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Loughborough UniversityInstitutional Repository
Investigations into line ofbalance scheduling house
building
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• A Doctoral Thesis. Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirementsfor the award of Doctor of Philosophy of Loughborough University.
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Publisher: c© M.J. Darlow
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INVESTIGATIONS INTO LINE OF BALANcr:: SCHEDULING FOH.
i-IOUSE BUHDE'TG
by
11. J. DAHLO'll
OCTOBEH 1968
Supervisor: Professor E •. G. Trimble, B.Se.,
F.I.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., A.U.I.Struct.E.
1"11111111111111111111111111"111111111111111111 III
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-- GHBOROUGH UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Civil Engineering
I . .. I
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LOUGHBOROUGH
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
LIBRARY
AUTHOR
~ARLO~ M . . ..................................................................... ../. ............................................................................................ .
. :.~.~.:. .. ~.~.~ ..................... ~ ... ~ ... ~.?Q .. ~/~'. ..................................................... .. I VOl NO. CLASS MARK
i .
ckb,~ tor r~A"-; -8 FEB1985 LOAN 7 UTH +
UNLESS R£CALL.E
. 29. APR:,~·
1 7 fEB 1994
10 DEe 1993
18 MM 1S~4
Summary This report describes the theory of formula-based Line
of Balance and the two extrer,e Line of Balance methods which can be used for scheduling housing projects. Of the two compromise methods which are then introduced, the decision rule method is the most im-l~ortant because it enables the schedule to be chosen on economic grounds.
A computer llrogram called DARLOD is fully described, and is used to process data for a housing project. This project is used to illustrate the three most important Line of Balance scheduling methods.
The unit house network has a great bearing on the fim:l cost of the housing project, on the scheduling method chosen, and on the final schedule. This report therefore shows how the design and construction decisions which determine the network shOUld be made so that a low cost, short duration schedule is obtained.
Before scheduling a housing project it is necessary to detennine which scheduling method should be used. This report therefore relates JJine of Iialance to house building in Great Britain, and concludes that full Line of Balance scheduling by the methods described in this report is at present only economic for largc, non-speculative projects consisting of system or industrialized houses.
-
,
Loughborougll llni.erlltr . of T echoclO:9Y ,Libmy .
D.te J'-- ~., Class • Ace. 043708 ~I I No.
,
•
Acknowledgements
But for the help gi yen to rJle during the execution of this
pro j ect, this report would 1)8 substantially different in f<r.cm, and
far less relevant to the housu building industry in Great Britain.
Of ,:11 those who have c:dd.ed me I particularly wish to thank my
supervisor for his p~.tiel1c() and guidance. Special th8.nks 8.re also
due to the directors of John l'fcLean & Sons J.Jir.li ted for agreeing
to provide facilities for me. and to the many members of their
staff who helped me in my searches for inforr.lation.
Table of contents
1.00 Introduction 1.01 Terms of reference 1.02 Plan of research
2.00 The basic theory of Line of Balance 2.01 The assillnptions of LOB 2.02
3.00 Line 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04
3.05 3.06
The basic thcory of LOB of Balance scheduling methods
Introduction Parallel scheduling Resourcc scheduling Comparison of parallel scheduling and resource scheduling modified parallel scheduling
. Decision rule scheduling 4.00 The influence of the unit network upon the
LOB schedule 4.01 Introduction 4.02 Designing thc unit network 4.03 Interrelation between project build
rate and the unit network 4.04 Practical modifications for LOB
schedules 4.05 The varying logic of LOB
5.00 stage scheduling 6.00 The choice of scheduling method
6.01 Introducticn
6.02 The speculative building situation 6.03 -:rhe contractor for public authoritics 6.04 -rhe local authority direct labour
department 6.05 Other factors favouring LOB
7.00 Conclusions 8.00 References Appendix A Notation
Appendix B An example of the application of the decision rule LOB scheduling method
Appendix C Description of LOB computer ,.Jrogram DI.RLOB
Appendix D Outputs from DUl.LOB
Page 1 1 1
2 2 2 8 8 8 8
14
17 17 23
23 23 26
29
30 31 32 32 32 36 37
37 39 40
41 42
43 55
56 85
86 - 112
1
,Investigations into Line of Balanc'(JErchoduling forr'h{)U~c~buil'ding
1.00 Intr~uction
1.01 Terms of referenc~ a) To investigs.te alternative methods of LOB scheduling for
house building. b) To ascertain what factors should be taken into account
in deciding on the particular scheduling method to be adopted. c) To investigate the extent to which the grouping of
operations can facilitate scheduling and lead to economies.
1.02 Plan of research To achieve the objectives set out in the terms of
referencc four methods were used: a) Collection of information on actual housing projects
from John McTJean &: Sona Limited. b) Intervicwing nen who had worked with LOB or had
undertaken research on related topics. c) A literature search and the study of the referenccs
found. d) Detailod investigation into LOB theory and into the
practical applications of any resulting developments. A computer program was written to assist in the investigations outlined in d), mainly by processing data obtained from John NcLean &: Sons Limited.
_~.91 The a~'?.~L1fl-ptl:9n§._'!..f Jog}3 LOB a3 described in this report is based upon three
assUl!lptions~
2
a) The different house ty')es on a site can be eombinad into
a typical hous e for tfi':1.-G site without significant errorS being
introduced, ",nd a ;1.etvrork for this average house produced.
b) Each operative :'lroduces at r. eonstal",~ rate, and the man
hour eontents of activities are e;xpress<)d in torms of that rate.
1'_lthough repeti 'cion does improvo produeti vi ty until a
'fairly stable oporational "time is attained(1)(2), assumption b) is
inaccurate. 1"0:;:' building opcratiol1s the nccumulated mean value of
operational tir.lGs has been found to be reduced by approximately
'10 per cent vlhen the nUl!lber of identical op"rations is doubled (1) •
The in:.:ecux'aey of assLUuptiol1 b) is therefere related to the l1Ul!lber
of houses in tho project 2nd to the experience of the labour
force. Superimposed on operative learning are of course increases
in operative producti vi ty which [~I'e d~l'e ctly due to increases in
mannger,lent effectiveness.
c) A gang, composed of an integral number of equal teams,
is allocated to each activity, 8.nd its ulGmber::, work solely at that
aeti vi ty from the first to the J,;lst house. "Only onc team can work
at its desigr,ated activity in onc ho.uso.
2.02 The basi~ th2~Y of LO~
This section describes theory previously produced by
Trimble (part of his work is ineorporCl.ted in (3». It also
develops the theory c,ssoeio.ted with the unproduE:yive ma,l }fours
• which arise when 8.D 2.eti vi ty is sclwduled by the parallel method.
Although in thb report assUl!lption a) of Subsection 2.01 is
adhered to, it i!ould be nossible to calculate sehedul08 vrithout
combining the various house types. In this case schedules l'Iould be
caleuh'.ted by simul;:,'cion instead of formulae. However, the
concepts ,~nd conclusions developed in this report <".re still
rolevcmt to sehedul·)s produced by simulation.
For simplicity the workinc; weel~ is taken as five eight-hour
days.
The notation used for the fOrl;).ulae shcwn in this report is
listed in Appendix A.
3 . ''l','
For an activity with man hour content U the th.eoretic~I gang size required to achic'Te a progress rate of U houses per week
is G = J:i x U
40 men
;; .' , " )
(2.02.1)
However as' the "gang' is' composcd of 'men, th~ actual' gang sizG'can .. \. ,"
rarelj"equal the thl'Wrcitical gang size G, and it is this fact which gives 'rise to' thctwo' extremc methods' of LOB scheduling;"
rtamely: resource scheduling and parallel scheduling. In parallel,. scheduling each activity progress ratets equal
to the build rate B. Therefore for each activity,
al').d
,G = Ll x B 40
U = B
g?- G.
men
houses per week
men
In resource scheduling each'aetivity'actual gang size is
chosen so as to be as near as possible to the theoretical gang
size. Therefore
U = n = 40 x f'1' 52 11
houses per \'leek (2.02.2)
':ihen g = Q, i.e. one team, the resulting natural progress
rL'.te is callGd the 'natural rhythm'. The duration taken for a team to perform its activity per
house is T = r.l
8 x Q days (2.02.3)
The tir:le from the start of an activtiy in the first house
to the start of that activity in the final (n th) house is
S = (n - I} x 5 days (2.02.4) U
Calculation of unproductive man hours It will be recalled tho.t for parallel scheduling g is
greater than or equal to G. Therefore in rilost cases the acti vi ty is theoretically overmanned, and assuming that the men arc not usefully employed Glsewhere, they must either 'Nork more slowly or
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stand idle fer a time. It is pessible to ealeulate the total unproducti vc time for the n houses fer a lJarticular activity, and thc:cofore the avcra:?;e un)Jroducti vc timc '.Jer house for that activity.
Figure 1 shows an activity fer which a gang of three teams is neeessary before the natural c1rogrc)ss rate exeeeds the build rate. From Figure 1
where
and
x '" (S11 - 3n ) x g
(n - 1) x Q
Sp = (n .:-li.Jc-2 B
Sn = (n - 1) x ~
N
days
days
days
Thorefore 3p - 3n = 5 x (n - 1) x (H - B) (If :le B)
(2.02.5)
days (2.02.6)
Because teams do not have to wait to start in their first house, for the n houses the total of unproductive man hours for this activity is
x x 8 x Q x (n - gin
where Y Q is the number of te3.lTIs in the gang. Substituting equations (2.02.5) and (2.02.6) into (2.02.7) and dividing by n, the average unproductive man hours per house is
,\,1 = 40 x g x (N - B) x (n - gl Q)
n x 11 x B
man hours (2.02.8)
In real situations equation (2.02.8) becomes
n is large and is snall. Therefore
w = 40 :le g X (~ - D) If :le B
man hours (2.02.9)
By substituting N = (40 x g)/B into equation (2.02.9) two alternative forms can be produced:
':! = LI x (N - ll:t B
man hours (2.02.10)
--- --~~~-- ---
or ~7 = 40 x g - ·T i., man hQurs (2.02.11) B
Therefore VI = .1- 0 -~~ - 1 (2.02.12) l.l B x H
Fieure 2 shows the charactcristic unproductive man hour curve produced. when equation (2.02.12) is plottod.
Limited avnilabil.LtY.: of o"qcratives In real situations thero J:\~.y be EL limited supply of
certain operatives. Thorefore the naximum progress ratos of the corresponding activities may bo less than the rates required for rigid adherence to parallel scheduling o:~ rosource schcduling.
7
3.00 Line of Bal~nce scheduling-1~ethods
).01 Introduction This section of the report describes four distinct tOB
scheduling methods which can be used for house bui.lding. The practj.cal results of using three of the L1wt;hoc1s are c1escri bed, and for each method nn exs.mple is given. The final subsection describes three ways in which schedules might bG further
modified.
3.01 Parallel_sche2E_li~ In par9.1181 scheduling the build rate is imposed upon
all activities except for those whose maximum progress rate is less than the build rate. The theory of parallel scheduling is described in detai.l in Subsection 2.02.
The parallel schedule for a project of 170 system houses at a build re.te of 4 houses per Vleek is shown in Figure 4. The logic network (network 1) for the system house is shown in Figure 3, and the appropriate compute!' outputs are nu.mbers 1 to
5 in Appendix D. Acti vi ties 10-12 and 12-16 of networj. 1 are both performed
by scaffolding gang 302. Therefore these two ::lCti vities should
be combined into a:"t acti vi ty 10-16 for tlle pur'poses of computing the j?arallel schedule and the unproduc'i;ive man hours. However to
retain the original logic it is necessary to introduce a 'time activity' 10-14 which has the same time per hcuse as activity 10-12. Similarly activities 20-22 and 22-28, 28-32 ;nd 28-46, and 44-46 and 46-48, are also combined to produce the network for p8.rallel scheduling (networl: 2 shown on Output 2 of L.ppendix D). This phenomenon of varyin:! logic is fully explained in Subsection 4.05 •
.3.03 !tes9.urce schecluling ,. In resou::-cc sch,~dulinz each e.cti vi ty is scheduled with its
nat'ural progress rate, which is an ~ntegral m.!l11ber of natural rhythms, that is llcarc2t to the desired build rat".
8
Figure 4· shoVis the resu~t of resource sC:leduling at 4 houses per week the 170 houses \';hich \"!(3re parallel scheduled in ;3ubsectior.. 3.02. The appropriate co!aputer outputs are 11u.'llbor8 6 to 10 in l,ppendix D.
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illll: 1;11;1,:li: .lii:'!!lll:i'lli!I;: ;i"ii. J L.;.!J,_~. it FIGUR..t:L'e,' Ic..oN-nNUa:.o' . i :J ~ CoMPAR..I::'ON OF
I· i .. i.. :!'! 11! I i i:,! I i : i! . I: i i 11 i I r--- ;. PARALI-SL' ::'CHa.PUI-INE. I . 1 . - .. , . I .. I" A.' '" \ l l ~ I \; i r I 1 t : ~ • :. -. 1_.L 1 T • -; , ,. ~ ",NO' ~U"-'-}:.. I
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i ___ .,'_
'rhe network (network j shonn in Output 7) is different
from networks 1 and 2. This is bccause the logic of a branched
network may vary with the scheduling method and the build rate
(see Subsection 4.05) •
.. :'-:..9 .. 4 Comparison of....2£.~allel schcd1)..:.JJ:.!!:~_an.:Lf:'esource s~he9-o1).Jin1£
Figure 5 Cl)lotted from Outputs 11-16 of Fppendix D) shows
the r;esul ts obtained by pgrallel scheduling and resource
scheduling two projects at a ranc;e of builc~ rates. rhe two
projects are of 170 and 340 system 110uses. The unit house
network used is network 2 (Output 2 ef Appendix D). Using the
same network for both scl1eduling methods and the full range of
build rates introduces inaccuracies into thc resource schedules
due to the varying logic of IJOB. These inaccuracjoes do not
however detract fl'om the validity of the conclusions which can
be dravm. These conclusions are:
a) The l.mi t build time under parallel scheduling is th'3
shoy'test possible, and is independent of the bl.:lild rate and the
n1)~ber of houses in the project.
b) Thc average unit build time under resource scheduling
is extremely large, decreaseG with increasing build rate, and
increases with the number of houses in the project. At low build
rates the average unit build time is so large as to be
l.macceptable.
c) The direct 1abour costs per house under resource
scheduling do not Vf:.\ry with build rate. Hovwyer, under parallel
scheduling they decrease asymptotic2.1ly with increasing build
rate towards the direct labour coste uXlder resource scheduling.
Other diffcrences bctneen p2.rallel echeduling and
resource scheduling 20~'e;
14
a) !.!ulti-project scheduling is more difficult when the
l)rojects are resource scheduled than when they are parallel
schedlled. ~his is 'oecEmse under resource scheduling the intervals
between successive gangs starting on a project are different from
the intervals between these e::mgs \"/hen t;ley finish the project.
Figure 6 illustrates this for a unit net\"lorl~ of three activities.
b) The level of direct labour through the project duration
varies according to the scheduling method. Figure 7 shO'.°ls the
direct labour clistributions for the tv/o schedules shown in Figure
4·. Under pan,llelschec1uling the direct labour distribution
--_ .. _ ... -_ .. J t,. '---'-- ._+- ~,---.-",,--,---.-----'-'-.--=-~-:::=:t-===--.--,~-:-=---.. -- .-.
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. -~.=-:-= ~~:-::::::~ F:=:: ~:::-=_:=~:".: ... :- =!=-.-. l.:~·:~_ :~=~=-.: ====;=----====.:::::;:=-~ _ _=~~ ... _::-=l,~:::]=~ :-::;- . ~~~~,=~~~~I~:~~~~l-~~ -: .. : =-::.._=:.: - ::~t:: ---- .. ------ .------ .------- -, I-- _"_' ___ 1 __
r--r-r--. "-'--.-------0- .-----~----f--.--.-
.---; ---_ ..... ; .. _.,._- .~-~ --_.---- .. __ ._ •• _."_. __ • ______ + .• ______ L ____ .
-.- ___ • _,_, __ ._~ _____ ._l ____ _ ,
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.u-:-_____ .. : -.. -- -. - .. HOU S to. '=>
---r--~-~-----·:___---·r-;....--·---~--·--
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.- j --, . ;.' i . - - --_ .... +
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.. ----~-I-· :,",AITI"lG: .
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_"' __ ••••••• - -0 •
--- =--.-~ r-~----- t----
I -.-~ .. ----.,- .-.-- .. --.,._.
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I .. -~ -
i --.--1 .
-- f-----~ _!..... ---, --------- .... -.- .. ,.-
-- ;-
, i-_____ .. _. '1::"
_ .. --. - '
•• -.> ~-+------ ... ------.- -\ _ .. _---.-._-_._.
__ -1·--··--- _._0 ___ _ _.--- - .-.; ... -_ ...• _--_.-_ . -----_ .. !.
---.--.--,--~------~---
.. -, , 1
through time is trapezoidal in sha~)e, wherC:las under resource schedulinG the number of m·en on site at D.ny one time is low and thei.r distribution through tir,10 is irregular.
c) When parallel scheduled, a project is more f3ensitive to variances between planned progress and actual progress than if the project Were resource scheduled. Also, as building under parallel scheduling is so auch more intense there could be
dislocation due to overcrowding of work spaces. d) Undcr ~arallel scheduling executional continuity
(operc,tives worIcing at the SE .. me activities wi tl10ut stoppages during working hours (1)) is lost because of the waiting tiEle
introduced between a team finishing in one house and starting in the next. Therefore the potential productivi t:{ gains from repetition are reduced.
3.05 l:iodified parallel Echeduling When a branched network is scheduled by the parallel
method there may be activities with float. It is therefore theoretically possible to reduce the total of non-productive man hours by rescheduling non-critical activities, Hithin their float limitations, at progress rates nearer to their natural progress rates. In practice the saving is very small as house networks
17
tend to be linear, and because under parallel scheduling the floats are very small.
3.06 Decision rule scheduling Introduction
The three LOB scheduling methods previously described do nct enable the project schedule to be chosen on economic grounds. They allow the theoretical direct man hour requirements .to be calculated
but completely neglect overhead costs. Therefore the decision rule method is a significEmt advance in LOB theory because it allows both direct and overhead costs to be taken into account when choosing the project schedule. Alternatively, the equations derived enable cost comparisons to be made betneen different projec+' schedules.
The process of decisio~ rule scheduling a project consists of 8.ppl;ying the Iaa thod to eac:il man hour L\cti vi ty of +'he unit house
network in turn. Each activity being consid3red is initially po. allel scheduled, and then the decision rule is applied to it to
determine I"Ihethe1" a cost saving cOlCld be TiJade by scheduling the activity at its natural progress rate when the gang size is unchanged, or at a 10\'ler natural progress rate.
18
~he project schedule chosen using the decision rule method is economically sub-optiE1aJ.. One reason is because the assumption on which the h1ethod is based is that the activities immediately preceeding 2.nd follo"aing the acti vi ty in question are scheduled at the build rate. Therefore if one of the neighbouring activities is not scheduled at the build :::'ate it is possible to schedule the
activity in question within a range of progress rates without
p.ltering the project duration.
Theory If the activity under consideration is scllCduled at the
build rate it will normally be overmanned. Therefore in formulating
the decision rules there are two cases to be considered:
a) Case A the actual gang size is unaltered, i.e. remains
. at that required for parallel scheduling. b) C:1se B - thG actual gang size rec:uired for parallel
scheduling is reduced by one team.
\;11.en the progress rate of an acti vi ty is raised froLl the build rC.te to its n11tura1 rate the total saving in unproductive man hours
is ~! x n x H pounds (3.05.1)
where H is the all-in hourly rate for labour (see Appendix B). As neighbcuring activi tic)s are schGduled at the build rate, this change
will increase the contract du:cation by (Jp - Sn) days. 2'he cost of this increase in contract duration is
(3 - S ) x D p n pounds (3.05.2)
where D is the dcily inc~ease in costs caused by the extension of
the duration of the activity being considered.
Therefore for raising the activity progro'3s build rate to its n8.tural rate to be economic
'.'! x 11 X H :> (;:; - 3 ) x D pounds p n
Substituting equa"Guons (2.02.6) and (2.02.8) into
r:r 11 ~- 1 b .> x D men
[3 x H
rate from the
(3.05.3)
(3.05.3)
and if n is large for there to be a saving then g:> D 8 x H
Case B Jhere the actual Gang size r8~uired for parallel
scheduling (gl) is composed of more than 0118 t"am it may be economic to reduce that gang size by one tcam to g2' a.nd hence the
n:ltural progress rate from Nl to N2.
19
If the actual activity progress rate is reduced from B to N2 the saving, due to the elimination of unproductive man hours, will be the same as in ca8e I,. Therefore for this reduction in progress
rate to be economic (3.05.5)
where Sl and S2 are the durations from the start of the activity in the first house to its start in the final house for the natural
progress rates Nl and N2 respectively. Substituting equations (2.02.6) and (2.02.8) into (3.05.5)
40 x gl x (Nl - B) x (n - gl/Q) x H
5 x (n - 1) x (B - N2) x D
and if n is large
D x--
"2 Nl - B 8 x H
Substituting ec]uation (2.02.2) into (3.05.6)
gl :::;;. gl G - g2 j}
x--- x g2 gl - G 8 x H
(3.05.6)
(3.05.7)
Let '51 y x Q. G - z x Q. ~ - and g2 = (y - 1) x Q. Substituting
these expressions into (3.05.7) ,-' 1 1 D gl :>- y I ! -- 1 1 x
y - 1 i y - z 8. x H
(3.05.8)
General case For a saving to be achieved. the progress rate of an activity
should only be altered from the build rate if the actual gang size
required for parallel scheduling
D men
8 x H
._._)I ___ .. 1_' __ ! ___ .. , .11 ... -- , __ 1_' _-L_L._-L-.-L. J .. _._J_J I I I
j I· I i ! 1'1' .21 . I
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I:'! i
'. . " . ! ': . .. " • ".,,' , ' I : • .: . , •. , I' . :: '_··1····· i : .... r'" ·· .. 1 ' i' ..... F . ! ~~~~.--;-: !':'- : ":l''':-''''''----t
I : I . I I I ; , .: . 'AND : u" N2, • i ., . • . ;
.. :~:., .. "". ·'·!'I· [";' :"~"~: .,i,'.' .. ' ·T:~.luT·;F.I:·~\~!Q-"·I--·-··-.:-;;~.;I.-.; .. ':.':.-I-·----J
I : ' . • i I' ., " ' . ,I '. ,., I . . i .. '. ,.,' ... .
~"", i '--. f::~.··c>:L:,"· ...... .; .... [ ~~lp~."'~!,~~~J-·--" .. , .• [i".~·T-··-:. ,::i;, I, -.J,'\l I :r", I , . . . I •. I'" ,. .. i: .., . ..... . I
- , 2 0 ~Tii}-?~ 1'11:;-: I'; ;;1' "'I: '!,.' "j .• ·.::.i .. ; ... ",:.It' .. ·.···~,. ".' ~o.:'I·· "-'-I,-~--11 ;',','''::1·,' :.·.';'11':·':1': '," I . . - : : ~ :;! . . . ! . : I "'. ., I
~'I': :--[.,,:.. '·i·i:-,,: ,.....--;~' ""~-;: .: ... ;: : 1 .. !. _._-: ['1'1" " :1 :':llll:, ,I L" F· .. r-··i···..: .-'-,'" j:I·9. . I '-:-":-I-"~ll"'-"-' ...... i'I-·~- ·.h_ .. -l
_~ i.. .. 1_: .. _~_!' __ ... _ ... : I I 1 ' ',. ..' - ... . . ::'T .: i: . I .. ",:-- . l·· .. :"'·· ... j" .-.. : ....... I' i,,: .I'! ' I \ ,! I;, '''';/''''1 1
'0' I ZO~ D j' i ".'.0., ..... ,:._ .. .1
: . 'I'. .~ I" ... .. . ....... 1, SE.a.! e,~0'; ,.:. : 1'-.' 'I:·------.... ~·T~-:.·I-·--- I'
I ,1'1 i(:! --'I']'" ;Z-ON~ A.: .. "~-t I ..: r' ... r-·~Il· .. ·--· ., . . . . kr:.E..P! . ~ '" ~I' ! , f. '. . I
I i I I '. .. , 1 . , :.-;r'''i-:n--·-· ·"~"·IANC i :~, .. t>: :: Ij1-··:; .• ·,--,--:ii·,,,'--' j""--:r--'j '.'. '.: .',' : I ,. I· I _.,' . ,I , . I:'::.! ::. I : : : , ' i -," '! !' : . : .
22
The value of R is determined 2,ccording to the following three
cri teria (see Figure: BA fOI' a full expl1Cnation in flOl", chart form):
a) If gl = (, n = 1,0 b) If (y - z)..,-: 0 5, R ,~ 1. 0
c) If gl > C> R sho"ld iYli tially be tc.li::en as 1. 0 or calculated from
11 - y r- 1 I ,
1 - x: I
y - 1 I ,. z ! i d -0.05.10)
','1hichever value is the smaller. Then using this smaller value of R,
if Sl> (R x D)/(B x H) ,schedule the activity in question at _
pT.ogress rate N2 l7it~,1 El. gang size g2' However if gl< (rr x D)/C8 x H)
schedule the acti vi ty 2.t the build rate with a gung size gl'
Figm'e 8A showlJ the tY:ge of flow chart vlhich weuld be used if
the decision rule metllod was 'co be computerized. However for hand
computation a graphic",l representation of the method is more
suitable. This is shown in Figure BB. The proeoduro for using
Figure en to determine the economic prog-.cess rate for an activity is as follows:
a) After calculating (y - z), the valuG of It can be read
c1iroctly by taking a vertical from the (y - z) axis up to the
appropriate y curve, and then taldng a horizontal fro,'l this
intersection to the right hand vertical axis. If the value of n cannot be detcrmined g:r(~~Jhically it can alwe,3's be calculated using
equation (3.05.10).
The value of expression (gl x G x E)/(n x D) is then
calculated, and a hori:lontal produced from the oxpression' s value on
the left hand axis until it intersects the vertical j:roduced from
the (y - z) axis. The scheduling f.'lGthod fer the activity can then be
read directly from PigurC' BB according to the zone in which the
intersection occurs.
i, fully worked example of the decision rule method is shown
in Lrrpendix B. For this exanplG the most economic schedule, wi tllin
the decision rule assumptions, is the full par::.llel project
schedule. This suggests ";hat the number of activities which should
not be parallel scheduled when the decisi.on rule method is applied
to Go project will be low. fherofore the basic assumption that the
activities immediately proceeding o.nd following the activity 1:1.
Clu.esti.on c"'.re scheduled o.t the build rate is a', correet one in most
cases.
23
4.00 ·The influence of the. unit house'network upon the LOB schedule
1~_Ol Introduction To apply r,OB to a housin:~ .:project it is first necessary to
produce the construction networ}, for one house - the unit network. This network lllay be for a typical house on the site or, if the house types are very diffcrtmt, it might be preferable to use a separate network for eaeh.
The minimum information that the unit network should provide is:
a) The netwerk logic. b) For acti vi ties requiring oper2.ti ves: the man hour
content, the type of operatives required, the te5111 size, and any limitations on gang size. Por activities for which these details are unavailable, e.g. subcontracted activities, the duration, and any limitations on progress rate.
c) Any buffers required. . . t:. buffer is an acti vi ty which is a 'uss.ble' duration. They a.re included so that if d'Jviations from the schedule occur interference b"tween gangs will not begin until the deviation exceeds the buffer. An activity duration which represents the setting of concrete is not a buffer because it is not usable in the sense that; a neighbouring activit~T can run into it.
Above all the network should accurately describe what will be clone on site.
4 .02 Designing the ul1i t netwerk ... Boldero ( 4) proposes that the unit network should be
considered as a linear series of stages. He lays down the following stage disciplines;
a) A stage should contain the maximum !l"LUl:1Jer of acti vi ties in parallel ano. the !-Jiniml-":J nurulx:r in series.
b) J~o.ch stage should contain c-a much of one trade's 'Nork as possible.
c) Dependencies within a stage should be minimized.
d) ~here the elements within a stage are interacting they should, where possible, be carried out either by a eompositc team or by men trained in composite skills.
e) Looping (i.e. Hhere the S8ue gang performs several
activi ties vii thin each hous8, eLoch activity rOQuiring a pepurate
visit) of men wi thin ~, stage should bo dosig;l(,d out wherever
possiblo.
f) ',",her8 the acti vH:r is not sclf-c:.utor'jlj.~linc as to its
stage it should bo fi ttec:. i11'oo the earliol, G pra.ctical stage.
24
These disciplines provide a clear st~tement of the qualities
which are desirab10 in ·[;ho unit network. Flow8ver, more
quantitative requir:cments must be laid dCVIl1 if CO;Jts are to be
minimized.
The basic difference between the t~o 8xtr8me LOB methods is
that parallel scheduling minimizes unit build 'Gimc and contract
duration, and entails hi.Sh direct labour costs, whilo resourco
scheduling givCls a long unit build time and ni,)inL;es direct
labour costs. If '~he same housing pro ject is scheduled by those
two methods the two resulting schedules '?,re so different (sce
Pigure 4) that the most ocoIlonic of the tV/o ·.-:ill ,:':c'obably not bc
the opti.mum. Th8rcfore if by ehs.ngin3 the notnork H is possible
to reducc the dir()ct labo"Vr costs of the parallel schedule, ill1d
·;;he unit build "tine of the resource schedul., wi tllout increasing
dir()ct labour costs (1. e. mo.::e "th0 networ:c mOl'e 'efficient·), the
scope for thon further roducil'lg overall cost by t~,ldng into
account overhc2.d costs is increased.
In a ul1i t nctworlc there 8,re three v2.ric~blcs: the order and
number of activities, the ao·t;ivity man hour contonta, and the
acti vi ty team sizos. '.~h0reforc the process of naking the unit
network more effioient shoulcl bo as follows:
a) Design the "1etv/crk, iznoring unprod'L,cti v() man hours, on
the principles outlined at -th8 boginrling of this subsection.
b) l'lo-t th() unproduc·i;ivo man hours/buLLc~ rate curve for
theJ network.
c) Seloct the build rata.
d) .',djust the network logic, acti vi ty mc,n hour contents, and
(1V'i;i 'Ii t;l' team sizes, so as to Elinimize the total ull:;:Jroducti ve miOl,1
hours per house at the desired build rate. This entails m2Jdl13'
activity natural prot'lTcSS rates $ 2~S far as is TJOssiblu, (~c.ual to or just greater than the c1esir8Q build rate.
..,
I
J
------ --- ----------------------------~
4.03 Interrelation b.s:tween l'.Es1.cct build rc:.:t.:::-2P-c1 ~ho u:::ti t
network
The project build rate m2.y be detGrminGcl or influonced by
such .factors 2.S: the client· s reauirements, the size of the
26
pro ject, the builder's future I'lorh: load, or the avai12.Oili ty of
resources. Howevor where the builder has some freodom in choosing
the build rate, which should he choose? Conversely, if the build
rate is specified c",r- he l'cduee costs by al toring the unit
network?
)"or all efficient netHor], tho unproductive mm hours/build
rate curve will have pcaks and troughs superil'1posed on the
general downward curve. Pigure J sho':ls these curves for the shell
stage of networl[ 2; curve 1 for the oriGinal dc'.ta set, and the
other two eurves 0.1'0 for synthetic data sets produced by
r2.ndomizing the original 2.ctivity flan hour contents. Computer
outTmts 17-26 in A:'1pendix D wcre used to .plot the curves in
Figure 9. As the pealcs and troughs in curve 1 are more pronounced,
the originc.l data set is more efficient than the tVIO zynthesized
sets. To minimize costs the project build rate should bc chosen to
coincide with e1'.8 of the trou:;hs in the unproductive man hours/
build rate curve. ASSUl:.1ing that miniE1Ulll cost is the only
cri terion, tl1e builder then h""s the problem of Qeciding which
trou/~h. In Allpendix B, Section 3, the variable Bite overhe2,d cost
is found to be &:600 ;)cr 'Necl{. '£herefore if thc pro ject were to take
tVIO weeks longer than the sehcdl~18d 65 vl8elcs "[;118 extra overhead
coo',; incurred would be £1200. Of courS0 this v",riab18 ovorhec-.d cost
is only accurate ·,Iithin a limited rc-.nge of rroject durations, but
by comparing the ch2nge in overhead costs ·,;i th the ch::-,nge in the
cost. of um.lroductivo man hours as the build rate is v"ried, the
opU.mum build l'2to ean be deter!!lined.
Considering the pro ject of 170 notworlc 2 type houses v.sed as
an example in App:mdix B, if the build rate is increased. from 4.0
to 5.0 per weel: th0 cost sa'lin:o: can be calculated, USl.!lg dc.t;:, from
Output 13 of l~ppendix D, as follor/s:
S~wil1g in overhead C08'0 = Decrec'-se in project duration x D
= Z(25B.3 - 216.0) x 120
= £.5080·
i --
-'- ;.
. __ ... i __ :.".
i r: I 1'-. . ' . - I '_L_' __ ~~(_'~-' _._. __ ._~_ .• __ ~ .•. ,._~ _~ .. (} •.•• _ .• ___ ~ __ .. ____ .. __ ,_. ___ .• , __ .• _~,.~ __ •.•
~. F~---; -: -: 1" . -1~' , . ~~.-:-"-_~_.;-: I!=~ :'.,: .:~' :,'11 :--:-~~~:" .. :~ .,;.:,~:~~~- .. ", .,:.!'~'- :-_~ __ ::J.~~ :---~-" _. ~ I ... ~ ~ "'. -. ,.,...
1 .. \ • t
'. ---.~ _,;,.~ .. _ .. __ i ~_ .. ~-. __ :_-__ . __ ; ...... -.. .. : '!'" -
·-i--,~
i I ~ . i --.-- "'-""--'--"T'--"'-~- --'r-----i----- -.---.. --;----.. j--
~~~~~~~~~~~~~--~~~~~--~~--~--~
-----------.-.-.------.-.-. ~i--------'~·-··-·-'-·-'-·-·~: ·--------i-·---7----:-----~~-~.~ .. ~ .. ~ .. ~.=.=.~.~.~. ~ .. ~.~. ~=~~~.~ .. ~.-.~.= .. ~.-.=.~.=.~ .. =.=.=.= .. ~~~- .--~-~ .•.
_ ... ~ --l-~-"------t-.-- -: --~------, 1--' .:.::1 , , i . __ .. -.-- ---", .. -~ •.• -~----.-••. *~. ----------,,--....-_ •• ,
--1
.- ~-.. -~.-.-! ..
.. - ... __ . ------I . .. :
. --_._- ---T ".-" ___ " ·, ___ ,i •• ,,,-,_. __ _ I:
--.. -.~:-===--:·=~:=~~:T:-:=7====-=--,--- ,-"--'-----'--,--_ ... -
. .
, L j ~--
j __ • __ l .
·'··.l. ......... -.- j
-----'-....-j R...OOF
; "'--'---1-
-1 .--:-.-~------ ,·--:···-------T------
~-------------------l __ .. ___ ._ , __ i _____ ... ____ :. ____ , __ , __ ~ __ , _~ -.-__ ._-0 __ , ~. _______ ~ _____ • ___ ~ ____ ...;-____ _
t -- .. ----.-;- . ---.------_.-.- -,-' i--~------ .---.--~---~-. ,----.-.-.
.-.JINDO"":;' ....•. _- - ---- .. "",-.- --- .. _--_.---------_._-
• .. ..... _. _ ..... - ...... """ ...... 1 ...
..+ ... - .. - ~-=-.~=~.:=-=:~:~:=.::::.~=.:-~::J::-.... __ . ________ --+i .. · ____ .. ___ '~~ ___ ._, __ . ___ . __ ,_' __ • _ .. I .. · ........ -.
.TOP. OUT e.WK ROOF TILE..
~~l--::~:'~'~·'-··-"'-}~~E I ~'.~~:;L~:~::~t~:~=~\-~:~-L j: ~~.:J ~~: . ; -,.
.- .. - . _ ..... _--_._-",,_ ... _._-
L_ .
-_ ......... -.-. ".--... -,-----.. --.... -... -.. - ....• -----................. -.--.... - .. :-:"''':'(a...-) -..... - .. --.. -. ------... - ......... --.. - ... ----... - .. t .' - ! -~ .• -.\ : . - : 1 ; • ." •• !! " , ... 1 .-..... -.-.-.--... - .... - .• - .......... i...... .. · .. · .. --· .. ··---·-·-------,·---.... ·--------.. -.... .. ....... .. --:j, :'-." -~. :--.":.~ i, ~ ::~:.-~:~-:-~,:~-.-.: .......... :::-...... ! .~~ . ---. . ' T --.-._--.-- .--.".-.---- .. -,--',~-:--.--.,--.-; .,,-------.-.----.-.--, ... _ ... -. .., ..... , ... ,.,.-. .".' '-l--- ~ ______ ~_~ __ ~_~ ____ ~ _____ ;._______ '. , '
------~-----r-.--~~I--.. ·---·---··· l 1 • ~ '. • :-----••• -.-----.---------.---f~:=--~==:==:=-----r_--:-----~ .. :,'.--~--.-~----. .. -- - 1-' -. -_. ~-~~-i:-:-~~·~-7~:~.~ ~ : '--: ~~_-=T~:~·~_:-::~~~ !--~ .. ~~-=~_ -r _ -__ ._ i====-~l -~,-=:.:=~;.~-~-.~~~~·t~~---·--· -'.-------. _ . ______ ~ ___ ._. ___ . ____ .. __ ....... __ .. _ ... _.. . ... ---- --. --. " ... ~,.--........ ".- • ___ •. " .... _,._ ... " ... ; ....... _ ,._ ..... _ '-- ___ ..... .,," •.. __ • _____ ... ____ ....... L. ... __ ... ! .-: .~. i
- \. .' "'-1'-' -.. _.- .. , .-... -.. !-.- r···-··--·-~·-·f~--- -:...-i----·:---!--· --·---··-1-· ----- ~ _.-.. --.-- .. .--. --~.---------.. -.. -.--.----.-.+-;-.-- ... _ .. -._.- .-.--- .--------. 1- ---·----·---1
--1----.. ·-----·------.---· .. -------------~ -------.. -.- : _____ . __ .: __ ===:=--=::=--=~=:----.... --~--~ .. ---.-~-----~-.-.-.~.::...~_:-~~--::=' .. " ~~_~~: ___ i:_~ _:_:_.:_:- ~_ ~-_~~~=-~=:~~_1~~~ r~=-=·~~~.L-~· -~~:.~.:"~i-=~--~:=:~":--.!: :~~_~==~-=~_-; _. ___ ,,-='i ~.:~~. __ ._.. . ___ . __ . _ .... , __ .. ___ .. _.. ' .. _ ..... ----.- ;---- .~--- .. --··-·---1---+-------·-··
+·,,; .. ····1· .... , .... L 1 .. ! ROOF AND WINDOW!:>·· .. ·, .... · ... ·:·-.. , . __ !_~: ___ .... _. ___ .. ____ L-L._l [ __ :_~ ','.~ ~.: :~_-_-_.1 ~.~_. ~=-~-=_:
.. ~ -.-.. -t-·- t ------~ ;--
! .-- ---.-:----.--. - :--. ~.---.
TOP OUT e.WK.
--- - -~
OIe.MANTLE:.. ::;C.A.F'F
... ,
-- -~-------- --:-~ .. ~--'-, -~-- ;
".-:-':'::::-::-::: .. =:-'" FI6UR.:.E...-·11-- ''''':'--N~TWO~'' 'TO ··ILLU.::,TR...:A.T~ .. THa.· VAR.'IING: LO(;.Ic.. OF LOE!>
-. :~.
~--.--.--.---.-~---.. -.--.-.-.-- -_.
i .. _.; , ,
---.. -.... ,- .
, , ,
--.!----.~
........ !. I --- .. I · .. -~..:..=:l-.. ·--·---:-'--
~--~----~----~----~--~~~~~----------~----------~----~------~
J .
--- '--f-'
- .- ~
: . L_
i 1----·
- .. ------~~.-----i____-_.,.---.... .-.; ..... I\)! ..
.-.: ~::=i::::=:~l:.:~~i ~.~-.
Cost of extra unproductive mEm hours
Net saving" in cost
= (167.3 - 141.2) x 170.0 x H = £(167.3 - 141.2) x 170.0 x 0.796
.- <::3530
= £1550
29
The above procedurc illustrates how the optimum build rate,
within a limited range of build rates, can be .round.
4.0~~~ctical modifications for LOB schedules In order to reduce project duration, reduce unproductive
man hours, or simply to produce a realistic schedule, there are a nUlnber of ways by which basic schedules of the types previously described can be adapted:
a) Gang si~es which vary during the contract (see Figure 10,
activity 4). b) Intermittcnt gang V/orldng (sce Figure 10, activity 2). '.ehese two variations allow gangs to work et their natural
progress rate( s), thus re<lucL1g unproductive ma:1 hours without appreciably increasing the project duration.
c) Team looping. Unless onc team builds all the fair face brickwor][ in one house 'Ghe brickwork will be of uneven quality. In this sort of case looping cannot be eliminated. ;3cheduling of looping activities cen however be compli'eated, especially when activity man hour contents vary between houses or when houses arc built in batches of vqrious sizes. Activities 1 and 3 in Figure 10
illustrate a simple case in which two teams that loop every four houses (i.e. the batch size is four) are e~nployed.
d) Learning curve. Houses built early in a projoct have been
found to require mere man hours than houses built later in the same projoct. There may be several reasons for this il'1prcvement in productivity, but it can be appro:ci;.Ulted by a lcarning curvc(l).
Introducing learning effects into a LOB schedule is simple in principle, but rather tedious by hand if et high 'Gheoretieal accuracy is to be attailLd.
c) Buffers. Buffers are included in thc unit networl: to decrease the vulnerability of the schedule to varicnc0s betrioen aetual progress and planned progress. Nuttall(6) has performed
simUlation studies whieh suggest that the planned unit build time
30
should be 1. 7 times the minii:lum build time excluding buffers. Buffers can either be between stages or betweGn ~etivities,
and LUlnsden (5) describeG the two systems in detail. Seme si tua tions
favour stabe buffers, some activity buffers; perhaps the best that the builder can do is to modify the design or the construction method so as to elir.lin<J.te ul1..rClliable activities, or if this cannot be done to allocate his buffers to these unreliable
activities.
4.05 The varying logic of WB LOD activities are different from OPU activities in that
they are repetitive. This repetitive characteristic may lead to the phenomcnon of varying logic. This phenomenon can only occur where there arc activitics branching out from, or merging into, a series
of activities performed by the same gang. Consider for example the activities botvleen nodes 20 and 28
of network 1 shorm in Figure ll(a). If it is decided to schedule these acti vi ties by the jJ2.rallel method, it is necessary to ;;.1 ter the nctwork to that shown in Fig1.U'e ll(b) if the unproductive man
hours total is to be correct. The time aetivity 20-22 in Figure ll(b) has a time per house el']ual to the time per house for the roof alone. If it is norl required to resource schedule these activities, the logic of network (b) is only preserved when the progress rate of 22-24 is less than the progress rate of activity 20-28 (as the time per house of time activity 20-22 is 'only 0.48 days it can be neglected). The progress rates of these two activities relative to onc another naturally vary according to the build rate, so that the intended logic is only destroyed within certain ranges of build rate. In the situ::::.tion in which the logic of network (b) is
destroyed there arc four courses of action open: a) The time per house of time activity 20-22 may be
increased. b) Limit the progress raGe of activity 22-24. c) TIevert to network (a), and introduce a now gang 03 to
perform activity 22-28. d) Hevert to network (a), eontinue te have activity 22-28
performed by gang C2, but do not allow gang C2 to start activity 22-28 until roof activity 20-22 has been completed in the last
house.
31
5. 00 StaG~_ schoq;.llin!~
So f8,r in this repcrt house building has be~n considered in
to!1,lS of a rlotl7ork of activities. Boldero(4) proposes thst the unit
networlc be conoiderod as c, linear series ef stages, each of whieh
is "in itsolf a lOGical ''-Iholo' :. j;hu disciplines that he proposes
(Subsection 4.02) effer ,:::1 oxtrem.ely valv.able guide for dividing
a unit network into stages.
'.;here the ne,tur",l progress rates of the aeti vi tioG eOJ:lpris
ing a stage aro si:nilar, the unproductivo man hours/build ratc
curve for the stage will have prenou;1eed peaks ",nd troughs (sce
FiGure 9). Y;hen however the stage is inefficient the curve \7ill be
sl:Joother. JJumsden( 5) mentions that it is rGgarded as good praetico to
build substruct.ures faster than shells, and shells faster than
finishings. Hovvever it is up to the individual builder to judge
the balallce bet'i:een what is theoretically most oeonomic and what
is practically sound. The oconomic judgeE1cmt could be made by
applying 11. technique similar to the decision rule method at the
stage level ef detail. An examination of the overhe2.d items listed
in Appendix B shows that most of then are incurred throughout a
stage; thereforu calculation of a stage "D" would re fairly
simple.
32
6.01 Introduction Until ncw in this rcp0;.'t it has been <,.ssuaed that r,OB v/ill
in practice be used to schedule housing projects. Having deDcribed !JOB, it is now necessary to put it into perspective ::md to discuss vihich factors favour the c.doption of a particular scheduling method.
The majority of houses in Gre2-:.t Britc.in are built in one of
the three following ways: a) By speculative buj_lders on their own land.
b) By contractors for clients, the clients in ~ost cases bGing public bodies such as local authorities.
c) By local authority direct labour d8par'tments.
6.02 The speculative building situation Specula-Give housing :n::ts the following distinguishing
features: a) The nW!1ber of houses in a development is nor'1lally 10YI
becau.se of the lo.nel shortage and the inability of many speoulative build.ers to finance very l::trge })rojects.
b) The number of different house types on a site needs to be fairly large (about five) or selling of the houses is difficult (7). Also the differences between the house types needs to be
quite substantial. e) The house types Ere of traditional oonstruction so as to
minimize sales resistance and ensure that buyers o.re able to obtain
building SOCiety finance. There seems to be littlo scope for system housing except in the lower priced first purchaser bracket(7).
d) Break-even for the particular pro ject shovm in Figure 12,
even neglecting any interest payments on capi k,l outlay, is not
achieved until all the houses are built. The system of selling is ths.t houses are relecLsed for sale some months prior to their planned completion date. If a contract is made prior to the start
of the house, payment can be made on completion or by a series of stage payments during conctruction. The payment on completion is normally more than the total of the stage payments to compensc.te the builder for his ]Jrolonged outlay of capital. Even under the most favourable circumstances nhen all houses are J?~\id for by stage payments (the first of which includec the plot cost), break-even is
.. U>o
- -.. leo I . I
_._-L 1cPO
I ;1+0 i . ! : -12.0 I
.. .1 '100
I --. f--eo
I --- -.-., ----- a. 0 i . .
.1 I !
, I .
W i J".o.J I
• ! .j.--- i . . _ . .l. _ .. _ ... 1 ___ ...
HJ" :r A 5 0 N,D J"F M.A MJ"
I~CD7 ... 1
1
----I-~.I--- .. T~e i . . I ..
-j : I
-·-+----t-.-·---·-
'- -
still late c'.s the land has to be bought well in advance ~ This
lateness in incli vidual j]ro 2ect break-even togethor I'li th the
35
limi ted overdraft f~;.r::ili tir,f] 8,110\'lcd by bc,~ll;:s mee,l1S that
speculative builders "G8nd to 1"101'1: in o. calli tal rationecl situation •
.\lso, potentia:;" londers (or investors) will not be lcoen to
finance n:anagement which by its lack of financial expertise has
led a comp~my into a situation nearing that of technical insolvency
(inabili ty to r.leet durrent debts although assets exce~d
liabilities). It is therefore important for both tho unit build
time and construction costs to be 10Vl so as to minimizc working
capital requireElents.
c) The speeulati ve builder hc.s no Cal)ti ve ln8,rl:et, and
therefore if sales arc slow it may bo ncces8ary to cut bac~.c on
production to prevent technical insolvcncy. Thc site organization
thel'8fore needs to be flexible. Ideally the builder should build
at the sales rate (currently about two 1)01' Vleel, per site in the
'.lest Ihdlands).
In the specull.tive situation the folloviing factors Hill be
r,mjor ones in determining the scheduling mcthod:
a) 'rhe large number of widely differing house types would
increase the cost and dj.fficul ty of scheduling. This, combined
rlith the traditional design of the houses, would lead to
complicated inefficient networks '!'lith very large unit build times
undf')r resource scheduling i cmd very high unproducti vc man hour
totals under parallel scheduling. These inofficienecs would be
extrer,lCly pronounccd at the low build 1'.:1 tes which hc:.ve to be
employod by speculative builders.
b) :C'roductivity- improvements through :repotition would be
limi ted due to the small number of hous,;s per si to.
c) r,OE £.ssru'les an acti vi ty base~l site labour foroe, i. e. onc
in whieh eaoh g2.ng perforr~s only one acti vi ty. Speculative builuinG
hO\"l()ver tends to be more trade based (i. e. )]en porform the range
of activities vthich r.equire -i;heir lXl.rtic1.l.1ar trade skill). This is
because for an activity based lo.bour force to be more economic
them c. tradc based onc, a high and steady fJUpply of work is
required. It is si~nificant that flow-line schloduling (parallol
scheduling) has bcen r.lOst used in the socialist countries of eastern Europe(l).
~~he above factors cert;;l,inly reduce the a-I;-V'.'aeti Vl1ness of
full :SOB 3cheduling to the speculative builder, but p2.rtial IJOn
I
36
scheduling could still be valm,blc for sui tv.blc 8.cti vi ties.
Nevertheless the techniquos dcscribed for incrc8.sing the efficiency
of the unit network are valitl for any housin.3' si tus:t;ion. Nuttall (6) has dcfined [) me'~hod I"hich he tcrms '9-yn<luic
control'. In this method a simple overall programme is produced,
and d£..y-to-day decisions on who.t work to do next 2.rC made using a
decision rule (this should not be confused '.· .. i th the LOB decision
rule method do.oeribed in Subsection 3.05). This dynani.c control
ffiuthod , although it has only oe;m tested by com:.mter simulation,
may prove valuable in the spcculative building situation.
6.03 The contractor for public authorities
This situation is distinguished from that of the
speculative builder by~
a) Usually more houses on a site.
b) Usually fower house
house types.
tYJ?e8 and Vier differences between e..
c) Syster.l building being readil:l acccpted if it offers
advantages over traditional building.
d) The small working ca:::>i tal reC;uirci:J.ent of thc contractor.
Indeed, as is shovm in Figure 13. it may be that 110 working
capital is required to finance dirGct costs C).nd site oVGrheu.ds
beeauSG of regular paynentc from the client and the credit gi v(m
by subcontractors and cuppliers.
e) The contracter's income bGing acsured, but because of
competition at the tender staGG his costs must bG low or else to
get the contract hc muc';; put in an l.mrealistic price.
f) Having to work to a firm programme. ')hether the
contractor can choose his OVin progracllile or has to Y!ork ;vi thin the
client's, once agreed the progr~nmo is fairly firm. Frequently
these progrc.mnlos demand high h::.ndover ratos and short contract
durations.
The alJove conditions certainly favour LOB schedulinG. but
whorG dOGS the tr::msi tion point lie betwecl: tradi tionul methods of
scheduling and con';:;1'ol (and perhaps Huttall' s dyy,,:mic control
method) and LOB? At build rates of a:.:'proxima"i:;ely seven per week the
management problems of a tradi tionall:r run ci to 'becomo so E'>ccuGe
that it becomes economic to run the oite 2.S two s0paratc contracts,
i. e. the contract is run as two stroans. ,,~ t this point therc will
37
be (l sudden jlunpin overhead costs due, to, 'the less efficicnt use of -, '''', ' ,
overheads., Therel;~~Y o:.lso be an L1CrcianG :in dir0ct labour ,costs.
because thc streams'will be working c.t' 1.01'1 build rates. This is
because gang balancing is more difficult, but neg-lects "I£'.steago
causcd by the difficul tieD of managing trQ,di tion5.11y run, single
streamed sites at high build rates. Therefore from this point at
which it in necossc,ry to doublo-streao tro:.c~i tionally run contracts,
it could v/cll bc n;ore economic to use an acti vi ty based, singlc
stre';'m site organiz3tion :::nd full decision rule LOB scheduling.
6.04 The local authority direct labour d( 1)artmcnt
This situation was not investigc.ted, but would Deem similar
to 'Ghe local authority contractors'; to draw the sanlO conclusions
Ylould thercfore not bc unreasonable.
6.05 Other facto:r:.s favouriu0-:WB
The existencc o~a suitable L~B comuuter prog~~
To prepare a simple schedule fer onc project would be bcst
donc by hand. However when :W:S is more fully understood,
sophisticated prograQs offoring facilitics similar to thoso
offerod by existing I,OB progranu for the manufacturing induetries (8)(9)(10) might well be thought desirable by house builders. A
useful program might be able to: be used for foreoo.sting the ;
effects of deoisions, give analyses of performance to datc, UIJdatc
by scheduling from 'tinc now' :::nd 'progress now'.
The fashion value of LOB
Once epn was found to be a cignificant a.dv:?noo for
soheduling tho ene-off project, it beoame fashionable. Clients
favoured contractors whe used it over those \'rho did not i sone
olionts noVl even stipulate its use. It is oonceivable that the same
will happen with LOB.
Flexible targets
If targets are infle;:ible there is no way wholly satisfact
ory to both operatives and employer of operating <:'.n inconti vo bonus
schenw. If tar,;ets could b() increased during tho contract in
rola tiol1 to the estimateCl. leUl'ning curve, then the incentive Yleuld
bo maintc.ined and the men' s oQrnings vloc:ld aecursLtely refled; thcdr
pel'forr,lance.
38
If a bonus scheme is in operation, it is important that 2.
g"ng does not lose bonus because of bad workmanship by Previous gangs. Therefore thcre must be a high standard of supervision, and the bonus scheme must be designed so as to penalize work which is below the required quality.
Industrialized building
The unit network for an industrialized house is much simpler than one for a traditional house; loopinB is eliminatod, the network contains fewer activities, and the Whole process tends tov!ards being one of erection and assembly. Also, the economics of industrialized building demand the high build rates which are neccssary for high utilization of an activity based site labour force under parallel scheduling. All these factors ttake LOB especially suitable for the scheduling and control of industrialized building projects.
Subcontractors and supplier~
Deviations from the schedule increase costs and cause disruption. Therefore the main contr(lctor should specify in detail subcontractors' progr~~es and suppliers' delivery schedules. I-t; may be possible to reduce costs b:r scheduling subcontracted activitics in the same .'!ay as main contractor acti vi ties (i. e. inputting man hour contents ()tc. instead of a duration per house). A price could then be negetiated on the basis of the different costs incurred by the subcontractor under different schedules.
39
7.00 Conclusions LOB is not a pam:cea for the high labour costs I'lhich beset
the building induotry in :3ritain, but if used in the correct situation LOD should 18ad to econoDies. In Subscction 6.03 it is tentatively suggested that the build rate from which it has been found necessary to double-strcam traditionally organized sites might be the ratc from which LOB should be used. There are unfortunately no fi~res published I:hich might confirm or deny this, or shed any light on the magnitude of possible savings.
The decision rule principle, whereby changes in overhead costs are comparcd with changes in man hou:r. costs as the llrogrcss !'ate is varied, is c. significant advance in LOD theory. As shown in this report, the principle can be applied at three levels of detail: overall project, stage, and activity.
The various techniques for reducing costs described in this report can only be cffcc'i;ively introduced when everyborly concerned with the building 2l'Ocess cooperate closely. :2he importance of increased cooperation at the level of clicnt, builder, and involved ~1rofGssionals, is being widely stressed in the industry. However, aCeel)tance by building operatives of parallel scheduling at low build rates, so that to keep on schedule different effort would bo required from different gangs, would seem to be more remote.
40
8.00 References
1 Economic Commission for Europe, 'Effect of Rep8tition on Building Operations and Processes on Site', United Nations, New York, 1965.
2 Bishop, D., 'Labour Itequirements for House Building. Advantages of Continuity and Experience', Building Research Station, Building Research Current Papers Construction Series 18.
3 'Programming House Building by Line of Balance', National Building Agency, London, 1968.
4 Boldero, J. W., 'H.ationalised Traditional Building - l'he Builder's Point of View', :I?aper 1 presentud at the conference Profit Through Efficiency h81d at the University of Newcastle, 7th September, 1967.
5 LUlllsden, P., 'The Line of Balance Hethod', Pergamon Press ~imited, Oxford, 1968.
6 Nuttall, J.F., 'The Control of Repetitive Construction', Building Research Station, Building Researoh Current Papers r/.esearoh Series 34, Iiarch 1965.
7 Attenburrow, J.J., 'Some Impressions of the Private Sector of the Housing I.1arket', Building Research Station, Building Researoh Curront Paper 57/68, July 1968.
8 Sohoderbek, P.P. and Digman, L.A., 'Third Generation, PEHT/ LOB', Harvard Business Review, September - October 1967, pp. 100 - 110.
9 U. S. Army management Engine ering Training Agency, 'PlIRT/LOB, Ilarch 1964.
10 JJevitt, H.I'., 'Computerized Line of Balanoe Technique', Journal of Industrial Engineering, Febuary 1968, pp. 61 -66.
Al'l'ENDIX A
Notat~on
41
n Build rate CPU Critical path nethods D Inc1'o&30 in total project cost for cach
day's extension of the duration of an activity
g
H
Activity actual g~ng size Activity nctual gang size required for parallel scheduling
If gl is greater than onc terun, g2=gl-Q Theoretical gang size required for the nctivity progress rate to equal the build ra.te All-in hourly rate for labol.l.r
LOB Line of Balanoe H N
N 1 H2 Q
s
s p
u
x
y
Z
Activity m2.n hour content Activity natural progress rate Activity md;ural progress rate Activity natural progress rate Activity tC:2m size Decision rule variable
\;vhon g=gl .,,-\1hen g::::cs2
Duratien frem start of an activity in the first house to its start in the last house S when the activity is scheduled at its natural progress rate S when the activity is scheduled at the build rate S I"Ihen the S when the
activity activity
is scheduled at N, ~
is scheduled at !"2 Productive timo per house for an activi'~Y Activity progress rate Avorage lli""1.p;:ooductive man hours per house for an activity Waiting time for a team between finishing ono house and starting the noxt 'Integral numbe!' of tcams whicll ir:Ui18diatcl~'
'cxceed the theoretical gans size Number of te[ons oqual to tho 'GhoOJ'LJticc:.l gang siZe)
Units
houses/nook
men men
men men
man hourG
hous e s/\70"1:
houscs/v'oLJk housos/weelc men
dr.ys
dEYS
days
days d:,ys days
houscs/r!cck
man hours
c18.ys
APPENDIX B
An exa~ple of the application of the decision rule LOB scheduling
method
43
Bl Introduction This Appendix shows the application of the decision rule
method (described in Subsection 3.05) to a housing project. A synthetic housing project is used because all the information required could not be obtained from one real project. It was synthesized by substituting a system house (described by network
.<lA
2 shol'ffi in Output 2 of Arpendix D) for each traditional house in a project consisting of roads, siteworks, and 170 houscs. The actual project schedule is shown in Figure Bl, and the synthesized project schedule in Figure B2.
The calculation of H (the all-in hourly rate for labour) is shown in Subsection B2. It assumes that the unproductive man hours necessitated by the imposition of parallel scheduling are ~aid at the sacre rate as productive man hours. This assumption is reasonable because these unproductive man hours are the direct and forseeable result of a management decision.
The calculation of D for an activity (the increase in total costs for each day's extension of the activity duration) is a straightforward process if estimates are prepared on an activity basis. It is necessary to aS~JUme that within a limited range of activity progress rates about the build rate all costs are either fixed or vary in some way with respect to the duration of the activity. The duration of an activity is defined as: the time from starting the activity in the first house to finishing it in the last house, i.e. S + T. In this example site overhead costs which vary with activity durations are assumed to vary directly with duration. It should however be possible to modify the decision rule theory so as to be able to deal with r,-,lationships between activity duration and overhead cost which are not simply proportional.
In the example no account is taken of non-site overheads. This is because:
a) The necessary data would be extremely difficult to obtain.
b) For a given level of production division of non-site costa into fixed and variable with respect to time would have been extremely arbitary.
c) Within a limited range of project duration non-site overhead costs would be unliltely to vary appreciably.
,- .....
HOUSE-So
\'70
12....1
81
. 41
51Tt=.. 5TR..\f" R..OADWOR.~
... Cl ==========:::::J , ./
... :.. MAINTt=.NANCL
Pt=.R..IOD
.. C====:J
WILD RATE... = ~·-"O
HOUSE..S P!=: ... R...' 'NE...E.K..
. I~--------~--~----~--------r-~------r---------~------__ ~------__ r-----_______ ~ o 10' 2.0 ~O 40 60 '::'0 70 78 104-
TIME... (WE...E.K...:::')
"
FIGtUR.e.- B1 OR...ICdNAL .sC.HE:...DUL~ FOR.. E..-XAMFLf;..... PR.OJ"E:.C.T
.;0. 'VI .
, '
5ITEO...WOR...K..5
1'"70
.. , 12.15UE>SI~UC.TUR_:'E: .. ~ . AND SHE..L...L...S
... B I
, MAINTE:...NA.Nc..t:....
PE:.R..IOb
C:======:J
4-1 E>LJILD RA..Tr=.... ~ 4-·00 HOUSE:..!> Pf::..R... W~I~_J<-
-I !-___ ---._....c..-:--''''-~....L'----~----._---__._------......, ______ -, o 10 :2..0 . ~o 4-0 50
TIME-- {Wt::..t:....K...6)
",
( . '. , _'>.
, ,"
47
B2 Calculation of the all-in hourly rate for labour
'i:his calculation is based on an exaraple given in 'Codc of Estimating Practicc', The Institute of Building, London, April 1966, pp. 30-35.
L~bourer basic hourly rate CraftsQ~n basic hourly ratc
(Ratio of craftsmen to labourers: l~ to 1) Average basic hourly rate Hourly bonus at 100 rating
":: eeltly earnings (40 hour week) ';:orking rule allowances Sickness benefit First level supervision (6d per hour)
Less inclement weather
Training l)'!. SET and HI Pension scheme Hedundancy pay Travelling (lQi"d per man hour) H";"IP
El'lployer's liability and third party insurance
s.
8
7
D 4
12
500
2
4 20
526
8
517
5
38 10
4 35
19
6
636
Therefore the all-in hourly r:;:,tc for labour is ,20.796
d.
6
6
1
5
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
6
1
4
3
7 0
3
4
4
48
!?i._J".roj£0..1JS: _c.2.~t!! 1.1 Site staff
,,-----_ .... Staff member Dure,tion Cost Houses Other uorks
on site S/r:eek m:eks " weeks n _-J '" ._ ..... -_.-
a Agent Ft-o~ec.:\ 56 52 29-15 13 728
b Siteuorks s/F H ou!5e,.,. 40 l.:1f- 1760 8 320
c Shell s/F :Shdl ... & 1/F 40 44 1760
d Finishings s/F After 'J/L' 40 48 1920
e Bnk s/F Shell bYlk 46 L14 2020
f Site clar]: Project 30 1,.3 'i::1>O 17 510
g I,Iat 's clerk Project less 30 1,·7 'J~,iO 13 390 5 Yleeks
h storeman Super's 25 50 -1250
i Canteen Houses 10 52 520
j Tea boy Super's 10 50 500
k 'i'atchman ~Iouses 10 52 520
1 Eng slo Project 24 52 1250 13 313 --------_._-_._.,-- --Carried to SUlJlI!lary 583 17255 2260
----
~2 OQerative travellin5
Cost 0.86 shillings per main contractor man hour. J.:lli-:lber of main contractor ma.n
hours = 87,000. Carried to su.~ary £3740.
1.- 3 Temporary Ylo"l':!!
Temporary roads and fencing
Signboards
Tempor~ water services
Hardstanding and compounds
3ite toilets
Ins talla tion of pOI-:er
Demoli tion of teoporary .lOrks
Carried to summ~
£ 252
231
775
557 225
105
177
2352
,!.5 Site acoomodation and storage
._., ...... '_ . .., . .-... _-_. __ ._ ..
Duration Fixed llate par Houses Item'
on site cost Yfeek flcolcs ~
uS ~ .0
~,:..
-- ... ,----
a IJain offioe Froject 60 2.5 52 130
b COW/Eng Frojer.t 60 2.0 52 104
c stores Houses + 60 2.0 52 104 26 \"Toeks
d Canteen Houses 60 2.5 52 130
e Drying Houses 60 1.25 52 65
f Caravan Project + 60 3.0 52 156 26 ... ceks
G Office Project 10 2.0 52 101. furniture
h Canteen Houses I;. 4.0 52 208 furniture
i liEB ,~ GPO Project 5.0 52 260 --.----
Carried to summary 374 24.25 468 1261
.1.:.6 Small tools. plant. and consumable stores
a - 11'ixed co sts
Rollers
Water bouser
PO\'ler float blades
Poker
G-enerators
Pumps
Consumable
Road forms
Fuel and maintenn.noe
Cranes
Dumpers during road norks
Carried to summary
£ 233
1;.8
1.0
150
273 220
225
150
200
230 162
2931
\~
49
Other I'lorks
rreeks ~ :,:..
13 32
13 26
26 ~('')
:J<~
39 11'(
13 26
13 65
313
.(L.:.Jrariable costs
--_ .. -
Item Duration Rate per en site ,leok
b I:oller I:afts
c Diesel bouser Houses
d Pouer float Rafts
e Rammers Projeot
f Light setn !louses
g Tr.ansformer Houses
h Space heaters 1'inishings
i Instrumemts Project
j Electric tools Super's
1- Ladders 1/L s:;aff - paint
1 'fables, forms Projoct
Carried to summa~J
Item
a riet time, spoilage, .'::10.5 per house
b House cleaning, £5 per house
c i.;aterials handling, .<;;40 per house
,1 Site cleaning (other ';iorks)
e Site cleaning (housos),
l' DUllpers, 1/L b,lk - 2/1',
-;23 per .. eek
_.::40 per .. eek
G Dumpers during rafts, £17.5 per l'Toek
h Compo mixing, £28 per ~ileok
i Scaffold hire, /~6 per house per neck
j l.iaintenance during defects liability
Carried to summa~
15
2
7
5.5
1
1
6
l,
11
2.5
1;-
£, Houses
1'roo1::5 ~ 'J ._._-43 645
52 676
43 301
44- 242
52 52
52 ,
52
l:.G 276
52 108
50 550
49 123
52 208
535 3233 '--
Varia:'blc-;-;;Sts (houoes)
necks
52
47
43
44 2
188
1196
1080
752
1230
2040
7098
50
Other r:orl:s noeJcs .£
13 26
2'1 117
13 52
195
Fixed costs
1785
850
6800
299
88
2520
12342
J
,
La SUinmarL9.f site overhead COi!ltl'l
CodG NumbGr of Variable costs (houses) number varic.ble items weoks
1.1 12 503 1.2 1.3 1.5 9 468 1.6a
1.6b ete. 11 535 1.7 5 188
37 1774
1.9 SW:1mary of total project sito costs
:~xternal works, roads, and drainagG . 170 houses Variable sitG overhead costs (houses) Fixed site ovcrhGad costs
" ~
17,255
1,261
3,233 7,098
28,847
Average variable site oVGrhead cost (houses) £28,847 x 37
=------1774
= ,':600 per weel~
Fixed costs " '"
2 j 260 3,470 2,352
692 2,931
195 12,342 --
24,512
150,000 330,000 28,847 24,512
533.359
51
----------------------------------- - ---~
52
B4 Application of the decision rRle method The conclusion of Subsection '.02 is that LOB sckeduling
by the methods described in this r1:!port is unlikely to be of use in the speculative situation. Therefore in this example cost of capital lock-up is ignored. 1\.lso in dividing costs into fi:lCCd and variable it is assumed that alterr.t-ions in the schcdule for building the houses only docs not effect the other project works costs. Therefore variable cost~ incurred on these other works ~re considered to be fixed.
For it to be economic to depart from the parallel schedule for activities whose parallel schedUled gang size is one team, then
Q> D
8. x H
As H = £0.796, equation (3.05.4) becomes
Considering only site staff the minill1ur,l value of D is~49 per day (code number 1.1; items a,b,c or d,f,g,i,lc, and 1). Therefore activities manned by single te~ft gangs of less than seven should be scheduled at th~ build rate. An examination of Output 3 in Appendix D shOYlil that the only activities which are not thus eliminated from further oonsideration are numbers: 1,13, 18,21,23,24, and 28. All other activities should be scheduled at the build rate.
Table I shows the procedure to be followed with the activities which have not been eliminated from further consideration. As the minimum value of D is £49 per week, this value can be used for the preliminary calculations in column 9 of Table I. The only activity for which the value of (gl x 8 x H)/(R x 49) cloes not fall into Zone A of Figure 8B is activity 13. All activities except number 13 should therefore be scheduled at the build rate.
Table 11 shows the calculation of D for activity 13. It entails summing the weekly rates of those overheac. costs the totals of l'lhich will be altered if activity 13 is not scheduled at the build rate. Special care must be taken \7i th an overhead cost such as 1. 7i which MaNes per hou-Se per weelc. If fer instance D was
53
being calculated for the nctivity dismantle scaffolding, item 1.7i would be £510 not £1020. This is because the avern6e change in scaffolding time per house would only be half a week for every week's change in activity duration.
Completing the calculation for activity 13 in column 10 of Table I shows that it too should be scheduled at the build rate.
If however it was decided to schedule activity 13 at its natural progress rate with g = gl' then theoretically the extra cost incurred is calculated as follows using data from Outputs 2 and 3 of Appendix D:
Extra cost = (3p - 3n ) x D - (W x n x H) pounds (3.05.3)
= £( 211. 2 (
170 x 6.72
5) x 298 - (16.0 x 170 x 0.796) )
( )
= £20,040
If instead it was decided to schedule nctivity 13 with g = g2 at N2 the extra cost would be:
Extra cost = (32 - Bp) x D - (~ x n x H) pounds (3.05 .5)
= ,£ (.::;.2-,x;:,...;::1:..!..7.:::,.0 ....::x~5 - 211. 2 )
~ 6.72 ~ x 298 - (16.0 x 170 x 0.796)
= £9,700
\
(1 ) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) Aotivity Q men G men (y - z) H ~1 x 8 x H Remarks number g1 men g2 men y R x 49
,--~.,-
1 6 4 2 3 4.99 0.50 1.50 0.52 Zone A
13 4 2 2 2 2.38 0.81 0.48 1.08 D = £298
(Zone C) £1 ~ ~ ~ H = 0.18 I
Zone A
18 4 2 2 2 3.66 o. '17 1.00 0.52 Zone A
21 4 2 2 2 2.99 0.50 1.92 0.27 Zone A ,-~ -- '.-,~ .... -. ~.~, --. -----
23 4 2 2 2 2.i+5 0.78 0.55 0.95 Zone A
24 4 2 2 2 2.90 0.55 1.63 0.32 Zone A
28 6 4 2 3 5.60 0.20 'j.OO 0.78 Zone A ... -...... - ... , .... -... ~ ..
Table I Deoision rule oaloulations
55
Table II Calculation of D for activity number 13
Code Code /1.. per number latter week
1.1 la 56 b 40 e 40 e 46 f 30 g 30 h 25 i 10 j 10 k 10 1 24
1.5 24 l,,6 c 2
e 6 f 1 g 1 i 4 j 11 k 3 1 4
1.7 e 23 f 40 h 28 i 1020 -
1488
'. ".-,
D ·for activity 13 = £1488 / 5 = £298
APPENDIX C
Description of LOB computer program DARLOB
56
• •
Cl The objectives of DARLOB DARLOB was written to achieve the following objectives: a) To determine the data sensitivity of LOB schedules.
Synthetic networks arc produced by rc.ndomizing the man hour contents of the original 2.cti vities.
57
b) To calculate for each man hour activity: the gang size, the unproductive man hour content, and the natu::'al rhythm.
c) To calculate for eac~ activity: the progress ratc, the duration between starting on the first house and starting the same activity on the final house, the carly start, the early finish, the late start, the late finish, and the total float.
d) To calculate the following project data: the average unit build time, the man hour eontent of each house, the project duration, and the average unproductive [.lan hours per hOUSG.
All calculatiens can be produced for the resource scheduled case and/or the parallel scheduled case.
C2 Description of DliH.LOB
DARLOB schedules by formulae. It cannot be used to schedulo a project consisting of houses whose nctivity man hour contents vary (unless they are combined into an average house), because the schedule would have to be produced by simUlation.
Thc storage allocated is sufficient for: a network of .40 activities, 60 different build rates, cnd 9 networks (the original
!
plus eight synthesized networks). If more storage is required it is only noccssary to al tor the DIl.lENSION statements at the beginning of the program.
The calculations are performed mainly Viithin the following three program segments:
a) Segment HANDON. In this segment synthetic networks are produced by randomizing the original activity man hour contents.
b) Segment CALLOB. In this segment the main eaJ.eu12.tions concern activity gang sizes and activity progress rates.
c) Segment COIII-'R'l'. Time data for activities and the project as a whole is calculated within this segment. Nen man hour activities with NS(I)=O are scheduled with the minimum early start and early finish on the forw8.rd pass, and with the maximwl1 late start and late finish on the backward pass.
Activity data is output, if ruquircd, at the cnd of the program segment in which it Vias calculated. Project data hov/ever
58
is stored, and then output at the cnd of the progr= run from segment S~!l'l'IS.
The DARI!OB flow charts "re shown in Section C5, Figures C2 to C7; and a printout of the program is given in :3cction 06. Figures CS toC19.
C3 Procedure for use of DARLOB The input data necessary to produce Outputs 17 to 21 of
Appendix D is shown in Figure Cl. Full d0tc',ils of how to punch the input data to DARLOB arc given belm"!.
Card 1 Co..rd 2
Card 3
Card 4
Card 5 to
Cols 1-32 (left justified) punch project identification Col 1 punch NI'
i; 2 .. 3 " 4
" 5
" 6 ;1 7
;:
NDAT1\ ND NE
NF KG
.. NH
Cols 1-5 punch number of houses (:'~N) Vii th decimal point Cols 6-10 punch duration in days from start of llroject to start of first house (PRE) with decimal point Cols 1-5 punch RUIN
.1 6-10 ;; EllA..X
" 11-15 " ES'r:2
" 16-20 .. PJ.IW
" 21-25 " HHANGE These constants should all be punched with a decimal point penultimate card Cols 1-16 punch
" 17-21 .. i1 22-26 " ;, 27-30 ; ~
" 31-35 .. " 36-40 .. ;; 41-45 .. .. 46-50 ..
" 51-55 :;
ANli.l':m( 1,2) lcft justified IU( I) right justified N2( I) " " NS(I) " .. K!(I) with decimal point FBS(I) .. .. .;
IDl(I) .. .. ;i
(I) " ., ;:
AAXGS(I) " ,'1 :. Each card contains 0..11 the input data for onc '-1.ctivity~
59
The networl~ events should be forward serially' nunibered. "
The data cards should be input in this order,' i.e. with
ascending N2(I) within ~,sccnding lH(I).
Last card Blank
INPUT DATA c.AR.'D
INPUT l)ATA. N~C-~~SAR'i TO FR.ODUCE... OUTPUT,s 17 - Leo OF Af>PSl\JDIX D
NUM~~~·r,-rr-T--rrT'-'IO~~T>-r"~··r-T~~d-r~-r~-r"~-r(f>-r~··~···r-T"~'I~,"'=-r"'-~-r,,-rT~5'O-r"-r<\5~ I-+-+-t-I-+-i-f---I-i- --i-i--l-t-f--I--H--I--I-+-l-i-I--l-+--l-+- -'I-+-l-l--I-I- - -I- - - I- -l-I---I- - --I- -- --- - -
, .. ,_ .. - .
. ",,,'" '<,' - .
1
2.
~
4-
5
" 7
8
~
10
1\
12-
I~
14-
15
110
17
le.
13
I 70 H~ U~ ~ ~" -1-+S-lH-+r=.+L-l'-L+-+:;-'-lrr-lr=iA-;f::.~!r:-;'I~.t1~~-t_-I:~ 1-_+--+1-_1-,_ 1= -1-1--1-,_-1--: _-_ I-+-I--I-I--H-I-I--'-_-+--+' -1-'--11--1
t~9.~11-+_1--1-+~~l--i-4-II-+~I-+~I--II--~-+-~-+4-i-+-+~_+-+~~~~+-+~_~~~~~+-+~~_I-r+-l-i-l f 7iO • C I~~~~~-+-+-I-I-++-+~+-+-+-~I-l-I-++-+~-~-+-l-'
_~~5~·~9~~~~~_~~~·~~~_P~~~~~~S=_~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~====~====~ ANA.M~ I N1 N'-..! NS. e,w J. FE>5 I HM I Q I AAXG.-';;,!
. -"-r~-r-"~ -- - .-- . ~~-- .
'~5 ~c-'-- 'G' -'~~-I= -- , .~ .-~ =r--~"'( i7r: ~r~;r.r; =_I:r-1-: 1 / " ~w [?, 1 , 11 c ,;C q I, I~ 1 I~ <is H- H-:L- 5 I - 9,_
12 I t-.. ~!J 11th e, I 0 - I I,. d I~ - 0 I-LM'E: A.t vir. rr y -----1-1- - -- --
T 10 '¥ o· o~ I- - I-- -1- -I- - . I-I- --~~AF~.~~L~IT~1-2~12 la 1(' I - 7 1 -0
- t>1\~I\IEl- ';;, ~ -;l qI \~J: !;,'- ~,i_ -I--ci 4 ,(, I G, - '6 11, -0 ~U!t::'IF:EJ~ I C, 17 1- -5 ~ Ill- e!;J'1-( E.1'l.. 1 h t ~ Ih-" ~-9 ' ':>1 L ::,1~INF",f l.s!c ~ 1 ~ I:LO_t-1- _ ,,- 51 1-0 . ~·i' -1~Jt 1~lz I, 0 ~~-' .... --H·
7-~- 1'2-(; - 2J l.j«ltl- 0) U J "&,~ _ -t-t- B 4- 2 2 t_ - - 1-)41- _ __ b' 3-0 H-1]+ ~-~~I~jt~' j--I ~_H.ln,__ 'I' - -+ --H-r - Hi (,,~- i. ,J2 e:. 9 _1_ _ _
R.qI , I-:§ !':, u~ 24 1.(, 0 .'" I-f-I-~f-' ~ 1:S 1'\ Arfr -~- - s -d, lA. L ~ ~ :>- S - I - 0 --Hrfll J!-'j~ -=rt--- ---I-I----- --~ ----- - - - j--r-- j- --- --
-- - - -- - ---~I--'----- _____ , ________ ----1- - - - - - -1- ____________
< •• -••••• ' --. -,-, ",.-.~, •
. 0'. o
C4 Description of 132t1:Jb,?):.~ used ill DARLOB'
Definitions of subscripts
Symbol I
J
Activity Build rc.tu
Il.ellrcsents
61
le Netwerk source, K=l for the originD.l network, K=2, for synthctic netr/orks
KK Network Activity L
NN Schecluling method, NN=l for parallel scheduling, NN=2 for resource scheduling
Dofinitions of subscripted variables
Variable
lI.AXGS(I) A3S(I) ALF( I)
ALS(I )
AHAI1E( 1,2)
AS(I)
AUB(NN,J,KK) COfiNUM( 4) CD(NN,J,KK) EF(I)
BS(I)
FBS(I)
HLi(I,K) HOR(J)
Meaning
LlaximurlJ permissible gang sise
Schedulcd activity progress rate Io.tc finish
Late st~.rt
Activity description
Ulii ts ,
men
houses/week days from start of project days from start of project
Duration from start of the activity days in the first house to its start in the lest house Average unit build time Project identification :!:roject duration Early finish
Early start
Fixed o.cti vi ty lJrogress rate for non man hour activities Activity man hour content Build rate
days
days days from start of project days from start of project houses/w8elc
man hours houses/wuek
Variable
NS(I)
In(I)
N2(I) OfHGS(I)
Q(I) TIH(I) ;.rF( I)
THBS(!) THG;:;(I) T'.!tiHPH ( J ,KK)
IIoaning
Activity control constant. NS(I)=O for all man hour activities. If Eli( I ,K)=O. 0 and NS (I )=0, the progress rate is free (sce Subsection C2). If NS(I)=l and FBS(I)=O.O, ABS(I)=HOn(J). If NS(I)=l and FBS(I);i 0.0, ABS(I)= FBS(I) Tail event number Head event nwnber Theoretical gang size required for the o.ctivity progress rate to cqual the build ro.te Activity tcam size Natural rhythm Total float. TF(I) is the losscr of ALS(I)-ES(I) or ALF(I)-EF(I) Thooretical progress rate
. .om.a. \ \"", ~'ho lD.l?ger of OTHGS (I) and AAXGS ( I) Average toto.l unj?roductive man hours per house Average unproductive man hours per house for an activity
Definitions of constants and non-subscripted variables
Syr;lbol
ANOJ Hl.1AX ID"IIN
HSTEP !IN
NA
ND
1:1ec..ning
Number of trial build rates I.laximum build rate l.Iinimum build rate Build rete increments Nlliuber of houses in the project Number of activities in the unit network Control constant. Put ND=l if data from RA~mOH is required to be output, otherVlise put ND=O
62
Units
men
men houses/week days
houses/'neek rYye..n
man hours
!:lun hours
Units
nllillber houses/vieek hous e s/\'ie "le
housos/week number n'lullbor
Symbol
NE
NF
NG
rlOJ
HP NZ
I'llE
mIlN
RRJ.NGE
TNIIPH
TRIAL TRIAL2
!'ieaning
Control constant. Put NE=l if data from CALLOB is required to be output, otherwise })ut HE=O Control constant. Put N]!'=l if COl.!PRT calcula.tions are not required, otherwise put NF=O Control constant. Put NG=l if data from COi.!PR1' is required to be output, otherwise put NG=O Control constant. Put NH=l if original r:;ctivity input data (':nd synthesized activity data) is required to be output, otherwise put NH=O Nt~ber of trial build rates Control constant Control variable used in TIANDOrS
Contract duration prior to start of first house Hinim~ Ban hour randomizing multiplier
I.lan hour randomizing multiplier range
Total l)roduetive man hours per house Trial varia.ble Trial variable
Unito
nu.lJber
days
man hours
man hours man hours
63
64
05 DARLOB flow charts
, ,
'.
Z-E.R.O ALL 5Ue5CR.IPTE."D VAR.IAl!>I ... :E:.!:>
~D INPUT DATA • . CON;:'TAt-.JT~ .
R.EAD AC.-rlVl"TY INPVI DA'A. CA/""'c"VLA.Tl"-; NA AND TMHPH .
DO 52...1 KK.=1, NDATA .
T
.,........ ____ --1.:....-... ___ '----,
\.JR..ITg. INPUT DA,A: CON!'>TANl5
" l
65
, .1
..... ::. ,~ .. -.~ .. ~.-.-.--
.'
---------------------------------------------------------------
. I i ,
. !
; :
- ,--.
RANDOMI5i';.. E.AC-14 .Ac...."'TIVITY MA:N _ HOUR. •
C.ONTt=-NT USINo- A R.ANDOM MUl....,..IPl-I~
e,F-."T\,J","l:..N .. R..MIN !WD
LR.MIN+ RKANGr'E:)
. -r
MUl...TI Pl...Y J:ACJ-\ AC.TIVITY MAN . HOUR....
. c..ONTE..NT ~y
.' (TMI-WI-l/TR,.IA.l ...... )
:T·
\-,-____ ----oF 511
WR.,ITf-. Ac...,IVITY PAT .....
, .
, , .
- ,
•. I
· i 1 , ,
· i
· i
·66
.- I
. .. -~ .. -" .. -.. , ..
~ ..
t :
, · ! ~ !
i : r
· i , , ....... ~ _ •• - ~_,._ ~, 8 ••• ' •
! · 1
· ! . . . . _.,. ~. -I ,
1 -! • 1
i ' , : i
.• _ '_'0' •• ~ •• _ .~ ._. - - •• -••. - •• " .~-•• '- .•• , .•• -~. -
* IF ND-l W'R.IT:::=" PATA. PR.01::>Uc...'EoD P\JR..IN& sx.~vnot\.l OF ::'lZGM~t-.J, 'R..""IUDOM~ IF . ND~O . DO l';JOT \.JR..l""~ Tl-IIS DATA. .
, I
. . -. ~ ..
. , ,
! .
..
, 1 . ,
.. 1
I !
FIG.UR..~· CA-
530'
'CALCULATE;.. HOR..(:r)
(075
FOR... MAN HOUR... . Ac..TIVITIE--5 CAL.C.UL.ATE-, .
OTHGt~(I.) AND THc.,~(t)
FOR... R..E.MAINING A<:.TIVITIE-S !=ALCULAT~
Ae>(I), ABS(I.), TH5:::'(I.), Ac;..::,(:t) , THGt&(l), OTHG.::'(I)
: AND' W'MH(I) i
T
NN=2-
R...~OUR...~:5CH~DU~D
FOR.. MAN HOUR... ACT1VITIE.5 CALC..Ul... ..... TlL
A""&(1.)
;
i
, .
. 1 •
. ;
t .-
.'
67
i -. !-
i . I
;
I '-"~. 'I . ,
!
, . .., .. ~ .
I I
I ,
;
. , , I 1 i
! , . I
, .
NN=-1
PAlV\l-~ SC-H~DUL-""D
FOR... MAN HOUR....' ACT IVI"T I I:. 5 CAl-c...UL-.A.TE.:,
AG,.'=>(I)
TWMHPf-\(,:r,KK) - 0·0
FOR.. MAN HOUR..,
AC-TIVITIJ:.,-S c.A.L...C.Ul-A. T ~ ;..5(1), AeS(l), THb5.(T), , e.\oJ<'I)~ WMHo.)
CA\..C..Ul-ATE::. TWMH PH (:T. Kt<)
T
WFUTE::.. DA.TA. CAl-C..UL..A.TE:.D IN
5a&M]:..J\.JT 'CAu..O~
'68
.- .... - --...
, " ,
, , , , ,
. .
T
FOR- A1....l- . AC-TIVITIEo.'S ?U"T E:.::'> (1.) ~ O· 0.> .
E:.F(!.)~ 0'0, Al.5cr.)~e.OOO·O AI-F(!)=~OOO'O
_; L-____ ,.-___ ----l i
• , , ,
FOR-WAKD ?AZ>S
FO~ Al-l- Ac..TIVITI=5 CA L..C..U I.... AT E=. =s,C,1. ')
A"-J D 1:.1'" (:t )
c..AI....CULA TECD (Nt\.!. -;r. K.K.)
BAc..K.WAR...D PA,5S
f"OR- AI....I- A,c...TIVITIJ:.5 CAL...c..UI-A.TJ:. . AI....'::> ( 1:.) .
AND A.l-F(l') .
0-
0" •
, .
69
i
i _. ; .r -
: i , i
. t !
74---- --'- - ,--="-----'-----------. FOft.. 1\1.-1- I\c..TIVIII a.~ • CA\-L.UJ... ..... Il'=- TF er..)
WR..IT):.. DATA. C-A\.LUJ..."'-T="D IN
5E:.G<Ma..NT 'COMPR..T'
F.
5):'..G.ME:..NT / 5TATJ5'
WR.ITI"- MAJOR... R.l=-5 UL I::'
L-------r-~ ',' FIG.UR..k.. Cl
70
T
, , , , ,
71
C6 Listing of DARLOB
. MASTER OARlOR . -_ .. --. . --I)! MENS 1 ON ,{lH 40; 2T7AN AM ET40;2 Y-,rfn 40) ~NC1T4n y ; QT40Y;XA)( (l5T40)-;----nF <40 J , HO R ( 6 n,T H(lST40) ,0 T H G S( 40 Y7Au 5(40 )~AB ~( 40) -,A S (40T;BW (40 Y-;-
_c. __ . 2THR$T4 0) -;WM1f ( 40) -;-CIl C 2,6'-; 9 r, TwMlfPH (6179T-;ti~ C4-m-;-AlIB <Z-;-6r;9 )-;--- ._I------:~E s (40),-e Ff4-0T,A1S <40 r;ALn40)'-CONNU~f( 4)~-FB~-{ 40 r;-~YC4nY--'-1.--- -.- --oo-z-oocr 1=,-,40 . :-------- --NB (1''"0----·---
N1 <1-'-'"0 ·-N2(1)=O·
.--.-.~----~ A AX (IS' rr= n;-oc---··-. . ·~~Tr- C f) = o-~-n- , .-~.--'----.
1.-.------ THG sclr=o~o-·-OTHGS\ n= 0: 0---··
~'-----'.~ ... -, '-'·----A"GS"( r/"=o"--~'n - .~-'---'
··ABS et >,,0:0 --AnI r=o-;-o-------
-.~ .. :-- BwTn= 0.0-··--·------TllB s-er r::o-:: 0
.... -.,,~----.,-~-' .- -\JM R(--I"] :: 0 : '0"'-.--.---- ---Ft!~rnJ=o~o·
: HM(T, 1 )"O~O - A MTf,-;n :: 0-: 0
--------.- Q\ff=O-:-O----
-- - -_ ..... ,--_. - ---~
_~ ____ ~ ______________ ._ , ___ , __ ~~_. ___ -'--_ -0- _ • ___ •• _______ • _____ ••• ______ ._'-----~ __ ._.-'-.. _
"--"'ZU'O'O'-'CIYJij r-! N [Jt-'---"'-~ -,---- -.,"'------- -----
00 200fJ=1;61 ---'--HOR( J}: (l'.O-·-
"CD (r;J~') =0.-0 -------.- -t DTl;-J-; Z r" 0-:0----- ------... -··-----·c·-·--- .... -----------C--D {~r;J_;l) ";"0.0- .-... -.---~-.~-~ .. ---.---~-- ..... -~-.----~-- - ~-------."- :-.------.-'---- --~~-.--~---,- --... ----- ---,,~------ ._-
------~-.. C -D"-{ Z--;-J-,-2--'--:=' O"'~-O-~ . ---";>"- ------,-------------,,- - ------.,------- .--, ,-_.- -~~--------------~ .. ~-~..:..
---~-~---·-AlJjf( 1;-J-;1') =0. 0--·---·--7(Ulfn .. r;;n:()'-.o- -----. .- ...... -~.~.-
-:-eAU B( 2;-r; n :: 0 : 0-·---~-AUB(lI'J ,-2) =(r~ 0 - ----.-.-~~
·-~------'n.rM-in)H(T;1j;lr;O-~- -. --TWMHplfTJ-;?)·::O-:-O--·-. ·--~-·--·-----_----.~---~ .. - __ -cc-, -~----.. -. ~--.-
------. -. 20 0 ,-to -N T flfuE·-:-e--:--·------ --:- ------.. - .. -.-.. -.- ---.-----.-.. ... - .. --. - .. -.. _---_.-'----
_______ ~ __________ "----___ . __ ,. __ •. _____ 4-_,_,
-------~.-.------.:.--._ .. -._ .. _---_ .. - .-.~ -'-.) . .- ----.-._ .
. --. __ . __ r'V
•
-------"-~'-----.-------,~--"----'-.-
'--------"--------- ----
":--- ------"---1
----------"- -------
c "------- -------------------- --------"--------------"------"---'------------,-------------'---- ---
1-------------------"--""---;- --"-"-""--- -----------"---- ----
F Ct\URE CQ
------------------ -----------"- ---"-------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------- "----------------"-----~---"------- ------"----------"----------"--------------------
--------"-'-------
1--,-------"---------------I------"----"--.. -----------"----~-- --- ---------"-----"----"------ ---------------------
1--------"--------------" ---"------""- .. -"--------------
-----"---"------"-------"-"------------ ----"--------- ---------"-----------" --"-'--""--------~----
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86
APPENDIX D
Outputs from DARLOB
------~- ------~---- ------- ---- -------------------- - ---------------- ---_...:'------------------'_._--_ ... _._-- ---_._.
----------_ .. _--,.-----------_. -'----------------------------.---------------'---.. _._-----------,---------_ .. _------
CONTR A CT- NUMB E R-i"- 170 HOUS F. S,--N E T WOR n,---RUN---'-; --.. -_.- ----------------------- --_ .. --------------------_.- _~_ OR IGTNAI--fN~OT-DA TA-tc,--oiRloe----ll-A-nr:i9Tfo 768 - _ .. _--_._-_._---_._----------_._----.•.... - .---- _.-.. -----_._-_ .. _._----- .. _._." -.-. --- .-
--------------------------_._--- -- ----------------- -_. -----------_._---- ---- -
NUMBER 0 F-HOU5 ES-X W-PROJECT-"-T70-;-O-----------------------.------------.---- -
----------_ .. _------ ---.-------------. .
---.:..- ----------------.------------------------------.-------
.-.----, '--.--- M I N I MUW-BiT
---------- - ---- - ----------------.--.---.------~--------------~-------------------------- -_._--------_.
------- ------------------_._._-_._-----------------CONfRACTifUMllc-R:-,-7<n!Olf!feT,-NETW--;iRK2---;--liTIN-,. __ _ - .-_. __ ." _. ----_. __ ._-. ---- ._-_ .. _--_. __ .--_._----------------- ._------_ ... _------ _ ___ J)AlE.L2_9/1 _016 8 ___ _
- .- .-. ~ ~-.-___. DATA-)eT~T~~.:.. _________________ .. ___ . _________ . __ _ --------------------. ----- ----- .. _._--
----------------------- -At T I VI rv------AC T I vnY----------------.------ NUM B ER ----o-es-c-RTpTTON T R A DE N2 MAN TEAM ~1~lLG_M_L_Dil.,~eJl_NS F3S ___ . ____ ._NAi_URAL._. _
_ ~_--_-_----HO(JRS-sTz E SIZE HOUS E J.J!.S.L._W.KL ___ IL~_UH"1 __ _ Ni
I:~ . t- --- --- -_.,--,---------_._-_._-- -. ----- . --_._._- .-----------_ .. _._--------_ .. - -:--'--- ---------
------~--"-----.------.--~~~-.--.~==========--=----=---.--=. =----=--=--=---=---.~=-=---=-.-.:::::....::.:::::J
. ~~-~-~- .. - ~.----.---~~--~~~---~--.--.-------~-~------~,,------~~-- ·--·--~CC:-C_-. ------ .~---.-~---- -~-~-. ~-- .~~~-. ~~ ------.~~~~.-~~--.~
Output 3
----------_ ... __ ._--------------------_._-------_. __ .. _---------
. . - ... __ .. _ .. _. __ ._._--_ .. __ .. _- -_.-_._._ .. _. ----.--- _.-_.- ------ .. -- -- ...... .
---···----·CONTRACT-JJU119 ERT 170 -HOUS ES·i-NETWURI:-2;-·ROlfT;-----. --I .. , -.- .--- ...... -- ... -- ...... -----.-.---.-------.-----.. .------- Output 4 ---- .--.-..... OUTPUT FRl.)MCONPR)'··------·---·----·-----:-. -. -.-.. - - .. --.-.. --_._._-_._---------- - --------_._-_ ...
-~ - - - ---- - ---~ ---- - ~ -------.-----------~- --------------- -----.-----~-----.-.-- .. --------- . -~------ .----.~-.. ------ -
NP = 3 NN = 1 .'-"----"--'------~-------.------.-.----- -- .. -
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--~-.- -------------.. __ ... _._--_ ... -----~.----.-.---.-- .. __ .. .~ -,---------~------- --------_ .. - --.. -----.. --~-.-.--..
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Output 5 .. ___ _ . . ___________ t . ___ .. ____ _
'.
CONTRACT NUMBER:',O HOUSES, NETWORK 3. RUN 1. . 0 RIG I N ALl N PUT 0 A TA TOO A RL 0 B . DATE: 24/10/68
NU"IlER OF HOUSES IN'PROJECT "170:0
Nur4D E R 0 F SET S 0 F .- 0 A T"A TO'· B E 'p Roe E SS E D --'i:' _ ... - , -_ ... ' -- --.--.-.... ----.----.--.. ------ -----.. - .. ----, "'- _ .... ~.-.-
. _.- -~- ~ - --.--"_. ---- -_ .. _----_._-_._-------_ ......• ".,._. -_ .• ,. __ ._------.-----.. - --_.--.. --- - ------_. __ .. _- ._ •.. _--_._ .... - -----.-----. ----- _. ----- ....•. ,--- ._ .... -.--
IHNHIUM BUILD RATE" 4;00 HOUSES PER WEEK"MINIHUMRANDOIUSING MULTIPLIER = 0.001) . -----.-----~---. - - .... -_._--.---.. _ •... _ .•.... _. ------------ ----
r~AXII~U~ B..tlILD RATe··.=~~~O;.O§~.!f.ouS.~s..P.E~.HE~K·.....:.._~~~R~DOrHSING ~IULTIPLIi:RRANGF. c' 0.000
DUILD RA TEI Ne R E~IE NTS ... ~:O~:OO:~bU.SELpER WE EK~:.:· ::::·::··t IME PRIOlf TO' S TARi OF F Iis'T HOUSE .. 65: 0 PAYS , I •• ,,_ •. _
······NO·"··1
..... _-•........ - .. _._-_ .. _ ... -.----.. - - --_ .. _ ....... --- . -------,--_._--,--_._---_._---.-. __ .,." .. _----- ---.--.-. __ ._.----- -.--~-~---------~-------- - ----- ,.-,,_.---_._. ---_ ..• -- --
~ _______ -----'-_-._,0 __ --.----,. __ ._--_ ... __ ._-- _____ • ________________ . ___ . ___________ ... ___________ ... _. ______ ._. ___ ... _ .. __ ._., .,., __ .. ___________ . __ .. _____ ... ________ . ___ ... _ .......... _
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Output 6 : \.0 .
I\) ., .. - ..... , -" _ .•... _'
·CONTRACT- NUf~DERI-170 HOUSES, NETWORK 3, RUN 1 .. ···· .. -,- .. ---- . DATF.: 24/10/68
ACTIVITY . ACT IV ITY-------N'- N2 MANT EA1~ MAle GANG DAYS PER NS F BS .. NATU~ A L NUI·leER - DeSCRIPTION TRADE ···-·-HOURS-· SIZE -. SIZE HOUSE (HS/WK) RHYTH'~
1 RA FT'E TC---·-l--·-----,------4---49 .9------ LO-'NO-LI M I T-"---0:00 --:0- 0.00' --2-BUFFER4-5 -0.0'---0;0 NO LHIIT 5.000 0.00
----- ------3---- 1/L. BWK- ---·---B1-------5-----6--17;6---3.0--NOllMIT - ---0:-00----0- 0.00' . 4---- - 11 L S C 1\ F F ...... S C 1 . 6---8---2 ; 5 .. -----1~ 0 - - NO L I 1.1 IT" ... ·--0 : 00----- 0-:-- 0 . 00 5-- 21 LBW K- B 2--- 8 .. - 1 0 17 • 0 - . 3. 0 -. NO L HI IT O. 00 0 0 . 00 6 . 2/L SCAFF SC2 - 10 12 .. O.71.0NO LIIHT' ... 0.00 0 0.00
---7---'-'--DU~H1~- -.----- 12-·-'4---0.0--··-O-.0---NO LIrHT '·0.00 0·' 0.00 - 8 ACRO", JOISTSSC3-'2-'61.0 T.O--NO LItHT - 0.00' ... 0 0.00
·9 PANELS,JOISTSC1 ..... '1416 - 16.8---~2~O- NOLIMlT ... -o~OOOO.OO
1. 60
···-6.81. . 15,90
7.05 56.36
38.75 4.77
'10 BUFFER· ·-·----------,6-,7-----0·,O--·----0-;-0--NO:LIIHT -2.50 0 . 0.00 ". 3/L aWK -··-B3---17--113-17.6 ··3;0 NO LIIHT ... ··0.00 ····--0 0.00 6.81
-12 3/LSCAFF-SC418 -·20--7.S·-.1.0-NO LH11T-0.00-0 0_00 S.34 13 "ROOF -----C2----20227.72:0--:NOLHIIT 0.00 0 0.0010.33 14 -- TOP OUT IlIIK ·B4----22 ---24-----6;3--3.0 NO LIIIIT -··-----0:-00- 0- 0.00· 18.98 15 WINDOWS-C3---- 22--2816.1-2;0 NOLHIITO.OO 0 0.004.98 16 -ROOF TlLE--SUIl----24-·---26 --'--0-.0---'-0;0-- NOr.II~lT---O.SO 0 . 0.00-----17-'-DIS SCIIFF--SCS--26-- 28----3:S·--·-----CO--NO-LIMIT '-0.00 .. 0 0.00 .. 11.48
... 18 ··TIME ACTIVITY --- -----28-32 -----0; 0----0;0 -'NO- L1t·IlT-- 1.93 O· 0_ 00 '-"-'9 ------1/F,-CLADDC428 ·-46-36.6----·-2;0--NOLHIIT "·-0:00 0 0.00
'--'- ·20---1/FSERVICES-SUB--·-·-32---34- ---0:0----' O:O-----NOLHllT 3.00 0 0:00 ·······21--- BU F F e R-----------·--34---3S------0.(j"------0-. O---NOL HIl T:5-.--00 0 0.00 .
22----- P L A S T E R BOA R D-- P L-----· 3 S--- 36---29: 9-----2. 0--- ~j O-l HI IT--'-0 '.0 0-------0--- 0 . 00 . 23' PARTITIONS--CS ---36---313-'7:5 ·········2.0-NO-LHIlT····- 0.00 - 0 0.00 24 DRY JOINT--Dl---38-40-24S-- 2.0 --NO-LIIHTO.OO 0 0.00 25 2/ F CAR P -- C 6-- 40 42 - 29 • 0--- 2. 0- NO - LI r~ IT O. 00 0 . o. 00
'26' 2/F SERVICES SUIl·-- 42 ---43---0.0-·---- 0.0-NO-lH1IT-2~00 0 0.00
2.18.
2.67 4.56 3.26 2.76
27 BUFFER-·-----------43- 44----0.0-----0.0-NO-UIHT 5.00 0 0.00 . .--- 28 .. INT P" I rW---PA1-- --44----46--43; 2------2: O-----NO-- U r~ IT--- -- 0 . 00 0 o. 00 --- - - -- - 1 .1\5
29--- EX, PAINT PA2-464S----'2:8-·-2.0···NO Lrr.IITO:OO-·····O 0.00' 6.26 30 FLOOR T !LE- Surl--- 46- 50---0.0-"0. O-NO -L HI IT 1. 00 0" 0.00 31 FINAL FIX C7- 48 SO---3.2 LO-NO-LHIlT O.OO-~-O 0.00 32 --- CLEAN OUT -- S UB- ..... 50-52-----0.0--- ---0.0 ·----N all IH T . -- LoO-- --- 0--'- 0 :00 - -. 12.40
Output 7
KK" 1
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J a 1
H '·1 ·..,H/tlS
HOR(J) = 4.00
WMH ~1I1 nl S
MAXGS ~1 E N
1 RAFT,ETe 49'.9 0.0 NO LIMIT 2 BUFFER 0.00.0 ~O LIMIT
-3 1fL BWK 17.6"0.0 flO LIfHT 4 1/L SCAF2.5 0.0 NO LIMIT 5 2/L BWK 17.0 0.0 NO LIMIT 6 2fL SCAF 0.7 0.0 NO LIMIT 7 nUfaw 0.0- 0;0 - NO L HIJ T 11 AC[(OI~ JQ 1.0" 0.0 NO LIMIT 9 I'AIIELS,J 16.n 0.0 HO LIMIT
10 DUFFER ~.O 0.0 HO LIMIT 1 13fL aUK .. -- 17;/10.0-- NOlHIJT 12 3/L SCA~ 7.5 0.0 ~o LIHiT '3 ROOF ?~ 0.0 NO LIHIY
TOP OUT 6.3. - 0:0 110 LlfH'i , !.i WIN b 0 14 S 'I (, • 1 . o. Cl I~ I) L HI! 'I' 16 ROOF TIL 0.0 0.0 NO LIMIT 17 DIS sCAF 3.5 0.0 NO LIMIT 18 Tl ME ACT--O. 0 0.0 NO LI r~ IT 1911 F, C LA -- 36.6---- 0;0"NOt I M IT Z011F SERV"'O;O---O;O'--NO LIMIT 21 a U F FER - 0: 0 0; 0 .. 110- L I M I T-
l'lAsrER~ 2\1.90.0-110 LIfHT "ARTITlt ".3 0.0 no t"1t"~ i: ~ Y J 0 f : 1 "? I; . • ~ 0, 0 f! i) l.:,~; ~ -f
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4.994~99 4;0 3.21 0.00 0.00 0.0 ..... 4.00 1.76 ).76 3.0 6.81 0.25 0.25 1.0 ~5.90 1.70 ~.70 3.0 7.05 0.07 0.07 1.0 '6.36 0.00 0.00 0.0 4.00 0.10 ('.10 1.0 311.75 1.68 •. 68 2.0 4.77 0.00 0.00 0.0 4.00 1.711 1.76 3.0 A./31 0.75 O.tS '.P 5.34 0.77 0.71' 2.0 10.33 0.63' O.G~ 3.0 18.98 1.61 \'6'1;;.0 4.98 O~OO n.o~ 0.0 4.00 0~35 0.35 1.011.48 O.OO·~O.OO 0.0 4.00 3:66 . 3.66-'- 4.0---'4.37 0.00 0.00----0:0 ----4~OO O. 00"--- 0 ~ 00- O. 0 4. f) <1
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4 • (11)
"', ;
:'; " , Lit·; .. ': 0 _ ", O. " " O. ::: ,:;;! (:L~ {.I} l.'i.! 0, i.' ,.e, iL c';
I ,~
, . "
ADS HS/UK
:L ;>, '(, ,00 6.81
15.90 7.05
56.36 4.00
30.75 t,.77 (,.00 6,111 !i.34
'0,3:5 18.91\
f,,98 4.00
11 .48 4.00 4. 'n 4.01 (:. " i1 ~:
" .(, '? 1\ .. ~;\ :i.;~~~ " ,. f (' ~ , .. ')
4.()O ~ 'I,'(I()
t~ (J I
", ".. i-
IHI DAYS
:.; . 12 00
f;,73 {) . 31 "n . ., .. 0.09 n.oo I), \ ~
, .03 ;~.:;o
0.7:'1 o • r:; (, o . f~:~ o . ~(~ 1 .00 0.50 O. 1,4 1 • Q 3 ? • '?'9 3,00 ~ • ('I ;·1
1 • ~. (' ~ .,." , l \:t
1 • ~ ~~ , f; (I
c: , CJ 0 ::.~0('
;- 'r ~i
/.
" ;
AS DAYS
263.( 21 1 . C 124.0 53.2
119.9 15.0
211 . 2 21 • f\
1 n. i! 211 .2 1?1:.n ,. t' I. t. I ;; ',I. I
e 1 . ii 41".5
169,7 211 . 2 73.6
?11 . ~
211 .2 2' 1 . 2 316, " 1 &5" 4 2r)(~.n
:.; i) (; /' ,'I 1 .2 "'l.' 0'; "\ <,' .-
i ,. .)
,'" ", ,', A
" ;.'
'."
CONTRACT NUMOEn: 170 HOUSES, N~TWORK 3, nu~ 1. DATE: 21,1,,)168
KK " 1 J =- ,-- ,-----HOR(J) " 4~00 ... - K-aT -
NP .. 1 NN ,,-2
ACTIVITY ACTlVITV DAND WIDTH AS . -- .--~- - ES eF LS LF TF
Nur·IOER tIA~'E I --r DAVS DAYS DAVS DAVS DAVS DAVS DAV~
1 RAFT,ETC - --- - 1 4 --3;12- 263.4 -65.0--- --331.5- .- 65.0 331.5' - -0.0 - - 2 BUFFER 4 ····-5 -- 5; 00 124.0 68.1 3:~6.5 207.5 336.5 -0.0
3 11 L . BWK----~ 5--- 6 ...... -- --0~73--124. 0 "212.5- "337.2-' 212.5 337.2 -0.0
4 .- ~ 1 L S C A F-- - 6- - -8--· -. O. 31 ---- 53. 2 . 284; 1 --337.5 2114.1 ._,. .. 337.5 -0.0
5 2ILBWK .. _ ..
8 -, 0 0;71- -119.9 284.4 405.0 284.4 405.0 -0.0 6 ZlL SCAF 10
.. 12 0.09 -- -,5.0 . -390.0 405.1 390.0 1,0S.1 -0.0
7 ... DUMrlV' 12 H- -~-.
0.00 177 .2 ...
390.1 405.1 390.1 567.3 -0.0 '8 .. - . ACROW JO 12 16 ." .. - ---
O. 13 21. 8 390.1 41:1. 1 444.2 1.66.1 54. 1 -9 PANELS,J 14 16 1. 05 177.2 390.1 568. I, 390.1 568.4 -0.0 10 BUFFER 16 17 - 2.50 ..
124.0 391 .2 570.9 444.3 !i70.9 -n.O 11 31L BWK 17 10- 0.73- 124.0 446.8 5"11.6 446.8 571 .6 -0.0 12 3/L SCAF 18 -20 .. '0.91,
.. 158.1 .-.- ... 447.6-- ---606.6 447.6 606.6 ;'1).0 13 ROOF 20 22 0; 1,8 81. n 524. (l 607.1 524.8 60"1.1 - 0.0 14 TOP OUT 22 2 I, 0.26 44.S 562.6 607.1, 562.6 607.4 -0.0 15 .. -.I/INDOHS -22 26 LOO- 1 {'9 • 7- -- . 525:3 696.0
-
562.8 733.4 37.4 16 ROOF T Il . 24 26 "·0.50-- 73.6- 562.3
-607.9
----_._-562.8 636.9 -0.0
17 [lIS ...
SCflF 26 28 0;44 73.6 --- -- -
563.3 637.4 563.3 637.4 -0.0 18 TH1E ACT 23 -32 L93 :!l16.2 -563.8 697.9 - 563.8 381.9 -0.0 19- "~/F,CLA 2846 . 2.29 193.5-563.8 759.6
.- . 831.4 1027.2 267.6
'20 1IF SERV - 32 34 3-.00 . 316.r--S65. 7- - - 700-.9---- 565.7 884.9 -0.0 21 DUFFER - 31.-- 35--- --. 5.00 316.2 568.7 705;9 566.7 889.9 -0.0 22 PLASTERO 35 36
.. 1.87--- ··--·3f6.2~---- 573. 7-----891;0 573.7 1\91.8 -0.0 23 PHTlTlO 36 38 1.10 185; 4---706.4 ... - 892.9 706.4 692.9 -').0 24 DRVJOIN 38
.. 40 1;53 259.0- 707.5 -968.0 707.5 968.0 -0.0 25 21F CARP (,0 42 ...----,-, 8f 306.7 ~09. 0 1017.S 709.0 1017.5 -0.0 26 21F SE~V 1,2 1,3 2.00 ?'~fj.3 ""O.ll 1019.~ 739 .. 2 1019.5 -0.0 27 DUFFER 43 44 5.00 228.3 112.8 1024.5 791.2
-
1024.5 0.0 21l INTPAItJ (, t. - '·46 ;:.70 ??Il • :~ '7%.( HI??? 79(,.2 1027.2
t---0_0
29 EX"- PAIN f:.6 4G o.no ·!:~~.9 l''' .... '? .' :_ ,~ •• J 'IO?~.O I~Cl2. :5
. 102fJ.O n. (,
~ (J HOOR TI 46 50 LOO 0.0 .,~r;. 9 -"IG~·H.'~ 1 on. 4 102/l.(, n. %
L :'.1 fl NAL Ft (,8' 50 0.1,0 (, Cl; 1 (159. <;> 'I (\/1). I, 9SQ;9 1028.1, 0. () \? CLEAN nu 50 52 3.00 0.0 %0.3 1051.1, 102B.4 '1031.4 O. 0
... \.0---- .. 1 VI
- ------ - , - .
Output 9
CO~TRACT NUMDER~'70-HOUSES, NETwOnK 3, RUN 1.
KK HOR(J) TMHPH CONTRACT DURATION (DAVS) . (HS/WK) ... (MN HRS)· PARALLf:L RESOtf~CE
- SCHED SCHED
1 4.00361:2· .... ._- -·--,031.4 •• NEXT DATA RECORD ** .--- ... -.---.... --.- ....... --
... ," - .. '."~-
Output 10
PARALLEL TWllHPH
.. nlAN HRS)
TWHIIPH
TMHPH
CD RF.S - ... - ... -CD PAR
flATE: 24/10/66
AVE UNiT BUILD THlE (OAYS) PAR RE5
830.0
\0 .. . en· .
· CONTRACT·NUf.!BER: 170··~OUSES,Nr:TWORK2,RUt4 2. OnIGINA~INPUT DATA TO DARLOS DAH: 24/10/68
........... -,., fil I MU MB lJ 11. j)JiATE.=,;~:~r: 0 ·o::lioUs e·sp e R WEEK - -- . " ... - ... - --- - ,. --, ... _----
MINIMUM RANOOMISING MULTIPLIER = 0.000
····_·MA i< I~' Ur;;·BUrL !>:·RATe=-::-ZO-;-·O·O-:-HOlis ES· peR .... w·i: e·i:· ... .......... . ...... _- - - .-. __ . -'
._RANDOrHSING t~ULTIPLIEIl RANGE = 0.000 --_.,-.-_.-_ .. - --- ---- .. - - .--- -._ .... -',,--- _. __ .
. CUlL!>. RATE INCREHENTS" .. 1,OO.HOUSES PER ~leEI( .THHL PIlIOR TO START O~ FIRST flOUSE " .. 0.0 DAYS 1··-········· .. -- .~.~ ...... --_ ... ~-...... -.-... - ..... ~-..... --...... - ..... -.-.. --.. --.. -- ... ~ ..... -~~ ..• -.-- .... - ... - .. -~ .. !-- _ .. _---.- -. ------- ........ _ .... ,-------.
--- ---------'ii .----.
----.-----.--------"'------ ----+------~-------.---.---------.--- .. --------.. --.-------~--- ---------_._-----,.---_ ... --~---------.---.-- ------_." .... _-- --- -- --_ .. -------.----- --_._- --------_. , .... _,_ .. ----,_.,--
'.
'. Output 11
CONT RACT Nur·, 0 e~11~O HO us ES,NET\10n K 2 ~ RUN 2.
~----D A TAs E T -r-:::~---::-:-:_-_:- --:------:-- .. -- ~::-- ----------!lCTIVITy--------ACTIVITV - ....... '-"-N1
NurlOER - DeSCRIPTION -TRADE ~~- MAN TEAM -MAX GANG
HOURS' SIZE SiZE DAVS PER
HOUSE
- ---'RAFT;ETC-----L-------,------4--49.-9 2.6--:NO- LIt·'IT ....... 0.-00 --- -2-- BUFFF.R------ --------T --- 5--0.00.0 NOLItHT 5.00
--'-. --3-------nc BWIC--- --B1---------5---6----17 .6------ 3.0 NOL I t~ I TO. 00 -----------4--------, tL: seA FF----S C 1---------6-------8 ---- 2. 5 --- . L 0--- NO L HI I TO. 00
----- -----5----21 C- B 14 K------ B 2 . ----8-' 01 7.n . 3. ON 0 L HI IT O. 00 - ----------- -6-----T 1 Me -A C TI V ITV -, 0 , 4 0 .0 . 0 ; 0 ... NO -L I t11 TO. 09 • - - '-7--- -- SCAFF,JOISTS -SC2-------10---'6----';7-----1.0-- -NO-Llt.IIT -- 0.00 ---------------a---------PANELS-;-JOrSTSC1------f4----'6 -'6.8- - 2.0 NO Llr·IIT 0.00
... -~ .. ,.,~ - --9 BUFFER - ~-- .'--- "·'---'6" "--'17 -- 0.0 - --"0.0' NO·'LIf·lIT "2.50 ------- -- 1 0------3/t: llIJIC------B3 -------H-1/l----n. (, -3.0 NO- L 1f.1I T -0.00 -- --- -- 11 31 L S C A F F S C 3---, 8 20 - 7. 5 1 • 0 NO L HI IT 0 • 00 --------12T HIE A CT I VIT V----------2()--Z2--- 0; 0-------0; O---NO L 11\ ITo. /.0
13--ROOF, WINDO!~S-C2 20 2623.8 2.0 NO LHlIT 0.00 '4---- TOPOUTCIJK 04 27. 24-----6.3 3.0 NO L1nIT 0.00
·'s·---------ROOF---TILE'···-----S·UD--· 24" 26" 0.0 0.0 NO Llr·'IT _ ..... _-- ... ,",. O~50 ------- -----16--- --0 I SoS CA F r----- SC4-----26-- 2B'----3; 5--------1-.0---- NO - L HI IT- ------0.00 --·----------17-------T I ME- ACT I VI TV----- --- -28-- 32--- 0;-0-----0.0 --N 0 11 t·IIT---- 1.93
--·-----1S-------1/F-;---C[ADDINGC3----- 28 --44··---36.6--------2;0---NOLltHT - - 0.00 ----19------- rtFS E RV ICES -suO-----32--34----0: 6-- --------0. O---NOL I t1 I T -- -- 3.00
-------20------0LJFFER------------3C-3S------0;0--------0.0----- NO L HI I T 5.00' ----:---21 - - - ---P L AS T E RBOAR 0 ---P-,:------- 35------36----29. 9--------2.0----NO -L HI IT--- 0.00 --------.-.:2~-----PARTIT I ONS------C4--36--3S---17: S---2:0--NO--LHII T . ·0.00 ----------2:f-------DRV JOltlT'- DC --38---40----24:5 ----2.0 NOLlr·IIT 0;00 ---- ... - 24---Z/F-CARP .. -·-CS------40--42----29.0--2.0 NO LltHT ... 0.00
25 ·--Z/F-SERVICEssun--42--43- 0.0 0.0 NOLltllT '2.00· ·?(,-----IlUFfER- --------',3· 44- 0:0 0.0 NO LInlT "5.00
--- 27---------TIMEACTIVITV----- 44 ·46 0.0 0.0 NO LHllT ···2.70 ~---~--.,-.-- ---·--2-(r-----~--·-~PA-INr"····-------------- --·p"A·-·-·· -.. 1>4 -4ff" 56-.0-- 2.0 NO·Llf.HT" 0.00
·29 FLOOR TllE suo 46 50- 0.0 0.0 NO Llf.1IT 1.00 30 FINAL FIX C('/,8 50 3.2 1.0 NOllrln 0.00 31 - CLEAN our sur. 50 52 0.00.0 NO LHln 3.00
Output 12
DATE ~ 24/10/68
NS FBS CHS/WK)
NATURAL RliYTHM
ci 0.-00··--'.60 o 0.00 o 0.00 00.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o '·0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o ·0:00
._---- _ .. _--
o 0.00 o 0 :-00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 0.0.00 o 0.00
--0---- 0 .00 ..
o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00 o 0.00
6.81 15.90
7.05
22.96 4.77
6. 81 5.~4
3.36 18.08·
11. 48
2. '8
2.67 4.56 3.26 2.76
, • 43
,----.
.. CONTRACT NUr·l0cR: 170-HOUSES, NETHORK 2, nUN 2. DAiE: 24/10/68
-ij 0 R ( J ) - T rl H pH ( H S lli.l<)~ __ . __ ( ~1 ~N .. HR.§)._.
CONTRACT DURATION (DAVS) . PARALLEL ... RESOURCE .
SCHED- 'SCHED
Output 13 .... --_._-_._-- ... _- --'.-- - ... _---- -",---. __ . '---------.. -,---.. --~-- .. _------- --
pARALLEL TWr~HPK
(HAN HRS;-
-_ .. "--.----_. __ ... _--------_._ ... _----------.. ---._------,---- .. _--_._- "-_.
.Twr~HPH ..... ---.
THHPH
CD RES --.-- .. CO PAR
1 .61 . 3.06 2.71 3.45 2.66 2.82 2.86
.2.99 _ 2.85 .
2.B9 1.00 1 . 13 7 1.78 --
1. 69 1 .96 1.02 2.00 1 .67 1 .35 .. 1.37
AVE UNIT BUILD TIME PAR
4:S. 9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 (,3.9 43.9 43.9 1.3.9 43.9 1.3.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 -. --
(DAYS) RES
.. 1138.2 1138.2
-
721.6 721 .6 449.5 427.5 376.6 366.0 319.[l 2?9.0 148.1 145.0 129.7 114.7 135.7 128.2 132.4
95.8 81.8 80.1
'-0 \.0
------------
CONTRACT NUMDER: '340 HOUseS; NETWORK 2. RU~ 3. ORIGINAL InpUT DATA TO DARtOO DATE: 24/'10/60
tHlf.1n E R 0 F HOUSE S'I N~"ROJ E CT-", 3 40.0'----'---
, ,-"- -- ,---"--'-,-"-,-' -"- ,---" --- ,- ,~-,--,-~,-,'-, ----,--"--,----"'-" --"-,----,---,
IH N !f.Wt~ BU I LO -RATE,"~,T;O(fH()LrS ESPER--WeCK
-'4AXI r·IUMBlfiTti-RA,.e-~=:2o~o6-HOlis Ell -PERW'i: B K
[) LJ tL Il_ R AT~-fN C ReI·' E tj'Ts :-0, 1.00 _!lOUSES p~ R wo e K
- -_., •.. , ... _--,-,.-. -- --'."" - .,-_. ---.... - --MINIMUMRANDOMISING MULTIPLIER = 0.000
... -".- .. _------- -_._- - --RANDOfHSItJG r~ULT!PLl!!n RANGE c 0.000
---...... _. _. ---- - ~--""
T HirE _, PR I 0 R TO S TAR T 0 F F X R S T 11 0 USE "
~-.. ,------. _. __ .. - ----- .. - .---.~- -, .. _._, ...• -, _." ---- --------- ---._---. . .. - .- - ~---- --- ---
Output J-'l-
0.0 DAYS
f-' -0 '0
-DATASET-'
ACTIVITY NUll0ER
•• -~- ------.--~- --~--.-----~---~.---- ••••• _'-+- .-
ACT I VTr Y-------- --N ,---N 2 OESCRI~TI0N TRADE
-- ._---- ._-_ .• --_. -, •. _. +---.•
I1AN TEM HOURS SIZE
I1AXGMlG SIZE
DAYS PER HOUSE
NS
--, - -- RAFT,ETC·-----L-----'···--I.---49;9-· 2;O--NlfLII-l1T 0.00 0 -----2--- DUFFER- -----4----- 5-0.00·.0 NO LIrHT 5.00 0
- -- ------3-- '/L BWC---------a'----- -5 ----6---17.6----3.0- -NOLIIHT 0.00 0 -------- --4-------11 L· seA F F- ---- S C ,------ 6--6 ----- 2. 5----- 1. 0 -- NO L IfH TO. 00 0
-------- 5-- -- 21 LnWK ---- Bir----- 8--' 0 ----17.03. O-NO L IfH TO. 00 0 ...... - T--- TIME ACTIVITY 10 ,f. 0.0 0.0 NOLlIHT 0.09 0 ·----7 ... SCAFF,JOISTS SC2 ·--1016 1;7'- 1.0 NO La1n 0.00 0
---------s-- PANELS~JO!STS C1 14 16 16.8 2.0 NOLIfHT -- .. ····0.00 . 0 9· DUFFEIl· --1617 0.00.0 NOLltlIT 2.50 0
--10- ··-31t nWK---···D3 17 10 17.6 3.0 NO-LII1IT 0.00 0 1'--- 3/L SCAFFSC:f 18 20 7.5 1.0-- - NOLIf.1IT 0;00 0
----- - ·---'2 T I HEAcr IV I TY----------?,O--- 22- --. 0.0 0.0-· NO- L 111 I TO. 48 0 13 ROOF, WINDOWS C2 20 20 23.8 ~.O NO LIMIT 0.00 0
--,4-- . TOP OUT Il\1K -04----22 24 6.3· -3.0 - NO LIflIT --0.00 0 15 R 0 0 F T IL ~ SUO 24- -- 26 O. 0 0 .0- NO L tll! TO. 50 0
.. -16-- ·---0 I S sc AF F-- SCl,----26--20----3; S-----,;O-----NO - L I I·' I T--- - 0.00 0 - - - -- -17 . . T I M EA C T I VI T Y2 8-- 32-.- 0: 0----- 0 • 0 - .- NO L!rH T - 1.93 - 0
---18-----11 F ; . CtA I'l DIN GC3----- 28 ----44---36. 6-----2 • 0--- NO- L If HT- 0 .00 0 -----19---1IF SERVICES sun---- 32--34---- 0.0-----0.0- NO-LIfHT· 3.00 0
----------20--------0UFFErt-------------34---35----0;0------0.0-- NO LlfHT--- 5.00 0._ ------ 21P LASTE RDOA RD· P L---- 35---36--- -29.9------2.0-- NO- L Iflt TO. 00 0
.:,-22---- -PARTITIONS-- - C4 36 30 17.5----2.0 NO--LIf.1IT ·0.00 -----0-2j-----DRY JOINT .. DC 38 40 24.52.0 NO LHlIT 0.00 0 24---2/F-CARP--- ...... CS 40 42 29.0 2.0 NO L1tHT 0.00 0
-25------ 2/FSGRVICES sun 42 43 0.0 -0.6 NO LIIlIT 2.00 0 26-------- 0 (f FFE R 43 44 . o. 0 0 • 0 NO LI IH T 5 • 00 0
-- --- -27 TII1E ACTIVITY------44 460.00.0 NO LIf.1IT 2.70-· 0 --20---------PAItJT--Pi\-----·-f,f, f,f) %.0 2.0 N6LIIH'I" 0.00--0-
29 FLoOn ,'ILr. sue (,6 50 ... 0.0·· 0.0 NOLH11T 1.00 0 --30- rilltd.r-!)( C6 -----(,8-· so 3.2·'.0 tJO Lltl1T- . _o.00 0
31 CLEAN OUT SUO ___ :!i0~ __ 52 0.0 0.0 NOLIflIT .3.00 0
Output 15
DATE: 2411 0168
FBS (HS/\~K)
0.00 0.00 . 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 o . 00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ... 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
NHURAL RHYTHr-l
1. 60
6.81 . 15.90
7.05
22.96 1,.77 ...
6.81 5.34
3.36 '8. QA
.. n.40
2.18
2.67 4.56 3.26 2.76
1.1>"5
-I--' o I--'
KK HORO) - ---'Tf~lt P H CONTRACT D'URA TI ON (DAVS) (H S IWK) nlAN tl RS) PARA~ L EL R ESQURC E
, , , .. , SCHED SCHED
Output 16 ... - .. -- .. ----.-----.---~ - ----~-.. -~. - ... _--- - .
PARALLEL' TWrlHPH
(MAN HRS)
nH1I1PH .. --- .... TMHPH
, "
CD RES - .. -.--CD HR
1.63 , 3.H 2.84 3.70 2.87 3.09 3.17 3.35 3.22
_ 3.31 1.99 2.10 2.00 1 .09 2.25 2.21 2.33 , .89
,. 1 .48 1.50 . _ ... __ ....
.
DAT£!: 24/10/68
AVE UNIT BUILD Tn-1E PAR
4:~. 9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 (,3.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 43.9 '-0_-
(DAYS) RES
2239.9' 2239.9 1404.3 1404.3
858.3 . 814.3
712.2 690.9 598.3 556.6 252.9 247.6 217.0 186.B 229~1 213.9 222.3 148.0 120.0
.,' .".1.16.6,
f-' o
'I\)
I
uurlOFR OF SETS-OF DAT;CTo-rrt:--PROC-(SSED" -- 3-----~----.. -._--.. ----- .,_ .. __ . - ._--_. ---~ --. -- --. . - -- ------_._- - -_. .._ .. __ .. .•. . .... _ ... ,-_._--- .-----.--~---------------- ---_. ,. --- ---
- .. _-_. -'---.-. --_._--' --- ... " .. " .. __ .- -----_ ... __ ._-----_._------ ._----_. __ .. ----------'--.- .--~.--.--.-----.-.----------.- .. ---.-- .- ---........ _._-, ..... ,-._---- .. -.--.----.-----.... ---,~----.--.----... ,.-.--------------~-..... _----'------_. __ .. _-_ ... -.. ---~.,--.--.--.--.----------------.--------- --- - .......... _---_. ---_ .. _-'.--
. r·' A X I 1.lL! W a!l ! ~ D RATE"-- 2 O.O()1jOUs r: SP ER-wi!~~C--- ------~----Rf\N-rioT; lilfN (;--riOL-flP-LiER~RArliji:-';;-1 500 .. _ .. - .. . .. _----_ .. , --.. --- -- ..•. _--- --.- -- --- ._--_. _. - .'._. ---.- ------ . -- _._ ....... -. - . -,. ..... _-"- -_ ... '-.. .... - . -_._. -. - .-. . - .
.. ... 11 U I L D RAT c··· IN!: R ENE Ht s-=-O~2S-frou!iEs -pTR-WEF. k----------iltTE--PRto-R-TOST-AQ-T.~~-i::~~r'l~s~Tjl DU s E:=~~O. 0 .. DAY S . - . - ... -- --".- . .,.- - --., .... _ ... _._",,- -- -,._,. __ .... _._ .. _--"-'. __ .,,. -.-- ---'-,_.- . .--"- .. _ .... ,,,, .. ,-----------'_._.,.- .. _., ._, .. _----_ ... , "-- ._--, _. __ .. ---.- -,---" ---- .. , .. ------ - -
..... PA R ALL EL· S C H E DUeED-CAs EOnry-; --------------.-------.. ------- .. -- .. ---------.. -~------.---.--- --------------_._------ --.-----, ..
. - _ ... ~------- .-_.- -_ .. _--- --" ... ----_ ... _--- ,._--, ._---------_ ... _.- - '--"'-- _._--_ .. _._-----_._--_ .. _----_._--_.--_ .. -- ---------_. __ ._-------------,,----_._--_.-----_._- -----'.- -,----"--
.... ___ .. ______ .. . ". __ t._ .
. I Output 17
. 1
CONTRACT .;-!UNBER~· 170 HOUSES, 'SHi:"LC 'STAGE-~----~- ------- .. --.--.------.-... --.-... -.-----.. DATE: 29'10/68
DATA SF.T i
ACTIVITY NUf·WE R
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 . 14
--'-' AGTIV 1 rv--""-'-"NC'--"N2'" f1AN····TEAfr--·-MAX .. GAtTG-~D·AVI:PER·--j~S F.'IS ... DE S CRI ,T! ON 'r RA()~'--''''''''7'''''-floURS''''''Sl Z'E'"'' SI Z E HOlJS E (H ~ 1 WO
....... __ .. -.- ..... _ ... - "
11L BWI(" ·"·B1"-"-5""·"·6-··17~6 ..... :COtJO'lHlIT ·O:()O---O·· 0.00 1/[ SCAFF" ..... sel "-"(' '--8'--"2.5'-' ",:()"" NO'LIfHT' .. 0: 00 00.00 Z/lBWK ...... _. llZ·-' .. ··s .. ··,O """'17.0' "3:0'NOllfHT"''''''o . 00'''-'''0 0.00 T , M F. ACT I V I T Y"'-"----1 0- "'14---"0·. O--'''--'O-;'O-'fJO' L I r·' I T'''-''''O :09"'"'' 0'''''- 0 '.00'" . se '\ F F ,-JO 1ST s"sc? "--'10'-"6"'''','. 7"" "'1';'0--'-N 0-"( n,iff·----j':o 6-- 0 0 . o,j .. PANF.lS;~rOISTS·CI-""--n;·--'6"-16.!l··"·?.O·- -No'{a1fT'-""'o':'oo'-'" 0 0 00
. a U F F E R·-Ti)···'7·O. 0 0 :0-' NO L1 111 T 2.50 0 o. 00 3IlR\JC'" ·· .. ·S3·----Tr"11l 17.(, 3.0 "lOLH11T"""f.oo 0 0.00 3fL SCAFF . 'SC3-1[) "20 7: 5 Lo fWUllIl" 0.00 0 0,00
. ROOF" ." --'''C 2"-' 2 0 ··2?· 7 .'1' 2 ';'0' NO Ll rH TO. 00 0 0 . 00 TOP' QUT- B~JK···--···f.H"·-·--~-··-2?···----2·4··--·-----·6·:-3· .. -.-. ~.O "-·-·NO-·-LIf·lIT·----~·-- 0.00 0 ····0-.00 WINDO\JS-'--C3 ····n·-2S· .. '6.12:(i" . No LlllIT . 0.00' ... 0"'-0:00 RD()FTILe'SlJ~·2.4'··26···O.() 0'.0 ~IO LIt-1IT ,):50 0 .. 0.01) .D.I~~AN.!LF._S.C.S~I... 2f .... ?8 ...... 3. 5-- r .. g._~N<!..L..ItHT_.. 0.00'0-"'" 0.00
. .I ..
.. '- .. ' -'-~-."--'-- -.
output 18 1 ___ .•
~JATURAL RHYnjf~
.. 6.81 1 5. Q 0 7.05
<'2.96 .. 4 .• 77
6.81 5.3t.
10.33 18.98
t. . 9 !\
.. 11 .48
I-' . '0
.f>
___ ..J
T E M P 0 RA R V OU T P lIT- ~--RAN 0011'---- DA TAS-e TT------
I
1 2 3 4 5 6 'I 8 9
10 11 , ? 13
>14
HMil,1)
--. __ ._---_ .... _-_._---- -_ .. _- -'-~.-----------.-~----------------------.---- . -- ._--_ .... - .--_ ... -------_.
Output 19
I-' o V1
.
I
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 '8 9
1 () 11 12 B 14
HM(l,1) II~Hl,2) Z(KD) TRIAL TMHPH NZ TRIAl.?
17 .6---n ;0--- ---.--------.-----.. -.---, n:-. -,,~--- 2--- .. -., 2 .-0- -.------.--------.----- (:5-----L 0 --- ---~-----~-------. ----~ 114-: C---c---?----- 13-:-0 - - -------------------17.0--------9.3-- -----------------------------n 4;4- - .-. -2------- ~2. 3------------- --
O. 0---- n. 0 -.-. -------.--.-.--------------- --111.-. 1.-- --- 2 ------- -- --- --- - ------, . '7,--1;'7----~------ --------- -'-114 :4----'2"-1 6: 8 --22;-0----------------- -- ------.--- 11 C 4------- 2 . O. 0 ---O. 0---- -- .... --.- .. ---------------- ·----n4.-"---------'1.-
, '7; 6--------23·;0-----·------------------'14-. "----'r· 69.0 '7. 5 - 9 • 7 ----- ---- "11T:4- 2 ., R , Il
-7. '79;9 114; 4---'-- 288. '7 6.3 '7.'7 114:t. ? 96.t.
, 6 . , '16; ',--- .... ---------11 4-:/.--- --- 2-----' 1 2~ 13 0.0" "-0.0- ...... -.--.... ~.- .. -.- .-------"---- 114.'. -2--------
-----~.,_;_ 6 - - ------- --------------- --- 114-. 4' 2
.- .-......... __ ._. __ .•.•.•.•. _ ... _ .. _._-_. -- . -.-.---- - -------~---- --------- _ ... _----
(~-. -
Output 20
'-
_.- ,._-- ----_. ,. - •.. __ ... _ •... _ .• ---_._- ... -- - .--.~ .. --.~--. .-CONT RAC TH Ut1 B~ R : ___ ~!_~ HOUSES,_ S !fECI: _- S!AG(.
. .-- - _ ..
_ DA.TIL:. 29/'0/68
DATASET?
- I ACTIVITY
N IHlI.1 F. R
_._-_._- --- _.- .. --~------ - - ACTIVITY .~. ~--_::-~_:~~i--=--:~r(2~~ ~:~~- t~ AJL=_::-~IF.A}L-=-_li(X::~ G-A~_G_=-___ OAY_S_P_ER ____ rJS_ F i1 S . .. N f, 1 U ~ At DES CRI P2: 1 0_11.:-----"3 A?.E ________________ H OI,l.~_S ____ S TJ E ___ ~} :Z._E _________ flQY._S F, _________ __ i H SI W K) R -Y T H 11
.... -_. __ . __ ._--_. -.---- ._------_.--._--_.-:. __ ....... _ .. _-_ .... _- --_._-----_ .. _._---- ,------ -- ._-- --_._,._ ... --~.--. ---- ----- ---_. _ ... _ .... __ .- .... _ ... _ ... _--- .. -- .'"--
'- ..
Output 21 .----1;--:--- - .. -.- ... --.-- ... -.. .- .. .--.. -- --. ._ ....
f----' o
--..J
I
;1,'
3 4 5 6 7 11 <;
10 1 '1 12 1:; 1 (,
H~1(I.1)
17.6 '" 2.5
17,(1 , 0.0
1,7 '6,8
--0: 0 17,6 7,5 7.7 6.3
16, 1 0,0 3,5
Output 22
i 5 ~7 - 0,0 --3,1
'Z ( K D) TRIAL Tf11l P fl
.. ,,~, ~
f-' o co
T HI P 0 R A k YOU IP (I T
I
j
7-:~
4 5 ()
7 8 9
H' , ~ 12 B 14
H~I(I..')
2;5 17 ,0 - 0·,0
Output 23
RANDOM
TRIAL
I--' o ill
DATE:. 29!10/68
DATA SE1'l
AC T I V JTv-~-ACTl V I TV -- .. --.- .. N;-~--N2-- t1AH'-"-T i!AW-I'IAX-GiNG DA VS PER ~IS . NUn 0 E R .. --_. 0 E S CRI 0 T ION --T r~'A D E'---- ------"-- .... " .. __ ., --·----B"O (j R S --~-~-T Z -E-'-- s'l 7. E --"-_ ..... -- -H 0 U SF. - - -.. --.. - ~~. S
(fIS 'wo ,- llC 011 K--- B 1------ 5---'6 -'---'16 ~:5-----' :CO .. - NO LHlIT-'" "0:50-- -0 .. - 0 :00
-- 2 --, / r se •. FF-- se 1·----6- --. 8----·' : 4----f~O·-·i·fO·LJr.1I ~·.--·---(i, 1 3 - 0 ........ 0 0 I) 3 . '2/ L' Il W K - 62---- ---. 8--,-0- - 13:9-- 3~Ci --- NO LI~lI r-'F ,39 0 ·····0. 0 i) 4 .. "---HME A C nv I TV --- ---~~r0-T4--·-·--0 ~ IJ---·-()~. u~---~NO- l HlI T-----;l:09~-- 0--- O.O!) .
. 5 ....... - Sr.AF ~;;rOT$rS-SC2-----f()---,6 - 2;7---''l-:-ti----~ (i-I.: Ir,n -f---- "iL 2"'- o· ...... --.. o. ° () -...... 6----- PAN Ers~-JO IS T5 C ,----.---- 1l;-16-19.-'----·-2-.0-·--Non H ii---C37 0 0,0 i)
7 -SUFFER - ... ~- -- -. -----10·- -"70.0 O.O-NO LIf.l1T- --2.50 0 0.0') B ·311.-R~!C~e3---~1r·--'8· 22.'6-- 3.01,OLltHT- 0-:96 0 0,(1'1 9 3/1. SCAFF SC3--'~18 20-'2.2 -·f;·O-NOLJt.llT1.22 0 0,00
10 - ROOF ----C?--- 20- --22 10 .4-- ?-~-(f·--NdrHfI T (). 62 0 -. o. QO 1 1 T 0 ~ 0 U 1'--a ~I K-'at; .-----;> 1.---2/, 3:-f---'-'- 3.0-'- N 6' L I r·llT---(j- 3 2 0'-- 0 . 0 J 1 2 - .. III N D OV! 5 ··-~---·-c 3 - -~-2?-~- 2 8--'-9 • ;,-~-2 ~ O------,Jo - (, Irll T 1: 03 ------- n --- 0.00 . 13- -ROOFTlLE-SUI'l 2'.--260:0 0:0 NO LltllTii:so 0 0.00 14 .... DISrlANTLE -se SG4" '--2~ . -28----2.9·----": O---f!O L1I-IITo. 19 0 O. OIl
- ----- _ .. , ..... -- -- .. ,'-- .. ~--,--. .---.---~-,-.-- . --, .. --_ .. __ ..... --.-.- .... _-- ---------_._._._-- ,--- ... --_.---. .-.... -- ..... -- ---
Output 24 • _3_' ___ ,"0_"_-". ___ I ,_ .. __ ." _, .• ___ ,_
tJATUf{Al R;~ YTf;r·l
_ 7.>;5 27.99 8,61
, 4. ~ 3 4.09
5 . ;~2 3,?8 7.69
.38.96 8.65
.13.63
.1-' I-' o
.. KK
1
HO R (J ) -----T 1,1 H PH---'--C O,li TR A C T- D IJ R ATTMr-(r\ Pi'S-,-----pAR A lTCi.-- -----fw M HP-i,--- c :O--ifE S- . -- -- A V i:! UNIT [l U l lD -( H SI W K)--(M AN -H k S r----pi\RATl.n--------R ES OOR CE------T~jl~ H pi,--- -.;;.::..::; _ -- - -~.-~ __ .-- .·.T 11,' E (DAyS)
. ·~-_=_~_~:==-:=:~=:=~=~~_==::_$~B:ED_--:=_.:..:=~~~=-)~Cll rE~===_~__==_(MA-t,C:HRS) ====iM.H~Ii= --CO: . P.~ R-::- _--_ pAR ...... -.. _ -. __ . R·E S -~ ... -_._,.- ---_ .... -
8.0_ ._. __ 8.,3 _
_ __ .... 8.7 __ 8. n __ !I , 3_ 8, '7.._. 8,n
2 -5.50 ----114 ... ,---162.4- 102.9 11.,;;
~~-~~~l~~~~~~i:l==:: ...... - --- _ ..
~~"----'---"'" ._-- ._-----_._ .. _--
36:50- . -·11(,,'. ···'39.4 57.5______ ________ __ _____0,7
. ~ - .. --- -~:f. L~ __ :-~~]} tr~:--:= ~_~}~. tr_;~~-;~--~~~~:_-~=~~:~~---~~~~:~~ i tt:=~-0-:~---~~:::___~~:_::_ _ _:- .••• __ ~ . -i: ~: .. _--- ... _---- ---.- --... ,-_ .... -." -,~--- .. -- . --,~ :-.~---.------- -------- .... ..... -~
Output 25 (The next six outputs are not included) -I-'
CONTRAr,r rilflolDER: 170 H2USE.!:l~_~H"Ll~~STAGE.-_:-~~_:::~=~-:~:=--~_--_----- DATE: 29110/68 .
KK - -- ---HOR(,I)- ---- rMHPH-------COnTRA-CTDURfiT{QNTOAYS5--- PARflCUL ___ T\j~IHPH- CD _R.ES. __ .. hllF. lINIT ~lIllD
--'. H SIl-IK )-- 01Mr HH ST- --PARA L !fL----- R ES OIJRC-e-------- TWM H P ,1 ~ •• -~. -. - - - - .... _ ... rH4 t _(DAYS) ----------- .. ---- -- --------SC H Eo ------ ------st He jj-------TMAN -HR sY----- T M f! Pf'--'{DP', R- P 1\ R RES
_._-----_:.. __ ._------------ .. - .. ,------ ---.- .---~---- --_ .. _------- ._----- .. "._ .. - _._. --- - .. - --- .--.. .. - ---
--- ----- ~--- - - ---- -- ------------------.-- ----- ----------~----- --------- - ~~------ - --- --- ---- --
- - --_.'--" -_. ----, ._._ .. - .'----'.----;~------... -.- ._--_ .. , ... _ .. ,.- .-,---._- -, .. _ .. _._- ----_. __ .. ----- -'._. -.--_._- ._-
. ',---
Output 26
i !
I
~
