ion of French and Cow Final

8/3/2019 ion of French and Cow Final

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PresentationPresentation

Cognitive AnthropologyCognitive Anthropology


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Out line of presentationOut line of presentation

Summary of the articleSummary of the article

Madagascar Before Colonization

Madagascar During ColonizationMadagascar During Colonization

Basic Reasons for European Colonization of AfricaBasic Reasons for European Colonization of Africa

Characteristics of French ColonialismCharacteristics of French Colonialism

Particular Contexts: the villagers use FrenchParticular Contexts: the villagers use French

Link with FrenchLink with French

Manipulation of French by the villagers:Manipulation of French by the villagers:

Factors influenced Malagasy and made them to use French inFactors influenced Malagasy and made them to use French inparticular contextparticular context

Emerging themesEmerging themes

Use of Analogies by the peasantsUse of Analogies by the peasants

ConclusionConclusion


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Summary of the articleSummary of the article

This article is about MalagasyThis article is about Malagasy

peasants who are when drunk or inpeasants who are when drunk or in

anger address their cows in Frenchanger address their cows in Frenchlanguage though their nativelanguage though their native

language is Malagasy . Their use oflanguage is Malagasy . Their use of

French, which is a foreignerFrench, which is a foreignerlanguage has links to their history oflanguage has links to their history of

French colonialism in Madagascar.French colonialism in Madagascar.


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The Madagascar people are a mix of Africans andThe Madagascar people are a mix of Africans and

Asians, the Asian facial feature are predominant butAsians, the Asian facial feature are predominant but

their heritage culture is mainly Africantheir heritage culture is mainly African

Constant immigration from Indonesia up until the 1400sConstant immigration from Indonesia up until the 1400s

Most of the people lived on the coastsMost of the people lived on the coasts

In the 18th century, Madagascar had pretty muchIn the 18th century, Madagascar had pretty muchdisintegrateddisintegrated

King Andrianampoinimerina (1787King Andrianampoinimerina (17871810) ruled1810) ruled

the major kingdom on the island and his son King Radama Ithe major kingdom on the island and his son King Radama I

(1810(1810 1828), brought there people together and united most of1828), brought there people together and united most of

the islandthe island In the 1800s the Marina Kingdom rose as the most powerful inIn the 1800s the Marina Kingdom rose as the most powerful in

MadagascarMadagascar

yy Protestant London Missionary Society s welcomed and they startedProtestant London Missionary Society s welcomed and they startedto make churches and help transcribe the Merina language, whichto make churches and help transcribe the Merina language, whichall help the spread of Merina culture all over Madagascarall help the spread of Merina culture all over Madagascar

Madagascar Before Colonization


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In the 1840s Queen Ranavalona I tried to ban theIn the 1840s Queen Ranavalona I tried to ban the

European influence in Madagascar, but when she diedEuropean influence in Madagascar, but when she diedin 1861, they all returned and continued their influence.in 1861, they all returned and continued their influence.

Only the native Merina people to attend theseOnly the native Merina people to attend these

schools and churchesschools and churches

After she passed away in 1861, her successor,After she passed away in 1861, her successor,Radama II and his successor reinstated the foreignRadama II and his successor reinstated the foreign

trade policies and allowed European traders back totrade policies and allowed European traders back to

MadagascarMadagascar

In 1869, France extended their influence and fightsIn 1869, France extended their influence and fights

started to break outstarted to break out

during the reigns of Ranavalona II (1868during the reigns of Ranavalona II (186883) and83) and

Ranavalona III (1883Ranavalona III (188396), most of Madagascar was96), most of Madagascar was

united under the Merina colony.united under the Merina colony.


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Madagascar During ColonizationMadagascar During Colonization

During the sixteenth century, European colonization began withDuring the sixteenth century, European colonization began withPortuguese, Dutch, English, and French people exploringPortuguese, Dutch, English, and French people exploringMadagascars shoreline. In 1634, the French established aMadagascars shoreline. In 1634, the French established asettlement in South Madagascar and occupied the Reunion andsettlement in South Madagascar and occupied the Reunion andsome Islands. Several of the French settlements lasted more thansome Islands. Several of the French settlements lasted more than

30 years, because of the relations that were established with the30 years, because of the relations that were established with theAntanosy, the ethnic group living there.Antanosy, the ethnic group living there.

During the French colonization of Madagascar, French became theDuring the French colonization of Madagascar, French became thedominant language of the island.dominant language of the island.

The most powerful ethnic group who gained control overThe most powerful ethnic group who gained control overMadagascar was the Merinas. Two monarchs played key roles inMadagascar was the Merinas. Two monarchs played key roles inestablishing political dominance over Madagascar.establishing political dominance over Madagascar.

In 1904, the French had complete control over the entire islandIn 1904, the French had complete control over the entire island In 1916, the Merina planned an overthrow, but the French caught onIn 1916, the Merina planned an overthrow, but the French caught on

and suppressed the uprisingand suppressed the uprising

From 1947 to 1948, the were many uprisings and about 11 000 toFrom 1947 to 1948, the were many uprisings and about 11 000 to80 000 people were killed80 000 people were killed


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In 1956, and the Social Democratic party(SDP), led by Philibert Tsiranana (a Tsimihety),gained predominance in Madagascar.

Madagascar gained full independence fromcolonial rule on June 26, 1960, and renamedthemselves the Malagasy Republic

http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/world/A0859413.html

http://countrystudies.us/comoros/3.htmhttp://www.wildmadagascar.org/overview/loc/13-history_1894.html


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Madagascar Village


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Basic Reasons for EuropeanBasic Reasons for European

Colonization of AfricaColonization of Africa


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Basic Reasons for EuropeanBasic Reasons for European

Colonization of AfricaColonization of Africa

GeoGeo--StrategicStrategic:: Since Africa was being colonized it wasSince Africa was being colonized it wasimportant that the European powers all get a piece inimportant that the European powers all get a piece inorder to keep up with their enemies.order to keep up with their enemies.

ReligiousReligious: Colonization was done on religious: Colonization was done on religiousgroundsbringing Christianity to the heathen Africans.groundsbringing Christianity to the heathen Africans.

MercantilistMercantilist:: Free labor (Africans) was available for theFree labor (Africans) was available for thetaking, labor that would provide goods and resources fortaking, labor that would provide goods and resources for

colonial powers that operated on mercantilist policies.colonial powers that operated on mercantilist policies.

EconomicEconomic:: harvesting the vast natural resources forharvesting the vast natural resources forEuropean good (linked to mercantilism), would provide aEuropean good (linked to mercantilism), would provide aboost to the sagging economies of Europe as well asboost to the sagging economies of Europe as well asprovide markets for manufactured goods (forced buyingprovide markets for manufactured goods (forced buyingof European goods by Africans.of European goods by Africans.


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Mike DiMatteo: Map image taken from:

http://users.erols.com/mwhite28/afri1914.htm


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Characteristics of FrenchCharacteristics of French

ColonialismColonialism AssimilationAssimilation: This was the dominant method of French: This was the dominant method of Frenchinvolvement in Africa. They chose to attempt to supplant traditionalinvolvement in Africa. They chose to attempt to supplant traditionalAfrican culture with French culture. Teach the Africans FrenchAfrican culture with French culture. Teach the Africans Frenchlanguage, French dress, French mannerisms.language, French dress, French mannerisms.

The basic problemThe basic problem: How is one to truly become French if they look: How is one to truly become French if they lookdifferent (skin tone)? This cannot be supplanted. Color is thedifferent (skin tone)? This cannot be supplanted. Color is thedefiner. This resulted in a class of people known asdefiner. This resulted in a class of people known asEvoluesEvoluesthose Africans who were educated in the Frenchthose Africans who were educated in the Frenchlanguage, manner of dress, and etiquette. The Evolues were thelanguage, manner of dress, and etiquette. The Evolues were theones who ultimately led the independence movement from Frenchones who ultimately led the independence movement from Frenchcolonialism.colonialism.

NoteNote: There was an arrogance and an air of superiority by the: There was an arrogance and an air of superiority by theFrench over the Evoluesthis played games on the mind of theFrench over the Evoluesthis played games on the mind of theAfricans and led to the psychosis that was to plague them afterAfricans and led to the psychosis that was to plague them afterdecolonization.decolonization.


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Particular Contexts: the villagersParticular Contexts: the villagers

use French:use French: French is used not as a choice of languageFrench is used not as a choice of language

but because of other characteristics:but because of other characteristics:

Drunken state, shows semi professionalDrunken state, shows semi professional

minstrels (who are invited on ceremonies,,minstrels (who are invited on ceremonies,,public or private rejoicingspublic or private rejoicings(Independence(Independence--day, marriages, funerals).day, marriages, funerals).Minstrel is composed of varied element:(Minstrel is composed of varied element:(

of poetry reciting, of singing of long moralof poetry reciting, of singing of long moraltales, of dancing, extravagant speechtales, of dancing, extravagant speech--making & acrobatics). Lastly, French ismaking & acrobatics). Lastly, French isused for government administration.used for government administration.


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Link with FrenchLink with French

There is a connection to French, asThere is a connection to French, asdancing & acrobatics is concerned.dancing & acrobatics is concerned.For these activities there is always aFor these activities there is always achosen character among thechosen character among thevillagers.villagers.


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Manipulation of French by theManipulation of French by the

villagers:villagers: One of the villagers act as aOne of the villagers act as a

ridiculous leader, blowing whistleridiculous leader, blowing whistletime to time & shouting orders in atime to time & shouting orders in avoice as violent as possible, Hevoice as violent as possible, Hebehaves like a master of a gym & abehaves like a master of a gym & amajor sergeant.major sergeant.


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Factors influenced Malagasy and made them toFactors influenced Malagasy and made them to

use French in particular context:,use French in particular context:,

Colonial Administration,Colonial Administration, Taxation Payments,Taxation Payments, Exercise of power through the mediumExercise of power through the medium

French,French, Ordering in French (all absolute orders),Ordering in French (all absolute orders), French left remains after independence (1960)French left remains after independence (1960)

as administration is dividedas administration is divided French at higher level & Malagasy at lowerFrench at higher level & Malagasy at lower

level.level. Pesants receive government orders still (aPesants receive government orders still (a

part) in Frenchpart) in French Ministers speeches had French phrases.Ministers speeches had French phrases.


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Social Relations between Colonizer &Social Relations between Colonizer &

ColonizedColonized


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Emerging themesEmerging themes

Internalized OppressionInternalized Oppression

Colonialist IdeologyColonialist Ideology

Postcolonial IdentityPostcolonial Identity

MimicryMimicry


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Internalized OppressionInternalized Oppression

Colonialism creates an oppressive environmentColonialism creates an oppressive environmentwhereby people are disallowed or unablewhereby people are disallowed or unable(because its too dangerous or risky) to(because its too dangerous or risky) toexpress anger and frustration. These feelingsexpress anger and frustration. These feelings

are turned inward and directed at ones selfare turned inward and directed at ones selfand/or family/community.and/or family/community.

This anger can be expressed in violence, forThis anger can be expressed in violence, forexample, through domestic violence, sexualexample, through domestic violence, sexual

abuse, suicide, or murder (of ones ownabuse, suicide, or murder (of ones ownpeople). It can also be expressed more subtlypeople). It can also be expressed more subtlythrough depression, low self (or community)through depression, low self (or community)esteem, apathy, substance abuse, or mentalesteem, apathy, substance abuse, or mentalillness.illness.


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Colonialist IdeologyColonialist IdeologyBarthes:Barthes:Myth todayMyth today(1957)(1957)

Meaning 1: a black soldier isgiving the French flag a salute

Meaning 2: that France is a

great Empire, and that all hersons, without any colour

discrimination, faithfully serve

under her flag, and that there

is no better answer to the

detractors of an allegedcolonialism than the zeal

shown by this Negro in

serving his so-called

oppressors.


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Results colonial subjectsResults colonial subjects(colonized people who did not resist(colonized people who did not resistcolonial subjugation because theycolonial subjugation because theybelieved in French superiority and,believed in French superiority and,therefore, in their own inferiority.)therefore, in their own inferiority.)

cont.cont.


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cont.cont.

Believed their own European cultureBelieved their own European culturewas civilized, sophisticated, orwas civilized, sophisticated, ormetropolitanmetropolitan..

Based on the colonizers assumptionBased on the colonizers assumptionof their own superiority, which theyof their own superiority, which theycontrasted with the alleged inferioritycontrasted with the alleged inferiorityof native (indigenous) peoples, theof native (indigenous) peoples, theoriginal inhabitants of the lands theyoriginal inhabitants of the lands theyinvaded.invaded.


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Psychological and social interplayPsychological and social interplaybetweenbetween

native, indigenous, prenative, indigenous, pre--colonial culturescolonial cultures

what French culture imposed upon thatwhat French culture imposed upon thatcultureculture

Fanon was an antiFanon was an anti--colonial thinker whocolonial thinker whobelieved that by speaking a certain language,believed that by speaking a certain language,

a person assumes all of the cultural values ofa person assumes all of the cultural values ofthat societythat society

Cont.Cont.


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One of Fanon's more famous works isOne of Fanon's more famous works isBlack Skin, White Masks.Black Skin, White Masks. In this book, heIn this book, heanalyzes the effects of racism andanalyzes the effects of racism and

colonization on black men.colonization on black men. He alsoHe alsoexamines the colonizer/colonizedexamines the colonizer/colonizedrelationship from a psychologicalrelationship from a psychologicalstandpoint, and points out that in order forstandpoint, and points out that in order forthe black man to overcome the associationthe black man to overcome the associationof "black" to "evil", he must put on a whiteof "black" to "evil", he must put on a whitemask.mask.


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MimicryMimicry

metaphor for a process of acculturation andmetaphor for a process of acculturation and

adaptation of imposed cultural concepts andadaptation of imposed cultural concepts and

patterns by the colonized;patterns by the colonized;

a strategic adaptation by the colonized as aa strategic adaptation by the colonized as asubtle act of resistance.subtle act of resistance.

In its contradictions it unfolds the wholeIn its contradictions it unfolds the whole

ambivalence of the colonial discourse.ambivalence of the colonial discourse. ManyMany

tried to imitate the colonizers (tried to imitate the colonizers (mimicrymimicry)) DressDress -- BehaviorBehavior

SpeechSpeech -- LifestyleLifestyle


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Use of Analogies by theUse of Analogies by the

peasantspeasants

It is all about communication b/w powerfulIt is all about communication b/w powerful& powerless actors among the community.& powerless actors among the community.

Example; powerful colonials/Example; powerful colonials/administrators communicate theadministrators communicate thepowerless peasants in French, in the samepowerless peasants in French, in the sameway; the powerful peasants (cattleway; the powerful peasants (cattle

owners) communicate the powerless cattleowners) communicate the powerless cattlein French using the analogous model ofin French using the analogous model ofcolonial relationship:colonial relationship:


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ConclusionConclusion

So, one language is used for theSo, one language is used for the

social relationship which issocial relationship which is

transacted in among the Malagasytransacted in among the Malagasycowscows

a bureaucrat to the cultivator, a mana bureaucrat to the cultivator, a man

to the beast.to the beast.

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