INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISEThe

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CAMBODIA, WOMEN AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS up the bulk of the labor force, and they are the backbone of this economy. We know that when women’s incomes are lost, the whole family suffers, especially children. 7 Due to the important role women play in Cambodia’s development, the global financial crisis had the potential to reverse many of Cambodia’s achievements in reducing poverty. The global economic crisis led to increased job insecurity and lower incomes in urban areas 8 , which equated to less money being sent home to rural areas, where 80% of Cambodians live 9 . The UNDP estimates that 1.5 million rural people depend upon money from urban workers (mostly from women), as their major source of income 10 . Many initial surveys showed that amidst the crisis, many women were forced to return to their villages, such as Su Channath... Genderview Issue 05, 2013 Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC) INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISE The fact that women own the majority of businesses in Cambodia means that the country has remarkable potential for economic growth to empower women. When the US financial crisis occurred in 2008 4 , it quickly became evident that Cambodia’s exportoriented development strategy had made the nation very vulnerable to global market fluctuations. The most severe impact was felt in the garment industry, which accounted for 65% of Cambodia’s exports in 2008. Women’s cheap labor in Cambodia was an attraction for foreign manufacturing companies, as on average they are paid 30% less then their male counterparts for the same work 5 . As a result, women account for over 90% of all garment employees, which meant that they were the worst affected when shrinking demand from the US and EU forced an estimated 60,000 jobs losses in the garment sector within a matter of months in 2009 6 . UN Resident Coordinator in Cambodia, Douglas Broderick explained that the economic crisis disproportioally affected women because,“they make Earlier this year, Samdech Akeak Moha Sena Padey Decho Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia, made an announcement that Cambodia was on track to transition from a low-income to lower-middle-income country by the end of 2013 1 . For over a decade Cambodia aveaged a remarkable 10% GDP growth rate, but in 2009 the country’s growth rate plummeted to 2% as a result of the global economic crisis 2 . Even so, Prime Minister Hun Sen’s optimism seems warranted, as Cambodia’s growth rate has rebounded and is now hovering around 7% 3 . Whilst the economic outlook is bright for now, there are many lessons to be learnt from the global economic crisis, the most important of which is to recognize and enhance the pivotal role that women are playing in the Cambodian economy. This Genderview will focus on women as leaders of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that were vital in keeping the Cambodian economy afloat when foreign investment stopped during the crisis, demonstrating greater government investment in these businesses would likely make Cambodia’s economic growth more resilient to shocks and sustainable well into the future. Investing in the cambodia’s economic future: women-owned enterprise....................................1 Cambodia, women and the global economic crisis...........................1 Small and medium enterprises as the engine for job creation and economic development...............2 Constraints facing women entrepreneurs....................... 3-4 Recommendations......................5 About GADC and reference.......6 Content Continue on page 2...

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This Genderview will focus on women as leaders of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that were vital in keeping the Cambodian economy afloat when foreign investment stopped during the crisis, demonstrating greater government investment in these businesses would likely make Cambodia’s economic growth more resilient to shocks and sustainable well into the future.

Transcript of INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISEThe

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CAMBODIA, WOMEN AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS

up the bulk of the labor force, and they are the backbone of this economy.

We know that when women’s incomes are lost, the whole family suffers, especially children.7 Due to the important role women play in Cambodia’s development, the global financial crisis had the potential to reverse many of Cambodia’s achievements in reducing poverty.

The global economic crisis led to increased job insecurity and lower incomes in urban areas8, which equated to less money being sent home to rural areas, where 80% of Cambodians live9. The UNDP estimates that 1.5 million rural people depend upon money from urban workers (mostly from women), as their major source of income10.

Many initial surveys showed that amidst the crisis, many women were forced to return to their villages, such as Su Channath...

Genderview Issue 05, 2013

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISE

The fact that women own the majority of businesses in Cambodia means that the country has remarkable potential for economic growth to empower women.

When the US financial crisis occurred in 20084, it quickly became evident that Cambodia’s exportoriented development strategy had made the nation very vulnerable to global market fluctuations. The most severe impact was felt in the garment industry, which accounted for 65% of Cambodia’s exports in 2008.

Women’s cheap labor in Cambodia was an attraction for foreign manufacturing companies, as on average they are paid 30% less then their male counterparts for the same work5. As a result, women account for over 90% of all garment employees, which meant that they were the worst affected when shrinking demand from the US and EU forced an estimated 60,000 jobs losses in the garment sector within a matter of months in 20096.

UN Resident Coordinator in Cambodia, Douglas Broderick explained that the economic crisis disproportioally affected women because,“they make

Earlier this year, Samdech Akeak Moha Sena Padey Decho Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia, made an announcement that Cambodia was on track to transition from a low-income to lower-middle-income country by the end of 20131.

For over a decade Cambodia aveaged a remarkable 10% GDP growth rate, but in 2009 the country’s growth rate plummeted to 2% as a result of the global economic crisis2. Even so, Prime Minister Hun Sen’s optimism seems warranted, as Cambodia’s growth rate has rebounded and is now hovering around 7%3. Whilst the economic outlook is bright for now, there are many lessons to be learnt from the global economic crisis, the most important of which is to recognize and enhance the pivotal role that women are playing in the Cambodian economy.

This Genderview will focus on women as leaders of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that were vital in keeping the Cambodian economy afloat when foreign investment stopped during the crisis, demonstrating greater government investment in these businesses would likely make Cambodia’s economic growth more resilient to shocks and sustainable well into the future.

Investing in the cambodia’s economic future: women-owned enterprise....................................1Cambodia, women and the global economic crisis...........................1Small and medium enterprises as the engine for job creation and economic development...............2Constraints facing women entrepreneurs.......................3-4 Recommendations......................5About GADC and reference.......6

Content

Continue on page 2...

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Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

Channath’s story illustrates the immense challenges brought by the global economic downturn. When foreign businesses reduced in Cambodia and forced innumerable women into the informal sector, many women started their own small businesses, ensuring survival for themselves, their families and their communities. The Asia Foundation found that from 2009 to 2011, 34% of all total businesses had just started in the last two years.11 These new female-led small businesses helped to alleviate poverty, create employment and kept money circulating in their local communities during the crisis, demonstrating the importance of women for the Cambodian economy.

The global economic crisis illustrated the importance of SMEs in Cambodia and globally. Sergio Arzeni, Director of the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development emphasizes that: “Now all governments realize why SMEs and entrepeneurship matter: because they are the sources of new jobs, a diversified economy, based on a fabric of many SMEs in several industries, is more resilient to the ups and downs of erratic international markets.12" A strong SME sector is a necessary, prerequisite for a better-balanced and wealthier economy13.

29% of women’s businesses are in commerce, such as retail and wholesale, and 23% are in service industries, such as hospitality and education, making these the two largest sectors for women’s businesses.

Women-owned businesses are least prevalent in construction (2%) and mining (1%)16. Growth and formalization of small enterprises would help to expand and diversify the economy, thereby mitigating future economic shocks, creating more jobs and enlarging the tax base17.

SMEs, which include agriculture and non-farm activities, play an integral role in the Cambodian economy, employing 85 percent of the labor force14. The SME sector is primarily very small enterprises: 493,000 out of 500,000 enterprises in Cambodia have fewer than 10 employees15.

CASE STUDY: SU CHANNATH, GARMENT WORKER

Su Channath, an 18-year-old woman from Kompong Cham, came to Phnom Penh in July 2007 to work at a garment factory. She was laid off in February 2009, along with many colleagues. She then returned home to stay with her parents, helping them with rice farming and selling her labour to work the rice fields for other villagers. Channath was paid only US$50 as a garment factory worker, but with overtime work could earn more, enabling her to send US$30 home every month to supplement the small income her parents earned to feed their family. Channath, with a cheerless look, said that to gather this amount to send home she made every possible effort to save. Channath claimed she could have stayed in the city to look for a job, but she could not afford to stay unemployed, since her family needed to be fed. ‘Agricultural related activities are not suitable for me, but I have no choice,’ said Channath. She also complained that seasonal employment in agriculture and the reduced demand for manual labour due to mechanization, drove her to come to Phnom Penh to work for a regular salary; now she needed to go back to that hard work. Channath wants to become a hairdresser, hoping to be self-employed, but her family could not afford to send her to hairdressing school. Channath asked that the government provide training to those willing to be self-employed, and provide seed money to start up their businesses.

SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES AS THE ENGINE FOR JOB CREATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

However, growth of these enterprises is stunted because of gender inequality. The fact that women own the majority of businesses in Cambodia means that the country has remarkable potential for economic growth to empower women18

.

However, some 80% of these female-led businesses only have a few employees19, while men dominate the ownership of larger sized enterprises20.

Evidence indicates that women face unique challenges, which put them at a distinct disadvantage in expanding their businesses, stunting economic growth and job creation, due to gender inequalities such as lower education levels than men, family obligations pressuring women to not expand businesses and networking challenges, where larger business networks are dominated by men21. In order for these businesses to expand we must deal with the constraints women face in the business world23.

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Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

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This photo is retrived from: http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2010/01/06/from-cambodia-survey-marks-improvement-in-business-environment/

“My business requires many male workers and men respond better to a male boss than to a woman. However, when it comes to ability or talent in management, I believe that men and women are equal27.”

Cambodian women also face greater challenges in the day-to-day running of their business due to lack of training and cultural norms. In an IFC survey of 101 women entrepreneurs across Cambodia, the majority of

Although there are no explicit regulatory barriers that discriminate against women entrepreneurs in Cambodia, a lack of education and training, cultural biases and responsibility for domestic work are all significant constraints.

When it comes to growing and expanding their businesses, women entrepreneurs cite some internal obstacles such as their own lack of education and business skills23.

This situation is gradually changing, as the school year 2009-2010 saw gender disparities in primary education virtually eliminated, but previous gender inequalities in education where men far outnumbered women in the educational system are apparent with 4 out of 10 women aged 25-44 being illiterate (against 1 in 10 for men)24.

These educational deficits make it harder for women to access and interpret the regulatory information that is required to expand and formalize a business25.

across Cambodia, the majority of respondents stated that unlike men, they had no prior experience or training in their line of business.

Since these women were forced to develop their business through “trial and error" they believed that their businesses were less likely to succeed than those run by better educated men26.

Chum Sokha, owner of a construction company and farm where she employs 150 staff, believes that if she were a man, her business would be more successful:

This lack of confidence in their business management skills is exacerbated by cultural stereotypes that produce negative attitudes towards women managers.

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Negative perceptions of women in business continue despite their increasingly visible and important role as income providers for their family and as contributors to national economic development. Women continue to be seen as household managers and men as providers28.

This has meant that even as women increasingly enter the workforce, they are still held responsible for domestic work. Chheng Somala, owner of the Chheng Somala Rice Mill, explained that: “Women in business face more difficulties than men and they have more responsibilities. They are farmers, childcare providers, house-keepers etc… When I have to go to the market, I must wake up very early to cook for my family before I leave the house. As women, we have to divide our time between household chores and our businesses29

.”

Despite these challenges, Chheng emphasized that owning her own business has allowed her to spend more time at home caring for her children. She said, “fortunately, I haven’t heard any critique of me as a business owner. Some people have even complimented me that I can afford to send my children to school.30”

many women entrepreneurs cited that their businesses not only allowed them to provide for their children and families, but also allowed them to gain respect in their communities, create jobs for others and be proud of the financial independence they have achieved31. Women continue to challenge gender stereotypes, recognizing that they have certain strengths as women, such as excellent communication skills that are invaluable in business. However, there is still a long way to go before women are on a equal playing field with men in business. However,

there is still a long way to go before women are on a equal playing field with men in business.

Gendered stereotypes continue to play a powerful role in limiting the visibility of women’s economic contributions, as evidenced by women’s inability to identify more than one or two female entrepreneurs in their communities.32 If Cambodia is truly dedicated to bolstering its SME sector and laying the foundations for long-term growth, there must be a concerted effort to break down the barriers women face in the economy.

CONTRAINTS FACING WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS

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Photo by: Vireak Mai Phnom Penh Post

Indeed,

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

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Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

The global economic crisis caused severe hardship for women (and men), but also highlighted women’s vital contributions to Cambodia’s economy. The crisis showed the need for greater investment in women’s enterprises to promote long-term, sustainable economic growth.

The women-dominated SME sector plays a significant role in improving Cambodia’s economic resilience, while providing diverse job creation throughout the country. We call on the government to take a more proactive role in helping to formalize women-owned enterprises and provide more strategic support for these enterprises togrow, including addressing obstacles to the growth of these enterprises, such as gender stereotypes.

Ultimately, supporting women’s enterprises will bring widespread benefits for all of Cambodia. This is not just an opportunity, but a vital way forward for Cambodia’s development and improving gender equality.

CONCLUSION

RECOMMENDATIONS

The government should mandate minimum quotas for female managers and directors in formal enterprises, thus enhancing women’s management skills and representation in the workplace at higher levels (decision making).

Management training and regulatory information sessions should be held specifically for women to support the growth of women’s enterprises. Women-focused business associations should also be established to play on ongoing role in coordinating women’s enterprises and representing their interests.

Award ceremonies and events showcasing women entrepreneurs should be developed to help challenge gender stereotypes and provide business networking opportunities for women.

The Cambodian government must ensure the roll out of its emerging national social security system is effective in supporting female entrepreneurs by reducing the domestic burdens they face and providing a safety net for entrepreneurs.

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Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

1. Inserey, Khut. "In Asia Cambodias Small Businesses Serve as Backbone of Sustainable Economy Comments." In Asia: Weekly Insight and Features from Asia. The Asia Foundation, 13 May 2013. Web. 11 June 2013.2. WB."Cambodia Overview." Cambodia. The World Bank Group, n.d. Web. <http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ cambodia /overview>. 3. ibid4. Jalilian, Hossein, Chan Sophal, Glenda Reyes, and Saing Chan Hang. "Cambodia: ODI Global Financial Crisis Discussion Papers." ODI, Apr. 2009. Web. 5. USAID, and Charlotte Johnson - Welch. Gender Assessment USIAD/Cambodia. Publication. 2010. Print. 6. UNDP, and Beth Neate. "In Cambodia, Women and Children Hit Hardest by Economic Crisis." UNDP Newsroom. United National Development Program, 08 Apr. 2009. Web. <http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2009/april/in-cambodia--women-and-children-hit-hardest-by-economic-crisis.en>. 7. ibid 8. Sothath, Ngo, and Chan Sopal. More Vulnerable: The Impact of the Global Economic Meltdown on Women in Cambodia. Oxfam GP, 15 Feb 2010. Print.

9. UNDP, and Beth Neate. "In Cambodia, Women and Children Hit Hardest by Economic Crisis." UNDP Newsroom. United National Development Program, 08 Apr. 2009. Web.

10. ibid11. Inserey, Khut. "In Asia Cambodias Small Businesses Serve as Backbone of Sustainable Economy Comments." In Asia:

Weekly Insight and Features from Asia. The Asia Foundation, 13 May 2013. Web. 11 June 2013.

12. Arzeni, Sergio. "Intervention by Mr Sergio Arzeni at the Plenary Session on “Small Business: The Heart of the Global Economy”." SMEs and Entrepreneurship - Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD, 24 Apr. 2013. Web. <http://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/arzenidohaspeech.htm>.

13. Ibid

14. Kang, Chandararoth, Sok Sina, Kim Chantha & Liv Daneth (2009), “Rapid Assessment on the Impact of the Financial Crisis in Cambodia”, prepared for the ILO by CIDS

15. Inserey, Khut. "In Asia Cambodias Small Businesses Serve as Backbone of Sustainable Economy Comments." In Asia: Weekly Insight and Features from Asia. The Asia Foundation, 13 May 2013. Web. 11 June 2013.

2013. Web. <http://www.snap-undp.org/WeeklyHighlights/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?List=b2b1f523-84af-4f7b-9be8-591c30c47aea>. 20. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 21. Velasco, E 2004. Ensuring Gender Equity in Education for All: Is Cambodia on Track? Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1p5583014513426/ 22. Rodgers, Meulen, and Jospesh E. Zveglich, Jr. Inclusive Growth and Gender Inequality in Asia's Labor Markets. Rep. no. 321. N.p.: Asian Development Bank, December 2012. Print. ADB Economics Working Paper Ser.

23. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 24. ADB. Cambodia: Country Gender Analysis. Rep. N.p.: Asian Development Bank, January 2012. Print. 25. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 26. Ibid 27. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 28. ADB. Cambodia: Country Gender Analysis. Rep. N.p.: Asian Development Bank, January 2012. Print. 29. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 30. Ibid 31. Ibid 32. Ibid

19. UNDP. "Partnerships for Women's Economic Empowerment in Cambodia." Asia-Pacific Weekly Highlights. United National Development Program, 25 May

16. IFC 2008. Voices of Cambodian Woman Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/mekongpsdf.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Voices+of+Cambodian+Women+Entrepreneurs/$FILE/Voice-of-Cambodian-Women-Entreprenure.pdf

17. Ibid 18. For more information on the correlation between gender equality and long-term economic growth see: Rodgers, Meulen, and Jospesh E. Zveglich, Jr. Inclusive Growth and Gender Inequality in Asia's Labor Markets. Rep. no. 321. N.p.: Asian Development Bank, December 2012. Print. ADB Economics Working Paper Series.

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC) is a local non-profit and non-political organization. It was admitted to the NGO Good Practice Programme (NGO-GPP) for its compliance with all standards in the Code of Ethical Principles and Minimum Standard for NGO in August 2011.

GADC works in cooperation with the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) and members of civil society organizations to advocate for gender sensitive projects/programs, national laws and policies formulation in Cambodia.

GADC’s vision: A just where women and men are equally empowered to participate in development and to access, use, and protect their rights.

GADC’s mission: GADC works to promote gender equality as fundamental human rights, which are necessary for Cambodia’s social, economic and political development.

ABOUT GADC

REFERENCE:

#89, Street 288, Sangkat Olympic, Khan ChamkarmornPhnom Penh, Cambodia

P.O. Box: 2684 Phnom Penh 3

Phone: +855 (23) 215 137Fax: +855 (23) 996 934

EDITORIAL PERSONNEL

Ms. Ros Sopheap, GADC Executive DirectorMr. Dustin Barter, Development ConsultantMr. Mozammel Haque, Technical AdvisorMr. Put Sopheak, Programme DirectorMr. CHHENG Sambo, Communication and Publication Coordinator

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��ើម��ំ��ះ ស���ចអគ�ម����បតី ��� ហុ៊ន ��ន �យរដ�ម����ី�����សកម��� �ន��ើ��ចក�ី���ស� កម���កំពុង���ើរ �មគន�ងមួយ���រ��ស់ប��រពី����ស��ល�ន��ក់ចំណ�ល�ប���ក់ចំណ�លមធ��ម �ចុង��ំ២០១៣១។

ក��ងរយៈ��ល�ងមួយទស��វត��រ���ះ កម��� ទទួល�នត����មធ��ម�គ��អ��ផលិតផលក��ង��កុសរុប (GDP) �ើន�ើងរហូតដល់ ១០% ក៏ប៉ុ��������ះ���វ�ន��ក់ចុះ��ឹម២%� ក � �ង�� ំ២០០៩�យ�រ��វ�បត� ិ��ដ�កិច� ពិភព�ក២។ �ះបី���ង��ះ គំនិត ស ុទ ិដ � ិន ិយមរបស់�ក�យករដ�ម�� � ី�ក់ដូច���ដល់���កំ�ើន �ក់���ង បច��ប��ន���ះ ��ន�ើន�ើងដល់៧%៣។ �នក�����ើន��លជ��ញុឲ����ដ�កិច�កម���ស�ិតក��ង�ពល����ើរ �ះគឺ�រចូលរួម និង �រ�ើកកម�ស់តួ�ទី់របស់���ី។ ពួក���ើរ តួ�ទី��ងសំ�ន់�ក��ងវ�ស័យ��ដ�កិច��� ����សកម���។

��តឹ�បិ��ទស��នៈ��នឌ័រ��ះនឹង��ត�ើ���ី�អ�កដឹក�ំសហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម (SMEs) ��ល�ើរតួ�ទី��ងសំ�ន់�ើម��ី រក��និរន�រ�ព��ដ�កិច�កម��� ���ល�អ�ក វ�និ�គបរ��សស��ចចិត�ក��ញ�ក��ង����ល វ�បត��ិ�ដ�កិច���ះ�ើត�ើង។ ដូ���ះរ��ភិ�ល គួរ��យកចិត�ទុក�ក់ក��ង�រវ�និ�គ��ើ សហ��ស��តតូច និងមធ��ម��លដឹក�ំ �យ��� ី �ើម��ី��នូវនិរន�រ�ព��ដ�កិច�របស់ ����សកម������លអ�គត។

�តិ��រវ�និ�គ��ដ�កិច�កម������លអ�គត៖ ���ី���ស់សហ��ស...........................១

កម���៖ ���ី និងវ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�ពិភព�ក..១

សហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម� យន��រ ���រប��ើត�រ�រ និង�រអភិវឌ����ដ�កិច� . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .២

ប����ឈម��លសហ��និ����ជួីប��ទះ..៣-៤

��ចក�ីសន�ិ��ន និងអនុ�សន៍...............៥

ព័ត៌�នអំពី GADC និងឯក�រ�ង......៦

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC) ១

Page 8: INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISEThe

២ អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)

វ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�ពិភព�ក �នប��ញពី �រៈសំ�ន់���រប��ើតឲ���នសហ��ស��ត តូច និង��តមធ��ម (SMEs) �ក��ង����សកម��� និងពិភព�ក។ Sergio Arzeni, �យកមជ�� មណ�លសហ��និ�ព OECD សហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម (SMEs) និង�រអភិវឌ��ជនបទ�ន គូសប��ក់�៖ “បច��ប��ន �រ��ភិ�ល���ើន�ន ទទួល��ល់ពី�រៈសំ�ន់���រប��ើតសហ��ស��តតូច និងមធ��ម (SMEs) និងសហ��ិន�ព ��ះ����ភព���រ�រថ�ីៗ �ើយ���ដ�កិច� ��ល�នលក�ណៈច��ុះ និង�ន�ពធន់� នឹង�រ�����ល����ដ�កិច�ទីផ��រអន�រ�តិ១២។ �ពរ�ង��ំ��សហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម �ន�រៈសំ�ន់ និង���វ��ព��ឹង�ើម��ី��នូវ តុល���ព និងកំ�ើន��ដ�កិច�សង�ម១៣។

ករណីសិក��៖ ក�� សូ៊ �ន់�ត កម��រនី�ងច��

ក�� ស៊ូ �ន់�ត �ន�យុ១៨��ំ មកពី��ត�កំពង់�ម �ើយមក��ើ�រ�ងច���ទី��ងុភ��ំ�ញ�លពី��កក�� ��២ំ០០៧។ �ង���វ�ន ប���ប់ពី�រ�រ���កុម�ៈ��ំ២០០៩។ �ង�នវ�ល��លប់�រស់��មួយឪពុក��យ�ឯ��ុកកំ�ើត �ើយ�កមកជួយ��ើ��ចំ�រវ�ញ និង�ន�សុីឈ��ល��ើ��ឲ��អ�កភូមិរបស់�ង ។ �ន់�ត �នទទួល�ន��ក់��ពី�ងច����ឹម��៥០ដុ��រប៉ុ��ះក��ងមួយ�� ប៉ុ����ង�ច ទទួល�ន��ក់��ើ�រ��ម��ងប���ម��ល�ចឲ���ង�នលទ��ព��ើ��ក់ចំនួន៣០ដុ��រក��ងមួយ��ដល់ឪពុក��យរបស់�ងស��ប់ផ�ត់ផ�ង់����រ។ �ន់�ត�ន�ៀប�ប់� �ង��មូលលុយ�ំងអស់�ើម��ី��ើ�ឲ��អ�កផ�ះ ដូ���ះ�ងមិន�នលុយសន��ំស��ប់��ល់ខ��ន�ះ��។

�ងបន�� �យ�រ��ន�រ�រ �ងមិន�ចបន�រស់�ក��ងទី��ុងផ��ង��ង�ើម��ី���ងរក�រ�រ��ើបន��ៀត�ើយ ពី��ះ����រ�ង���វ�រ លុយ�ើម��ីចិ��ឹមជីវ�ត។ �ងនិ�យ� �រ�រ��ចំ�រមិន�ច��ើឲ��ជីវ�ព�ង�នធូ�រ�ះ�� ប៉ុ����ង��នជ��ើស�ើយ។ �ង�ើក �ើង��រ�រកសិកម���ើ�មរដូវ និង�រ�រ��ល��ើក��ំង���វ�ន�ត់បន�យ�យ�រ���ន�រ��ើ��ស់��ឿង��សុីន��ើន�ក��ង វ�ស័យកសិកម� �ើប��ើឲ���ងស��ចចិត�វ�ល��លប់មកទី��ុងភ�ំ��ញម�ង�ៀត�ើម��ី��ើ�រ�រ��ល�ន��ក់���ៀង�ត់។ �ើយ�ងក៏���វ ��លប់���ើ�រ�រដ៏លំ�ក��ះម�ង�ៀត។ ក�� �ន់�ត ចង់��ើ��ងអ៊ុតសក់��ល�មុខរបរ��ល់ខ��ន ប៉ុ���ឪពុក��យរបស់�ងពុំ�នលទ��ព ឲ���ងចូល�ៀន��អុ៊តសក់�ន�ះ��។ �ង�ន��ើសំុឲ��រ��ភិ�លផ�ល់វគ�បណ��ះប��លវ���ជីវៈដល់អ�ក��លចង់ប��ើតមុខរបររបស់ខ��នឯង និងផ�ល់�ើមទុន�ើម��ី�ប់��ើមមុខរបរពួក��។

សហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម�យន��រ���រប��ើត�រ�រ និង�រអភិវឌ����ដ�កិច�

ករណីរបស់ក�� �ន់�ត �នប��ញពីប����ឈមមួយ��លរងផលប៉ះ�ល់�យ�រវ�បត��ិ�ដ�កិច�ពិភព�ក។ ���ល��លជំនួញបរ��ស ���វ�ន�ត់បន�យ�កម��� ���ី���ើន�ន��ឡប់មកចូលរួម��ឡ�កក��ងវ�ស័យ�រ�រ����ព័ន�។ ���ី���ើន�ន�ប់��ើមប��ើតមុខជំនួញ ��តតូច��ល់ខ��ន�ើម��ីជួយផ�ត់ផ�ង់ដល់ជិវ�តរស់�របស់ខ��ន ����រ និងសហគមន៍របស់ពួក��។ អង��រមូលនិធិ�សីុ�នរក�ើញ� �ប់ពី��ំ ២០០៩ ដល់��ំ២០១១ �នមុខជំនួញសរុបចំនួន៣៤%��ល�ើប���ប់��ើម�ក��ងរយៈ��លពីរ��ំចុង��យ��ះ១១។ មុខជំនួញថ�ីៗ��លដឹក�ំ �យ���ី�ំង��ះ�នជួយដល់�រ�ត់បន�យ�ព��ី�� �រប��ើត��រ និងបន��ល់នូវថវ��ខ�ះៗស��ប់ពួក���យ�យក��ងកំឡ�ង��ល��ល�ន វ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�។ សកម��ព�ំង��ះ �នប��ញពី�រៈសំ�ន់���រចូលរួមរបស់���ីស��ប់�អភិវឌ��ន៍��ដ�កិច��តិ។

សហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��មរួម�ន សកម��ពកសិកម� និង�រ�ំដុះ����ងៗ�នផ�ល់ �រ�រ���ណ៨៥%��កំ�ំងពលកម�សរុប១៤។ វ�ស័យសហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម��ល �នសហ��សតូចៗចំនួន៤៩៣,០០០ក��ង ចំ�មសហ��សចំនួន៥០០,០០០ �ក��ង ����សកម����ននិ�ជិក���ណ� ១០�ក់បុ៉��ះក��ងសហ��សនីយមួយៗ១៥។

មុខជំនួញរបស់���ីចំនួន២៩%�លក�ណៈ �ណិជ�កម��នដូច� �រទិញ �រលក់ដុំ និង �រលក់�យ �ើយ២៣%�ៀត�ឧស��ហកម� ផ�ល់���កម�ដូច� �រ�របដិស��រកិច� និង �រ�រអប់រ�។ វ�ស័យធំៗ�ំងពីរ��ះ គឺ�មុខ ជំនួញដ៏ចម��ងសំ�ប់���ី។

មុខជំនួញ��ល����ីនដឹក�ំតិចតួចបំផុត គឺ �ក��ង���កសំណង់ (�នចំនួន២%) និង���ក��� (ចំនួន១%)១៦។ កំ�ើន និង�រប��ើតសហ��ស ��តតូច�ំង��ះ�នជួយព��កី និង��ើ�យ�ន �ពច��ះុៃន���ក��ដ�កិច���ល�ចជួយ�ត់បន�យ �និភ័យ��ដ�កិច����លអ�គត និង�ចប��ើត ឲ���ន�រ�រប���ម ��ម�ំងព��កីមូល��នពន��រ ��លជួយដល់��ភពចំណ�លថវ��ររដ�ផង��រ១៧។

�ះបី���ង�ក៏�យ �រ�ើន�ើង�� សហ��ស�ំង��ះមិន�ចល តូ�ស់�ន��ញ��ញ���យ�រ��គ��តវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ។ ដ�ប���� ី��ប់��ងមុខជំនួញ�គ��ើន �ក��ង����សកម��� �ះ����សនឹង�ន ស��នុពលគួរឲ��កត់ស��ល់ក� �ង�រប��ើន ��ដ�កិច��មរយៈ�រព��ងឹសិទ�អំិ�ច���ី១៨។

�ង៨០%��មុខជំនួញ��ល���ី��ប់��ង គឺ�ននិ�ជិកតិចតួចប៉ុ��ះ ខណៈ��ល បុរស��ប់��ង��ើន��ើសហ��ស��ល�ននិ�ជិក��ើន២០។ �យ�រ��វ�សម�ព ��នឌ័រ ដូច�ក��ិត���រអប់រ�របស់���ី�ប �ងបុរស �តព�កិច�និង�រទទួលខុស���វក��ង ����រ �រខ�ះប��ញទំ�ក់ទំនង គឺ�ក�� ��ឈម��ល��ើឲ�����មិីន�ចព��ីកមុខជំនួញ ប��ើន��ដ�កិច� និង ប��ើតឱ�ស�រ�រថ�ីៗ របស់ពួក���ន២១។

ដូ���ះ�ើម��ី�យមុខជំនួញ�ំង��ះ�ន�ព រ�កចំ��ន�មុខ�ន លុះ����ប����ឈម (វ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ) របស់����ីក��ងមុខជំនួញ ពិភព�ក���វ�ន�ះ��យ២២។

Page 9: INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISEThe

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC) ៣

...សូម�នបន��ទំព័រទី ៤

�រសិក��មួយរបស់�ជីវកម�ហិរ��វត��អន�រ�តិ(IFC)

�មួយសហ��ិន����ីចំនួន១០១�ក់�ទូ�ំង

����សកម��� �នប��ញ� ក���ំង��ះ�ន��ើឲ��

��� ី�ប់��ើមមុខជំនួញរបស់ព ួក���មួយនឹង

�រ�កល��ង និងកំហុសឆ�ង���ើន។ �លទ�ផល

����ី�ង��យល់� មុខជំនួញរបស់ពួក�� គឺមិន

ទទួល�ន�គជ័យដូចមុខជំនួញរបស់បុរស��ល

�ន�រអប់រ�ខ�ស់�ះ��២៦។

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��សិន�ើ�ត់�បុរស។ �ត់និ�យ�៖ “មុខជំនួញ របស់ខ�� ំ���វ�រកម�ករបុរស �ើយបុរសនឹង��ើ�រ �នល��មួយ���យ�បុរស �ង���យ ����ី។ �ះបី���ង�ក៏�យ �ើនិ�យ អំពីសមត��ព និង�ពបិុន��សព�ក��ង�រ��ប់��ង ខ��ំ�ឿ�ក់����ី និងបុរស�ច��ើ�នដូច��”២៧។

���ល��លមុខជំនួញ�ំង�ះ�នដល់�រ

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ពីឧបសគ���ល់ខ��នដូច� កង�ះ�រអប់រ� និងជំ�ញ

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និងសរ��រអក��រ�ន (ផ��យនឹងបុរស��ល�ន

����ក់ក��ងចំ�ម១០�ក់��ល��ះ�ន និង

��ះសរ��រអក��រ�ន)២៤។

ក��តិ���រអប់រ��ំង��ះ��ើ�យ���ជួីបប�� លំ�កក��ង�រទទួល និង�រវ��គព័ត៌�នសំ�ន់ៗ ��ល���វ�រចំ�ច់�ើម��ីព��កី និងប��ើតមុខជំនួញ

�លក�ណៈផ��វ�រ២៥។

���ី���រក៏ជួប��ទះនឹងប����ឈមក��ង�រ

អនុវត�មុខជំនួញ���ំ���របស់ពួក����រ �យ�រ

កង�ះ�របណ��ះប��ល និងបទ��នវប��ធម៌។

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រូប�ពដក��ង់��ញពី��ហទំព័រ ៖http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2010/01/06/from-cambodia-survey-marks-improvement-in-business-environment/

Page 10: INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISEThe

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)៤

...តមកពីទំព័រទី៣

ផ�ត់គំនិតអវ�ជ��ន��ើ���កី��ងមុខជំនួញ���បន��ើត�ន�ើង �ើ�ះបី�តួ�ទីរបស់ពួក���ន�រៈសំ�ន់ក��ង�ររក��ក់ចំណ�លស��ប់ ����រ និង�អ�កផ�ល់វ��គ�នដល់�រអភិវឌ����ដ�កិច��តិក៏�យ។ ���ី���វ�ន���ើល�ើញ� �អ�ក��ប់��ងផ�ះស����ង ចំ��កឯបុរសវ�ញ គឺ�������រ២៨។

ថ�ីត��ិត��បច��ប��ន����ីចូលរួម�ក��ងវ�ស័�យ�រ�រ�នចំនួន��ើន ក៏ពួក�����ទទួលខុស���វ�រ�រផ�ះស����ងដ��ល។ ��ង សុ��� ���ស់�ង��សីុនកិន��ូវ�នពន��ល់�៖ “���ី�ក��ងមុខជំនួញជួប��ទះ�រលំ�ក��ើន�ងបុរស �ើយពួក���ន�រទទួលខុស���វ��ើន។

ពួក���កសិករ �អ�ក���ំកូន និង�អ�ក��រក��ផ�ះស����ង។ល។ ���លខ��ំ���វ�ផ��រ ខ��ំ���វ����ក់ពី��លឹម�ើម��ី��ើម��ប��រស��ប់ ����រមុន��លខ��ំ��ញពីផ�ះ។ ����ីខ��ំ���វ��ង��ក��ល���ស��ប់�រ�រផ�ះស����ង និង�រ�រមុខជំនួញ”២៩។

��ពីប����ឈម�ំង��ះ ��ង សុ��� �នប��ក់� �រ�ើកមុខរបរខ��នឯង�ន��ើឲ���ត់�ន��ល����ើល��កូនៗរបស់�ត់ �ង��ើ�រឲ����។ សុ��� �ននិ�យ�៖ “�សំ�ងល�ក��ង�ម�����ី�ក់��ល���ស់��ប់��ងមុខជំនួញ ខ��មិំន��លឮ�ក��រ�ះគន់�មួយ ចំ�ះរូបខ���ំើយ។ ផ��យ�វ�ញ �នមនុស�������ើន�ន�តសរ�ើរ� ខ���ំនលទ��ព�ងថវ����ល�ចប���នកូនៗ��ៀន�ន”៣០។

�ន���ីសហ��ិន���ើន�នអះ�ង� មុខ ជំនួញរបស់ពួក��មិន��មឹ��ជួយផ�ត់ផ�ង់ដល់កូនៗ និង��មុ����របុ៉��ះ�� ពួក����ម�ំងទទួល �ន�រ�រពពីសហគមន៍ �រប��ើត�រ�រ ស��ប់អ�កដ�� និង�រ��ើឲ���នលំនឹង��ដ�កិច� ����រ�យ�រ���ព�គជ័យរបស់ ពួក��៣១។

���ី���បន��រ��ឈម�នឹងផ�ត់គំនិត ��នឌ័រ�យទទួល��ល់�ពួក��ពិត��ន ចំណ�ច��ងំដូច� ពូ���ងទំ�ក់ទំនង��ល�ច ��ើឲ��មុខរបររបស់ពួក��ទទួល�ន�គជ័យ បុ៉�����ម�រ��ល���យូរ�ើម��ីឲ������ីចទទួល �នលទ��ព��ើនឹងបុរសក��ង�រ�រមុខជំនួញ។

ប��ផ�ត់គំនិត��នឌ័រ����នឥទ�ិពល ��ង��ំងក��ង�រកំហិត��ើ�រចូលរួមចំ��ក ��ដ�កិច�របស់���ី។ �ក់���ង �ក��ងសហគមន៍ មួយ��ល�ន���ី�សហ��ិន��លមិនសូវ�ន សមត��ព គឺ�ន១ឫ២ប៉ុ��ះ៣២។ ��សិន�ើ រ��ភិ�លកម���ពិត��នបំណង�ំ��ដល់វ�ស័យសហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម និងកំ�ើន មូល��ន��ដ�កិច�រយៈ��ល��ង��ន រ��ភិ�ល ���វ���នកិច�ខិតខំ��ឹង��ងរួមមួយ�ើម��ី�ះ ��យនូវឧបសគ���ល���ីកំពុងជួប��ទះ�ក��ង វ�ស័យ��ដ�កិច�។

�ក់���ង

ប����ឈម��លសហ��ិន����ី ជួប��ទះ

រូប�ព�យ៖ Vireak Mai Phnom Penh Posh

Page 11: INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISEThe

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC) ៥

វ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�ពិភព�កមិន��ឹម��បង�ផលវ��ក��ងធ�ន់ធ�រដល់���ី (និងបុរស) ប៉ុ��ះ��

ប៉ុ�����នជ��ុញឲ�����ីចូលរួមក��ងវ�ស័យ��ដ�កិច���ងសកម�ផង��រ�កម���។ វ�បត��ិ�ះក៏ប��ញ

ពីត���វ�រស��ប់�រវ�និ�គដ៏ធំ�ក��ងសហ��សរបស់����ីើម��ី�ើកកម�ស់កំ�ើន��ដ�កិច���កប

�យនិរន�រ�ព និង�នរយៈ��ល��ង។

�រចូលរួមរបស់���ីក��ងវ�ស័យសហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម�ើរតួ��ងសំ�ន់ក��ង�រ��ើឲ��

���ើរ�ើងក��ងវ�ស័យ��ដ�កិច��តិ ក៏ដូច�ផ�ល់នូវ�រប��ើត�រ�រទូ�ំង����ស។ រ��ភិ�ល

���វ��ៀមទុក�មុននូវសកម��ព��លជួយជ��ុញឲ��សហ��ស��ល��ប់��ង�យ���ី���វ�ន

ទទួល��ល់ និងផ�ល់�រ�ំ����បយុទ�����ប���ម�ៀតដល់សហ��ស�ំង��ះ�ើម��ីឲ��រ�កច��ើន

រួម�ំង�រ�ះ��យឧបសគ�����ល��ំងចំ�ះកំ�ើន��សហ��ស�ំង��ះ ក៏ដូច�

�ះ��យប��ផ�ត់គំនិត��នឌ័រ។

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��ះមិន��ន់���ឱ�សមួយប៉ុ��ះ�� ប៉ុ����ក៏�ម����យដ៏សំ�ន់ស��ប់�រអភិវឌ������ស

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ដល់���ី��ល�នអនុវត��រ�រ�គជ័យរបស់

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���ីឲ���ន់�����ើរ�ើង។

រ��ភិ�លកម� ���� �វ����ដល់�រអនុវត�

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ក��ង�រ�ំ��ដល់សហ��ិន����ី �មរយៈ

�រ�ត់បន�យបន��ក�រ�រ��លពួក��ជួប��ទះ

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រ��ភិ�លគួរ��ប��ើតឲ���នកូ�អប��បរ�

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ស�គមជំនួញស��ប់���ីគួរ��យកចិត�ទុក�ក់

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របស់ពួក��។

Page 12: INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISEThe

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)៦

ឯក�រ�ង

��មុ�រ�រនិពន� និង�ៀប�ៀង

ព័ត៌�នអំពី GADC

�ក�� ីរស់ សុ�ព �យិ�អង��រ GADC

�ក Mozammel Haque អ�ក��កឹ��ប���ក��ស���ក��នឌ័រ

�ក Dustin Barter អ�ក��កឹ�����ក��វ��វ និងទំ�ក់ទំនង

�ក ពុធ សុភៈ �យកកម�វ�ធី

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�សយ��ន ផ�ះ��ខ ៨៩ ផ��វ២៨៨ ស��ត់អូ�ំពិក ខណ�ចំ�រមន ���នីភ�ំ��ញ ��ះ���ច��កម���

��អប់សំបុ����សនីយ៍ ២៦៨៤ ភ�ំ��ញ ៣ទូរស័ព� (៨៥៥) ២៣ ២១៥ ១៣៧

ទូរ�រ (៨៥៥) ៩៩៦ ៩៣៤

១.អ៊�នសិរ� ឃុត "មុខជំនួញ��តតូចរបស់កម����សីុ គឺ�ឆ�ឹងខ�ង�� និរន��ព��ដ�កិច�" ។ ��ស៖ ទស��នៈ���ំស��ហ៍ និងទិដ��ព ពី�សីុ។ មូលនិធិ�សុី ���ទី១៣ ��ឧស� ��ំ២០១៣។ ��ប�យ៖ ���ទី១១ ��មិថុ� ��ំ២០១៣។២.ធ��រពិភព�ក៖ "ទិដ��ពកម���" ��ហទំព័ររបស់ ធ��រពិភព�ក hpp:/www.worldbank.org/en/ country/overview”

៣. ibid4. Jalilian, Hossein, �ន់ សុផល, Glenda Reyes, និង �ំង �ន់ហង��។ "កម���៖ឯក�រ�រពិ�ក���ើវ�បត�ិ ហិរ��វត��ពិភព�ក ODI។ ODI �� ��� ��ំ២០០៩ ដក��ង់��ញពី��ហទំព័រ។ ៥. USAID, និង Charlotte Johnson - Welch. �រ�យ ត�����នឌ័រ USIAD/កម���។ �រ�ះពុម� ��ំ ២០១០ ។៦.UNDP, និង Beth Neate. "�����សកម���៖ ���ី និង កុ�ររងផលប៉ះ�ល់ពីវ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�"។ កម�វ�ធអភិវឌ��ន៍អង� �រសហ����តិ ���ទី០៨ ����� ��ំ២០០៩។ � � ហ ទ ំ ព ័ រ < h t t p : / / c o n t e n t . u n d p . o r g / g o / newsroom/2009/april/in-cambodia-women-and-children-hit-hardest-by-economic-crisis.en>.៧. ibid៨. សុ�ត, ��, និង �ន់ សុផល. �ព�យរង��ះ��ើន៖ ផលប៉ះ�ល់���រវ�បត�ិ��ដ�ពិភព�ក�ើ���ីក��ង����ស កម���។ អង��រ Oxfam GP, ���ទី ១៥ ��កុម�ៈ ��ំ២០១០។ ៩. UNDP, និង Beth Neate. "�����សកម���៖ ���ី និងកុ�ររងផលប៉ះ�ល់ពីវ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�"។ កម�វ�ធអភិវឌ��ន៍ អង��រសហ����តិ ���ទី០៨����� ��ំ២០០៩។ � � ហ ទ ំ ព ័ រ < h t t p : / / c o n t e n t . u n d p . o r g / g o / newsroom/2009/april/in-cambodia-women-and-children-hit-hardest-by-economic-crisis.en>. ១០. ibid

១១. អ៊�នសិរ� ឃុត "មុខជំនួញ��តតូចរបស់កម����សីុ គឺ�ឆ�ឹងខ�ង��និរន��ព��ដ�កិច�"។ �សុី៖ ទស��នៈ���ំ ស��ហ៍ និងទិដ��ព��សីុ។ មូលនិធិ�សីុ ���ទី១៣ ��ឧស� ��ំ២០១៣។ ��ប�យ៖ ���ទី១១ ��មិថុ� ��ំ២០១៣។ ១២. Arzeni, Sergio. "បទអន��គមន�យ�ក Sergio Arzeni �ក��ងកិច���ជុំ��ញអង�ស�ីពី "ជំនួញ��តតូច៖ ��ះដូង����ដ�កិច�ពិភព�ក"។ សហ��ស��តតូច និង ��តមធ��ម និងសហ��ិន�ព៖ អង��រស��ប់សហ ��តិបត�ិ�រ ��ដ�កិច� និង�រអភិវឌ��។ OECD ���ទី ២៤ ����� ��ំ២០១៣។ ��ហទំព័រ<http://www. oecd.org /cfe/smes/ arzenidohaspeech.htm>១៣, Ibid១៤. �ក កង �ន់���រដ� �ក គីម �ន់� និង�ក��ី លីវ ���ត (២០០៩)៖ “�រ��ន់���ណពីផល ប៉ះ�ល់��វ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�ក��ង����សកម���”។ �ៀបចំ�យ ILO និង CIDS។១៥. អ៊�នសិរ� ឃុត "មុខជំនួញ��តតូចរបស់កម����សីុ គឺ� ឆ�ឹងខ�ង��និរន��ព��ដ�កិច�" ។ �សីុ៖ ទស��នៈ���ំ ស��ហ៍ និងទិដ��ព��សីុ។ មូលនិធិ�សីុ ���ទី១៣ ��ឧស� ��ំ២០១៣។ ��ប�យ៖ ���ទី១១ ��មិថុ� ��ំ២០១៣។១៦. IFC 2008 ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី���រ។ ��ហទំព័រ៖ http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/mekongpsdf.nsf /AttachmentsByTitle/Voices+of+Cambodian+Women+Entrepreneurs/$FILE/Voice-of-Cambodian-Women-Entreprenure.pdf១៧. Ibid១៨. ស��ប់ព័ត�នប���មមពីទំ�ក់ទំនងរ�ងសម�ព ��នឌ័រ និងកំ�ើន��ដ�កិច�រយៈ��ល��ង សូម�ើល៖ Rodgers, Meulen, and Jospesh E. Zveglich, Jr. កំ�ើន និងវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ង ទីផ��រ�សីុ ��ខ321. N.p.៖ធ��អភិវឌ���សីុ ��ធ����ំ២០១២ �ះពុម�ផ��យ រ�យ�រណ៍ ��ដ�កិច�របស់ ADB

១៩. UNDP "�ព���គូស��ប់�រព��ឹងសិទ�ិអំ�ច ��ដ�កិច�របស់���ី�ក��ង����សកម���"។ Asia-Pacific Weekly Highlights. UNDP ���ទី២៥ ឧស� ��ំ២០១៣ ��ហទំព ័ រ <http:/ /www.snapundp.org/Weekly Highlights/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?List=b2b1f523-84af-4f7b-9be8-591c30c47aea>.២០. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី���រ។ Rep. N.p។ �រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ ��ក�� ��ំ ២០០៨។២១. Velasco, E 2004.�រ��ឲ���នសម�ព ��នឌ័រក��ងវ�ស័យអប់រ�ស��ប់�ំ�ងអស់��៖ �ើ����ស កម����ន�រអប់រ��ំងអស់���ើយរ��? ដក��ង់��ញ ពី��ហទំ �រ៖http://www.springerlink.com/content /x1p5583014513426/២២. Rodgers, Meulen, and Jospesh E. Zveglich, Jr. កំ�ើន និងវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ង ទីផ��រ�សុី ��ខ321. N.p.៖ធ�� អភិវឌ�� �សុី ��ធ����ំ២០១២ �ះពុម�ផ��យ រ�យ�រណ៍��ដ�កិច�របស់ ADB ២៣. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី���រ។ Rep. N.p។ �រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ ��ក�� ��ំ ២០០៨។២៤. ADB. កម���: �រវ��គប����នឌ័រ���ំ����ស។ N.p.: ធ��រអភិវឌ��ន៍�សីុ ��មក� ��ំ២០១២។ ២៥. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី���រ។ Rep. N.p។ �រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ។ ��ក�� ��ំ ២០០៨។២៦. Ibid ២៧. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី���រ។ Rep. N.p។ �រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ ។ ��ក�� ��ំ ២០០៨។២៨. ADB. កម���: �រវ��គប����នឌ័រ���ំ����ស។ N.p: ធ��រអភិវឌ��ន៍�សីុ ��មក� ��ំ២០១២។ ២៩. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី���រ។ Rep. N.p។ �រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ ។ ��ក�� ��ំ ២០០៨។៣០. Ibid ៣១. Ibid ៣២. Ibid

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