Investigating the Efficiency of Ultrasound for Controlling...
Transcript of Investigating the Efficiency of Ultrasound for Controlling...
Assoc. Professor Dr. T. F. Yusaf
Raed Ahmed Al-Juboori
University of Southern Queensland
4350 Toowoomba, Australia
National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture,
University of Southern Queensland, Australia
USQ Combustion Meeting
21 Nov 2012
Investigating the Efficiency of Ultrasound for
Controlling Bio-Fouling in Batch Membrane Systems
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Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Outline 1. Introduction
2. Aim of the research
3. Disruption of microorganism’s cell under the effect of ultrasound
(theoretical study)
4. Experimental apparatus and measurement techniques
5. Experimental procedure
6. Results and discussion
7. Conclusion and future work
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1. Introduction
1.1. Importance of membrane technology
It was reported that the estimated number of the people who lack to a healthy drinking water
access in the developing countries has reached about one billion, while the number of the
people who lack to a sufficient water for sanitation purposes in these countries has reached
two billion (Ridoutt and Pfister, 2010).
Introduction
4 By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
By Al-juboori Raed Ahmed & Dr. Talal Yusaf
1.2. Problems encounter membrane technology “Bio-fouling”
1. Deterioration in membrane flux
2. biodegradation of membrane
3. increase in the differential pressure with consequent rise in the feed pressure, causing
increase in the salt passage.
Introduction
What is the solution? Scanning electron micrograph of biofouling on RO
membrane taken by (Flemming,2002)
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Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
Introduction
1.3. Proposed solution
Disinfection
Disinfecting the feed water of the membrane system can be an effective technique to control
the formation of bio-fouling (Hori and Matsumoto, 2010).
Chemical methods UV-light Membrane pre-treatment
system
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1. Health issues
2. Deteriorating
membrane materials
3. Low efficiency
1. Health issues
2. Recovery of treated
microorganisms
3. Low efficiency
1. Fouling and bio-
fouling problems
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
1.4. Ultrasound as a pre-treatment
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Introduction
1. Environmentally friendly
2. No reaction with the membrane material
3. high efficiency
Ultrasound
treatments Sonication
Manosonication Thermosonication
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Hot water
bath
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
This research aims to use ultrasound technology as
a free chemical pre-treatment to reduce the
formation of bio-fouling in membrane systems.
Aim of the research
8 By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
2. Aim of the research
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
3. Disruption of E. coli cell under the effect of
ultrasound (theoretical study)
3.1. Schematic diagram
Disruption of E. coli cell under the effect of ultrasound
P ⃘ PA
Negative swing
(bubble formation)
Positive swing
(bubble implosion)) Release of high
Pressure
Rupture of the E. coli
cell occurs
Result in Cell death
Cell injury
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Pcollapse
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
3.2. Shock wave map – FE Simulation at USQ
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
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Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
Disruption of E. coli cell under the effect of ultrasound
Wave speed (m/s) through the water, membrane and the cytoplasm.
3.3. Shock wave map – FE Simulation at USQ
11 By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
Disruption of E. coli cell under the effect of ultrasound
3.4. Von Mises concentration
12 By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
Disruption of E. coli cell under the effect of ultrasound
3.5. Factors affecting on the pressure released from bubble implosion
(Pcollapse)
A MATLAB routine was developed to evaluate the effect of the process parameters of ultrasound
treatments such as Ultrasonic intensity, Ultrasonic frequency, Temperature of the treated water and
Pressure of the treated water on Pcollapse through their effect on Rmax and Rmin (equation 2).
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𝑅𝑑2𝑅
𝑑𝑡2 + 3
2
𝑑𝑅
𝑑𝑡
2=
1
𝜌𝐿 (𝑃𝐵 −
4𝜇𝐿
𝑅 𝑑𝑅
𝑑𝑡−
2𝜎
𝑅− 𝑃∞) ............... 1
𝑃𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑝𝑠𝑒 = 2𝑃𝑣 𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑅𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝑅𝑚𝑖𝑛
3𝛾 ..................... 2
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
Disruption of E. coli cell under the effect of ultrasound
By Al-juboori Raed Ahmed & Dr. Talal Yusaf
3.5. Factors affecting on the pressure released from bubble implosion
(Pcollapse)
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Isothermal expansion Adiabatic collapse
R ⃘ R max R min
1 2 3
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
Disruption of E. coli cell under the effect of ultrasound
Schematic illustrates the life span of a transient bubble
By Al-juboori Raed Ahmed & Dr. Talal Yusaf
3.5. Factors affecting on the pressure released from bubble implosion
(Pcollapse)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10-5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2x 10
-4
Time (s)
Bubble
rad
ius
(m)
I = 17.56 W/cm2, Rmin = 8.67e-7, Rmax=1.78e-4
I = 21.49 W/cm2, Rmin = 8.35e-7, Rmax=1.9e-4
I = 24.17 W/cm2, Rmin = 8.18e-7, Rmax=1.97e-4
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10-5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
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x 10-4
Time (s)
Bubble
rad
ius
(m)
f=60KHz, Rmin=9.23e-7, Rmax=1.63e-4
f=70KHz, Rmin=1.04e-6, Rmax=1.41e-4
f=80KHz, Rmin=1.137e-6, Rmax=1.24e-4
Ultrasonic intensity Ultrasonic frequency
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Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
Disruption of E. coli cell under the effect of ultrasound
By Al-juboori Raed Ahmed & Dr. Talal Yusaf
3.5. Factors affecting on the pressure released from bubble implosion
(Pcollapse)
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10-5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2x 10
-4
Time (s)
Bubble
rad
ius
(m)
P0=2bars, Rmin=9.71e-7, Rmax= 1.5e-4
P0=3bars, Rmin=1.18e-6, Rmax=1.21e-4
P0=4bars, Rmin=1.52e-6, Rmax=9.36e-5
Pressure
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Temperature
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
Disruption of E. coli cell under the effect of ultrasound
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
x 10-5
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2x 10
-4
Time (s)
Bubble
rad
ius
(m)
T = 45 oC
T = 50 oC
T = 55 oC
1.2 1.4
x 10-5
1.8
x 10-4
Time (s)
Bubble
rad
ius
(m)
T = 45 oC
T = 50 oC
T = 55 oC
By Al-juboori Raed Ahmed & Dr. Talal Yusaf
Experimental apparatuses and test procedure
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4. Experimental apparatuses and test procedure 4.1. Apparatus description
RO stirred cell and RO membrane
were obtained from Sterlitech
Corporation USA.
A commercial ultrasonic horn device
(HielscherUIP500) with a 22 mm diameter horn tip
(sonotrode, BS20d22 titanium) and a 60 kHz
frequency was used to perform the experiments of
sonication, thermosonication and manosonication.
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
4.2. E. coli preparation
E. coli was selected to be the sample microorganism in this work owing to its widespread use
as an indicator for the microbial contamination in most of the water resources (Szewzyk et al.,
2000) and its ability to adhere and subsequently develop biofilm on RO membrane (Hori and
Matsumoto, 2010, Danese et al., 2000).
E. coli ATCC 25922 stock culture (cooked meat medium) and MacCONKEY broth were
provided from Faculty of Science/ University of Southern Queensland)
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48 hours
Experimental apparatuses and test procedure
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
4.3. Viable cell count and estimation of cell injury
Viable cell count technique was used to measure the
concentration of E. coli at different stages of the treatment .
Triplication for the plates of the entire dilution series was
applied to improve the accuracy of the viable cell count.
To measure the concentration of the injured cells in the
treated suspension , samples of the treated suspension were
plated on Tryptone Soya Agar (TSA) as a non-selective
medium and MacCONKEY Agar as a selective medium.
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SUNTEX colony counter model
570
Experimental apparatuses and test procedure
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
LIVE/DEAD BacLightTM Bacterial Viability Kit for microscopy
and quantitative assays (Invitrogen Molecular Probes,
Victoria-Australia) was used to stain the adhered E. coli on
RO membrane.
The stained cells were visualized using epiflourescence
microscope (Nikon, Eclipse, E600) .
MicroPublisher 5.0 RTV camera that was equipped with
fluorescence microscope and attached to a computer was
used to take photomicrographs of the developed bio-film on
RO membrane.
The captured microphotographs of the biofilm were optimized
using Analysis FIVE software.
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Experimental apparatuses and test procedure
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
4.4. Staining and epiflourescence microscopy techniques
4.5. Procedure of ultrasound treatments
Experimental apparatuses and test procedure
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E. coli suspension
Sonication
Thermosonication
Manosonication
Viable cell count
E. coli reduction
(CFU/ml)
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Identification of the optimum
ultrasound treatment
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
4.6. Procedure of control experiment
Experimental apparatuses and test procedure
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Thermosonication Pre-
treatment RO treatment
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
5. Results and discussion
5.1. Optimum ultrasound treatment
Results and discussion
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Comparison between sonication, manosonication and thermosonication
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
5.2. detection of cell injury cell death under the effect of thermosonication
treatment
Results and discussion
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Cell injury in thermosonication treatment
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
5.3. Monitoring the reproducibility of the treated E. coli as opposed to the
untreated E. coli .
Results and discussion
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Reproduction of E. coli during RO treatment
By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
5.4. Visualisation the developed bio-film on RO membrane
Results and discussion
Untreated suspension Treated suspension
26 By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
5.5. measuring permeate flux of untreated and treated suspensions
Results and discussion
Permeate flux of the treated suspension as compared to the untreated
suspension
27 By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
5. Conclusion
It can be concluded that ultrasound is an effective free
chemical technique to reduce the formation of bio-fouling in
membrane systems. The potential of ultrasound in reducing
bio-fouling lies in its destructive effect on
the structure of microorganisms’ cells, and
the proliferation of microorganisms in the treated water.
Conclusion
28 By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
“Water is the oil of the 21st century” Andrew Liveris
29 By Raed A. Al-juboori & Talal Yusaf
Investigating the efficiency of Ultrasound for controlling bio-
fouling in batch membrane systems
Improving an aerobic digestion for waste
activated sludge – Biogas Production
in Churchill Abattoir, Ipswich,
Queensland.
Lagoon of activated sludge
Implementing ultrasound in improving the production of biogas
from the activated sludge (Tiehm et al., 2001).
By Saddam H. Al-lwayzy & Talal Yusaf
USQ Combustion Meeting
21 Nov 2012