IOM SHELTER NEEDS - HumanitarianResponse · The assessment questionnaire was designed to collect...

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International Organization for Migration IOM SHELTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN RETURN AREAS: BORNO STATE November 2017 Shelter Needs Assessment Report

Transcript of IOM SHELTER NEEDS - HumanitarianResponse · The assessment questionnaire was designed to collect...

International Organization for Migration

IOM SHELTER NEEDS ASSESSMENT IN RETURN AREAS: BORNO STATE

November 2017

Shelter Needs Assessment Report

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 1

Table of Content

BACKGROUND ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

OBJECTIVE ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

COVERAGE ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

METHODOLOGY ……………………………………………………………………………….. 5

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS

Demographic Profile …………………………………………………………………………. 6

Housing, Land and Property ………………………………………………………………… 12

Housing Condition ……………………………………………………………………………17

Damage Assessment …………………………………………………………………………21

Access to Other Services …………………………………………………………………….30

RECOMMENDATIONS …………………………………………………………………………. 36

MAJOR DIFFERENCES: ADAMAWA AND BORNO ………………………………………………. 40

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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BACKGROUND

In North-Eastern Nigeria, attacks and counter attacks have resulted in prolonged insecurity and endemic

violations of human rights, triggering waves of forced displacement. Almost two million people remain

displaced in Nigeria, and displacement continues to be a significant factor in 2017.

Since late 2016, IOM and other humanitarian partners have been able to scale up on its activities.

However, despite the will and hope of the humanitarian community and the Government of Nigeria and

the dedication of teams and humanitarian partners in supporting them, humanitarian needs have

drastically increased and the humanitarian response needs to keep scaling up to reach all the affected

population in need. While the current humanitarian response covers all four states, the humanitarian

access to large territories in Borno and Yobe States remains very limited. However, in Borno, many people

have started to return to their homes of origin in different LGAs which are accessible to the humanitarian

community. While some people have started living in their damaged houses, some are renting or are

sharing with relatives and neighbours, while some IDPs are being hosted by the host community. In order

to support the voluntary return of the displaced population, as well as support non-displaced people who

are affected, it is necessary to provide shelter assistance to the affected population to facilitate the self-

help and more sustainable solutions. For this reason, it is of utmost importance to have a better

understanding of the varying degrees of damages experienced by different segments of the affected

population so that assistance can be targeted and tailored.

With this purpose in mind, IOM conducted a household assessment in 3 of the worst affected LGAs in

Borno state in September - October 2017 to gather more in-depth data regarding the shelter situation in

those areas. This report captures the process and the findings form the assessment in order to provide

better guidance as to the nature of shelter needs and to come collectively to a better solution.

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this assessment is to find out the following:

- The nature of shelter needs in the areas of return

- The types of accommodation / housing used traditionally in the targeted areas

- The varying level of damage sustained by the houses of the affected population

- The demographic profile of the affected population along with the socio-economic condition

- The access to water and sanitation facilities

- The condition of the markets and access to construction materials, skilled labor and financial

agents

- The capacity of the affected population for self-help and recovery

Through analysis and evaluation of information obtained from the assessment, the report aims to provide

programmatic insights for internal and external use. The findings from the assessment will be used to feed

back into ongoing projects as to the selection of areas of intervention as well as contribute to the design

and implementation of future shelter assistance targeted at the covered population.

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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COVERAGE

The assessment covered 3 of the worst affected Local Government Areas (LGAs) in Borno State in North-

East Nigeria, namely Dikwa, Ngala and Gwoza. Pulka, which falls under Gwoza LGA is considered

separately as an area of interest for the purpose of this assessment.

For the 982 households assessed, the pie-chart on the right

shows the distribution per LGA. The majority was assessed

from Gwoza (351 HHs), followed by Dikwa (263 HHs),

Ngala (241 HHs) and lastly Pulka (127 HHs).

Within the LGAs, the different wards were selected

according to their level of damage, keeping in mind the

level of accessibility. A total of 11 wards were covered by

the assessment.

DIKWA, 263

PULKA, 127

GWOZA, 351

NGALA, 241

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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LGA WARD VILLAGES / AREAS

Dikwa Dikwa Dikwa Kasugula

BAKIN kasuwa Cungozarma

Cross Dandal Limanti

Malari Bulabulin A

Kanumburi jajaa Bulabulin B

Amsa gajiram Fulatari

Kanumburi bakin kasuwa Chingo zarmaye

Shuwari Mogolanda

Afunori

Ngala Ngala Ajari Ngala Central

Kangaleri Mairi

Toskole Wulari

Dandal Kura Genral Hospital

Anguwan primary Afunori

Abuja Central Mosque

Bakin Tasha Mulwa

Dandal Kura Hausari

Jansike Senior Quarters

Old Gamboru A Kanumburi Sangayakura

Lawanti ward A Government day

Mundulmari Old Gamboru A

Zannari Gomboru Dina

Bakin Kasuwa

Gamboru B Malumburi

Bakin Kasuwa

Hausari

Gamboru C Shehuri

Tunokalia Ngala

Gwoza Gwoza Wakane / Bulabulin Gwoza R.E.B. Behind Bank

Wakane Sabon Gari

Bulabulin T.C

Low Cost Tashan Damboa

Works Area Wakani Bypass

Gavisga Aribi

Bayan Bank

Gwoza Town Gadamayo Gwoza Town Sabon Gari

Gadamayo T.C

Tashan Damboa

Bite / Izge Bita

Bukutu

Komda

Guduf Nagadiyo Gwoza Town

T.C

Pulka / Bokko Pulka Majune

Boko Wizhe Baking Dam

Wesha

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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METHODOLOGY

With the affected population dispersed over a wide geographic area and residing in a variety of

accommodation types, it was vital to choose a methodology and sampling strategy that could provide a

baseline of useful information at both an operational and a programmatic level. The sample to be

representative of 24,694 households would have been too large to cover and collecting a useful and

representative sample in each of these LGAs would have required an immense logistical and financial

operation which raised practical concern.

In response, the sample size of 1,000 households was determined based on the human resource available

for conducting the assessment as well as the time available for the purpose.

The 3 LGAs in Borno (4 locations) were selected based on the number of returnees, perceived level of

damage that households have experienced to their houses and property and accessibility.

The total population of the 4 locations were gathered from the most updated Displacement Tracking

Matrix (DTM Round XVI) of the time. The combined population of IDPs and Returnees was considered for

calculating the sample size per LGA and the households numbers to be assessed were spread out

proportionately, meaning the sample size was proportionate to the number of returnees and IDPs. The

following table gives the breakdown:

No LGA/LOCATION Returnee IDP Total Percentage No of HH assessed

1 Dikwa 3,226 3,453 6,679 27.05 270

2 Ngala 5,252 980 6,232 25.24 253

3 Gwoza 1,821 6,821 8,642 35.00 350

4 Pulka 480 2,661 3,141 12.72 127

TOTAL = 24,694 100.00 1000

However, during the assessment, the total number finally assessed was 982 HHs as described in the chart

above.

The assessment questionnaire was designed to collect quantitative data, with a few open-ended questions

and observational questions to complement with qualitative information. The questionnaire was

developed based on the draft questionnaire shared by the Shelter/CCCM/DMS Working Group and

adding questions to collect more information as well as making some changes to contextualize the tool.

A total of 8 IOM Staff took part in the data collection. The staff was deployed in 4 teams each consisting

two members to cover the 4 locations. Their selection was done based on communication skills, familiarity

with the locations, language compatibility and ensuring gender balance.

The assessment was conducted through door-to-door visits and the respondents were selected randomly

from the worst affected Wards. Strict adherence to IOM’s Data Protection Principles was applied. IDPs

were informed about the purpose of the survey, its voluntary nature, confidentially and their willing

consent was taken to participate.

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS :

DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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HEAD OF HOUSEHOLDS

Out of the 982 HHs surveyed, only 13% were female-headed

households, while male-headed households were 87%.

17% of the assessed households were single-headed. However,

of the 164 households that were single-headed, an

overwhelming majority of 124 HHs (76%) was female-headed.

There was no child-headed household reported in the

assessment, although one head of household was an18 years

old female in Gwoza.

SEX AND AGE DISAGREGATED DATA (SADD)

The table shows the composition of HHs

disaggregated by gender and age. As

can be seen, the male: female ratio is

almost 50:50 for children between 1 to

5 years of age. The similar is true for

children between 6 to 12 years and

those between 13 to 18 years old.

There are less number of female

babies who are less than one year old.

A much higher proportion of female

members is noticed in the age group

between 19 to 39 years, while a

significantly higher proportion of male

members seen for the elderly over the

age of 60.

HOUSEHOLD SIZE

The average HH size received from the assessment sample is 9.25.

Male 87%

Female13%

MaleFemale

40

124

17%

83%

Single Headed HH Not single headed

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Male

Female

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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MARITAL STATUS

86% of the respondents were married, while a good 10% were widowed. The groups that were either

single or divorced were 2% each. The table illustrates the different marital status of the respondents by

gender. Of the respondents who reported being single, the ratio of male to female is almost 50:50.

Almost 98% of the married respondents were male. Of respondents who were divorced, a high female

percentage is noticed (86%). Similar trend is noticed for the widowed respondents, 86% of whom were

female.

REGISTRATION

38% of all the assessed HHs was biometrically registered by

IOM, while the majority comprising of 62% was not registered.

DISPLACEMENT PROFILE

In regards to the displacement profile of the assessed population, the overwhelming majority of the

assessed HHs, 94%, reported themselves to be returnees, while only close to 6% were IDPs.

Less than 1% of the assessed population was not displaced by the crisis. These 4 HHs were from Gwoza.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

Single

Married

Divorced

Widowed

Male

Female

Single 2%

Married 86%

Divorced 2%

Widowed 10%

38%

62%Yes

No

0 100 200 300 400

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Not displaced

Returnee

IDP

6%

94%

0%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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SPECIAL NEEDS

Various vulnerabilities have been reported by

the sample population. It is also important to

note that one household can report multiple

vulnerabilities, therefore the total reported in

the graph does not signify the total number

of respondents, rather the number of times

the vulnerabilities have been mentioned.

499 HHs indicated having lactating mothers

while 268 HHs had pregnant mothers.

Families that reported having members with

mental or physical disabilities were 50 in

number.

LENGTH OF STAY AT CURRENT LOCATION

The overwhelming majority of the assessed population had already been staying there for over a year

(79%). The second majority of 17% had been living for less than 1 year but more than 6 months. 3%

have been living there for less than 3 months. 11 families had been living there for less than 3 months, 10

of whom were in Ngala and 1 in Dikwa. The 3 families that had been living for less than even a month

were also from Ngala.

INTENTION TO STAY AT CURRENT LOCATION

Majority of the assessed households had no movement intentions for the long term. When asked about

whether they wanted to move from their current locations or stay, 82% of the respondents reported that

they were planning to stay over a year. Only 9% reported that they wanted stay over 6 months but less

than a year (Ngala and Dikwa). 8% were willing to stay for more than 3 months but not longer than 6

months, mostly from Dikwa. Only 1 family in Dikwa wanted to move within a month.

268

499

50

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Pregnant women Lactating mother Person withmental/physical

disability

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Less than 1 month

Between 1 to 3 months

Between 3 to 6 months

6 months to 1 year

Over 1 year

0%1%3%

17%

79%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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LIVELIHOODS

Farming is the source of livelihoods for almost over 3 quarter

of the population assessed (38%). This is followed by people

engaged in varying types of business and petty trades which

is the other type of livelihoods that stands out (33%).

29% of the households reported other kinds of livelihood

activities as their source of income, which by itself do not

make a significant percentage on its own. These include:

- tailoring,

- civil service,

- driving of vehicles including trucks,

- teaching,

- masonry and brick making/ laying,

- carpentry,

- being a pastor,

- Livestock rearing,

- humanitarian work,

- barber,

- veterinary,

- butchery,

- blacksmithing,

- living on pensions, etc.

Pulka and Ngala are dominated by farmers, while more variety is observed in Dikwa and Gwoza.

Only 2.74% of the HHs are involved with the construction trade, consisting of masons and carpenters,

which might be an indication of the level of support required in terms of labor and technical guidance

when it comes to rehabilitation and rebuilding.

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Less than 1 month

Between 1 to 3 months

Between 3 to 6 months

6 months to 1 year

Over 1 year

0%1%8%

9%

82%

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

Farming

Business/ Petty Trade

Others

Farming 38%

Business/ Petty Trade 29%

Others 33%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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As to the earning member of the family, 74% of the

families have their male members as the bread-winner

while in the case of only 12% of the families, the income

earner is female. 14% of the assessed families reported

having both female and male members as the livelihood

earner.

MONTHLY INCOME

223 HHs from the sample population did not provide information on their monthly income.

Among the rest, the vast majority of the households (41%) reported having a monthly income range

between 20,000 – 40,000 NGN before the insurgency, followed by 21% whose monthly income range

was below 20,000 NGN.

19% of the families used to have a monthly income of 40,000 – 75,000 NGN, while 10% had 75,000 –

100,000 NGN. An income above 100,000 NGN belonged to 9% of the assessed HHs.

While making comparisons between the monthly income

before and after the insurgency and how it has affected their

livelihoods, the overwhelming majority of 79% reported that it

was highly affected with a decrease of income of 50% and

over, while 20% reported that their incomes were slightly

affected. Only 1% of the assessed sample mentioned that the

crisis has not had any effect on their status of income. It is

clearly visible from the table above that Gwoza and Pulka are

the worst affected LGAs in terms of economic impact, followed

closely by Ngala. The impact on livelihoods for a large

population in Dikwa remains slightly affected.

8 0 2 3

108

255

57

147

102344

181

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

Not affected Slightly affected

Highly affected

21%

41%

19%

10% 9%

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA0-20,000 NGN

20,000-40,000 NGN

40,000 - 75,000 NGN

75,000 -100,000 NGN

Above 100,000 NGN

No answer

Male 74%

Female12%

Both14%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS :

HOUSING, LAND AND PROPERTY

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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PROPERTY OWNERSHIP

When asked about the status of ownership of the occupied houses, an overwhelming majority of 93%

had private ownership of their houses, while only 2% (20 HHs) reported having private co-ownership. 15

of the assessed HHs were staying as caretakers of the houses. 11% families were sharing with their

relatives. Similar trend is noticed in all the locations, with only Dikwa having a greater percentage of

different arrangements.

RENTAL AGREEMENTS

Only 10 HHs which is 1% of the assessed sample were paying rent. Out of these 10 HHs, 4 were from

Dikwa, 3 from Gwoza, 2 from Ngala, and 1 from Pulka.

As regards to the monthly rent paid by the HHs, the rent ranged from 1,000 NGN to 6,000 NGN.

918

20

15

10

11

3

6

Private Ownership

Private Co-ownership

Caretaker

Renting

Sharer

Occupying withouth concent

Others

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA Private Ownership

Private Co-ownership

Caretaker

Renting

Sharer

Occupying withouth concent

Others

0 1 2 3 4 5

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

Series1 4 1 3 2

1%

99%

Renting Not- renting

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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When asked concerning the type of rental agreement held by the families, 4 out of the 10 families

reported that they had a formal rental agreement, while 6 of the families reported having informal or

verbal agreements.

LAND OWNERSHIP

During the assessment, families were asked about

the documentations of their land ownership. 24%

of the respondents never had any documentation.

On the contrary, 35% said they had formal

documentation of the land ownership, majority of

them coming from Dikwa and Ngala, and

followed by Gwoza.

39% of the families said they had formal

documentation but the documents are not

available at the moment.

Of the 585 HHs that provided answers as to why

the documentation was not available, 50% said

the documentations were burnt during the

violence caused by the insurgencies while 29%

had lost them. Another important reason raised

by the families for not having documentation is

that there are no existing formal methods of

documenting land (2%). 9% mentioned that they

inherited the land from their ancestors and hence

did not receive or feel the need for any

documentation. 2% built houses on their farm-

lands and did not have documentation.

SHARED LIVING SPACE

In reply to whether the families were sharing the houses with others or not, overall majority of 61%

reported not sharing with any other families. 17% of the assessed HHs were sharing their accommodation

with relatives while 6% were sharing with friends and 16% with neighbors. In Pulka and Ngala, most of

the people reported not sharing accommodation. In Dikwa, majority of the people were sharing.

35%

24%

39%

2%

Yes No Not availabe Other

50%

9%2%

29%

2%8%

Burnt

Inherited

No formal method/ verbal

Lost

Farming land

0 100 200 300 400

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALASharing withNeighbours

Sharing with Friend

Shairng with relatives

Not sharing

Not sharing 61%Shairng

with relatives

17%

Sharing with

Friend6%

Sharing with

Neighbours16%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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CHANGE OF LIVING SPACE

When asked whether people were living in the same house after the insurgency as before or not, it was

found that 57% are living in the same house as they were before.

On the other hand, 43% reported changing their type of accommodation. The change of house is more

prominent in Gwoza and Pulka.

When the families who reported

not staying in the same house

were asked where they are

currently living, 207 reported

living in Traditional Houses (made

of mud brick / adobe), 134 were

living in Masonry Buildings

(bricks/ blocks). 44 families were

living in Emergency / Transitional

shelters built by humanitarian

agencies.

Self-made shelter with grass mats in Dikwa Traditional mud house in Pulka

57%

43%Same house asbefore

Not the samehouse

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA Traditional House(Adobe / Mud brick)

Masonry Building(Blocks/ bricks)

Emergency/ TransitionalShelter by an agency

In open / public space

Other

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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Masonry house in Ngala Makeshift shelter with salvaged materials in Dikwa

DISTANCE BETWEEN CURRENT AND ORIGINAL HOUSE

Of the families that reported not living

in the same house, majority (77%) had

their original house within walking

distance. However, 10% had their

houses in another ward, but not within

walking distance. 18 families had their

houses of origin in another ward in the

same LGA. 18 other families had houses

in a different LGA, while 19 had their

houses in a different state.

Distance DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

Nearby (within walking distance) 5 56 224 32

In the same ward (but not walking distance) 2 12 20 8

In the same LGA, but different Ward 1 0 7 10

In a different LGA, but within the state 0 0 0 18

In a different State 0 0 14 5

77%

10%

4%4%5%

Nearby (withinwalking distance)

In the same ward (butnot walking distance)

In the same LGA, butdifferent Ward

In a different LGA,but within the state

In a different State

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS:

HOUSING CONDITION

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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The composition of the houses the assessed households were living in were observed in terms of the

different components of the structure – 1) Floor, 2) Frame, 3) Wall and 4) Roof. This provides a good

idea of the materials that are frequently used in different locations and whether the houses are of a

temporary, semi-permanent or permanent nature.

1) FLOOR

Overall, compact mud and concrete are the two most commonly observed floor types, each comprising

41% and 52% of the assessment sample. On the contrary, 6% reported not having any floors. Compact

mud floors seems to be prominent in Dikwa, while concrete floors are more prominent in Pulka, Gwoza

and Ngala. In Pulka, a good 24% reported not having floor.

2) FRAME

The use of timber and concrete columns were seen as the most common items for the frames (30% each).

This is closely followed by the use of brick columns which is prevalent among 26% of the population. 8%

used poles for the frames. It can be safely derived form this that 56% of the houses are of a permanent

nature.

In Pulka, the use of timber is predominant, while in Gwoza the use of concrete columns are prominent

followed by the use of brick columns. Ngala and Dikwa has a combination of all types of materials for

framing purposes.

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

No floor

Compact Mud

Concrete

Other / No answer

6%

41%52%

1%

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Pole

Timber

Concrete Column

Brick Column

Other

8%

30%

30%

26%

6%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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3) WALL

When it comes to materials used for walls, the most commonly used materials were mud bricks and

cement blocks (39% each). The second majority (18%) used burnt bricks as wall material. 12 families

used grass and thatch as walling material followed by 6 families who used mats, traditionally known as

Zana. 6 families used bamboo/ reed for the walls. 10 families were found to be using plastic sheeting to

cover the walls. No body uses timber for the walls.

Burnt brick is the dominant material in Ngala, whereas in Gwoza half of the population uses cement

blocks and the other half uses mud bricks.

4) ROOF

Unsurprisingly, zinc sheets or corrugates iron sheets were observed to be the most commonly used roofing

material, used by 86% of the families interviewed.

Aluminum sheets were used by 7% of the assessed households. grass/ thatch by 4% and plastic sheet by

3%. The use of grass or thatch roofs are more prominent in parts of Pulka and Dikwa.

Aluminum sheets were used by 7% of the assessed households. grass/ thatch by 4% and plastic sheet by

3%.

The use of grass or thatch roofs are more prominent in parts of Pulka and Dikwa.

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Grass/Thatch

Iron/Zinc sheets

Plastic sheet

Aluminium roofing

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA Grass /Thatch

Mat (Zana)

Bamboo / reed

Timber

Mud brick / Mud

Burnt Brick

Cement block

Plastic Sheeting

1% 1%1%

0%

39%

18%

39%

1%

4%

86%

3%

7%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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TOTAL NUMBER OF ROOMS

When looking at the total number of

rooms present in the house or shared

compound, it was found that the majority

(33%) had between 4 to 5 rooms, with

the second highest majority (32%) having

2-3 rooms. 29% of the families had 6-10

rooms, while 6% had over 10 rooms.

TOTAL LAND AREA

Unfortunately the data for the total

land area for Gwoza and Pulka were

not usable. However, for Ngala and

Dikwa, a good number of families live

in large compounds with a total land

area of the household compound

being over 100 square meters. The

second highest percentage of the

population live in compounds that are

between 51 to 100 square meters.

32%

33%

29%

6%

2 to 3

4 to 5

6 to 10

Over 10

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

DIKWA NGALA

Over 100

From 51 to 100

From 31 to 50

30 or less

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS:

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

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It was found that 98.7% of all houses assessed went through various levels of damage due to the violence

during the insurgencies. Only a few households (7 from Ngala, 1 from Dikwa and 1 from Gwoza)

reported that their houses did not suffer any damage.

LEVEL OF DAMAGE

To assess the level of damage and the detailed nature of it, the different types were damages were put

into the following 4 categories:

CATEGORY 1 CATEGORY 2

Light damage (Livable) Medium or light damage

(Needs minimum repair, but livable)

- Bullet holes on the external walls but not

penetrated inside

- Damage to glass or locks on windows and

doors

- Light fire damage evident

- Hairline cracks in very few walls. Fall of small

pieces of plaster only

- Fall of loose stones from upper wall in very few

cases

- Bullet holes penetrated walls

- Doors and/or windows need to be replaced

- Toilets and wash areas unusable

- Damage to brick work or wall 10%

- Damage to flooring and plastering 10%

- Fire damage evident

- Cracks in many walls

- Rafters exiting but roofing sheet partially

uprooted

CATEGORY 3 CATEGORY 4

Medium-heavy damages – Repair need before being

usable for living

Heavy/ completely damaged – To rebuild

- Damage to brick work or wall 25%

- Damage to flooring and plastering around

25%

- Significant fire damage evident

- Any structural damage

- Large and extensive cracks in most walls

- Rafters exiting but without roofing sheet

- Partially or completely collapsed roof (no

rafters/ no sheet/ or collapsed concrete slab

roof)

- Severe damage to flooring/ walls (50% or

more)

From the assessed households, the majority fell under Category 4 of heavy or complete damage.

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 23

CATEGORY 1

Chart showing frequency of different type of

damage under category 1

Light fire damage, fall of small pieces of plaster

only, Ngala

CATEGORY 2

24%

19%

28%

14%

15%

Bullet holes on theexternal walls butnot penetratedinside

Damage to glass orlocks on windowsand doors

Light fire damageevident

0 50 100 150 200 250

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Fall of loose stones from upper wall invery few cases

Hairline cracks in very few walls. Fallof small pieces of plaster only

Light fire damage evident

Damage to glass or locks on windowsand doors

Bullet holes on the external walls butnot penetrated inside

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 24

Chart showing frequency of different type of

damage under category 2

Rafters existing but roofing sheet partially

uprooted, Gwoza

CATEGORY 3

7%

15%

13%

13%12%

19%

15%

6%

Bullet holespenetrated walls

Doors and/orwindows need tobe replaced

Toilets and washareas unusable

Damage to brickwork or wall 10%

0 50 100 150 200 250

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALARafters exiting but roofing sheetpartially uprooted

Cracks in many walls

Fire damage evident

Damage to flooring and plastering10%

Damage to brick work or wall 10%

Toilets and wash areas unusable

Doors and/or windows need to bereplaced

Bullet holes penetrated walls

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 25

Chart showing frequency of different type of

damage under category 3

Failure of structural elements, large and extensive

cracks, Dikwa

CATEGORY 4

20%

18%

23%

15%

16%

8%

Damage to brickwork or wall 25%

Damage to flooringand plasteringaround 25%

Significant firedamage evident

Any structuraldamage

0 50 100 150 200 250

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Rafters exiting but without roofingsheet

Large and extensive cracks in mostwalls

Any structural damage

Significant fire damage evident

Damage to flooring and plasteringaround 25%

Damage to brick work or wall 25%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 26

Chart showing frequency of different type of

damage under category 4

Completely damaged roof, serious failure of

walls; Partial structure failure, Gwoza

The chart below shows how many times one particular type has been reported. The highest type of

damage reported is partially or completely collapsed roof and severe damage to floors and walls (over

20%

18%

23%

15%

16%

8%

Damage to brickwork or wall 25%

Damage to flooringand plasteringaround 25%

Significant firedamage evident

Any structuraldamage

0 100 200 300 400

GOMBI

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Partially or completely collapsed roof(no rafters/ no sheet/ or collapsedconcrete slab roof ) Severe damage toflooring/ walls (50% or more )

Severe damage to flooring/ walls(50% or more )

Severe damage to flooring/ walls(50% or more )

Partially or completely collapsed roof

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 27

50%). The second most is significant fire damage. This is followed by severe damage to flooring (50% or

more), other evident fire damages and 10% damage to brickwork or wall. Other significant damages

are damage to glass/ locks/ windows / doors, visible hairline cracks, unusable toilets and showers, 10%

damage to floor and plastering and structural damages.

ROOF DAMAGE

82% of all interviewed families had their roof damaged

to varying degrees.

In Gwoza, all the houses had their roof damaged, while in

Pulka and Ngala only a small portion of houses did not

have their roof damaged.

In Dikwa, 60% of the households reported that they did

not have any roof damage.

Among the affected houses, 88% had encountered a damage of over 50% of the total roof surface, 9%

experiencing less than 50% damage and only 3% with less than 25% damage.

220

113

180

40

201

52

97

101

155

175

184

222

159

151

151

152

162

201

151

214

107

51

15

30

45

41

3

15

46

14

36

32

34

51

0

46

35

25

9

51

6

75

85

20

67

138

108

10

10

151

152

76

81

209

71

3

89

97

220

82

63

5

119

232

349

96

72

54

16

7

96

77

60

62

26

52

28

5

113

87

83

53

7

10

90

81

150

Bullet holes on the external walls but not penetrated inside

Damage to glass or locks on windows and doors

Light fire damage evident

Hairline cracks in very few walls. Fall of small pieces of plaster only

Fall of loose stones from upper wall in very few cases

Bullet holes penetrated walls

Doors and/or windows need to be replaced

Toilets and wash areas unusable

Damage to brick work or wall 10%

Damage to flooring and plastering 10%

Fire damage evident

Cracks in many walls

Rafters exiting but roofing sheet partially uprooted

Damage to brick work or wall 25%

Damage to flooring and plastering around 25%

Significant fire damage evident

Any structural damage

Large and extensive cracks in most walls

Rafters exiting but without roofing sheet

Partially or completely collapsed roof

Severe damage to flooring/ walls (50% or more )

Both partially damaged roof and walls

Partially or completely collapsed roof / Severe damage to flooring/ walls (50%…

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

Roof damage

d 82%

No roof damage

18%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 28

NO OF CURRENTLY HABITABLE ROOMS

When compared with now as to the number of currently habitable rooms, 43% which is the majority

reported having no habitable room, while on the contrary 19% reported having at least one habitable

room and the same percentage had 2 habitable rooms. 8% had 3 habitable rooms. Gwoza and Ngala

turned out to have most families who did not have at least one habitable room.

PRESENCE OF LATRINES

Access to sanitation facilities was also an

important consideration for the assessment.

Majority (81%) had access to functioning

private toilets, a small percentage of 19% did

not have a functioning latrine in the homestead.

The situation looks better in Dikwa, while similar

in Gwoza, Pulka and Ngala.

3%9%

88%

< 25% >25% <50% >50%

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

No roof damage

Roof damaged

43%

19%

19%

8%

5%

2%

4%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

NGALA

GWOZA

PULKA

DIKWA

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Yes

No

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 29

PRESENCE OF KITHCENS

The presence of a proper functioning

kitchen was more of an issue than that

of latrines. Almost half of the assessed

HHs did not have a functioning kitchen

(47%). 60% of families in Dikwa did

not have a kitchen, while the

percentage is 50 in both Pulka and

Gwoza. In Ngala 30% does not have a

kitchen.

AVAILABLE RECOURCES FOR REHABILITATION

Apart from land (63%), the other important material families have in possession for rehabilitation is

bricks and blocks (11%) and roofing materials (6%) and timber (6%).

5 families reported having nothing.

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Yes

No

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

Nothing

Roofing materials(Zinc / AL sheet)

Wall materials(Bricks/ blocks)

Joinery

Timber

Tools

Cement

63%

6%

3%

6%

5%11%

6%

0%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 30

FINDINGS AND ANALYSIS :

ACCESS TO OTHER SERVICES

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 31

DRINKING WATER

Majority of the population interviewed in this assessment (71%) get the water for drinking purposes from

boreholes or hand pumps, while 24% use wells. However, people do not use river water for drinking.

WATER FOR DOMESTIC USE

When it comes to the source of water for domestic use, majority use boreholes / hand-pumps as well,

followed closely by wells.

In Gwoza majority of the families use wells, while in all the other locations borehole/ hand-pumps are the

major source of water.

DISTANCE FROM WATER SOURCE

The distance from the source of water did not seem to be an issue from the survey results. The majority

(29%) said they could access the water source in less than 5 minutes, Only 21% reported having to spend

more than half an hour to access water. In Dikwa, the majority of the families had to spend more than

half an hour to access water, while in Ngala the majority required over 20 minutes but below 30 minutes.

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Borehole / Handpump

Well

Stream

River

Other

0% 50% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Borehole / Handpump

Damn

River

Well

Others 71%

0%0%

24%

5%

71%

23%

0%0%6%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 32

HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCE

When asked if they have received any assistance from humanitarian agencies so far, 53% reported

having received some form of assistance. The percentage was highest in Dikwa (82%). For Ngala, Gwoza

and Pulka was less than half of the population who had received humanitarian assistance. The types of

assistance received are food items and cash from WFP, Government and Mercy Corps.

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

Yes 227 52 163 85

No 44 75 188 156

WFP and Mercy Corps (food)

WFP Food Item, cash, by WFP and Government

Food Item, by WFP and SIF

29%

10%

18%

22%

21%5 mins or less

6 to 10 mins

11 to 20 mins

21 to 30 mins

Over 30 mins

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

53%

47%

Yes No

0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Yes

No

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 33

MARKETS

An overall majority of 93% reported having a functional market nearby. The parts that did not have

access to market belong mostly to Gwoza, while all families in Pulka reported having markets around.

Majority of the families reported going to the market by foot (45%). Bicycles are the second most used

(26%) followed by Kekes (three wheelers, 15%). 2% reported using donkeys (in Ngala and Pulka).

77% of the families reported that they could access the market in less than hour, while for 11% it takes

hours and for 12% it may even take up to days (reported in Dikwa).

75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100%

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Yes

No

93%

7%

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

By foot

By Keke

By trucks/ cars /pick-ups

By bicycle

By motorcycle

45%

15%2%

26%

8%4%

0 100 200 300

DIKWA

PULKA

GWOZA

NGALA

Days

Hours

Less than an hour 77%

11%

12%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 34

AVAILABILITY OF CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

Of the HHs that reported having access to markets, only 590 said that construction materials were

available at the market, which is 60% of the sample size. The below table shows the type of construction

materials reported to be available by LGAs, as well as the number and percentage of HHs having access

to markets with construction materials. Gwoza reported the lowest number of construction material

available, followed by Ngala, both of which are less than 50%.

DIKWA PULKA GWOZA NGALA

HHs reporting availability 235 126 112 117

Percentage reporting availability 89.30% 99.20% 31.90% 48.50%

Type of construction material avaialble Timber Timber Timber Timber

Zinc Sheet

Zinc Sheet

Zinc Sheet

Zinc Sheet

Cement Cement Cement Cement

Nails Nails Nails Nails

Blocks Blocks Blocks

Paint Iron bars Paint

Tools Tools

AVAILABILITY OF SKILLED/ SEMI-SKILLED LABOUR

76.9%of the respondents confirmed that there were masons and carpenters available in the community in

various degrees.

The most commonly cited daily rate for masons were 2,500 NGN per day, while the second most

frequently cited was 2,000 NGN. For carpenters, the most cited daily rate was 2,000 NGN, followed by

the second most which was 3,000 NGN.

The following tables show the different rates reported in different LGAs for both masons and carpenters.

It is evident from the table that the rates in Pulka and Ngala are on the lower side, Dikwa in the middle

range and Gwoza on the higher range.

MASON

Daily Rate Times mentioned Areas/ LGAs

500 3 Pulka

800 7 Pulka Ngala

900 10 Ngala

950 11 Ngala

1,000 40 Pulka Ngala

1,500 36 Pulka Ngala Dikwa

1,800 16 Dikwa

2,000 134 Pulka Ngala Dikwa

2,500 329 Pulka Ngala Dikwa Gwoza

3,000 84 Pulka Gwoza

3,500 63 Gwoza

4,000 10 Gwoza

4,500 1 Gwoza

5,000 1 Gwoza

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 35

CARPENTER

Daily Rate Times mentioned Areas/ LGAs

800 5 Pulka

900 3 Ngala

1,000 60 Pulka Ngala

1,500 62 Pulka Ngala Dikwa

1,800 132 Dikwa

2,000 191 Pulka Ngala Dikwa Gwoza

2,500 127 Pulka Ngala Gwoza

3,000 134 Pulka Ngala Gwoza

3,500 8 Gwoza

4,000 10 Gwoza

4,500 4 Gwoza

5,000 1 Gwoza

AVAILABILITY OF FINANCIAL SERVICE PROVIDERS

None of the respondents reported having any financial service providers in the assessed areas.

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 36

RECOMMENDATIONS

AND COMPARISON WITH ADAMAWA

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 37

Recommendations

The rehabilitation of a house, either entire or partial, represents a significant step in terms of assisting

conflict-affected families overcome the trauma associated to a conflict. Perceived with a protection role,

durable shelter solutions is a key element which influences an affected family’s choices for long term or

permanent stay. Minimum adequate standards can enable families to focus on other areas of rebuilding

their lives. Furthermore, taking one step towards achieving durable shelter solutions promote the

involvement of the community and accelerate the process of recovery.

Although majority of the respondents from this assessment reported receiving some sort of humanitarian

assistance, no shelter assistance was mentioned, highlighting the huge gap in shelter intervention in return

areas. Since the overwhelming majority of the population intends to stay at their current houses for long

term, more emphasis needs to be put on providing durable shelter solutions in the coming year.

TYPE OF INTERVENTION:

- For more durable solutions, the two methods that are being used by humanitarian agencies in

other areas are: a) Rental Subsidy, and b) Transitional shelter kit with cash grant

- A very small portion of the total affected population is renting accommodation which is again

confined to certain areas, mostly urban / peri-urban (in the scope of this assessment, only 1%).

While support with rental subsidy is important, a much broader focus should be oriented towards

the rehabilitation of the existing damaged houses.

- The transitional shelter kit of the Shelter Working Group

(https://www.sheltercluster.org/nigeria/documents/nigeria-transitional-shelter-kit-contents) is

considered a potential response to these kind of rehabilitation works to be carried out, containing

CGI sheets, plain GI sheets, different sizes of timber and nails and an assortment of tools, to be

supplemented by a cash grant. This can be a good start for basic repair.

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 38

THINGS TO CONSIDER FOR REHABILITATION:

For the rehabilitation works, the following should be the priority:

- 1) When going towards the path of more durable solutions, Roof Construction should be

prioritized. The absence of a roof results in quicker decay and destruction of the remaining

structure. Following the fulfilment of this primary condition, the building should then be retrofitted

to the structure to ensure appropriate safety of inhabitants.

- 2) Care has to be taken so that at least One Core Room or Two Core Rooms of the living area

is properly enclosed and covered. This might include partial retrofitting of the walls, partial

masonry reconstruction, plastering parts of walls / floors, installing doors and windows, etc. These

rooms should provide appropriate space according to the composition of the core family.

- The package does not allow for major rehabilitation but enables repairing partial elements of

heavily damaged houses, especially considering the fact that majority of the families live in

compounds that contain many rooms. However, the initial repairs enables families to live within the

enclosed areas of the homes despite other damages to the structure. This allows families to carry

out further repairs in the future of the remaining area, according to their socio-economic position

and at the time most suited to their recovery process.

- Thorough and detailed market assessment and assessment of financial service providers need

to be conducted before intervening with any Cash Based Intervention to the affected community.

The presence of Financial Service Providers is non existing in the assessed wards of the target

LGAs with no body reporting access to any FSP. The presence of markets is more prevalent (93%

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 39

reporting access to market), however with varying degrees of construction material availability,

which has a direct impact on the rehabilitation efforts.

- Only 2.74% of the population is involved in the construction industry (either as a carpenter

or a mason), indicating that the huge majority of the affected families will need to employ skilled

/ semi-skilled labor for carrying out rehabilitation works. This implies a portion of the cash grant

will be used for this purpose. In addition, there are families with different vulnerabilities, who

might need additional support in terms of labor. This also indicates the level of technical support

needed.

- The daily rate for skilled labor varies in the different LGAs and wards, which needs to be kept in

consideration, along with the fact that the price of construction materials also vary widely (for

example, the cost of a bag of 50 kg cement is 700 NGN in Maiduguri compared to 3,500 NGN

in Pulka).

- HLP issues does not come across as a hindrance, at least from the findings of this assessment and

in the assessed areas, as majority of the houses are inhabited by the owners. The houses are also

mostly under private ownership. While more than a quarter possess documents related to

ownership, majority do not due to the various reasons but mostly due to the fact that a formal

documentation process is not in place and verbal acknowledgement / inheritance is the standard

procedure for establishing ownership of properties. In case the resident cannot provide with a

formal document, approval from the community leader and representatives of the community in a

written form should suffice for proof of ownership in this context.

- Discussions need to be initiated based on further assessments carried out after piloting the

transitional shelter kit as to the contents of the in-kind package as well as the amount for cash

grant. For example, since majority of the houses in the assessed areas are either mud houses or

mud-brick houses, brick making molds can be part of the in-kind package, with training as a

complementary guide. Also, the cash grant can be customized according to LGAs depending on

the price of construction materials.

- Different packages for Borno and Adamawa should be recommended after piloting the sector

recommended package.

- Efforts should be made to synergize shelter response with other sectors in order to ensure that

the conditions for long-term stay are in place. Rehabilitating houses alone does not guarantee

adequate standards for returning life to normal if other parameters are not in place for

maintaining one’s livelihoods, health, education, etc.

IOM Shelter Needs Assessment in Return Areas: BORNO State

Page 40

MAJOR DIFFERENCES – BORNO AND ADAMAWA:

Major differences noticed in Borno in comparison with Adamawa that are relevant for rehabilitation

efforts:

- The average household size in the assessed areas of Borno turned out to be higher than that of

Adamawa (9.25 against 8.81)

- The percentage of IDPs in Borno turned out to be slightly higher (6%) than that in Adamawa (5%).

- When it comes to the length of stay at current location and the intention to stay, the people who

have stayed for less than a year and wants to stay less than a year is higher in Borno than

Adamawa

- The percentage of population engaged in construction trade in Borno (2.74%) is higher than that

in Adamawa (1%).

- Effect on livelihoods is more noticeable in Borno. Number of families whose livelihoods were highly

affected by the crisis in Borno (79%) is higher than in Adamawa (52%)

- There are less people renting in Borno (1%) than in Adamawa (4%).

- 9% of the assessed families in Adamawa were not living in the same house, while in Borno 43 %

of the families were not living in the same houses.

- Composition of Typical Houses –

-

Item Borno Adamawa Remarks

Floor Concrete and

Compact Mud

Concrete and

Compact Mud

High percentage of no floors noticed in

Adamawa (31%), while in Borno it was

only 6%

Frame Timber and

Concrete Column

Timber Use of concrete columns more prevalent

in the assessed areas of Borno

Wall Cement blocks and

Mud Bricks

Mud brick Use of cement blocks more prevalent in

the assessed areas of Borno

Roof Iron/ Zinc Sheets Iron/ Zinc Sheets

- Damage categories – almost all houses in Borno turned out to be category 4

- Roof damage – 57% have over 50% damaged roof in Adamawa while in Borno 88% have more

than half of their roof uprooted

- No habitable rooms – in Adamawa (24%) reported having no habitable rooms currently while in

Borno the percentage is high, 43%

- Humanitarian assistance – 41% in Adamawa reported receiving some form of assistance

compared to 53% in Borno

- Access to markets – in Adamawa (96%) while in Borno (93%)

- Availability of skilled labours – 83% in Adamawa and in Borno 76.9%

- There are no financial service providers in the assessed areas in Borno whereas in Adamawa

22% reported having access to FSPs.