IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 DRILL 09 DEC 08 Answer the following in your notebook: If non-renewable...

IOT

POLY ENGINEERING3-2

DRILL

09 DEC 08

Answer the following in your notebook:

If non-renewable fuels come from renewable plants and animals, why do we call them non-renewable?

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POLY ENGINEERING3-2

1. Energy Sources – Power Plants and Fuels2. Classical Mechanics:

Force, Work, Energy, and Power3. Trigonometry and Vectors4. Energy and Power 5. Impacts of Current Generation and Use

UNIT 3 – ENERGY AND POWER

Topics Covered

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural Gas

1. Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.

2. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper.3. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

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1. Often referred to as “gas”2. Gaseous fuel consisting mostly of methane, but

includes quantities of other hydrocarbonsHydrocarbons are molecules made up of H and C

CH4 – Methane C3H8 – Propane

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Methods of Extraction1. Associated – found in oil fields2. Non-associated – found in natural gas fields3. Coalbed Methane – found in coal beds4. Before use, it must undergo processing to remove

everything but methane (such as CO2, N2, H2)

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Methods of Extraction1. Geologists locate types of rock that are known to

contain gas and oil deposits.Seismic surveys – echoes from a vibration source

2. Drilling begins, whether on land or offshore.3. NG flows up the well to the surface.4. Goes to processing or directly to transport pipeline5. NG is colorless, odorless, tasteless, so a chemical is

added to give it odor – Mercaptan

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Top World Producers

Russia & Kazakhstan - almost 40% of world's supply

Iran (15%), Qatar (5%), Saudi Arabia (4%), Algeria (4%), United States (3%),

Nigeria (3%), Venezuela (3%)

90–95% of natural gas in U.S. domestic (255,000 miles of pipeline).

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Storage and Transport

• NG is moved by pipelines from fields to consumers.• NG demand is greater in winter for heat – stored in

underground storage systemsOld oil and gas wells, caverns formed in old salt beds

• Can be cooled (-260 deg F) to Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

• LNG can be transported in tankers over the ocean

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural GasProcessing

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Uses - HOME• NG makes up 22% of fuel consumption in U.S.• ~63% homes use for stoves, furnaces, water

heaters, dryers, and other appliances.• NG is raw material for:

• Paints, fertilizers, plastics, antifreeze, dyes, photographic film, medicines, explosives

• Propane – barbecue grills

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Natural GasUses – INDUSTRY

Produce steel, glass, paper, clothing, brick, electricity, etc.U.S.

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Non-Renewable Fuels – Petroleum

1. Sea plants and animals died, were buried on the ocean floor, covered by layers of silt and sand.

2. 50-100 million years – remains buried deeper.3. Heat and pressure turned remains into oil and gas.

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Methods of Extraction1. Crude oil forms and floats toward the surface of

earth’s crust – has a lower density than brine2. Oil wells release petroleum to the surface.

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Methods of ExtractionOil Wells:1. Drill bit begins cutting into

rock2. Drilling fluid (mixture of

fluids, solids, chemicals) 1. Cools the drill bit2. Removes cut rock (shows

released oil when ready)

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Methods of ExtractionOil Wells:3. Often, natural pressure is enough to raise oil through

the well to the surface.If not, pumps:

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Methods of Extraction

California, 1938

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Oil Reserves• Oil reservoirs contain estimated quantities of oil

• Oil reserves are estimated quantities of recoverable petroleum

• Limits to production (recovery):

• Technology – geology prevents getting there

• Economics – amount is not worth the cost

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Oil Reserves

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Oil Barrels• 1 Barrel = 42 Gallons

• Other nations use different units

• Oil is no longer transported in barrels – tankers and pipelines

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Refining• Raw, unprocessed crude oil is mostly not useful• Varies in color – from clear to tar-black• Varies in viscosity – from water to almost-solid• Crude oil is processed and refined into more usable

forms – separated into parts• Distillation – purifying a liquid by successive

evaporation and condensation

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• Different components of crude have different boiling points.• When a vapor cools to its boiling point, the vapor become a liquid

again – like steamed water in a pot

Process:1. Crude is boiled2. Highest boiling points

condense first3. Lower boiling points

condense last

Non-Renewable Fuels – PetroleumRefining

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Refining

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Oil Consumption Barrels per person per day

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Uses

• Primarily used to achieve mobility• Manufacture medicines, fertilizers, food, plastics,

building materials, paints, cloth, and to generate electricity

• Physical structure and way of life of suburban communities

IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-2 DRILL 09 DEC 08 Answer the following in your notebook: If non-renewable...

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