IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
-
Upload
alvincandra -
Category
Documents
-
view
218 -
download
0
Transcript of IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
1/14
DepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation
BiosecurityQueensland
W e e d r i s k a s s e s s m e n t
Steve Csurhes and Clare Hankamer
Biosecurity Queensland
DepartmentofEmployment,
EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation
GPOBox46,Brisbane4001
October2011
Note:Informationisstillbeingcollectedforthis
species.Technicalcommentsonthisdocument
aremostwelcome.
Ceylon hill cherry(downy rose myrtle)
Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
2/14
StateofQueensland,DepartmentofEmployment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovation,2011.
TheQueenslandGovernmentsupportsandencouragesthedisseminationand
exchangeofitsinformation.Thecopyrightinthispublicationislicensedundera
CreativeCommonsAttribution3.0Australia(CCBY)licence.
Underthislicenceyouarefree,withouthavingtoseekourpermission,tousethispublicationin
accordancewiththelicenceterms.
Youmustkeepintactthecopyrightnoticeandat tributetheStateofQueensland,Departmentof
Employment,EconomicDevelopmentandInnovationasthesourceofthepublication.
Formoreinformationonthislicence,visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en
Enquiriesaboutreproduction,includingdownloadingorprintingthewebversion,shouldbedirectedto
[email protected]+61732251398.
Front cover: Rhodomyrtus tomentosaPhoto: BiosecurityQueensland
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.enhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/au/deed.en -
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
3/14
ContentsSummary 4
Introduction 5
Identityandtaxonomy 5
Descriptionandbiology 6
Ecology 7
Reproductionanddispersal 8
Originanddistribution 8
Preferredhabitat 9
Historyasaweedelsewhere 9
PestpotentialinQueensland 11
DistributionandstatusinQueensland(andAustralia) 11
PotentialdistributionandimpactinQueensland 11
References 12
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
4/14
Summary
Ceylonhillcherry(alsoknownasdownyrosemyrtle)isashrubnativetoearlysuccessionhabitatsintropicalandsubtropicalAsia.Itscolourfulflowersmake
itapopulargardenornamental,withseveralnurseriescurrentlysellingthe
speciesinQueensland.
Dispersalisviabird-dispersedseeds.
ConsideringthehistoryofthespeciesasasignificantweedinHawaii,Florida
andpartsofAsia,whereithasformedpurestandswithinnativevegetation,it
seemsreasonabletopredictitwillbecomeasignificantpestinQueensland.
ClimatemodellingsuggestsitiswellsuitedtomostofcoastalQueensland,
especiallycentralQueensland.Habitatsmostatriskarepredictedtoincludea
rangeofdisturbedsites,suchasgrazingland(nativepasture),riparianareas
(clearedorpartiallyclearedcreekbanks)andperhapsthemarginsofwetforests
andmangroves,mainlyonacidic,sandysoils.Similarhabitatshavebeen
invadedoverseas.
AsCeylonhillcherryexistsingardensinQueensland,itsspreadintonearby
bushlandandfarmlandseemsinevitable.Asyet,naturalisedpopulationsof
CeylonhillcherryhavenotbeendetectedinQueensland.
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
5/14
Introduction
Identityandtaxonomy
Species identity: Rhodomyrtus tomentosaAiton
Synonyms: Myrtus canescensLour.,Myrtus tomentosaAiton
Varieties:var.parviflora andvar.tomentosa
Common names:Ceylonhillcherry(Australia),Ceylonhillgooseberry(Australia),downy
myrtle,downyrosemyrtle(Hawaii),barleybues(HongKong,fruit),feijoa(France,notethat
samecommonnameasAcca sellowiana),feijoarte-groseille(France),guayabilloforester
(Spain),harendongsabrang(Indonesia),hillgooseberry,hillguava,Isenbergbush(England,
Hawaii),karamunting(Malaysia),kemunting(Malaysia),kongnim(China),myrte-groseille
(France),phruat(Thailand),ratberry(Hawaii),rosemyrtle(Philippines),sim(Vietnam),sragan
(Cambodia),taojinniang(China).
Family:Myrtaceae
Sources:AgroforestreeDatabase(2010);BurneyandBurney(2007);DaleysFruitTreeNursery
(2009);Herklots(1932);PIER(2010a);Tropicos(2010);Wikipedia(2010).
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
6/14
Descriptionandbiology
Ceylonhillcherryisanevergreenshrubusually23mtall(butupto5m)(Figure1).
Figure 1. Rhodomyrtus tomentosainagardeninBrisbane(PhotobyBiosecurityQueensland)
Twigs,inflorescencesandyoungleavesaredenselywhiteoryellowishtomentose(Wikipedia
2010).Leavesareellipticoroblong-elliptic,58cmlongand24cmwide.Leafmargin
isentire.Thepetioleis35mmlong.Theupperleafsurfaceisglossyandglabrous,withthreeconspicuouslongitudinalveins.Thelowersurfaceiswhiteoryellowishtomentose
(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).
Flowersaresolitaryorinthree-flowereddichasiainupperaxils;pedunclesareupto1cm
long,pedicels0.52.5cmlong;bractselliptic,leaf-like,612mmlong,bracteoleselliptic
orovate,23mmlong,persistent.Thecalyxiscampanulate,57mmlong,tomentose,five-
toten-ribbed,five-lobedandpersistent.Eachflowerhasfivepetals.Eachpetalisbroadly
obovate,1518mm913 mm,redorpink(orwhiteontheoutsideandtingedpurplish-pink
orpink)(Figure1);stamensarenumerous,1015mmlong,filamentspink;style1315mm
long;ovarythree-tofour-locular(AgroforestreeDatabase2010;Wikipedia2010).
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
7/14
Figure 2.FlowersofRhodomyrtus tomentosa(PhotobyBiosecurityQueensland)
Thefruitisanoblongedibleberry,1015mm810mm,purplish-black,soft,crowned
bypersistentcalyxlobes,tomentose;itswallis1mmthickandthepulpissweet.Each
fruitcontains4045seedsinsixtoeightpseudo-locules,dividedbythinfalsesepta
(AgroforestreeDatabase2010;Wikipedia2010).
Thevarietytomentosa(synonymMyrtus canescensLour.)occursinSouth-EastAsia,southernChinaandIndochina.Ithaswhitetomentoseleavesandlateralnervesthatare26mm
insidetheleafmargin(lessthanone-thirdofthedistancefromtheleafmargintothecentral
nerve).Theleafapexisnotapiculateandveinsarenotreticulate.Pedicelsare12.5cmlong
(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).
Thevarietyparviflora(synonymRhodomyrtus parvifloraAlston)occursinIndiaandSriLanka.
Ithascreamoryellowishtomentoseleavesandlateralnervesthatare37mminsidetheleaf
margin(overone-thirdofthedistancefromtheleafmargintothecentralnerve).Theleafapexis
apiculateandveinsreticulate.Pedicelsarelessthan1cmlong(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).
EcologyWithinitsnativerange,Ceylonhillcherryisaquick-growingearlysuccessionspecies.In
southernChinaithasbeentrialledasapioneerspeciestoprovideshadeforslowergrowing
nativeplantspecies,therebyhelpingtorestoredegradedland(Yangetal.2010).
Itisfireadaptedandsproutsprolificallyafterfire(CAIP2010;Wikipedia2009).
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
8/14
Reproductionanddispersal
Reproductionisfromseeds(CAIP2009;Starretal.2003),whichareproducedinlarge
numbers.Birdsaretheprimarydispersalvector,butseedscanalsobedispersedbyrats
(Chung2003;PIER2010a;Wikipedia2010).
Whilespecimenscanbepropagatedfromstemcuttings(Wong2008),vegetativereproduction
doesnotoccurinthewild(CAIP2009).Cultivatedspecimensderivedfromcuttingsproduce
fruitaftertwoyears(AgroforestreeDatabase2010;VerheijandCoronel1991).
Germinationratesarehigh(Wikipedia2010).Freshseedsgerminatewithinoneweek
(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).Seedviabilitycanbemaintainedfor12monthswhenstored
inhermeticair-drystorageat5 C(RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew2008),suggestingseedsare
relativelyshort-livedunderfieldconditions.
InJava,floweringoccursfromJulytoAugustandfruitingfromSeptembertoOctober
(AgroforestreeDatabase2010).InSingapore,itflowersallyear(Wong2008).InChina,R. tomentosaexhibitsgeitonogamyandalsooutcrossing(Weietal.2009).Flowersare
pollinatedbybees(Amegilla floraeandXylocopa nasalis)(Weietal.2009).
Origin and distributionCeylonhillcherryisnativetosouthernandsouth-easternAsia,includingBurma,Cambodia,
China(Fujian,Guangdong,Guangxi,Guizhou,Hunan,Jiangxi,Yunnan,Zhejiangprovinces),
India,Indonesia,Japan,Laos,Malaysia,Philippines,Sulawesi,SriLanka,Taiwan,Thailand
andVietnam(PIER2010a;Tropicos,2010;VerheijandCoronel1991;Wikipedia2010).Hemsley
(1884)statedthatCeylonhillcherrywasspreadnearlyallovertropicalAsia.
IthasnaturalisedinFlorida,HawaiiandFrenchPolynesia(GISD2005).
Figure 3. GlobaldistributionofCeylonhillcherry(Pickeringetal.2006,usedwithpermission)
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
9/14
Preferred habitatPreferredclimateistropicaltosubtropical,generallywhererainfallexceeds1200mmperyear
(PIER2010a).
Preferredhabitatsincludearangeofdisturbedandotherwiseopennaturalsites,oftennear
thecoast.InsouthernChina(withinitsnativerange)thespeciesissometimesdominanton
degradedshrublandslopeswheretheclimaxvegetationislowsubtropicalmonsoonforest
(Yangetal.2009).
Preferredsoiltypesarerelativelyinfertileacidicsandysoils(Yangetal.2009).Itdoesnot
toleratealkalineorlimestonesoils(Yangetal.2009;AgroforestreeDatabase2010;PIER2005).
Variouspublicationsstatethatthespeciescanpersistinriparianareas,alongcoastal
shoresinopen,degradedsandysites,inpastures,rangelandandotheruntendedareas,
pineflatwoods(acidicandpoorlydrainedwoodland),mesictowetforests(Hawaii)andthe
marginsofmangroveforests(PIER2005,2010a;AgroforestreeDatabase2010;Verheijand
Coronel1991;Wikipedia2010).
InHawaii,itgrowstoanaltitudeof900m(PIER2010a).Initsnativerange,itexistsat
elevationsupto300m(rarely1300m).Varietyparvifloraoccursinmontanehabitats
(woodlandandgrasslands)atelevationsof18002700m(AgroforestreeDatabase2010;
VerheijandCoronel1991;Wikipedia2010).
Ceylonhillcherryisdescribedasfrost-tolerantto7C(BaileyandBailey1976;DaleysFruit
TreeNursery2009).
History as a weed elsewhereCeylonhillcherryislistedasaprincipalweedinMalaysia,acommonweedinThailand(Holm
etal.1979)andaseriousweedinFrenchPolynesia(RaiateaIsland)(GISD2005;PIER2010a).
ItwasintroducedintoHawaiiin1920(Degener1963)andhassinceescapedfromgardens
intovariousdisturbedandnaturalhabitats,inplacesdominatinglargeareas(Starret
al.2003).OnKauaiandonHawaii(Hilo)ithasformedimpenetrablethickets(Figure4)
(PIER 2005;Wikipedia2010)andissaidtobedisplacinganotherinvasiveplantMelastoma
candidum(Smith1998;BurneyandBurney2007).TogetherwithPsidium cattleianumitposes
athreattohabitatofanendangerednativeplantCyanea undulatawhichisendemiconKauai(PIER2005;PIER2010b).
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
10/14
Figure 4. ThicketofCeylonhillcherryinHawaii(PhotobyForestandKimStarr,usedwithpermission)
InFlorida,Ceylonhillcherryhasinvadednativepinelands(CAIP2009)afterbeingintroduced
sometimepriorto1924asagardenornamental.Itisconsideredtobemoreofathreatthan
Brazilianpeppertree(Schinus terebinthifolius)(LanglandandBurks1998)andislistedasa
Category1invasivespecies(CAIP2009).ThereisconcernthatitwillmodifyFloridasnatural
fireregimes(GISD2005;Wikipedia2010).
AriskassessmentbyPIER(2005)concludedthatCeylonhillcherrywashighrisk,basedon
thefollowingattributes:
ahistoryofnaturalisationbeyonditsnativerange
ahistoryofrepeatedhuman-mediatedintroductions
anabilitytoformdensethickets
prolicseedproduction,birddispersalandretolerance.
CeylonhillcherryisaprohibitedplantspeciesinNewZealand(BiosecurityNewZealand2010).
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
11/14
Pest potential in Queensland
DistributionandstatusinQueensland(andAustralia)
CeylonhillcherryhasbeenrecordedingardensinBrisbaneandelsewhereinAustralia.However,naturalisedpopulationshavenotyetbeenrecordedinAustralia.
Ceylonhillcherryiscommerciallyavailableinsomenurseries,includingseveralinSouthEast
Queensland,andhasbeenpromotedasagardenplantinthemedia(Coppin2010;Burkes
Backyard2010;GreenHarvest2007;HappyEarth2010;Spencer2006;SubtropicalFruitClub,
Queensland2008).
IntheNorthernTerritory,CeylonhillcherryislistedinScheduleClassCweed(notto
beintroducedtotheTerritory)(NRETA2007).InWesternAustralia,itisbannedfrom
introductionwithaconsignmentseizedin1998(Starretal.2003).ItislistedontheNorthern
AustralianQuarantineStrategy(NAQS)targetlistforsurveillance/detection.
GlanznigandKessal(2004)considerittobeasleeperspecies(i.e.aspeciesthatis
potentiallyinvasive).
PotentialdistributionandimpactinQueensland
Climate-matchingsoftwarecalledClimatch(BureauofRuralSciences2009)wasappliedto
predictareasofQueenslandwhereclimateissimilartothatexperiencedwithinthenative
rangeofCeylonhillcherry.CoastalareasofQueenslandappearsuitable,especiallycentral
Queensland(Figure5).
Figure 5. AreasofAustraliawhereclimateappearssuitableforsurvivalofCeylonhillcherry.Redandorangeindicateareasthatarehighlysuitable,yellowismarginallysuitable,andgreenandblueare
unsuitable.MapproducedusingClimatchcomputersoftware(BureauofRuralSciences2009)
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
-
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
12/14
Withintheareawhereclimateappearssuitable,habitatsmostatriskarepredictedto
includearangeofdisturbed(clearedorpartiallycleared)sites,suchasgrazingland(native
pasture),riparianareas(clearedorpartiallyclearedcreekbanks)andperhapsthemargins
ofwetforestsandmangroves,mainlyonacidic,sandysoils.Similarhabitatshavebeen
invadedoverseas.
Consideringthehistoryofthespeciesasasignificantweedoverseas(especiallyHawaii
andFlorida),whereithasformedpurestandswithinnativevegetation,itseemsreasonable
topredictitwillbecomeasignificantpestincoastalQueensland.Potentialimpactscould
includelossofpastureproductionanddegradationofnativevegetation.
AsCeylonhillcherryexistsingardensinQueensland,itsspreadintonearbybushlandand
farmlandseemsinevitable.
TherearesevennativespeciesofRhodomyrtusinnorthernAustralia.Whilethereis
currentlynoevidenceofhybridisationwithinthegenus,thepossibilityofhybridisation
betweenR. tomentosaandAustraliannativespeciescannotberuledout.AnumberofnativeRhodomyrtusspeciesareinthenurserytradeandR. psidioidesislistedontheGrowme
insteadlistofrecommendedspecies(Growmeinstead2010).
ReferencesAgroforestreeDatabase(2010).Rhodomyrtus tomentose.WorldAgroforestryCentre.
Retrieved9November2010fromwww.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbases/
af/asp/SpeciesInfo.asp?SpID=18093#Identity
Bailey,L.H.andBailey,E.Z.(1976).Hortus third.NewYork:MacmillanCo.
BiosecurityNewZealand(2010).Plants biosecurity index,version1.6.3.Retrieved
23 November2010fromwww1.maf.govt.nz/cgi-bin/bioindex/bioindex.pl
BureauofRuralSciences(2009).Climatch.Canberra:DepartmentofAgriculture,Fisheries
andForestry.Retrievedfromadl.brs.gov.au:8080/Climatch
BurkesBackyard(2010).Tropical fruit makeover.Factsheet.Retrieved23November2010
fromwww.burkesbackyard.com.au/factsheets/Herbs-Fruit-and-Vegetables/Tropical-Fruit
Makeover/146
Burney,D.A.andBurney,L.P.(2007).Paleoecologyandinter-siturestorationonKauai,Hawaii.Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:483490.
CAIPsee CentreforAquaticandInvasivePlants
CentreforAquaticandInvasivePlants(2009).Downy rose myrtle, Rhodomyrtus tomentose.
Retrieved10November2010fromhttp://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/364
Chung,K.(2003).HongKongscommonratspecies.Porcupine!August,29.
Coppin,P.(2010).List of fruit nut and vine crops and botanical names of species suitable to the
south west of WA.Retrieved15November2010fromhttp://petercoppin.com/factsheets/fruit/
fnvtype.pdf
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbaseshttp://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/factsheets/Herbs-Fruit-and-Vegetables/Tropical-Fruithttp://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/364http://petercoppin.com/factsheets/fruithttp://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/sea/Products/AFDbaseshttp://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/factsheets/Herbs-Fruit-and-Vegetables/Tropical-Fruithttp://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/node/364http://petercoppin.com/factsheets/fruit -
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
13/14
DaleysFruitTreeNursery(2009).Ceylon hill gooseberry, Rhodomyrtus tomentose.Retrieved
12November2010fromwww.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/ceylonhill.htm
Degener,O.(1963).Flora Hawaiiensis.Book5.Bronx:NewYorkBotanicalGarden.
DeparmentofNaturalResources,Environment,TheArtsandSport(2007).ChangestotheDeclaredWeedsListoftheNorthernTerritory,DepartmentofNaturalResources,Environment
andtheArts,Darwin. Weed All About it Newsletter,Issue2,February.
Glanznig,A.andKessal,O.(2004).Invasive plants of national importance and their legal
status by state and territory.Sydney:WWFAustralia.
GreenHarvest(2007).Fruit trees for small gardens.Retrieved12November2010from
www.greenharvest.com.au/greennotes/Fruit_trees_for_small_gardens.html
GISDseeGlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase
GlobalInvasiveSpeciesDatabase(2005).Rhodomyrtus tomentose.InvasiveSpeciesSpecialistGroup.Retrieved10November2010fromwww.issg.org/database/species/ecology.
asp?si=212&fr=1&sts
HappyEarth(2010).Adventures in urban sustainability.Retrieved12November2010from
www.happyearth.com.au/fruit-trees
Hemsley,W.B.(1884). Botany of the Challenger Expedition: botany of Juan Fernandez, the
South-Eastern Moluccas and the Admiralty Islands,Vol III, p. 151.Retrieved17November2010
fromwww.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Bot-03/PDFpages/0151.pdf
Herklots,G.A.C.(1932).ThefloweringshrubsandtreesofHongKong,PartII.The Hong
Kong Naturalist.
Holm,L.,Pancho,J.V.,Herberger,J.P.,Plucknett,D.L.(1979).A geographical atlas of world
weeds.NewYork:JohnWiley&Sons.
Langland,K.A.andBurks,K.C.(eds)(1998).Identification and biology of non-native plants in
Floridas natural areas.Gainesville:UniversityofFlorida.
NRETAseeDeparmentofNaturalResources,Environment,TheArtsandSport
NurseryandGardenIndustryQueensland(2010).Grow me instead.Retrieved17November
2010fromwww.growmeinstead.com.au/search.aspx
PacificIslandEcosystemsatRisk(2005).Rhodomyrtustomentosarisk assessment,
Retrieved10November2010,fromwww.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/rhodomyrtus_tomentosa_
htmlwra.htm
PacificIslandEcosystemsatRisk(2010a).Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Aiton) Hassk., Myrtaceae.
Retrieved9November2010fromwww.hear.org/pier/species/rhodomyrtus_tomentosa.htm
PacificIslandEcosystemsatRisk(2010b).Cyanea undulata Campanulaceae, haha.Retrieved
10November2010fromwww.hear.org/species/cyanea_undulata/
Pickering,J.,Smith,K.,Cotter,G.,Simpson,A.,Magill,B.andMcNierney,E.(2006).Discover
Life Database.Retrieved17November2010fromwww.discoverlife.org
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
http://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/ceylonhill.htmhttp://www.greenharvest.com.au/greennotes/Fruit_trees_for_small_gardens.htmlhttp://www.issg.org/database/species/ecologyhttp://www.happyearth.com.au/fruit-treeshttp://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Bot-03/PDFpages/0151.pdfhttp://www.growmeinstead.com.au/search.aspxhttp://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/rhodomyrtus_tomentosahttp://www.hear.org/pier/species/rhodomyrtus_tomentosa.htmhttp://www.hear.org/species/cyanea_undulatahttp:///reader/full/www.discoverlife.orghttp://www.daleysfruit.com.au/fruit%20pages/ceylonhill.htmhttp://www.greenharvest.com.au/greennotes/Fruit_trees_for_small_gardens.htmlhttp://www.issg.org/database/species/ecologyhttp://www.happyearth.com.au/fruit-treeshttp://www.19thcenturyscience.org/HMSC/HMSC-Reports/Bot-03/PDFpages/0151.pdfhttp://www.growmeinstead.com.au/search.aspxhttp://www.hear.org/pier/wra/pacific/rhodomyrtus_tomentosahttp://www.hear.org/pier/species/rhodomyrtus_tomentosa.htmhttp://www.hear.org/species/cyanea_undulatahttp:///reader/full/www.discoverlife.org -
8/10/2019 IPA Ceylon Hill Cherry Risk Assessment
14/14
PIERseePacificIslandEcosystemsatRisk
RoyalBotanicGardensKew(2008).Seed Information Database (SID),Version7.1.Retrieved
16 November2010fromdata.kew.org/sid/
Smith,C.W.(1998).Pest plants of Hawaiian native ecosystems, Hawaiian Alien Plant Studies(onlineinformation).Honolulu:UniversityofHawaii,BotanyDepartment.Retrievedfrom
www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/rho_tom.htm
Spencer,R.(2006).Garden plants as environmental and agricultural weeds: resource and
information pack.Melbourne:RoyalBotanicGardens,WeedWorkingGroup.Retrieved10
November2010fromwww.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/8642/WEEDS-
LATEST.pdf
Starr,F.,Starr,K.andLoope,L.(2003).Rhodomyrtus tomentosa, downy rose myrtle,
Myrtaceae.Maui:USGeologicalSurvey,BiologicalResourcesDivision.
SubtropicalFruitClub,Queensland(2008).Snackfruitsforkids. Subtropical Gardening13:84.
Tropicos(2010).Tropicos, botanical information system at the Missouri Botanical Garden.
Retrieved19November2010fromwww.tropicos.org
Verheij,E.W.M.andCoronel,R.E.(eds)(1991).Ediblefruitsandnuts.InPlant Resources of
South-East Asia(PROSEA)(PlResSEAs)No2:276.
Wei,M-S,Chen,Z-H,Ren,H.andYin,Z-Y(2009).ReproductiveecologyofRhodomyrtus
tomentosa(Myrtaceae).Nordic Journal of Botany27(2):154160.
Wikipedia2010,Rhodomyrtus tomentosa,Retrieved9November2010fromen.wikipedia.org/
wiki/Rhodomyrtus_tomentosa
Wong,W.(2008).GrowingtherosemyrtleforthelunarNewYear.Green Culture Singapore,
pp16.Retrieved22November2010fromwww.greenculturesg.org
Yang,L.,Ren,H.,Liu,N.andWang,J.(2010).TheshrubRhodomyrtus tomentosaactsasa
nurseplantforseedlingsdifferinginshadetoleranceindegradedlandofSouthChina.Journal
of Vegetation Science21(2):262272.
Weed ris kas ses sme nt: Ceylonhillcherry(downyrosemyrtle)Rhodomyrtus tomentosa
http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/rho_tom.htmhttp://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/8642/WEEDShttp:///reader/full/www.tropicos.orghttp:///reader/full/en.wikipedia.orghttp:///reader/full/www.greenculturesg.orghttp://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/cw_smith/rho_tom.htmhttp://www.rbg.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/8642/WEEDShttp:///reader/full/www.tropicos.orghttp:///reader/full/en.wikipedia.orghttp:///reader/full/www.greenculturesg.org