty will be presentd 4. A. M. Pointu, App!. Plivs. Lemr, 50:1047, (1987)Extensions of this model which Include the effects of sputtered implity S. M. A. Lieberman, J. App!. Pliys.. 65:4186, (1989)partIcles wil also be dwsuused The sputtered particles may be evolveid 6. M. V. Alves, V. Vahedi and C. K. Birdsall, Bull. APS,as a seonord ionic species. This will slow one to determine the efec of 34:2028, (1989) (Abstract)sputtered mpuntin on thepotentiltprofle(and uimately, the transport of 7. Codes available fronm IndUstrial Liaison Pmra~m, EECSparticles and energy) in the plasm-sheath region. Dept., UC Berkeley.

Workc performed for the U.S. Department of Energy by the LawreoeMLivermore National Laoratory under contract W-7405-ENG-48.

Presented at IEEE International Conference on Plasma ScienceOakland, CA

May 21-23, 1990

4P1-10 4PI-11

WORK DONE AND ENERGY BALANCE A COLLISIONAL MODEL FOR PLASMA

IN RF DISCHARGES1 IMMERSION ION IMPLANTATION'

J. P. Verboncoeur and V. Vahedi V. Vahedi, M. A. Lieberman,M. A. Lieber an, and C. K. Birdsall M. V. Alves2, J. P. Verboncoeur,

University of California and C. K. BirdsallBerkeley, CA 94720 University of California

The fields applied to a parallel plate RF discharge do work Berkeley, CA 94720

on the plasma particles (deposit energy) non-uniformly in In plasma immersion ion implantation, a target is immersedspace and time at a rate given by J. E. Similarly, energy is in a plasma and a series of negative short pulses are appliedlost by the plasma particles when they strike the electrodes to it to implant the ions. A new analytical model is beingor collide with neutrals or radiate. We are currently charac- developed for the high pressure regimes in which the motionterizing the work done and the losses as a function of time of the ions is highly collisional. The model providet valuesand space in a manner similar to that of Vender and Boswell 2 for ion flux, average ion velocity at the target, and sheath edgeself-consistently. We compare these results to discharge motion as a function of time. The model suggests that themodels and other simulations. The simulation code is PDPl transient ion flux at the target scales with:which utilizes particle-in-cell techniques plus Monte-Carlosimulation of electron-neutral (elastic, excitation and ion- J. = 42-e .( + )-ization) and ion-neutral (scattering and charge-exchange)collisions''. The code can simulate different environments where ao and uo are characteristic frequency and velocity ofwith various gases and various pressures commonly used in the ions in the sheath, n is the density, and tis the time. TheseRF discharges needed in plasma processing. values are being compared with those obtained from simu-

lation and show good agreement. A review will also be given

1. This work is supported in part by ONR contract (for comparison) of the earlier work done at low pressures,N00014-90-J-1198 where the motion of ions in the sheath is collisionesse, also

2. D. Vender and R. W. Boswell, Measurements of Power showing good agreement between analysis and simulation.Dissipation in a RF Plasma Simulation. Report ANU-PRL- The simulation code is PDPI which utilizes particle-in-cellPP88/8, Plasma Research Laboratory, Australian National techniques plus Monte-Carlo simulation of electron-neutralUniversity. Canberra (1988). (elastic, excitation and ionization) and ion-neutral (scattering

3. 1. J. Morey, V. Vahedi and J. Verboncoeur, Particle and charge-exchange) collisions s.

Simulation Code for Modeling Processing Plasmas, BIlLAn, 34:2028, (1989) (Abstract)4. Codes available from Industrial Liaison Program, EECS 1. This work is supported in part by ONR contractDept., UC Berkeley. N00014-90-- 1198

2. M. V. Alves. visiting from INPE-Brazil, supported par-tially by CAPES-Ministry of Education, Brazil.

3. M. A. Lieberman, J. Appl. Phys., 66:2926, (1989)4. 1. 1. Murey. V. Vahedi and 1. Verboncoeur. ParticleSimulation Code for Modeling Processing Plasmas, BIdAU, 34:2028, (1989) (Abstract)

S. Codes available from Industrial Liaison Program, EECSDept., UC Berkeley.

APS/Division of Plasma PhysicsCincinnati, OH

November 12-16, 1990

Particle Transport due to Kelvin-Helmholtz Vor-tices and Small Scale Turbulence ! S. E. PARKER ANDC. K. BIRDSALL, University of California, Berkeley-In simulationsof the cross-field plasma sheath, which has B parallel to an absorb-ing wall and vu = kii = 0, we have found that the E x B drift velocityshear produces the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability which saturates to largescale drifting vortices (" z -2, diameter - 5-15pi), with subsequentBohm-like diffusion.1 In addition to the circular vortex flow, there isa smaller amplitude, small scale turbulent spectrum (e < 1, kpi ,- 1and w - wei). We have now mod-ied the vortex as a Gaussian potentialwell and the small scale turbulence as perturbing plane waves travelingparallel to the wall. With no waves present, E x B drifting test elec-trons stay on the equipotential lines. The addition of one wave leads tostochastic motion and loss of particles. Use of many waves of a givenspectrum will also be presented, as well as ties between rate of trans-port and wave(s) amplitude. Our objective is to understand how theK-H vortices provide a mechanism for enhanced transport.

'This work supported by DoE contract No. DE-FG03-86ER53220 andONR contract N00014-85-K-0809.1 K. Theilhaber and C. K. Birdsall, Phys. Fluids B 1, 2241, Parts I and11, (1989).

DISTRIBUTION LIST

Hascomb Air Force BaseDepartment of Energy RubinCrandall, Katz, Lankford, Macrusky, Manley, Hewlett-Packard LaboratoriesNelson, Sadowski, Tech. Info. Center Gleason, Marcoux

Department of Navy Hughes Aircraft Co., TorranceCondell, Florance, Roberson Adler, Longo

Argonne National Laboratory Hughes Research Lab., MalibuBrooks Harvey, Hyman, Poeschel, Schumacker

Air Force Weapons Laboratory Institute of Fusion Studies, TexasGodfrey Librarian

Austin Research Associates JPLDrummond, Moore Liewer

Bell Telephone Laboratories Lawrence Berkeley LaboratoryHasegawa Cooper, Kaufman, Kunkel,

Berkeley Research Assoc. Lawrence Livermore National Lab.Brech, Oens Albritton, Anderson, Brengle, Byers, Chambers,

Cal. Inst. of Technology Chen, B.Cohen, R. Cohen, Denavit, Estabrook,Bridges, Gould Fawley, Friedman, Fuss, Harte, Hewett, Kruer,

Langdon, Lasinski, Matsuda, Max, Nevins,Calif. State Polytech. Univ. Nielsen, Smith, Tull, ZiolkowskiRathmann

LockheedCambridge Research Labs. SiambisRubin

Lodestar Research Corp.Columbia University D'Ippolito, MyraChu

Los Alamos Scientific Lab.Cornel University Barnes, Borovsky, Forslund, Kwan, Lindemuth,Otani Mason, Nielson, Oliphant, Peratt, Sgro, Thode

Dartmouth M2 MicrotekHudson, Lotko Phillips, Snyder

E. P. R. I. Mass. Inst. of TechnologyScott Bers, Lane, Palevsky

GA Technologies Mission Research CorporationBernard, Evans, Helon Mostrom

Goddard Space Flight Center Nasa - Lewis Research CenterStorey Freeman

GTE Laboratories Naval Research LaboratoryRogoff, Winsor Amstrong, Boris, Craig, Haber, Joyce, Kodis,

Orens, Parker, Roberson, Vomvoridis, Zaidman

New York University University of New MexicoLawson, Weitzner Anderson, Humphries

Northeastern University University of Southern California

Chan, Silevitch Kuehl

Oak Ridge National Lab. University of TexasFusion Energy Library, Lebonef, Meier, Mook Horton, McMahon, Tajima

Physics International University of Washington

Woo Potter

Princeton Plasma Physics Lab University of Wisconsin

Chen, Cheng, Lee, Okuda, Parker, Tang, Emmert, Hershkovitz, Intrator, Scheur, Shohet,Librarian Wendt

SAIC - Virginia Varian AssociatesDrobot, Mankofsky, Smith Anderson, Grant, Helmer, Kenyon

Sandia Labs, Albuquerque Vista Research Inc.Freeman, Poukey, Quintenz, Wright Crystal

Sandia Labs, Livermore Universidt InnsbruckMarx, Wilson, Hsu Cap, Kuhn

Stanford University I.N.P.E.Buneman, Gledhill Physics Library Alves, Bittencourt, Montes

TRW University of TorontoWagner Stangeby

University of Arizona Riso National LaboratoriesCarlile Lynov, Pecseli

University of Caifornia, Berkeley Culham LaboratoryArons, Birdsall, Chorin, Graves, Hailer, Hess, EastwoodLichtenberg, Lieberman, McKee, Morse, Roth,Vahedi, Verboncoeur Imperial College

BurgerUniversity of California, DavisDeGroot Oxford University

Allen, EdgleyUniversity of California, IrvineRynn Reading

HockneyUniversity of California, Los AngelesAbdou, Dawson, Decyk, Luhznann, Prinja Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau

AdamUniversity of IllinoisKushner Universite Paris

RaviartUniversity of IowaKnorr, Nicholson IPP-KFA

ReiterUniversity of MarylandGuillory, Rowland, Winske

Max Planck Institute Eir PlasmaphysikBiskamp, Chodura

University BayreuthRiemann, Schamel

Universitit KaiserslauternWick

IsraelGell

Tel Aviv UniversityCuperman

Hiroshima UniversityTanaka

Kyoto UniversityAbe, Matsumoto, Jimbo

Nagoya UniversityKamimura, Plasma Science Center, ResearchInfo. Center

Osaka UniversityMima, Nisbihara

Shizuoka UniversitySaeki

Tohoku UniversitySato

University of TromsoArmstrong, Trulsen

Centro de Electrodinlinica, LisbonBrinca

Ecole Polytechnique, LausanneHollenstein