INVERTEBRATES

What is an animal?

Cell Type: Eukaryotic

Tissues: Organization of cells to fulfill a specific purpose Multicellular

Heterotrophic: Must consume food

Motile: Can Move at some point in development

Animal CharacteristicsMovement:

All animals can move at some time within development

Some are stationary during adulthood SESSILE

Most have free moving parts during this stage however

Ex. Sponge

Animal Characteristics

Energy: Animals are highly organized and require a great deal of

energy

What type of energy do animals use? ATP

What must an animal get to convert into ATP?

Food + Oxygen ATP + H2O + CO2

Animal Characteristics

EnergyWhat systems are involved with this energy?

Digestive – Food Respiratory – Oxygen Circulatory – Transport to cells

Animal development is key to energy efficiency. How these systems function and are developed is key to the abilities of the animal

Animal Characteristics

Wastes:Animals must have

systems to dispose of waste products Egestion

Animal Characteristics

Special Senses Animals have a unique adaptations to

sense their environment Examples

Hearing – Sight – Touch – Taste – Smell Lateral Line in fish Light sensor in lizards

Animal Characteristics

ReproductionMost animals reproduce using SexualUse Egg and Sperm combining

Internal - Mammals External - Fish

A fertilized egg

A hollow ball of cells

The movement of cells inward

Digestive tract and respiratory system

Skin, Sense organs and nerves

Develop into the mouth or anus depending on animal type

Animalia Milestones

There are 4 major milestones that diverge animals from each other: Tissue Development Body Symmetry Internal Body Cavities Embryonic Developmental

Tissue Development

Which separates the sponges from the rest of the kingdom is the development of specialized tissues Like muscles Intestinal Skin

Sponges are animals because of their similarities to the others in larval form.

Body Plans - Symmetry -3 Basic Types

An animal’s body plan that allows it to move and obtain food is called its symmetry.1. Asymmetrical2. Radial Symmetry3. Bilateral Symmetry

Asymmetry

These organisms do not have a set body plan and have irregular shapes

Most often are water animals and are sessile

Ex. Sponge or Coral

Radial Symmetry

These are organism that can be cut in many different ways along a certain plane and have two equal halves

Ex. Starfish, Anemone

Bilateral Symmetry

This type of organism can be divided in half down its length and have two identical parts.

They have different shapes for the head or anterior end and the tail or posterior end.

The ventral or belly side is also different or distinct from the back or dorsal side.

Allowed for the development of body cavities that hold the vital organs.

Allows for more complex animals and organ systems. 

Internal Body Cavities

Digestive tract from mouth to anus = Complete Digestive Tract

Acoelomates: No cavities Tissue filled body (ex. Flatworms)

Pseudocoelomates: Partial cavities Body doesn’t have a complete linings (ex. Nematoda- Roundworms)

Coeloms: Complete internal cavities Body has complete linings (ex. Annelida,Mollusca, Arthropoda, Chordata)

Protection and Support

Three Types of Skeleton SystemsHydrostatic skeleton:

Using water to create a harder body form. Ex. Earthworm, Jellyfish, Tapeworms

Exoskeleton: When the animal has a hard outer surface. Most Common in invertebrates

Endoskeleton: Has a rigid support inside the body Most common in vertebrates

Hydrostatic skeleton

Exoskeleton

Endoskeleton

Porifera (Pore Baring): Sponges

Designed to pump water through the organismOsculum: Opening at the topCollar Cells: Flagellated cellsFilter FeedersSpicule or Spongin skeleton

Osculum

Collar Cells

Spicule

Reproduction

Asexual: Budding Regeneration Gemmule

Sexual: Hermaphrodite

Cnidarians (Stinging Cells):

Jellyfish, Corals, Hydra, Sea anemones

Soft body with a hollow central cavity and nervous system Have cnidocytes= Stinging cells Muscular body that helps in movement

Have tentaclesCarnivores –

Use specialized body to obtain food

Cnidocyte

Reproduction

Combination of both sexual and asexual (Alternation of Generations)

Platyhelminthes (Flat Worms)

Flatworms: Planarian, Flukes, Tapeworms

Parasitic worms: Absorb nutrients from host

Complex life cycles adapted to infect the host

Bilateral SymmetryAcoelomates

Nematodes: (Roundworms)

Roundworms – Mostly parasiticObtain nutrients from hostBilaterally SymmetricalPseudocoelomates

Nematoda

Nematoda

Mollusks (Soft body):Snails, Slugs, Scallops, Squid, Octopus

Body Plan: Mantel Muscular foot Visceral mass (organs)

Different ways to obtain food: Sessile = filter feeders Land = herbivores Predatory = eat other organisms

Reproduction is usually sexual – internal or external fertilization of eggs

Annelids (Segmented Worms): Earthworms, leeches

Hydrostatic skeleton with musclesExternal structures

For movement (setae)Sense receptors (light, water)

Waste removal structures – nephridium

Gas exchange through the skinMost hermaphroditic: cannot self

fertilize

Arthropods (Jointed Appendages): Insects, Spiders, Crustaceans

Most diverse group – Found everywhereSegmented bodies Jointed appendagesExoskeletonComplex muscular and nervous system

Gas exchange through gills, or lung like tissue

Sexual and asexual (budding) reproduction

Echinoderms (Spiny Skin)

Starfish, brittle star, sea cucumber, sand dollar, sea urchins

Radial SymmetryBody Structures:

Spiny skin Endoskeleton Water vascular system (help with suction)

Most eat other creatures – carnivoresSexual reproduction