IOF Sprint Map SeminarRiga, 11th/12th March 2016

Sprint Clinic Riga

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Day 1

18:00 - 18:30 Introduction Thomas Gloor

18:30- 19:15 Presentation - how to draw maps? Thomas Gloor

19:15 – 21:00 Correct usage of ISSOM 2007 symbols (discussion + presentation)

Thomas Gloor

21:00 – 21:30 Discussion Thomas Gloor

Sprint Clinic Riga

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8:30 – 10:00

Day 2

Analyzing Latvia sprint maps/WOC experience

Thomas Gloor

10:00 – 11:00 Coffee Break Thomas Gloor

10:15 – 11:00 Preparing for practical work Thomas Gloor

11:00 – 13:30 Practical work outside Thomas Gloor

13:30 – 14:15 Lunch

14:15 – 16:00 Analysis of drawn material Thomas Gloor

16:00 – 17:00 Discussion and closing of seminar Thomas Gloor

IntroductionRiga, 11th/12th March 2016

Background Thomas Gloor• Draftsman in Surveying• Several O-Map Projects in USA and Switzerland as mapper• Assistant at the Institute of Cartography ETH Zürich 1998-

2002• Member of Swiss Orienteering Map Commission since 1995

(Mapping Adviser)• Member of IOF Map Commission since 2000• Project leader for ISSOM (2002 to 2007)• Map Adviser for WOC 2010 (France) and WOC 2011

(Switzerland) and several Word Cup Finals (Sprint Maps)

What is sprint orienteering?Sprint orienteering is a fast, visible, easy-to-understand format, allowing orienteering to be staged within areas of significant population. The sprint profile is high speed. Sprint is built on very high speed running in very runnable parks, streets or forests. The winning time, for both women and men, shall be 12-15 minutes [ISSOM 2007]

Personal remark: Can anybody run in a forest in high speed?

International Sprint Specification (ISSOM)• Map must be easy to read at fast running speed• It should be possible to relocation instantaneously (legibility)• Barriers are forbidden to cross• The main ‘running’ level of multilevel structures should be

represented• Intensive collaboration between course planner, mapmaker, event

or/and map adviser

Choosing an attractive area• No traffic or it must be possible to keep it off!• Now crowded areas (pedestrian)• Park areas, down town, narrow streets, simple under- and overpasses

(with two levels)• Ownership and permission issues (private areas, botanical gardens,

etc.)Avoid multi-level constructions Cartography can represent only 2 levels (simple under- und underpasses)

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LandownersTalk to landowners about:• when you can use area• restrictions on access to parts of area• Closed/Open doors, gates, passages, etc.• Evaluate planned new constructions

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Make attractive courses (Course Setting)• Short and long legs• Change directions often and sharp

Avoid tricky controls to provoke searching and unfair action by the competitors. The goal is to find the fastest way between controls and not finding the control flag itself!

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How to draw maps? Riga, 11th/12th March 2016

Scale for Sprint Maps• Running time 12 - 15 min. 2,0 – 4 km ≈ max. 2.5 km2

• 1: 4 000 or 1: 5 000, no other scales!• 2 or 2,5 m contour interval• Size of the symbols are the same

for both scales (no enlargement!)

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Base map• Vector data (DXF, SHP, OpenStreetMap) Check national survey

authorities• Up to date (georeferenced) aerial photos GoogleMap• LiDAR data for contours Check national survey authorities• Paper base map in scale from 1: 2’500 to 1: 5’000 Scan and do

rubber sheeting Try to draw as much as possible at home!

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Field Checking• Start field checking only, if you know the concept of the courses• If the base map is good enough, pacing and bearings are not

necessary / using GPS in narrow street is difficult• Expect some questions from passers-by be polite• An urban map will need to be updated shortly before competition

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Generalization• A map with few well chosen features will give a much better map

than a map cluttered with many insignificant features. Eduard Imhof (Famous Swiss Cartographer)

• Features that are not important for a competitor taking part in a sprint orienteering event should not be mapped. Examples of this are waste baskets, fire hydrants, parking meters and individual street lights [ISSOM 2007]

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Generalization

16City of Basel, 2003, Switzerland

Map Drawing• Drawing urban maps are very time consuming: 1 hour of field

checking 2 hours of drawing• Try not to overlap area symbols (pavement, open land, etc.)

Topological correct (point, edge, areas)• Changing things takes significantly more time than drawing from

scratch• Check pre-printed map against the fieldwork after each drawing

session, then make corrections

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Legibility - GapsImporting digital vector data narrow streets are to narrow between buildings > 0.4 mm

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Legibility - Limits of visual perceptionResolution of the eye 138-336 dpi ≈ 318 dpiIf good contrast between map symbols and background is present, the human eye can:• Recognize a fine black line of 0.04 mm thickness at a normal reading

distance of 30cm• Recognize an isolated point of approx. 0.1 mm in diameter• Recognize an interval space of approx. 0.15 mm

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Legibility – Limits of visual perception

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Min. Viewlenght in a age of

Min

. Visu

al R

ange

in c

m

Age in Years

25 %

Follow minimum dimensions

Legibility – Limits of visual perception

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Min. Viewlenght in a age of

Min

. Visu

al R

ange

in c

m

Age in Years

100%

50 %

25 %

Follow minimum dimensions

Correct usage of ISSOM 2007 symbols

Excursus: Aim of Contour Lines ? Represent the terrain in a 3D-modell (Pseudo 3D effect):• Hachure• Relief shading• Contour lines and relief shading • Contour lines Solution

for Orienteering maps

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Excursus: Aim of Contour Lines ? Represent the terrain in a 3D-modell (Pseudo 3D effect):• Hachure• Relief shading• Contour lines and relief shading • Contour lines Solution

for Orienteering maps

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Excursus : Aim of Contour Lines ? Represent the terrain in a 3D-modell (Pseudo 3D effect):• An individual contour line does not state much. Only a number of

adjacent contour lines show form an structure • Interrelationships between adjacent contour lines among themselves

have to be observed. Enlarge the map scale, the contour line interval has to adopted as well. The reduction of contour line interval does not follow in linear way

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Excursus : Aim of Contour Lines ? Contour lines interval depends on• Scale • Line width of contour lines • Steepest slop in the terrain

Logarithm function

25Fig. Eduard Imhof, Cartographic Relief Shading, 1965

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1: 15 000 / 5m

271: 10 000 / 5 m

281: 10 000 / 2.5m

Correct usage of ISSOM 2007 symbols ?

Riga, 11th/12th March 2016

Contour Lines for Sprint Maps • Contour line interval 2 m or 2.5 m (not 5 m!)• Very flat terrain consider for 1 m• Consider to avoid index contour lines in flat terrains• Contour lines running trough buildings to order to improve 3D effect• Cut contour lines off, when they running trough openings, stairs,

passable wall, etc.

Take care about the contour lines you are a cartographer!

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Contour Lines

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Contour lines running trough buildings to improve 3D effect

ETH Hönggerberg Campus 2012, Switzerland

Contour LinesWhere does rainwater run down?

32ETH Hönggerberg Campus 2012, Switzerland

Contour LinesWhere does rainwater run down?

33Aix-les-Bains, WOC 2011

Contour LinesPlace contour lines, where they not disturb map reading!

34Neue Welt, WC Final 2014, Switzerland

Contour LinesPlace contour lines, where they not disturb map reading!

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Rock and Boulders• Differentiate rock from walls by using the tags

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Water and Marsh• Impassable and passable water

37Neue Welt, WC Final 2014, Switzerland

Vegetation• Impassable vegetation

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• Use only 60% green for passable hedges

• Use 100% green and 50% black for impassable hedges

• Do not use 30% and 100% green black for hedges

Neue Welt, WC Final 2014, Switzerland

Paved Areas vs. Unpaved Areas• A paved area is an area with a firm level surfaces such as asphalt,

hard gravel, tiles, concrete or the like those types will not be differentiated, only the borderline

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Paved Areas vs. Unpaved Areas• An unpaved footpath or rough vehicle track is a way for passing

mainly by foot, without a smooth, hard surface reduced runability

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Small Unpaved Footpath or Track• Not to be used in urban areas

41Neue Welt, WC Final 2014, Switzerland

Bridge (simple)• Cut off neighbouring lines to bridges (legibility) recognizing the bridge symbol

42Neue Welt, WC Final 2014, Switzerland

Bridge and Overpasses (complex)• Only two simple levels can be represented properly• End tag of the bridge symbol should fit together

43Neue Welt, WC Final 2014, Switzerland

Railway / Tramway• Replace Railway to Tramway, to emphasize the passage (legibility)

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Railway / Tramway• Mostly used in down town!

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Step / Sidewalk• Optical differences, edge of sidewalk and Step same symbol

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Passable wall

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Passable wall

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Impassable wall

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Passable Fence

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Impassable Fence

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Barriers that are forbidden to crossFeatures that are represented on the map as impassable,independently of their effective passability, shall not be crossed. Competitors who do not obey this rule … must be disqualified.Crossing is not permitted because:• Impossible to cross• Unsafe to cross• Forbidden by the organiser. This is often due to the law or by

decisions of the landowner or other interested parties.

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Buildings• Dominant outstanding house front we be shown

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Buildings• Generalize Buildings

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Buildings• Significant height differences within houses will be shown

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Canopies

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Canopies

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Prominent point features• Prominent “trees, small trees, bushes”; • Or X, O:

• “A … feature which is significant or prominent” that you choose; and • define “The definition of the symbol shall always be given in the map

legend.”• Point features on sprint maps should:

• be few in number (unless other features are lacking);• definable;• consistently prominent.

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Multilevel structures• “The cartographic representation of more than one level is in general

impossible.”• You only have one sheet of paper!

• “Hence only the main ‘running’ level should be represented on the map.”

• “However, underground passages (e.g. underpasses, lighted tunnels) or overpasses (e.g. bridges), which are important for the competitors should be represented on the map.”

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Questions?

Thank You!