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Invitation to comment on nominations to list four NSW orchid species as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity

Conservation Act 1999:

Caladenia porphyrea (magenta orchid) Corunastylis sp. Charmhaven (NSW896673) (Wyong midge orchid 2)

Corunastylis insignis (Wyong midge-orchid 1) Thelymitra adorata (Wyong sun orchid)

You are invited to provide your views about:

1) whether the orchid species listed above are eligible to be listed as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) and your reasons supporting those views; and

2) the necessary conservation actions for the above species.

Nominations to list native species as threatened under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) are received annually by the Australian Government Department of the Environment. Any person may nominate a species for listing under the EPBC Act. The Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) undertakes assessments of these nominations to determine a species’ eligibility for listing and provides its advice to the Australian Government Minister for the Environment.

The views of experts, stakeholders and the general public are welcome. Your comment on these listing assessments will assist the Committee with its assessment of whether these species are eligible for inclusion in the EPBC Act list of threatened species.

Draft information for your consideration of the eligibility of these species for listing starts at page 3 and information associated with potential conservation actions for these species starts at page 19. To assist with the Committee’s assessment, the Committee has identified a series of specific questions on which it seeks your guidance at page 21.

Responses can be provided in writing either by email to: species.consultation@environment.gov.au

or by mail to:

The Director Terrestrial Species Conservation Section Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division Department of the Environment PO Box 787 Canberra ACT 2601

Responses are required to be submitted by 31 January 2013.

Contents of this information package Page

General background information about listing threatened species 2

Information about this consultation process 2

Draft information about Caladenia porphyrea and its eligibility for listing 3

Draft information about Corunastylis insignis and its eligibility for listing 7

Draft information about Corunastylis sp. Charmhaven (NSW896673) and its eligibility for listing

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Draft information about Thelymitra adorata and its eligibility for listing 15

Conservation actions for all four species 19

Collective list of questions – your views 21

References cited 22

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General background information about listing threatened species

The Australian Government helps protect species at risk of extinction by listing them as threatened under Part 13 of the EPBC Act. Once listed under the EPBC Act, the species becomes a Matter of National Environmental Significance (MNES) and must be protected from significant impacts through the assessment and approval provisions of the EPBC Act. More information about threatened species is available on the department’s website at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/index.html.

The listing of species is driven by a public nomination process. Public nominations to list threatened species under the EPBC Act are received annually by the department. In order to determine if a species is eligible for listing as threatened under the EPBC Act, the Threatened Species Scientific Committee (the Committee) undertakes a rigorous scientific assessment of its status to determine if the species is eligible for listing against a set of criteria. These criteria are available on the Department’s website at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/pubs/guidelines-species.pdf.

As part of the assessment process, the Committee consults with the public and stakeholders to obtain specific details about the species, as well as advice on what conservation actions might be appropriate. Information provided through the consultation process is considered by the Committee in its assessment. The Committee provides its advice on the assessment (together with comments received) to the Minister regarding the eligibility of the species for listing and what conservation actions might be appropriate. The Minister decides to add, or not to add, the species to the list of threatened species under the EPBC Act. More detailed information about the listing process is at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/nominations.html.

To promote the recovery of listed threatened species and ecological communities, conservation advices and recovery plans are made or adopted in accordance with Part 13 of the EPBC Act. Conservation advices provide guidance at the time of listing on known threats and priority recovery actions that can be undertaken at a local and regional level. Recovery plans describe key threats and identify specific recovery actions that can be undertaken to enable recovery activities to occur within a planned and logical national framework. Information about recovery plans is available on the department’s website at: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/recovery.html.

Information about this consultation process

Responses to this consultation can be provided electronically or in hard copy to the contact addresses provided on Page 1. All responses received will be provided in full to the Committee and then to the Australian Government Minister for the Environment.

In providing comments, please provide references to published data where possible. Should the Committee use the information you provide in formulating its advice, the information will be attributed to you and referenced as a ‘personal communication’ unless you provide references or otherwise attribute this information. The final advice by the Committee will be published on the department’s website following the listing decision by the Minister.

Information provided through consultation may be subject to freedom of information legislation and court processes. It is also important to note that under the EPBC Act, the deliberations and recommendations of the Committee are confidential until the Minister has made a final decision on the nomination, unless otherwise determined by the Minister.

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Caladenia porphyrea (magenta orchid)

Background information about the species

Taxonomy

Conventionally accepted as Caladenia porphyrea (D.L. Jones)

Description

The magenta orchid is an endemic Australian orchid which grows singly or in small groups (NSW Scientific Committee, 2006). Its leaves are linear, 12–20 cm long and 3–5 mm wide, sparsely hairy (NSW OEH, 2006) and dark green in colour with a reddish base (NSW Scientific Committee, 2006). The flower stems are hairy and grow 15–35 mm high. The flowers, 30–40 mm in diameter, are solitary. The flowers are bright pink to purplish-pink in colour internally, occasionally white. Externally, the flower is greenish-white to brownish-purple in colour. The sepals and lateral petals are 1.3–2 cm long, and the outer surfaces have a narrow greenish-pink coloured stripe. The inner surfaces are pale to deep pink and are often strongly scented. The labellum is three-lobed, and pink in colour with reddish-purplish bands and a yellowish-orange tip (NSW OEH, 2006).

Distribution

The magenta orchid occurs within the Hunter-Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority in the Sydney Basin Bioregion. The species has been recorded from a number of localities, on both crown land and private land, within the Wyong Shire and Lake Macquarie Shire (south) on the NSW Central Coast. Both the species’ extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are estimated to be less than 50 km² (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013).

Cultural Significance

Not known.

Relevant Biology/Ecology

The magenta orchid grows in coastal sclerophyll forest on sandy soils. The species flowers from September to October (Jones, 2006; NSW OEH, 2006). The species is pollinated by a variety of insects including bees, flies and spiders. Seed dispersal is by wind and water. The estimated generation length of the species is approximately 12 months (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013).

Threats

There are a number of ongoing threats currently impacting upon the magenta orchid.

Weed invasion is a threat to orchids in the Wyong Shire. Weeds compete with orchids for light, moisture and nutrients (Waite and Farrell, 1998; Willems and Melser, 1998; Sosa and Platas, 1997; Warren, 1989). In the Wyong shire, competition from lantana (Lantana camara), bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera), whisky grass (Andropogon virginicus) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pose a threat to native orchids (Bell et al., 2005).

The clearance of habitat for urban and industrial development, and associated fragmentation of habitat, is a threat to the magenta orchid (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). Land clearance can have an impact both through the direct loss of populations, and through indirect impacts from clearance at adjacent areas such as a reduction in habitat for pollinating agents, genetic bottlenecks, edge effects and alteration to moisture regimes and nutrient levels (Cramer and Hobbs, 2002; King and Buckney, 2002).

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Rabbits are a threat due to the species grazing on the flowering plants as well as digging up tubers (Wyong Shire Council, 2000). Cattle, horses and macropods may eat the flowering plants of orchids. While grazing of flowering plants does not usually destroy the plant, it can prevent the plant from setting seed that season (Metcalfe, 1995).

Over-collection of tubers by both botanists for herbarium specimens and by gardeners for their personal collections is a potential threat to native orchids in the Wyong shire. Additional threats to the species include physical disturbance caused by the creation of tracks within bushland areas (which allows for the encroachment of weeds and the erosion and disturbance of soil); physical disturbance caused by motorbikes (damaging plants on the side of tracks) (NSW OEH, 2006; NSW Scientific Committee, 2006; nomination, 2013) and maintenance activities such as spraying herbicides or mowing at an inappropriate time of year (Branwhite. pers. comm., 2013). Inappropriate fire regimes also pose a threat to native orchids (Duncan, 2012).

Consideration of eligibility for listing as a threatened species

Criterion 1: Reduction in numbers (based on any of A1 – A4)

A1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 90%, severe 70%

substantial 50% size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following: (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or

parasites.

A2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 80%, severe 50%

substantial 30%size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

A3. A population size reduction very severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction very

severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

Evidence

The number of mature individuals is believed to have declined by a minimum of 40% between 1996 and 2012 (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). However, a decline of at least 30% has not been demonstrated over the timeframe relevant to this criterion (i.e. ‘over the last or next 10 years or three generations’ or ‘over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer, where the time period includes both the past and the future’).

Given the ongoing threats impacting upon the species (outlined in the threats section above) the species is suspected to have undergone a reduction in numbers, and is likely to undergo a further reduction in numbers. However, there are insufficient data available to quantitatively determine past or future rates of decline for the purposes of this criterion i.e. whether the reduction would be very severe, severe, substantial, or not substantial.

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Criterion 2: Geographic distribution (based on either of A1 or A2)

A1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be very restricted <100 km2, restricted <5000 km2 or limited < 20 000 km2

A2. Area of occupancy estimated to be very restricted <10 km2, restricted <500 km2 or limited <2000 km2

AND

Geographic distribution is precarious for the survival of the species, (based on at least two of a–c)

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals

Evidence

The species’ extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are estimated to be than 50 km² (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). This extent of occurrence is below the threshold for a ‘very restricted’ distribution.

The species is only known from a number of localised occurrences in the Wyong Shire and Lake Macquarie Shire (south) on the NSW Central Coast. As such, the species is known to exist in a limited location. A decline in the number of mature individuals and populations, the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and quality of habitat is projected due to the ongoing threats outlined in the threats section above.

Criterion 3: The estimated total number of mature individuals is very low <250, low <2500 or limited<10 000; and either of (A) or (B) is true

(A1) evidence suggests that the number will continue to decline at a very high (25% in 3 years or 1 generation (up to 100 years), whichever is longer), high (20% in 5 years or 2 generations(up to 100 years), whichever is longer, or substantial (10% in 10 years or 3 generations years), whichever is longer(up to 100) rate; or

(A2) the number is likely to continue to decline and its geographic distribution is precarious for its survival (based on at least two of a – c):

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals

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Evidence

There are approximately 300 mature individuals occurring within known localities (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). This is below the threshold for a ‘low’ number of mature individuals.

The species’ geographic distribution is precarious for its survival given that it occurs in a limited location and is being impacted upon by numerous ongoing threats (outlined in the threats section above). Continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and populations, the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and quality of habitat is projected.

Criterion 4: Estimated total number of mature individuals: (a) Extremely low < 50 (b) Very low < 250 (c) Low < 1000

Evidence

There are approximately 300 mature individuals occurring within known localities (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). This is below the threshold for a ‘low’ number of mature individuals.

Criterion 5: Probability of extinction in the wild based on quantitative analysis is at least:

(a) 50% in the immediate future, 10 years or three generations (whichever is longer); or (b) 20% in the near future, 20 year or five generations (whichever is longer); or (c) 10% in the medium-term future, within 100 years.

Evidence

Population viability analysis has not been undertaken.

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Corunastylis insignis (Wyong midge orchid 1)

Background information about the species

Taxonomy

Conventionally accepted as Corunastylis insignis (D.L. Jones)

Description

The Wyong midge orchid 1 is a perennial orchid. The species has a single leaf which is cylindrical in shape and encloses the flowering stem for most of its length. The leaf, 6-5 cm long and 0.15 cm wide, is dark green in colour with a reddish base. The flowering stem is 9-18 cm tall, and bears 5-12 flowers in a moderately dense spike which is 15-25 mm long. Flowers are approximately 5 mm in diameter and dark purple in colour (NSW OEH, 2001; NSW Scientific Committee, 2001).

Distribution

The Wyong midge orchid 1 occurs within the Hunter-Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority on the NSW Central Coast. The species has been recorded from Chain Valley Bay (found at two localities), Charmhaven (found at three localities) and Lakehaven (no flowering plants have recorded in the past 10 years) within the Wyong Local Government Area, in the Sydney Basin Bioregion. Field inspections during 2013 found less than twenty plants are occurring across all known localities (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013).

Cultural Significance

Not known.

Relevant Biology/Ecology

The Wyong midge orchid 1 occurs in patches of Themeda australis (kangaroo grass) amongst shrubs and sedges in heathland and forest. At Chain Valley Bay, the vegetation associated with the species has been described as ‘Dry sclerophyll woodland dominated by Eucalyptus haemastoma (scribbly gum), Corymbia gummifera (red bloodwood), Angophora costata (smooth-barked apple) and Allocasuarina littoralis (black she-oak)’ (NSW OEH, 2001). The flowering period of the species is from August to November (Jones, 2006).

The species’ lifecycle is believed to be similar to other Corunastylis species (see Frawley, 2010) in that it is believed to be a seasonal perennial, which shoots from a dormant underground tuber following winter rain. In the absence of rain during the appropriate season, the species remains dormant. Flowering occurs approximately six weeks after the initialising rain event, usually in September. After setting seed, the aerial portion of the plant withers and the tubers remain dormant until the next substantial winter rainfall. The species is likely to be pollinated by small flies (midges), usually in the Chloropidae family. Seed dispersal is by wind and water. The estimated generation length is 12 months (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013).

Threats

There are a number of ongoing threats currently impacting upon the Wyong midge orchid 1.

Weed invasion is a threat to orchids in the Wyong Shire. Weeds compete with orchids for light, moisture and nutrients (Metcalf, 1995; Waite & Farrell, 1998; Willems & Melser, 1998; Sosa & Platas, 1997; Warren, 1989). In the Wyong shire, competition from lantana (Lantana camara), bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera), whisky grass (Andropogon virginicus) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pose a threat to native orchids (Bell et al., 2005).

The clearance of habitat for urban and industrial development, and associated fragmentation of habitat, is a threat to the Wyong midge orchid 1 (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). Land clearance can have an impact both through the direct loss of populations, and through indirect impacts from clearance at adjacent areas such as a reduction in habitat for pollinating agents, genetic

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bottlenecks, edge effects and alteration to moisture regimes and nutrient levels (Cramer and Hobbs, 2002; King and Buckney, 2002).

Rabbits are a threat to the species due to grazing on the flowering plants as well as digging up tubers (Wyong Shire Council, 2000). Cattle, horses and macropods may eat the flowering plants of orchids. While grazing of flowering plants does not usually destroy the plant, it can prevent the plant from setting seed that season (Metcalfe, 1995).

Over-collection of tubers by both botanists for herbarium specimens and by gardeners for their personal collections is a potential threat to native orchids in the Wyong shire. Additional threats to the species include physical disturbance caused by the creation of tracks within bushland areas (which allows for the encroachment of weeds and the erosion and disturbance of soil); physical disturbance caused by motorbikes (damaging plants on the side of tracks); and maintenance activities such as spraying herbicides or mowing at an inappropriate time of year and (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). Inappropriate fire regimes also pose a threat to native orchids (Duncan, 2012).

Consideration of eligibility for listing as a threatened species

Criterion 1: Reduction in numbers (based on any of A1 – A4)

A1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 90%, severe 70%

substantial 50% size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following:

(a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or

parasites.

A2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 80%, severe 50%

substantial 30%size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

A3. A population size reduction very severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction very

severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

Evidence

The species is suspected to have undergone a reduction in numbers. Given the ongoing threats impacting upon the species (outlined in the threats section above) the species is likely to undergo a future reduction in numbers.

However, there are insufficient data available to quantitatively determine the past or future rate of decline for the purposes of this criterion i.e. whether the reduction was / will be very severe, severe, substantial, or not substantial. A decline of at least 30% has not been demonstrated over the timeframe relevant to this criterion (i.e. ‘over the last or next 10 years or three generations’ or ‘over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer, where the time period includes both the past and the future’).

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Criterion 2: Geographic distribution (based on either of B1 or B2)

A1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be very restricted <100 km2, restricted <5000 km2 or limited < 20 000 km2

A2. Area of occupancy estimated to be very restricted <10 km2, restricted <500 km2 or limited <2000 km2

AND

Geographic distribution is precarious for the survival of the species, (based on at least two of a–c)

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals

Evidence

The species’ extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are both less than 40 km2 (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). This extent of occurrence is below the threshold for a ‘very restricted’ distribution.

The species is known a number of localised occurrences within the Wyong Local Government Area. As such, the species is known to exist in a limited location. A decline in the number of mature individuals and populations, the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and quality of habitat is projected due to the ongoing threats outlined in the threats section above.

Criterion 3: The estimated total number of mature individuals is very low <250, low <2500 or limited<10 000; and either of (A) or (B) is true

(A1) evidence suggests that the number will continue to decline at a very high (25% in 3 years or 1 generation (up to 100 years), whichever is longer), high (20% in 5 years or 2 generations(up to 100 years), whichever is longer) or substantial (10% in 10 years or 3 generations years), whichever is longer(up to 100) rate; or

(A2) the number is likely to continue to decline and its geographic distribution is precarious for its survival (based on at least two of a – c):

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals

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Evidence

Field inspections during 2013 found less than 20 plants across all known localities (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). This is below the threshold for a ‘very low’ number of mature individuals.

The species’ geographic distribution is precarious for its survival given that it occurs in a limited location and is being impacted upon by numerous ongoing threats (outlined in the threats section above). Continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and populations, the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and quality of habitat is projected.

Criterion 4: Estimated total number of mature individuals:

(a) Extremely low < 50 (b) Very low < 250 (c) Low < 1000

Evidence

Field inspections during 2013 found less than 20 plants across all known localities (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). This is below the threshold for an ‘extremely low’ number of mature individuals

Criterion 5: Probability of extinction in the wild based on quantitative analysis is at least:

(a) 50% in the immediate future, 10 years or three generations (whichever is longer); or (b) 20% in the near future, 20 year or five generations (whichever is longer); or (c) 10% in the medium-term future, within 100 years.

Evidence

Population viability analysis has not been undertaken.

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Corunastylis sp. Charmhaven (NSW896673) (Wyong midge orchid 2)

Background information about the species

Taxonomy

Conventionally accepted as Corunastylis sp. Charmhaven (NSW896673)

Description

The Wyong midge orchid 2 is a terrestrial orchid. The species is similar to Corunastylis archeri (syn. Genoplesium archeri) but it differs from C. archeri in that is has fewer, larger flowers, which are borne on a shorter inflorescence (1.4 cm long). The Wyong midge orchid 2 typically has 6-9 flowers, each approximately 6 mm in diameter. The flowers are green and cream in colour with deep maroon markings (NSW Scientific Committee, 2012; NSW OEH, 2012).

Distribution

The Wyong midge orchid 2 is endemic to NSW. The species occurs within the Hunter-Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority in the Sydney Basin Bioregion. The species occurs on both public and privately owned land in the Charmhaven and Warnervale area within the Wyong Local Government Area (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013).

There are less than 50 individual mature plants occurring in the only known population. The extent of occurrence of the Wyong midge orchid 2 is estimated to be 4 km², and the area of occupancy is estimated to be 2 km² (NSW Scientific Committee, 2012).

Cultural Significance

Not known.

Relevant Biology/Ecology

The Wyong midge orchid 2 occurs in low woodland to heathland with a shrubby understorey and ground layer. Typical composition of this habitat includes Allocasuarina littoralis (black sheoak), Leptospermum juniperinum (prickly tea tree), Melaleuca nodosa (prickly-leaved paperbark), Callistemon linearis (narrow-leaved bottlebrush) and Schoenus brevifolius (zig-zag bog-rush) (NSW OEH, 2012).

The species’ lifecycle is believed to be similar to other Corunastylis species (see Frawley, 2010) in that it is believed to be a seasonal perennial, which shoots from a dormant underground tuber following summer rain. In the absence of rain during the appropriate season, the species remains dormant. Flowering occurs approximately six weeks after the initialising rain event, usually in February or March. After setting seed, the aerial portion of the plant withers and the tubers remain dormant until the next substantial winter rainfall. The species is likely to be pollinated by small flies (midges), usually in the Chloropidae family. Seed dispersal is by wind and water. The estimated generation length is 12 months (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013).

Threats

There are a number of ongoing threats currently impacting upon the Wyong midge orchid 2.

Weed invasion is a threat to orchids in the Wyong Shire. Weeds compete with orchids for light, moisture and nutrients (Waite and Farrell, 1998; Willems and Melser, 1998; Sosa and Platas, 1997; Warren, 1989). In the Wyong shire, competition from lantana (Lantana camara), bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera), whisky grass (Andropogon virginicus) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pose a threat to native orchids (Bell et al., 2005).

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The clearance of habitat for urban and industrial development, and associated fragmentation of habitat, is a threat to the Wyong midge orchid 2 (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). Land clearance can have an impact both through the direct loss of populations, and through indirect impacts from clearance at adjacent areas such as a reduction in habitat for pollinating agents, genetic bottlenecks, edge effects and alteration to moisture regimes and nutrient levels (Cramer and Hobbs, 2002; King and Buckney, 2002).

Rabbits are a threat to the species due to grazing on the flowering plants as well as digging up tubers (Wyong Shire Council, 2000). Cattle, horses and macropods may eat the flowering plants of orchids. While grazing of flowering plants does not usually destroy the plant, it can prevent the plant from setting seed that season (Metcalfe, 1995).

Over-collection of tubers by both botanists for herbarium specimens and by gardeners for their personal collections is a potential threat to native orchids in the Wyong shire. Additional threats to the species include physical disturbance caused by the creation of tracks within bushland areas (which allows for the encroachment of weeds and the erosion and disturbance of soil); physical disturbance caused by motorbikes (damaging plants on the side of tracks) and maintenance activities such as spraying herbicides or mowing at an inappropriate time of year (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). Inappropriate fire regimes also pose a threat to native orchids (Duncan, 2012).

Consideration of eligibility for listing as a threatened species

Criterion 1: Reduction in numbers (based on any of A1 – A4)

A1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 90%, severe 70%

substantial 50% size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following: (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or

parasites.

A2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 80%, severe 50%

substantial 30%size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

A3. A population size reduction very severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction very

severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

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Evidence

Given the ongoing threats impacting upon the species, outlined in the threats section above, the species is likely to undergo a future reduction in numbers and is suspected to have undergone a previous reduction in numbers. However, there are insufficient data available to quantitatively determine the past or future rate of decline for the purposes of this criterion i.e. whether the reduction was / will be very severe, severe, substantial, or not substantial. A decline of at least 30% has not been demonstrated over the timeframe relevant to this criterion (i.e. ‘over the last or next 10 years or three generations’ or ‘over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer, where the time period includes both the past and the future’).

Criterion 2: Geographic distribution (based on either of B1 or B2)

A1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be very restricted <100 km2, restricted <5000 km2 or limited < 20 000 km2

A2. Area of occupancy estimated to be very restricted <10 km2, restricted <500 km2 or limited <2000 km2

AND

Geographic distribution is precarious for the survival of the species, (based on at least two of a–c)

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals

Evidence

The species’ extent of occurrence is less than 4 km2 and its area of occupancy is less than 2 km2. This extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are both below the threshold for a ‘very restricted’ distribution.

There is only one known population of this species. As such, the species is known to occur in a limited location. A decline in the number of mature individuals and populations, the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and quality of habitat is projected due to the ongoing threats outlined in the threats section above.

Criterion 3: The estimated total number of mature individuals is very low <250, low <2500 or limited<10 000; and either of (A) or (B) is true

(A1) evidence suggests that the number will continue to decline at a very high (25% in 3 years or 1 generation (up to 100 years), whichever is longer), high (20% in 5 years or 2 generations(up to 100 years), whichever is longer) or substantial (10% in 10 years or 3 generations years), whichever is longer(up to 100) rate; or

(A2) the number is likely to continue to decline and its geographic distribution is precarious for its survival (based on at least two of a – c):

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence

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(ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals

Evidence

There are less than 50 mature individuals occurring within the one known population (NSW Scientific Committee, 2012). This is below the threshold for a ‘very low’ number of mature individuals.

The species’ geographic distribution is precarious for its survival given that it occurs in a limited location and is being impacted upon by the numerous ongoing threats outlined in the threats section above. Continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and populations, the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and quality of habitat is projected.

Criterion 4: Estimated total number of mature individuals: (a) Extremely low < 50 (b) Very low < 250 (c) Low < 1000

Evidence

There are less than 50 mature individuals occurring within the one known population (NSW Scientific Committee, 2012). This is below the threshold for an ‘extremely low’ number of mature individuals.

Criterion 5: Probability of extinction in the wild based on quantitative analysis is at least:

(a) 50% in the immediate future, 10 years or three generations (whichever is longer); or (b) 20% in the near future, 20 year or five generations (whichever is longer); or (c) 10% in the medium-term future, within 100 years.

Evidence

Population viability analysis has not been undertaken.

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Thelymitra adorata (Wyong sun orchid)

Background information about the species

Taxonomy

Conventionally accepted as Thelymitra adorata (B. Branwhite JAJ1030) J. Jeanes ined.

Description

The Wyong sun orchid is a hairless terrestrial herb, which dies back annually to a tuberous rootstock. The Wyong sun orchid produces a single leaf around May which dies off in late November. The leaf, 10-40 cm long and 5-20 mm wide, is fleshy and ribbed on the back and is green in colour with a purple base. The flowering stem, 20-60 cm tall and 2-5 mm in diameter, usually emerges in September. The flowers are fragrant and are 2-13 in number. Individual flowers are 15-27 mm across and are borne on slender stalks 1-14 mm long. Flowers are pale to dark blue-purple in colour and open in warm, sunny weather (NSW OEH, 2012; NSW Scientific Committee, 2008).

Distribution

The Wyong sun orchid is known from a number of localised occurrences within the Wyong Local Government Area on the NSW Central Coast. The species occurs within the Hunter-Central Rivers Catchment Management Authority in the Sydney Basin Bioregion (NSW Scientific Committee, 2008; Thackway and Cresswell, 1995). The species’ extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are both less than 10 km². During searches in 2013, less than 50 flowering plants were located from five locations on both private and public land (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013).

Cultural Significance

Not known.

Relevant Biology/Ecology

The species occurs in areas 10-40 m above sea level, in woodland with grassy understorey, or occasionally derived grassland, in well-drained clay loam or shale derived soils. The vegetation type in which the majority of populations occur has been described as Dooralong Spotted Gum - Ironbark Forest. The typical composition of this habitat is an overstorey of Corymbia maculata and Eucalyptus paniculata, with an open to dense shrub layer of Melaleuca nodosa over a diverse grass/herb ground layer. This type of habitat is highly fragmented within Wyong, and less than 2200 ha remains within the shire. The Wyong sun orchid may also be found within two other habitat types - the Alluvial Redgum Footslopes Forest and Alluvial Floodplain Shrub Swamp Forest – where these habitat types adjoin the habitat in which the species is usually recorded (Bell, 2002).

Jones (2006) asserts that the species is self-pollinating. Stems usually occur in clumps of three to six. The species produces flowers in September and October (Jones, 2006) although not all plants flower every year. Fruits are developed in October and November. The longevity of individual plants and rate of tuber exhaustion are unknown. Fire response is also unknown for this species; however the tubers are likely to survive low-intensity fires (NSW Scientific Committee, 2008).

Threats

There are a number of ongoing threats currently impacting upon the Wyong sun orchid.

Weed invasion is a threat to orchids in the Wyong Shire. Weeds compete with orchids for light, moisture and nutrients (Waite and Farrell, 1998; Willems and Melser, 1998; Sosa and Platas, 1997; Warren, 1989). In the Wyong shire, competition from lantana (Lantana camara), bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera), whisky grass (Andropogon virginicus) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum) pose a threat to native orchids (Bell et al., 2005). Two localities in which the species occurs are heavily infested with whisky grass (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013).

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The clearance of habitat for urban and industrial development, and associated fragmentation of habitat, is a threat to the Wyong sun orchid (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). Land clearance can have an impact both through the direct loss of populations, and through indirect impacts from clearance at adjacent areas such as a reduction in habitat for pollinating agents, genetic bottlenecks, edge effects and alteration to moisture regimes and nutrient levels (Cramer and Hobbs, 2002; King and Buckney, 2002).

Rabbits are a threat to the species due to grazing on the flowering plants as well as digging up tubers (Wyong Shire Council, 2000). Cattle, horses and macropods may eat the flowering plants of orchids. While grazing of flowering plants does not usually destroy the plant, it can prevent the plant from setting seed that season (Metcalfe, 1995).

Over-collection of tubers by both botanists for herbarium specimens and by gardeners for their personal collections is a potential threat to native orchids in the Wyong shire. Additional threats to the species include physical disturbance caused by the creation of tracks within bushland areas (which allows for the encroachment of weeds and the erosion and disturbance of soil); physical disturbance caused by motorbikes (damaging plants on the side of tracks); and maintenance activities such as spraying herbicides or mowing at an inappropriate time of year (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013).The alteration to natural flows of watercourses and road verge maintenance is also a threat to the species (NSW Scientific Committee, 2008). Inappropriate fire regimes also pose a threat to native orchids (Duncan, 2012).

Consideration of eligibility for listing as a threatened species

Criterion 1: Reduction in numbers (based on any of A1 – A4)

A1. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 90%, severe 70%

substantial 50% size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the causes of the reduction are clearly reversible AND understood AND ceased, based on (and specifying) any of the following: (a) direct observation (b) an index of abundance appropriate to the taxon (c) a decline in area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and/or quality of habitat (d) actual or potential levels of exploitation (e) the effects of introduced taxa, hybridization, pathogens, pollutants, competitors or

parasites.

A2. An observed, estimated, inferred or suspected population very severe 80%, severe 50%

substantial 30%size reduction over the last 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer, where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

A3. A population size reduction very severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%, projected or suspected to be met within the next 10 years or three generations, whichever is the longer (up to a maximum of 100 years), based on (and specifying) any of (b) to (e) under A1.

A4. An observed, estimated, inferred, projected or suspected population size reduction very

severe 80%, severe 50% substantial 30%over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer (up to a maximum of 100 years in the future), where the time period must include both the past and the future, and where the reduction or its causes may not have ceased OR may not be understood OR may not be reversible, based on (and specifying) any of (a) to (e) under A1.

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Evidence

Bell et al. (2005) reported a decline in the number of individual plants of the species for at least two (total 16 plants lost) and possibly up to five (a further 43 plants) of the previously known six populations between 1998 and September 2003. Of the 213 plants counted, Bell et al. infer a decline of up to approximately 20% over this time period.

Bell (2002) also estimates that, following human settlement in the area, approximately 53% of the vegetation type in which this species typically occurs (Dooralong Spotted Gum – Ironbark Forest) has been lost. Further loss of this vegetation type is likely to have occurred since 2002 (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). The two alternative vegetation types in which this species may occur have also undergone significant declines. In total, losses of suitable habitat in areas in which this species is known to occur, or may occur, range from approximately 53% to 86% since human settlement (NSW Scientific Committee, 2008).

Given the ongoing threats impacting upon the species, outlined in the threats section above, the species is likely to undergo a future reduction in numbers. However, a decline of at least 30% has not been demonstrated over the timeframe relevant to this criterion (i.e. ‘over the last or next 10 years or three generations’ or ‘over any 10 year or three generation period, whichever is longer, where the time period includes both the past and the future’).

Criterion 2: Geographic distribution (based on either of B1 or B2)

A1. Extent of occurrence estimated to be very restricted <100 km2, restricted <5000 km2 or limited < 20 000 km2

A2. Area of occupancy estimated to be very restricted <10 km2, restricted <500 km2 or limited <2000 km2

AND

Geographic distribution is precarious for the survival of the species, (based on at least two of a–c)

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals

Evidence

The species’ extent of occurrence and its area of occupancy are both <10 km2 (NSW Scientific Committee, 2008; Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). This extent of occurrence and area of occupancy are below the threshold for a ‘very restricted’ distribution.

The species is only known from a number of localised occurrences within the Wyong Local Government Area on the NSW Central Coast. As such, the species is known to exist in a limited location. A decline in the number of mature individuals and populations, the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and quality of habitat is projected due to the ongoing threats outlined in the threats section above.

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Criterion 3: The estimated total number of mature individuals is very low <250, low <2500 or limited<10 000; and either of (A) or (B) is true

(A1) evidence suggests that the number will continue to decline at a very high (25% in 3 years or 1 generation (up to 100 years), whichever is longer), high (20% in 5 years or 2 generations(up to 100 years), whichever is longer) or substantial (10% in 10 years or 3 generations years), whichever is longer(up to 100) rate; or

(A2) the number is likely to continue to decline and its geographic distribution is precarious for its survival (based on at least two of a – c):

a. Severely fragmented or known to exist at a limited location. b. Continuing decline, observed, inferred or projected, in any of the following:

(i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) area, extent and/or quality of habitat (iv) number of locations or subpopulations (v) number of mature individuals.

c. Extreme fluctuations in any of the following: (i) extent of occurrence (ii) area of occupancy (iii) number of locations or subpopulations (iv) number of mature individuals

Evidence

During searches in 2013, less than 50 flowering plants were located from five locations on both private and public land (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). This is below the threshold for a ‘very low’ number of individuals.

The species’ geographic distribution is precarious for its survival given that it occurs in a limited location and is being impacted upon by the numerous ongoing threats outlined in the threats section above. Continuing decline in the number of mature individuals and populations, the area of occupancy, extent of occurrence and quality of habitat is projected.

Criterion 4: Estimated total number of mature individuals:

(a) Extremely low < 50 (b) Very low < 250 (c) Low < 1000

Evidence

Less than 50 flowering plants were observed during field inspections in 2013 (Branwhite, pers. comm., 2013). This is below the threshold for an ‘extremely low’ number of individuals.

Criterion 5: Probability of extinction in the wild based on quantitative analysis is at least:

(a) 50% in the immediate future, 10 years or three generations (whichever is longer); or (b) 20% in the near future, 20 year or five generations (whichever is longer); or (c) 10% in the medium-term future, within 100 years.

Evidence

Population viability analysis has not been undertaken.

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Conservation actions for all four species

Research priorities that would inform future priority actions include:

1. More precisely assess population size, distribution, ecological requirements and the relative impacts of threatening processes.

2. Undertake survey work in suitable habitat and potential habitat to locate any additional populations/occurrences/remnants.

3. Undertake seed germination and/or vegetative propagation trials to determine the requirements for successful establishment, including mycorrhizal association trials.

4. Undertake genetic analyses to:

assess current gene flow (using markers and analyses capable of distinguishing population divergence on an evolutionary timescale, from that which might be due to more recent impacts); and

identify populations with low genetic diversity that might benefit from artificial introduction of genetic material from other populations from which they have relatively recently diverged.

5. Investigate the potential and efficacy of DNA-based or other approaches for the identification of individual plants and/or populations to provide a means for detecting and prosecuting illegal collection from the wild.

6. Identify optimal fire regimes for regeneration (vegetative regrowth and/or seed germination), and response to other prevailing fire regimes.

7. Design and implement a monitoring program to track the species recovery.

Management actions required

1. Monitor the progress of recovery, including the effectiveness of management actions and the need to adapt them if necessary.

2. Undertake appropriate seed and mycorrhizal fungi collection and storage (collect seed for NSW Seedbank).

3. Where necessary and appropriate, restrict access to important sites by installing gates, fencing and signs.

4. Investigate formal conservation arrangements, management agreements and covenants on private land with known occurrence.

Primary Conservation Objectives

1. Undertake further research into the species’ distribution and the ecology of the species.

2. Minimise loss and fragmentation of suitable habitat due to clearing for development.

3. Develop management plans which outline appropriate maintenance planning and visitor

management on sites of known or likely occurrence.

4. Control weeds in the species’ habitat.

5. Improve public awareness about legislative requirements surrounding the harm of

threatened species, in particular promote awareness amongst orchid collectors about the

damage caused by the illegal removal of tubers.

6. Implement appropriate fire management practices.

7. Monitor known populations.

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5. Undertake survey work in suitable habitat and potential habitat to locate any additional populations/occurrences/remnants.

6. Develop and implement a management plan for the control of weeds currently occurring in the region including lantana (Lantana camara), bitou bush (Chrysanthemoides monilifera), whisky grass (Andropogon virginicus) and kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum).

7. Identify and remove new weeds in the local area that could become a threat to the species, using appropriate methods.

8. Ensure chemicals or other mechanisms used to eradicate weeds do not have a significant adverse impact on the species. Hand weeding is recommended in preference to the use of herbicides near populations of the species.

9. If livestock grazing occurs in the area, ensure land owners/managers use an appropriate management regime and density that does not detrimentally affect this species.

10. Develop and implement a suitable fire management strategy for the habitat of the species. Where appropriate provide maps of known occurrences to local and state Rural Fire Services and seek inclusion of mitigative measures in bush fire risk management plan/s, risk register and/or operation maps.

11. Engage with private landholders and land managers responsible for the land on which populations occur and encourage these key stakeholders to contribute to the implementation of conservation management actions.

12. Provide advice to developers, consultants and approval authorities about the existence of the species and its significance.

13. Investigate options for linking, enhancing or establishing additional populations.

14. Implement national translocation protocols (Vallee et al., 2004) if establishing additional populations is considered necessary and feasible.

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Collective list of questions – your views in relation to each, or any, of the four species

Questions to stakeholders

1. Can you comment on whether or not there is sufficient evidence that this entity is a distinct species?

2. Is the distribution as described in the nomination valid? Can you provide an estimate of the current geographic distribution (extent of occurrence or area of occupancy in km²) of this species? Has this geographic distribution declined and if so by how much and over what period of time?

3. Do you agree with the estimate of the current number of mature adults of this species (national extent)? If not, are you able to provide a plausible estimate based on your own knowledge? If so, please provide in the form: a. lowest plausible estimate, b. highest plausible estimate, c. level of confidence in that range d. your best estimate of population size.

4. Can you provide any additional data than contained in the nomination on declines in population numbers over the past or next 10 years or 3 generations, whichever is the longer?

5. Please provide (if known) any additional evidence/data which show the population is stable, increasing or declining?

6. Do you agree that the threats listed are correct and that their effect on the species is significant? If not, please provide justification of your response?

7. In seeking to facilitate the recovery of this species, can you provide management advice for the following:

a. What individuals or organisations are currently, or need to be, involved in planning to abate threats and any other relevant planning issues

b. What threats are impacting on different populations, how variable are the threats and what is the relative importance of the different populations? Please provide evidence and background information.

c. What recovery actions are currently in place, and can you suggest other actions that would help recover the species? Please provide evidence and background information.

8. Can you provide additional data or information relevant to this assessment?

9. Have you been involved in developing this nomination?

10. Do you agree with the proposal to list this species? Can you provide any additional justification of your response?

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References cited

Bell SAJ (2002). The natural vegetation of the Wyong Local Government Area, Central Coast, New South Wales. Parts 1 and 2. Report to Wyong Shire Council. East Coast Flora Survey, Kotara Fair, NSW. In ‘Wyong Conservation Strategy Technical Reports’ (2003). Wyong Shire Council.

Bell S, Branwhite B, Driscoll C (2005). Thelymitra adorata Jeanes ms (Orchidaceae): population size and habitat of a highly restricted terrestrial orchid from the Central Coast of New South Wales. The Orchadian 15: 6-10

Branwhite B (2013). Personal communication by email, October 2013. Wyong Terrestrial Orchid Researcher.

Cramer VA, Hobbs RJ (2002). Ecological consequences of altered hydrological regimes in fragmented ecosystems in southern Australia: impacts and possible management responses. Austral Ecology 27, 546–564.

Duncan M (2012). Response of Orchids to Bushfire: Black Saturday Victoria 2009 – Natural values fire recovery program. Department of Sustainability and Environment, Heidelberg, Victoria.

Frawley K (2010). National Recovery Plan for the Brindabella Midge Orchid (Corunastylis ectopa). ACT Department of Territory and Municipal Services, Canberra.

Jones DL (2006). A complete guide to native orchids in Australia including the island territories. Reed New Holland, Frenchs Forest NSW.

King S and Buckney R (2002). Invasion of exotic plants in nutrient-enriched urban bushland. Austral Ecology 27: 573-583.

Metcalfe (1995). Orchids of the Walcha/Nundle and Styx River Management Areas’, Walcha/Nundle and Styx River Management Areas EIS Supporting Document No. 2A, State Forests.

NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW OEH). (2006). Caladenia prophyrea – Profile. Viewed 23 September 2013 Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=20045

NSW Scientific Committee (2006) Caladenia porphyrea - Endangered species determination - final. Viewed 23 September 2013 Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au

NSW Scientific Committee (2001) Genoplesium insignis (a terrestrial orchid) – endangered species determination - final. Viewed 23 September 2013 Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au

NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW OEH). (2001). Variable Midge-Orchid – Profile. Viewed 23 September 2013 Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspeciesapp/profile.aspx?id=10340

NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW OEH). (2012). Corunastylis sp. Charmhaven (NSW896673) – Profile. Viewed 23 September 2013 Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=20266

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NSW Scientific Committee (2012). Corunastylis sp. Charmhaven (NSW896673) - Critically endangered species determination - final. Viewed 23 September 2013 Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au

NSW Scientific Committee (2008) Thelymitra adorata - Critically Endangered species determination - final. Viewed 23 September 2013 Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au

NSW Office of Environment and Heritage (NSW OEH). (2008). Wyong sun orchid – Profile. Viewed 23 September 2013 Available on the Internet at: http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedSpeciesApp/profile.aspx?id=20099

Thackway R, Cresswell ID (1995). An interim biogeographic regionalisation for Australia (Version 4.0). Australian Nature Conservation Agency, Canberra.

Vallee L, Hogbin T, Monks L, Makinson B, Matthes M and Rossetto M (2004) Guidelines for the Translocation of Threatened Plants in Australia. Second Edition, Australian Network for Plant Conservation, Canberra.

Waite S and Farrell L (1998). Population biology of the rare military orchid (Orchis militaris) at an established site in Suffolk, England. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 126: 109–21.

Willems JH and Melser C (1998). Population dynamics and life-history of Coeloglossum viride (L.) Hartm.: an endangered orchid species in The Netherlands. Bot J Linn Soc 126:86-96.

Wyong Shire Council (2000). Interim Survey Guidelines for Ground Orchids which are listed on the Threatened Species Conservation Act, 1995 in Wyong Shire. New South Wales.