DENNIS L MOLINA, PECE Senior Technical Manager

Wireless Connectivity for IP Surveillance System

Seminar Outline

i. Objectives ii. Understanding IP Video

a. CCTV b. CCTV Equipment Basics c. Basic Terms and Concepts e. Other specifications iii. Network Storage and Bandwidth iv. System Design v. Video Management System

vi. Video Content Analytics vii. Certification/Ratings viii. Latest CCTV Trends ix. Wireless Infrastructure a. Wireless forecast b. Wireless Architecture and Standards c. Wireless Advantages e. OFDM and MIMO Technology x. Interference Study xi. Link budget and system design xii. Wireless CCTV Applications

Objectives

This material is designed to be a valuable tool for Technical Sales Engineers • should provide a better knowledge on IP

Video Surveillance System via wireless connectivity

• should help the technical engineers on the design and implementation of CCTV.

• should understand the concept and function of wireless CCTV.

Closed Circuit Television, commonly known as CCTV, is an interesting area of television technology. It is usually used in surveillance systems, but a lot of Components and concepts can be implemented in an industrial production monitoring System, or equally, in a hospital or university environment.

CCTV

CCTV Equipment Basics

• Signal Transmission Media: This media will receive the signal from the camera end and send it to the video management end with lowest possible attenuation. This media could be wired or wireless transmission.

• Video management: This end will receive the signal and process it to be viewed. A video processing unit, recording unit and a monitor construct this end.

• Video collection: This end collects the image from object and send via the transmission media to the processing end. It is constructed from camera, lens, power and mounting accessories.

CCTV Architecture AirLive

CMX 3.8 Embedded

RAID

POS

PoE Switch

DVR NVR

Network Cash Drawer

Video Decoder

CMX 3.8 Software

iPhone/iPad/Android

700TVL Analog Camera

IP Cameras

IP PTZ

Video Encoder

CCTV Cameras Cameras could be divided into 4 categories:

Monochrome camera • Produce black and white picture Color camera • Produce Color picture Day/Night Camera • Color picture in a daytime light level • Monochrome picture below certain light level, automatically

changed IR (Infrared) Cameras • Color picture during the day • Monochrome picture when used with infrared illuminator

CCTV Cameras

Understanding Camera Types Board Cameras-a board camera is small camera consisting of a lens mounted directly to a circuit board or small group of boards. Bullet Cameras-bullet cameras use similar technology to the board cameras with a different configuration. Fixed Domes-a fixed dome camera means that the camera within the dome enclosure remains in one position.

CCTV Cameras

PTZ domes-fully the camera equipped pan/tilt and zoom (PTZ) domes provide the camera system operator with the ability to move the camera left and right(PAN) or up and down (tilt).they also allow the operator to change the view on the camera with a zoom lens, closing in on smaller areas of the subject field. Full-size cameras-this type of camera is a traditional Box camera. Network Cameras-Network cameras are the newest type of cameras in the security industry. instead of the traditional video output from the back of camera, this camera connects directly to a computer network.

Basic Terms and Concepts

Illumination Light Units-Lux [lx]Light unit for measuring illumination. It is defined as the illumination of a surface when the luminous flux of 1 lumen falls on an area of 1m². It is also known as lumen per square meter, or meter-candelas.

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AWS PRODUCTS PORTFOLIO DENNIS L MOLINA, PECE

Basic Terms and Concepts

Light Intensity with Lux Meter

Lux Datasheet

Basic Terms and Concepts

Resolution • Resolution is the property of a system to display fine

detail. Vertical resolution • The vertical resolution is defined by the number of

vertical elements that can be captured on a camera and reproduced on a monitor screen.

Horizontal resolution • The horizontal resolution is defined by the number of

horizontal elements that can be captured a camera and reproduced on a monitor screen.

Resolution

320 * 240 (240P/CIF) 720 * 480 (480P/D1/SD)

1280 * 720 (720P/HD) 1920 * 1080 (1080P/HD)

Resolution Description

Full HD Camera

Basic Terms and Concepts

Frame Rate • No of separate images or frames that is displayed

over given period of time NTSC • 30 fps PAL • 25 fps Recommended recording FPS is 10 -15 fps.

Basic Terms and Concepts

Field of View • Extent of the area captured by the camera Angle of View • The angle formed by the 2 lines from the secondary

principal point to the image sensor

Focal Length • the distance between the secondary principal point

and the focal point (image sensor) determines the focal length of the lens.

Fnumber • the amount of light that passes through a lens

H.264 compression (example savings)

Motion JPEG

Bandwidth & storage consumption

MPEG-4 Part 2

Bandwidth & storage consumption

H.264

Bandwidth & storage consumption

80%

50%

Video Compression

CCTV Camera Specs

SNR

• Signal-to-noise ratio. The SNR relates how much stronger a signal is than the background noise. Usually expressed in decibels (dB)

CCTV Camera Specs

Dynamic Range • Ability to see both the very bright and very dark at

the same time

Wide dynamic range

Night Vision

• technology that provides us with the miracle of vision in total darkness and the improvement of vision in low light environments.

IR Camera

LILIN CMOS Sense-up Technologies

LILIN CMOS Sense-up Technologies

Shuttering

• Shutter speed – time of exposure of the sensor during the process of video capture

• Global vs. Rolling Shutter • Leaning artifacts “Skew”

Image Scanning

• Interlaced- Rotates between odd fields and even fields every 30th of a second

• Progressive- Display both odd fields and even fields at the same time (Better image quality and less motion artifacts)

CCTV Camera Specs

C and CS Mount • C and CS mount camera is the positioning of the

pickup element. A C-mount camera sets the lens at a distance of 17.526 mm away from the pickup chip. Whereas, A CS-mount camera sets it at 12.526 mm. So there is a 5 mm difference between the C and CS mount.

• For instance CS-camera works with CS-lens, C-camera works with C-lens, and CS-camera with C-lens if we add a 5 mm extension ring.

CCTV Camera Specs

Iris small aperture through which light must pass before it can strike the light-sensitive target inside a camera. In low light, for example, the aperture is fully opened and in bright light, it will nearly be closed.

CCTV Camera Specs

Fixed-Iris and Manual-Iris Fixed-iris and manual-iris lenses can be used in situations where the light essentially stays the same all of the time. Auto-Iris Lenses A lens with an auto-iris feature should be used in environments where the light intensity can vary from minute by minute, hour by hour, or day by day.

PTZ Optical Zoom

4CIF/D1 35x zoom

HD 720P 18x zoom Actual images

Note: If this image is used outside Axis, the number plates must be hidden from view.

PTZ Optical zoom

Video

CCTV Wired Connectivity

CCTV Wireless connectivity

Power Supply

• 12 Vdc • 24 Vac • 220 Vac • POE Injector • POE Switch

How to Calculate Power for PoE Switch

• 1 1. ex. camera power consumption = 10w

24 cams x 10w = 240w 2. ex. camera power consumption = 7.5w 24 cams x 10w = 180w

•

• 2

Switch

100m

100m

100m

100m

100m

OK NO

Storage Systems

How much storage is required?

• Will depend on: – Frame rate for recording, Video quality (fps,

compression and resolution) – Scenery e.g. amout of motion, complexity, lighting

condition – Event or time controlled recording – Image quality – Duration of the recording – Compression algorithm

• Motion JPEG, MPEG-4 Part 2, H.264 – Number of channels

Types of Storage

• DAS • Storage located in the same PC that runs the VMS.

• NAS • Easy installation and administration • Access via IP network

• SAN • High speed network between servers and storage media • High capacity • Redundancy

SAN

RAID

• Redundant Array of Independent Disks • Multiple independent hard disks

are connected • Information is distributed over the hard disks

and redundancy information is added

• RAID 0 (striping)

– Data distributed over several disks

– No redundancy!

• RAID 1 (mirroring) – Identical data on 2 disks – Redundancy – Lower capacity

… …

A7

A5

A3

A1

A8

A6

A4

A2

RAID 0

… …

A4

A3

A2

A1

A4

A3

A2

A1

RAID 1

• RAID 5 – Data and parity is spread over 3 (minimum) or more disks – Hot swappable – Cope with single disk failure

… …

P4

A9

A5

A1

A10

P3

A6

A2

RAID 5

… …

A11

A7

P2

A3

A12

A8

A4

P1

• RAID 10 – Best of both worlds? Combination of effectiveness and redundancy – Disks striped /mirrored in pairs. – Change failed disks without performance loss.

… …

A7

A5

A3

A1

A8

A6

A4

A2

RAID 10

… …

A7

A5

A3

A1

A8

A6

A4

A2

Storage Capacity Calculation • General Equation in estimating the total amount of storage

Where: Size = Image size in kB fps = Images per second C = Number of cameras in the system Hours = Total number of operational hours in a 24 hour period TR = Retention period 3,600 is to convert seconds into hours (60 x 60) 1,000,000 is to convert kB to GB

Storage Capacity Formula

• Example 1:A CCTV system is being specified for a custody suite that is required to capture a 1080p high quality images with H.264 compression. 12 frames per second are being generated and there are 8 cameras in the system. Each camera is recorded for 24 hours per day, and the OR has stipulated a retention period of 31 days.

41.5 x 12 x 8 x 24 x 3,600 -------------------------------- X 31 = 10.67TB 1, 000, 000

Exacqvision Configurator

H.264 – 720p – 18.4 kb H.264 – 2M – 46.1 kb H.264 – 1080p – 41.5 kb

Designing a System

Plan drawings

• Create floor plan • Position camera • Indicate field of view

Camera location – Field of view

Camera location – Image blocking

Camera location – Unsuitable angle

Camera location – Unsuitable angle

Camera location – Avoid backlight

Camera location – correct mounting

• When installing cameras, especially with powerful zoom lenses, ensure a solid mounting – Wind – Mechanical vibrations

Camera location – housings

• There are several items to consider when selecting a housing for the camera – Material

• Plastic • Metal

– Ratings • IP / NEMA • EX

• RoHS • CE • UL listed • ATEX • ONVIF • PSIA

CCTV Certification/Standard

New generation image sensor • Digital Pixel System

Technology • better wide dynamic range

images than existing analog technologies

• enable superior image quality even under highly variable lighting conditions

• Optimizes Signal to Noise Ratio and power consumption beyond any sensors currently available

• Digital Pixel Technology is based on multiple sample times for each pixel

– Brightly exposed pixels are sampled fast – Dark pixels are exposed longer – Result optimal exposure for each pixel! – Consistent performance in all lighting conditions

Pixim® DPS technology

66

Every pixel the same exposure time

DPS, every pixel its own exposure

CCD - overexposed Pixim - Seawolf

Noise reduction/elimination

• Support legacy analog video cabling up to 720m • Support direct connection to IP Cam • 100mb SFP slot

ECO Plug connectivity trends

DVR516

VMS

LAN

Network Storage (NAS)

CMX Remote Playback CMX Remote Monitoring

NAS

Site D

Site C Site B

Site A

DIVA Server

Video Content Analytics

• Motion Detection • Tampering alarm • People Counting • Perimeter detection • Plate Recognition • Facial recognition

Traffic Light Detection + Virtual Fences

Video

Detection Zone + Virtual Fences

Video

CMX License Plate Recognition Supported countries

USA, Europe, China, Australia, Arabic, Canada, Some Asian Countries

Black list, white list, exclusion list are editable.

Various alarm outputs can be triggered.

Fuzzy recognition for 99% recognition rate.

No free USB dongle

Intelligent Video Surveillance (IMS)

CMX ANPR for Video Playback

1920 * 1080 video quality

CMX ANPR for White List Triggering

Digital output

TCP/IP

LAN

DIVA VMS FACE RECOGNITION

• Types of Event • Face Detected Events • Face Recognized Events • Face Match Events

DIVA VMS FaceR

• isolate faces from video images and digitize them into metadata. • Metadata points are placed on eyebrows, eyes, nose

and mouth. The found face print can be compared with the person lists (black- or white list). W

• With a match or mismatch an event can be created. Besides comparing face prints with the person lists, risk profiles can be programmed to detect people returning within a pre-defined period. All these events can be used to trigger macros from other components.

Gigabit Ethernet (LAN)

*DIVA Client Station (For Live Viewing, Playback of recorded video, Alarm and Event)

DIVA VMS System with FaceR.

** Minimum DIVA Software Licenses required for FaceR Server: 1)DIVA-P-Base x 1 2)DIVA-P-VCH x 1 3)DIVA-P-CLC x 1 4)DIVA-P-FACER x 1

Match ** DIVA Server

+ FaceR Database

and Storage

All Facial analysis process are performed on the server In real-time.

Dedicated FaceR Camera

Recommended Camera setting: MJPEG @ 5fps Maximum vertical Angle of camera is 15 degrees

Network

FaceR Process Block Diagram.

Face Detection

Facial Analysis,

Calculation & Differentiation

Face Comparison

Against Stored

Image in Database

DB

Match

Image Input

Yes

No

Discard Temp File FaceR Server

Result

Sample Capture

Amp

Amp

Diva trigger an alarm, siren, strobe-light

Two way Audio

Mobile Solution

+ USB for Power

RJ-45 for network

Wireless AP with battery

3G

Google Map

CMX AchieveManager

Driver

+ NVR404c

IPD6222

Mobile Video Streaming - The Next Gear of Mobile Video Surveillance

Panoramic camera

CCTV Remote Viewing

• Port forwarding • DDNS • NAT

PORT FORWARDING

Remote Branch

What’s my IP

http://www.whatismyip.com/

http://122.54.176.190:81/

PLDT/Globe Modem

Router

Switch

DVR/NVR

Main Office

Router

Switch

CMX Server

PLDT/Globe Modem

Allow Port Forwarding http port: 80 or 81 Video port: 3100

Ex. Network Setup IP: 192.168.1.20 SM: 255.255.255.0 DG: 192.168.1.1

http://122.54.176.190:81/

CCTV Remote Viewing

View Smartphone

WIRELESS forecast

• Wifi hotspots set to more than triple by 2015 by Informa Telecoms and Media

• Wi-Fi devices will use more bandwidth than wired devices in 2015 by Cisco

• Globally, internet video traffic will be 54% of all consumer internet traffic in 2016 by Cisco

• WiFi deployments will shoot up 350% worldwide in 2015 by WBA

• Expect a billion 802.11ac Wi-Fi devices in 2015 by Wifi Alliance

Wi‐Fi/Mesh/WiMAX Point to Point

Wi‐Fi/Mesh/WiMAX Mesh/WiMAX

Network architecture

• Point to Point • Point to Multipoint

• Multipoint to Multipoint

Wireless Network standards

• Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN) IEEE 802.15 (since 1999) IEEE 802.15. 1 – Bluetooth v.2, 2.4GHz, 700 kbps – 3 Mbps, 100m,10m,1m distance IEEE 802.15.4 – Zigbee, 868MHz, 915MHz, 2.4GHz, 250 kbps, 75m distance • Wireless Local Area Netwrok (WLAN) IEEE 802.11 (since 1990) IEEE 802.11a/b/g/y/n/ac –WLAN, WiFi,WifiMax,Wifimesh

Wireless network standards

a – 5GHz, 54 Mbps, 120m distance b – 2.4GHz, 11 Mbps, 140m distance g – 2.4 GHz, 54 Mbps, 140m distance n – 2.4GHz/5GHz 600 Mbps, 200m distance ac – 5GHz/6GHz, 7Gbps, 8x8 MIMO s – 2.4Ghz,4.9GHz, 5GHz,400mbps, 100m – 35km distance • Wireless Metropolitan Network (WMAN) IEEE 802.16 (since 2001)

Wireless network standards

IEEE 802.16a/e – Mobile WIMAX, 2.5GHz, 3.3GHz, 3.5GHz 3.8GHz, 4.9GHz, 5.8GHz, 100 Mbps – 300 Mbps 50 km distance IEEE 802.16m – WIMAX II - 4G Networks, 1 Gbps • • Wireless Wide Area Network (WWAN) IEEE 802.20 (since 2002) –mobile wireless for internet access, WBMA, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, 2.5G, 3G, less 3.5GHz, 10 kbps to 2.4 Mbps, less 15 km distance • Wireless Regional Area Network (WRAN) IEEE 802.22 (since 2004) – TV bands (54-684 MHz), 18 to 24 Mbps, less 100 km

Why wireless infrastructure

• Ease of installation • Increased range • Flexibility • Reliability • Reduced human resources • Affordable

Wired backhaul is costly

• Installation • Time consuming • Inflexible • immobile

Video monitoring and storage

Wireless is cost effective

• High performance • Rapid deployment • Secure • reliable

Video monitoring and storage

Designing for tough environments

• Equipment should offer several features to withstand tough operating conditions

- water and dust proof -wide operating temperature range -sun/weather shield for protection against direct sunlight, snow and rain -vandal resistant design and hardened casings

Power and directivity

• Without obstructions and with high intensity and beam focus, RF can travel long distances

• As a general rule of thumb, if you see light through obstruction you can connect with a radio.

Advantages of multiple antennas

• Resistivity to fading (quality) • Increased coverage • Increased capacity • Increased data rate • Improved spectral efficiency

Multiple antenna systems

• Spatial Diversity - transmission more robust - no increase in the data rate - redundant data on different paths. • Spatial Multiplexing -not intended for transmission more robust - It increases the data rate • Beamforming -method used to create the radiation pattern of an antenna array - Strengthen the receive signal level.

Mimo technology

• Multiple input multiple output • Each RF flow carries different information at any

given time • Multipath reflections which are created by RF waves

bouncing off water and buildings now increase SNR because the signal can be received at 1 of 3 antennas so deployment in cities and over water are simpler.

OVERVIEW ABOUT OFDM

• OFDM was invented more than 40 years ago. • OFDM has been adopted for several

technologies: – Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) services. – IEEE 802.11a/g, IEEE 802.16a. – Digital Audio Broadcast (DAB). – Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcast: DVD in Europe, ISDB in Japan – 4G, IEEE 802.11n, IEEE 802.16, and IEEE 802.20.

FDM OFDM

• Frequency Division Multiplexing

• OFDM frequency dividing

50% Overlap of Adjacent Channels Available bandwidth is Used Twice

Ofdm and mimo improves nlos capabilities

• LOS – both visual LOS and and clear radio LOS • nLOS – clear visual LOS but the radio LOS is

blocked • NLOS – both visual LOS and radio LOS are

blocked

Multipath and reflections

• Certain conditions such as flat or reflective surfaces can cause certain portions of signal to arrive later than another and/or out of phase of the main signal

• Prevent: raise/lower either of the antennas or relocate the antenna to another area.

• Always avoid installing in situations where a radio link will traverse large flat, reflective surfaces.

No longer an issue with mimo and diversity

Concept of interference

• Interference is the reception of signal from sources other than the intended source.

• The source of interference may be anything producing from electromagnetic signals

• Excessive interference can degrade the integrity of radio link

Co-Channel and Adjacent Channel Interference

• Co-channel interference (CCI) comes from another AP located on the same channel – Ex. AP next door – Ex. Neighboring cell

• Adjacent channel interfence (ACI) comes from an AP on an overlapping channel – Ex. I am on channel 1, another AP is on channel

2 – Can be more worse than (CCI)

Non-WiFi Interference Sources

wireless video cameras

fluorescent lights

Bluetooth Microwave ovens

802.11FH

outdoor microwave links

2.4/5 GHz cordless phones

radar

Wireless headphones

Wireless Game Controller

Motion detectors

Bluetooth

See more hops in Max Hold

See hops in Max

Speckled pattern in Spectrogram

Duty Cycle Spread Across Band

Microwave Oven

Loud moving signal seen in Max

Drifts in Frequency

Duty Cycle higher in Part of band

CT Cordless Phone

Duty Cycle at or near 100% in two parts of band

Constant signal in Max

Constant signal in Swept

Video Camera

Constant Signal seen in Avg/Max

Constant power level stripe

Duty Cycle is 100%

Interference management

• Use larger or high performance antennas which have a narrow beam

• Change frequency to avoid interference • Use the non overlapping channels • Co located radios separated by

Link budget

• RF path engineering • System design for coverage and distance • Analogy: traveler’s budget

LINK BUDGET

• RF path engineering • System design for coverage and distance • Analogy: traveler’s budget

Pt=26 dBm

FM = 12dB

RSL = - 62 dBm

RECEIVER’S SENSITIVITY = - 73dBm

FSL= 32.44 + 20log5.25 + 20log 5400 = 122 dB

Ag = 19 dBi

Ag = 19 dBi

TLL = 1.5 dB TLL = 1.5 dB

Link calculation

Link calculation

POINT TO MULTIPOINT

SITE SURVEY PLANNER

Key to succesful design

• #1) It starts with RF Quality. Everything else is secondary

• Good Link Quality = Good network Throughput • Design Rule: Need -70dBm RSSI or better to

achieve Max. throughput • Throughput determines number of applications,

and specifically the number of application devices, i.e., CAMERAS, that the ptp/mesh/wimax network can support.

• Design Rule: Max. radio to radio throughput ~ 22 Mbps (TCP) or 32 Mbps (UDP)

Finding the right signal

• Too high - RSL should never exceed -30 dBm and may cause damage

above this level - Imagine talking to each other with megaphones - Fix: lower gain antenna, attenuation • Too low • RSL should always be 15 dB higher than the receiver’s

sensitivity for the desired modulation. -imagine someone whispering Fix: higher gain antennas, higher power or repeater

applications

Access

Backhaul

Private Networks

8/27/2013 | 123 Confidential Information |

Transportation

Airport

education

Railway

Proposed Wireless CCTV project

references

• LILIN IP and Analog CCTV • SIQURA Surveillance Solutions • AXIS IP CCTV • ASONI IP CCTV

• Email me at • dennis@awsgentec.com

THANK YOU!