Inventory of National Coordiantion Mechanisms, Legal ... · Inventory of National Coordination...

Inventory of National Coordination Mechanisms, Legal Frameworks and National Plans for Disaster

Risk Reduction in Africa

DRR Inventory of Africa

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This publication was produced in 2010 by the UNISDR Regional Office for Africa based on information provided by DRR National Focal Points with the kind support of the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany.


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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Disaster Risk Reduction Context in Africa .................................................................... 1 2. Individual Country Reports ........................................................................................... 4

2.1 ALGERIA .................................................................................................................. 4 2.1.1 Country Information ..................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Disaster Data ................................................................................................ 4 2.1.3 DRR Legal Framework................................................................................... 4 2.1.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 5 2.1.5 DRR Policy and Plans .................................................................................... 5 2.1.6 DRR Resources .............................................................................................. 6 2.1.7 DRR Initiatives by Partners .......................................................................... 6 2.1.8 DRR and Climate Change .............................................................................. 6 2.1.9 DRR and Disaster Response .......................................................................... 6 2.1.10 Risk Identification, Assessment, Monitoring and Early Warning ............... 6 2.1.11 Education, Training and Advocacy ............................................................. 6 2.1.12 Reduction and Underlying Risk Factors ...................................................... 7 2.1.13 Reported Challenges .................................................................................. 7 2.1.14 Focal Point and Contact Details .................................................................. 7

2.2 ANGOLA ............................................................................................................... 8 2.2.1 Country information ..................................................................................... 8 2.2.2 Disaster Data: 1979 to 2008 ......................................................................... 8 2.2.3 DRR Legal Framework................................................................................... 9 2.2.4 DRR Platform ................................................................................................ 9 2.2.5 DRR Policy and Plans .................................................................................... 9 2.2.6 DRR Resources .............................................................................................. 9 2.2.7 DRR Initiatives by Partners ........................................................................... 9 2.2.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................ 10 2.2.9 DRR and Disaster Response ........................................................................ 10 2.2.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning .............. 10 2.2.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................ 10 2.2.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ........................................................ 11 2.2.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................. 11 2.2.14 Focal point contact details ....................................................................... 11

2.3 BENIN ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.3.1 Country Information ................................................................................... 12 2.3.2 Disaster Data ................................................................................................. 12 2.3.3 DRR Legal Framework................................................................................. 13 2.3.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 13 2.3.5 DRR Policy and Plans .................................................................................. 13 2.3.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................ 13 2.3.7 Initiatives by Partners ................................................................................. 13 2.3.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................ 14 2.3.9 DRR and Disaster Response ........................................................................ 14 2.3.10 Risk Identification, Assessment, Monitoring and Early Warning ............. 14 2.3.11 Education, Training and Advocacy .............................................................. 14 2.3.12 Reduction of Underlying Risk Factors.......................................................... 15


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2.3.13 Reported Challenges.................................................................................... 15 2.3.14 Focal Point and Contact Details ................................................................... 15

2.4 BOTSWANA ........................................................................................................... 16 2.4.1 Country information ................................................................................... 16 2.4.2 Disaster Data .............................................................................................. 16 2.4.3 DRR Legal Framework................................................................................. 16 2.4.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 17 2.4.5 Policy and Plans .......................................................................................... 18 2.4.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................ 19 2.4.7 Initiatives by Partners ................................................................................. 19 2.4.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................ 19 2.4.9 DRR and Disaster Response ........................................................................ 19 2.4.10 Risk Identification, Assessment, Monitoring and Early Warning ................ 20 2.4.11 Education, Training and Advocacy .............................................................. 20 2.4.12 Reduction of Underlying Risk Factors.......................................................... 20 2.4.13 Reported Challenges.................................................................................... 21 2.4.14 Focal Point and Contact Details ................................................................... 21

2.5 BURKINA FASO ...................................................................................................... 22 2.5.1 Country information ...................................................................................... 22 2.5.2 Disaster Data .............................................................................................. 22 2.5.3 DRR Legal Framework................................................................................. 22 2.5.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................... 23 2.5.5 Policy and Plans ............................................................................................. 23 2.5.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................ 24 2.5.7 Initiatives by Partners ................................................................................. 24 2.5.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................ 25 2.5.9 DRR and Disaster Response ........................................................................ 25 2.5.10 Risk Identification, Assessment, Monitoring and Early Warning ................ 25 2.5.11 Education, Training and Advocacy .............................................................. 25 2.5.12 Reduction of Underlying Risk Factors.......................................................... 26 2.5.13 Reported Challenges.................................................................................... 26 2.5.14 Focal Point and Contact Details ................................................................... 26

2.6 BURUNDI ............................................................................................................... 27 2.6.1 Country information ...................................................................................... 27 2.6.2 Disaster Data ................................................................................................. 27 2.6.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................... 28 2.6.4 National Platform .......................................................................................... 28 2.6.5 Policy and Plans ............................................................................................. 28 2.6.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................... 28 2.6.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................... 28 2.6.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................... 29 2.6.9 DRR and Disaster Response ........................................................................... 29 2.6.10 Risk Identification, Assessment, Monitoring and Early Warning ................ 30 2.6.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................... 30 2.6.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ........................................................... 30 2.6.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................... 30 2.6.14 Focal point contact details .......................................................................... 30


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2.7 CAMEROON .......................................................................................................... 31 2.7.1 Country information ...................................................................................... 31 2.7.2 Disaster Profile .............................................................................................. 31 2.7.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................... 32 2.7.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................... 32 2.7.5 DRR Policy and Plans ..................................................................................... 32 2.7.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................... 33 2.7.7 Initiatives by Partners .................................................................................... 33 2.7.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................... 33 2.7.9 DRR and Disaster Response ........................................................................... 33 2.7.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ................. 33 2.7.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................... 34 2.7. 12 Reduction of underlying risk factors .......................................................... 34 2.7.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................... 34 2.7.14 Focal point and contact details ................................................................... 34

2.8 CAPE VERDE .......................................................................................................... 35 2.8.1 Country information ...................................................................................... 35 2.8.2 Disaster Data ................................................................................................. 35 2.8.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................... 35 2.8.4 National Platform .......................................................................................... 36 2.8.5 DRR Policy and Plans ..................................................................................... 36 2.8.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................... 37 2.8.7 Initiatives by Partners .................................................................................... 37 2.8.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................... 37 2.8.9 DRR and Disaster Response ........................................................................... 38 2.8.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ................. 38 2.8.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................... 38 2.8.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ........................................................... 38 2.8.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................... 38 2.8.14 Focal point contact details .......................................................................... 39

2.9 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC ............................................................................... 40 2.9.1 Country information ...................................................................................... 40 2.9.2 Disaster data .................................................................................................. 40 2.9.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................... 40 2.9.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................... 40 2.9.5 DRR Policy and Plans ..................................................................................... 40 2.9.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................... 41 2.9.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................... 41 2.9.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................... 41 2.9.9 DRR and Disaster Response ........................................................................... 41 2.9.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ................. 41 2.9.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................... 41 2.9.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ........................................................... 42 2.9.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................... 42 2.9.14 Focal point and contact details ................................................................... 42

2.10 CHAD ................................................................................................................... 43 2.10.1 Country information .................................................................................... 43


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2.10.2 Disaster data ................................................................................................ 43 2.10.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 43 2.10.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 43 2.10.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 44 2.10.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 44 2.10.7 Initiatives by Partners .................................................................................. 44 2.10.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 44 2.10.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 44 2.10.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 44 2.11.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 44 2.11.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 44 2.11 13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 45 2.11.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 45

2.11 COMOROS ........................................................................................................... 46 2.11.1 Country information .................................................................................... 46 2.11.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 46 2.11.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 47 2.11.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 47 2.11.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 47 2.11.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 47 2.11.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 48 2.11.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 48 2.11.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 48 2.11.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 48 2.11.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 49 2.11.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 49 2.11 13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 49 2.11.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 49

2.12 CONGO BRAZZAVILLE (Republic of Congo) ......................................................... 50 2.12.1 Country information .................................................................................... 50 2.12.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 50 2.12.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 50 2.12.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 51 2.12.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 51 2.12.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 51 2.12.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 52 2.12.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 52 2.12.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 52 2.12.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 52 2.12.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 52 2.12.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 52 2.12.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 53 2.12.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 53

2.13 COTE D’IVOIRE .................................................................................................... 54 2.13.1 Country information .................................................................................... 54 2.13.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 54 2.13.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 54


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2.13.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 55 2.13.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 55 2.13.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 56 2.13.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 56 2.13.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 56 2.13.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 57 2.13.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 57 2.13.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 57 2.13.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 57 2.14.13 Reported challenges: ................................................................................. 57 2.13.14 Focal point contact details: ....................................................................... 58

2.14 DJIBOUTI ................................................................................................................. 59 2.14.1 Country information .................................................................................... 59 2.14.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 59 2.14.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 59 2.14.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 60 2.14.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 60 2.14.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 60 2.14.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 61 2.14.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 61 2.14.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 61 2.14.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 61 2.14.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 62 2.14.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 62 2.14.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 62 2.14.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 62

2.15 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC) ........................................................ 63 2.15.1 Country information .................................................................................... 63 2.15.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 63 2.15.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 63 2.15.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 64 2.15.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 64 2.15.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 65 2.15.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 65 2.15.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 65 2.15.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 65 2.15.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 66 2.15.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 66 2.15.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 66 2.15.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 66 2.15.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 66

2.16 EGYPT .................................................................................................................. 67 2.16.1 Country information .................................................................................... 67 2.16.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 67 2.16.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 67 2.16.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 68 2.16.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 68


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2.16.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 68 2.16.7 initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 69 2.16.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 69 2.16.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 69 2.16.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 69 2.16.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 69 2.16.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 69 2.16.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 69 2.16.14 Focal point and contact details ................................................................. 70

2.17 EQUATORIAL GUINEA ......................................................................................... 71 2.17.1 Country information .................................................................................... 71 2.17.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 71 2.17.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 71 2.17.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 71 2.17.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 72 2.17.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 72 2.17.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 72 2.17.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 72 2.17.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 72 2.17.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 72 2.17.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 72 2.17.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 73 2.17.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 73 2.17.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 73

2.18 ERITREA ............................................................................................................... 74 2.18.1 Country information .................................................................................... 74 2.18.2 Disaster Profile ............................................................................................ 74 2.18.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 74 2.18.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 75 2.18.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 75 2.18.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 75 2.18.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 75 2.18.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 76 2.18.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 76 2.18.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 76 2.18.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 76 2.18.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 76 2.18.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 77 2.18.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 77

2.19 ETHIOPIA ............................................................................................................. 78 2.19.1 Country information .................................................................................... 78 2.19.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 78 2.19.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 79 2.19.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 79 2.19.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 79 2.19.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 80 2.19.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 80


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2.19.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 81 2.19.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 81 2.19.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 81 2.19.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 81 2.19.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 81 2.19.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 82 2.19.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 82

2.20 GABON ................................................................................................................ 83 2.20.1 Country information .................................................................................... 83 2.20.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 83 2.20.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 83 2.20.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 84 2.20.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 84 2.20.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 84 2.20.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 85 2.20.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 85 2.20.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 85 2.20.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 85 2.20.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 85 2.20.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 85 2.20.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 85 2.20.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 86

2.21 GAMBIA .............................................................................................................. 87 2.21.1 Country information .................................................................................... 87 2.21.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 87 2.21.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 88 2.21.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 89 2.21.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 89 2.21.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 90 2.21.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 90 2.21.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 91 2.21.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 91 2.21.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 91 2.21.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 91 2.21.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 92 2.21.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 92 2.21.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 92

2.22 GHANA ................................................................................................................ 93 2.22.1 Country information .................................................................................... 93 2.22.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................... 93 2.22.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 94 2.22.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 94 2.22.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 94 2.22.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 95 2.22.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 95 2.22.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 95 2.22.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 96


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2.22.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 96 2.22.11 Education, training and advocacy ............................................................. 96 2.22.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ......................................................... 96 2.22.13 Reported challenges .................................................................................. 97 2.22.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 97

2.23 GUINEA BISSAU ................................................................................................... 98 2.23.1 Country information .................................................................................... 98 2.23.2 Disaster data ................................................................................................ 98 2.23.3 DRR Legal Framework .................................................................................. 98 2.23.4 DRR National Platform ................................................................................. 98 2.23.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................... 99 2.23.6 DRR Resources ............................................................................................. 99 2.23.7 Initiatives by partners .................................................................................. 99 2.23.8 DRR and Climate Change ............................................................................. 99 2.23.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 99 2.23.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............... 99 2.23.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 100 2.23.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 100 2.23.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 100 2.23.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 100

2.24. GUINEA CONAKRY ........................................................................................... 101 2.24.1 Country information .................................................................................. 101 2.24.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 101 2.24.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 102 2.24.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 102 2.24.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 102 2.24.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 103 2.24.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 103 2.24.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 103 2.24.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 104 2.24.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 104 2.24.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 104 2.24.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 104 2.24.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 104 2.24.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 105

2.25 KENYA ............................................................................................................... 106 2.25.1 Country information .................................................................................. 106 2.25.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 106 2.25.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 107 2.25.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 108 2.25.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 109 2.25.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 109 2.25.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 109 2.25.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 110 2.25.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 110 2.25.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 111 2.25.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 111


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2.25.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 111 2.25.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 111 2.25.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 112

2.26 LESOTHO ........................................................................................................... 113 2.26.1 Country information .................................................................................. 113 2.26.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 113 2.26.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 114 2.26.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 114 2.26.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 114 2.26.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 115 2.26.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 115 2.26.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 116 2.26.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 116 2.26.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 116 2.26.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 116 2.26.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 117 2.26.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 117 2.6.14 Focal point contact details ........................................................................ 117

2.27 LIBERIA .............................................................................................................. 118 2.27.1 Country information .................................................................................. 118 2.27.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 118 2.27.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 119 2.27.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 119 2.27.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 120 2.27.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 121 2.27.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 121 2.27.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 121 2.27.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 121 2.27.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 121 2.27.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 122 2.27.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 122 2.27.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 122 2.27.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 122

2.28 LIBYA ................................................................................................................. 123 2.28.1 Country information .................................................................................. 123 2.28.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 123 2.28.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 123 2.28.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 123 2.28.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 123 2.28.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 124 2.28.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 124 2.28.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 124 2.28.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 124 2.28.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 124 2.28.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 124 2.28.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 124 2.28.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 124


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2.28.14 Focal point and contact details ............................................................... 124 2.29 MADAGASCAR .................................................................................................. 125

2.29.1 Country information .................................................................................. 125 2.28.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 125 2.29.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 126 2.29.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 126 2.29.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 126 2.29.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 127 2.29.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 127 2.29.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 128 2.2.9 DRR and Disaster Response ......................................................................... 128 2.29.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 128 2.29.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 129 2.29.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 129 2.29.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 129 2.29.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 130

2.30 MALAWI ............................................................................................................ 130 2.30.1 Country information .................................................................................. 131 2.30.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 131 2.30.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 132 2.30.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 132 2.30.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 132 2.30.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 133 2.30.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 133 2.30.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 134 2.30.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 134 2.30.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 134 2.30.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 135 2.30.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 135 2.30.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 135 2.30.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 135

2.31 MALI .................................................................................................................. 136 2.31.1 Country information .................................................................................. 136 2.31.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 136 2.31.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 136 2.31.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 137 2.31.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 137 2.31.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 138 2.31.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 139 2.31.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 139 2.31.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 140 2.31.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 140 2.31.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 140 2.31.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 140 2.31.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 140 2.31.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 140

2.32 MAURITANIA......................................................................................................... 141


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2.32.1 Country information .................................................................................. 141 2.32.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 141 2.32.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 142 2.32.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 142 2.32.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 142 2.32.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 143 2.32.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 143 2.32.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 143 2.32.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 144 2.32.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 144 2.32.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 144 2.32.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 144 2.32.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 144 2.32.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 144

2.33 MAURITIUS ....................................................................................................... 145 2.33.1 Country information .................................................................................. 145 2.33.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 145 2.33.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 145 2.33.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 146 2.33.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 146 2.33.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 146 2.33.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 146 2.33.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 147 2.33.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 147 2.33.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 147 2.33.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 148 2.33.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 148 2.33.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 148 2.33.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 148

2.34 MOROCCO ........................................................................................................ 150 2.34.1 Country information .................................................................................. 150 2.34.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 150 2.34.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 150 2.34.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 151 2.34.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 151 2.34.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 151 2.34.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 151 2.34.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 151 2.34.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 152 2.34.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 152 2.34.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 152 2.34.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 152 2.34.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 152 2.34.14 Focal point and contact details ............................................................... 152

2.35 MOZAMBIQUE .................................................................................................. 153 2.35.1 Country information .................................................................................. 153 2.35.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 153


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2.35.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 154 2.35.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 155 2.35.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 155 2.35.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 156 2.35.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 156 2.35.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 157 2.35.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 157 2.35.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 158 2.35.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 158 2.35.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 158 2.35.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 159 2.35.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 159

2.36 NAMIBIA ........................................................................................................... 161 2.36.1 Country information .................................................................................. 161 2.36.2 Disaster Profile .......................................................................................... 161 2.36.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 161 2.36.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 163 2.36.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 163 2.36.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 163 2.36.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 164 2.36.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 164 2.36.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 164 2.36.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 165 2.36.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 165 2.36.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 165 2.36.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 165 2.36.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 165

2.37 NIGER ................................................................................................................ 167 2.37.1 Country information .................................................................................. 167 2.37.2 Disaster Profile .......................................................................................... 167 2.37.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 168 2.37.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 168 2.37.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 168 2.37.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 169 2.37.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 169 2.37.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 170 2.37.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 170 2.37.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 171 2.37.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 171 2.37.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 171 2.37.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 171 2.37.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 171

2.38 NIGERIA ............................................................................................................. 172 2.38.1 Country information .................................................................................. 172 2.38.2 Disaster Profile .......................................................................................... 172 2.38.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 173 2.38.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 173


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2.38.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 173 2.38.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 174 2.38.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 174 2.38.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 175 2.38.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 175 2.38.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 175 2.38.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 175 2.38.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 175 2.38.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 175 2.38.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 176

2.39 RWANDA ........................................................................................................... 177 2.39.1 Country information .................................................................................. 177 2.39.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 177 2.39.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 177 2.39.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 178 2.39.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 178 2.39.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 179 2.39.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 179 2.39.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 179 2.39.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 179 2.39.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 179 2.39.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 179 2.39.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 180 2.39.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 180 2.39.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 180

2.40 SAO TOMÉ E PRINCIPE ...................................................................................... 181 2.40.1 Country information .................................................................................. 181 2.40.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 181 2.40.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 181 2.40.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 182 2.40.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 182 2.40.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 182 2.40.7 Initiatives with partners ............................................................................ 182 2.40.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 182 2.40.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 182 2.40.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 182 2.40.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 183 2.40.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 183 2.40.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 183 2.40.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 183

2.41 SENEGAL ........................................................................................................... 184 2.41.1 Country information .................................................................................. 184 2.41.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 184 2.41.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 185 2.41.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 185 2.41.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 185 2.41.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 186


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2.41.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 186 2.41.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 187 2.41.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 187 2.41.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 187 2.41.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 188 2.41.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 188 2.41.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 188 2.41.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 189

2.42 Seychelles ......................................................................................................... 190 2.42.1 Country information .................................................................................. 190 2.42.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 190 2.42.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 190 2.42.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 191 2.42.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 191 2.42.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 192 2.42.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 192 2.42.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 192 2.42.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 192 2.42.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 192 2.42.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 193 2.42.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 193 2.42.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 193 2.42.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 193

2.43 SIERRA LEONE ................................................................................................... 194 2.43.1 Country information .................................................................................. 194 2.43.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 194 2.43.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 194 2.43.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 195 2.43.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 195 2.43.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 196 2.43.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 196 2.43.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 196 2.43.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 197 2.43.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 197 2.43.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 197 2.43.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 198 2.43.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 198 2.43.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 199

2.44 SOMALIA ........................................................................................................... 200 2.44.1 Country information .................................................................................. 200 2.44.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 200 2.44.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 201 2.44.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 201 2.44.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 202 2.44.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 202 2.44.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 202 2.44.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 202


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2.44.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 202 2.44.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 203 2.44.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 203 2.44.12 Reduction of underlying factors .............................................................. 203 2.44.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 203 2.44.14 Focal point contact details: ..................................................................... 203

2.45 SOUTH AFRICA .................................................................................................. 204 2.45.1 Country information .................................................................................. 204 2.45.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 204 2.45.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 205 2.45.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 205 2.45.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 205 2.45.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 206 2.45.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 206 2.45.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 206 2.45.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 206 2.45.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 207 2.45.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 207 2.45.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 208 2.45.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 208 2.45.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 209

2.46 SUDAN .............................................................................................................. 210 2.46.1 Country information .................................................................................. 210 2.46.2 Disaster Profile .......................................................................................... 210 2.46.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 211 2.46.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 211 2.46.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 211 2.46.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 212 2.46.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 212 2.46.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 212 2.46.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 212 2.46.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 212 2.46.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 212 2.46.12 Reduction of underlying factors .............................................................. 213 2.46.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 213 2.46.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 213

2.47 SWAZILAND....................................................................................................... 214 2.47.1 Country information .................................................................................. 214 2.47.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 214 2.47.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 215 2.47.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 216 2.47.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 216 2.47.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 217 2.47.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 217 2.47.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 218 2.47.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 218 2.47.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 218


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2.47.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 219 2.47.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 219 2.47.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 219 2.47.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 219

2.48 TANZANIA ......................................................................................................... 221 2.48.1 Country information .................................................................................. 221 2.48.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 221 2.48.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 222 2.48.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 222 2.48.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 223 2.48.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 224 2.48.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 224 2.48.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 225 2.48.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 225 2.48.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 225 2.48.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 226 2.48.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 226 2.48.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 226 2.48.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 227

2.49 TOGO ................................................................................................................ 228 2.49.1 Country information .................................................................................. 228 2.49.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 228 2.49.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 228 2.49.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 229 2.49.4 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 229 2.49.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 230 2.49.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 230 2.49.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 231 2.49.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 231 2.49.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 231 2.49.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 231 2.49.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 232 2.49.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 232 2.49.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 232

2.50 TUNISIA ............................................................................................................. 233 2.50.1 Country information .................................................................................. 233 2.50.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 233 2.50.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 233 2.50.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 234 2.50.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 234 2.50.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 234 2.50.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 234 2.50.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 234 2.50.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 234 2.50.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 234 2.50.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 235 2.50.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 235


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2.50.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 235 2.50.14 Focal point and contact details ............................................................... 235

2.51 UGANDA ........................................................................................................... 236 2.51.1 Country information .................................................................................. 236 2.51.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 236 2.51.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 237 2.51.4 DRR Platform ............................................................................................. 237 2.51.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 238 2.51.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 238 2.51.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 239 2.51.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 239 2.51.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 239 2.51.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 239 2.51.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 240 2.51.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 240 2.51.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 240 2.51.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 240

2.52 ZAMBIA ............................................................................................................. 241 2.52.1 Country information .................................................................................. 241 2.52.2 Disaster data .............................................................................................. 241 2.52.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 241 2.52.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 243 2.52.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 244 2.52.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 244 2.52.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 245 2.52.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 245 2.52.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 245 2.52.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 245 2.52.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 245 2.52.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 246 2.52.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 246 2.52.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 246

2.53 ZIMBABWE ........................................................................................................ 247 2.53.1 Country information .................................................................................. 247 2.53.2 Disaster Data ............................................................................................. 247 2.53.3 DRR Legal Framework ................................................................................ 247 2.53.4 DRR National Platform ............................................................................... 248 2.53.5 DRR Policy and Plans ................................................................................. 248 2.53.6 DRR Resources ........................................................................................... 249 2.53.7 Initiatives by partners ................................................................................ 249 2.53.8 DRR and Climate Change ........................................................................... 250 2.53.9 DRR and Disaster Response ....................................................................... 250 2.53.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning ............. 250 2.53.11 Education, training and advocacy ........................................................... 250 2.53.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors ....................................................... 250 2.53.13 Reported challenges ................................................................................ 250 2.53.14 Focal point contact details ...................................................................... 250


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3. Summary of Findings ................................................................................................ 251 3.1 National Coordinating Mechanisms for DRR ...................................................... 251 3.2 Legal framework for DRR .................................................................................... 256 3.3 Legal framework: Gaps ....................................................................................... 259 3.3 National Policies, Plans and Resources .............................................................. 260 3.4 PRSP .................................................................................................................... 263 3.5 NAPAs ................................................................................................................. 264 3.5 Early Warning Systems ....................................................................................... 265 3.6 Insurance schemes ............................................................................................. 265

4. Recommendations and Way Forward ...................................................................... 265 4.1 Legal Framework ................................................................................................ 266 4.2 National Platforms .............................................................................................. 267 4.3 Regional Economic Communities ....................................................................... 267 4.4 Transferable DRR Products ................................................................................. 268 4.5 Complementarity ................................................................................................ 268


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1. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION CONTEXT IN AFRICA The African Union’s current Programme of Action on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) points out that Africa is the only continent whose share of reported disasters has increased over recent years. However, the existence of the Programme of Action is itself a reflection of political will to develop a coherent regional framework for DRR in Africa. Ministers and expert officials, meeting in a series of regional encounters since 2000, have worked to flesh out the relevant structures. The Africa Regional Programme of Action was formally adopted and extended by a ministerial conference held in Nairobi in April 2010. Among its 7 objectives was one directly relevant to this study: “To strengthen national mechanisms, legal frameworks and capacities at national level for mainstreaming and implementing DRR strategies and programmes1”. According to the findings of this study, there are 15 African countries that have operational National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction. In addition, a number of countries2 have incorporated DRR considerations into their Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers – in effect, a mechanism to mainstream DRR in the country’s development planning. Some of Africa’s Regional Economic Communities3 have also developed disaster management programmes. However, it remains true that the backdrop to the Africa Regional Programme of Action has been the comparative marginalisation of DRR. As pointed out in the Africa Regional Strategy for DRR, in place since 2004: “Disaster Risk Reduction has yet to be effectively institutionalised in Africa4”. DRR has not to date attained the same profile as in some other parts of the world, where the state’s “duty of care” towards its own citizens is an acknowledged strand of the political fabric. There are a number of constraints on the successful implementation of DRR policies and strategies in Africa. Firstly, the capacity and orientation of the African states are rooted in the size of the resources at their disposal: the “average” African state has an income of $1,153 million – which works out at $82 per person5, far lower than in other regions. Competition for resources from such a small pot is, predictably, fierce. Money for DRR has to be justified in the face of competing demands from health, natural resources, the military, debt servicing and so on. Secondly, DRR is often considered as a function of “civil protection”, and therefore placed alongside or within structures of national security. Since the understanding of “national security” in Africa is dominated by military threats (internal and external),

1 Programme of Action for the Implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2006-2015, adopted by the Second African Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Nairobi in April 2010. 2 The World Bank’s Hazard Management Unit identifies 3 African PRSPs as incorporating hazard risk management: Ghana, Malawi and Mozambique. 3 IGAD (Inter-Governmental Authority on Development) in East Africa, ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States) in West Africa and the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC). 4 Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction, July 2004. 5 “Poor Story” by Giles Bolton, 2007, p. 64.


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DRR may be marginalised even within the Department that houses it, based on the findings of this inventory. Thirdly, disasters in Africa are more likely to be of the “complex emergency” type. This is not only the case in relation to instances of long-standing civil conflict. It also applies to drought or other food-security crises, whose impact may be magnified by accompanying factors like HIV/Aids, insecure land rights, or the prevalence of child-headed households. Both malnutrition and HIV/Aids, for example, depress the individual immune system and work together to increase human vulnerability. Their effect is to magnify and prolong the malign consequences of emergencies triggered by other events. A fourth reason is the externalisation of disaster management. Relief emergencies in Africa attract international disaster assistance in proportions that often dwarf what the state can provide. Large-scale and highly-visible roll-outs of emergency operations – usually dominated by food aid with its attendant trucking fleets – financed by international donors, often implemented by international NGOs, may have the subliminal effect of weakening local ownership of disaster management. When disaster risk is so visibly assumed by external actors, the incentives for local assumption of responsibility may be diminished. A fifth reason is the disruption of historical patterns of disaster response. The most effective response to disaster in Africa has, historically been, to take advantage of the availability of open spaces and move away from the hazard, whether natural or man-made. The 1820s Mfecane wars in KwaZulu (South Africa), for example, created refugees whose descendants have become significant or majority populations in 7 states.6 However, flight is now a much less viable strategy, both because of rising populations and state frontiers. People in Africa are now more vulnerable to disasters partly because they find it harder to move. The result is that the adoption of the DRR agenda has been less rapid in Africa than in some other regions. A 2009 study of NGO perspectives7 reported that at local level, progress on the HFA agenda was furthest ahead in Latin America and Asia, and behind in East and West Africa, and the Middle East. This Inventory is a hesitant attempt to pull together the threads and to identify what does and what does not work in relation to legal, institutional and planning frameworks for DRR in Africa. Hesitant because, according to one research institute’s Disaster Risk Reduction Initiative, “Little is known in terms of best practices and what works in relation to disaster risk reduction, mitigation, reducing vulnerability and effective risk management8”. The inventory’s Terms of Reference require an “inventory of existing national coordinating mechanisms, legal frameworks and national plans for disaster risk reduction in African countries”, with the intention “to

6 South Africa, Swaziland, Lesotho, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Tanzania. 7 “Clouds but Little Rain: A local perspective on progress towards implementation ot the Hyogo Framework of Action”, Global Network of Civil Society Organisations for Disaster Reduction, 2009. 8 Development Assistance Research Associates. See http://www.daraint.org/node/92, as at 19/3/2010.

http://www.daraint.org/node/92


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further support the strengthening or establishment of national platforms, definition of DRR policies and national action plans by identifying challenges, gaps and needs in existing mechanisms and frameworks”. This is a demanding task, and the conclusions should be considered tentative ones.


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2. INDIVIDUAL COUNTRY REPORTS The sections that follow contain descriptive detail on the disaster risk reduction initiatives in the various African countries.

2.1 ALGERIA

2.1.1 Country Information

Population: 34 million

Urban population: 59%

Surface area: 2,381,740 sq. km

GDP 2009: $140.577

2.1.2 Disaster Data

No data available at the time.

2.1.3 DRR Legal Framework

The main law governing DRR is the 2004 Act on Prevention of Major Risks, with the following objectives:

Institutionalisation of mechanisms of prevention, alert and risk management.

Integration of risk reduction approaches in emergency plans, responses and reconstruction.

Other relevant Acts and Decrees are:


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The “Ordonnance du 26 août 2003 relative à l’obligation d’assurance des catastrophes naturelles et à l’indemnisation des victimes” (Regulatory Act of 26th August 2003 on compulsory insurance against natural disasters and compensation of victims). This covers flooding, earthquakes, storms and landslides.

The Act on the Protection of the Environment and the Act, which governs mining risks and hazards.

Decree on the management of emergency services, which regulates activities in case of disaster.

2.1.4 DRR National Platform

No National Platform is reported. The national focal point for the HFA is hosted at the Ministry of Interior and Local Authorities and acts as a coordinating forum. It is assisted by a committee of qualified representatives from various ministries, which could form the embryo of a National Platform.

2.1.5 DRR Policy and Plans

Analysis and project research on DRR-related issues, as well as data gathering and information archiving, the Algerian University through its various laboratories and specialized institutes carries out evaluation and monitoring. Regional and bilateral cooperation on locust plagues, forest fires, seismic activity, weather forecasting and sea pollution through oil leakages is growing across the region. Sensitization, communication, training and capacity building on seismic responses are taught throughout the school system. Various ministries undertake their own information diffusion on seismic activity in sectors relevant to them. Some additional awareness raising activities are also carried out by the not for profit sector. UNDP also has a programme on DRR focused on:

Risk mapping to identify natural disaster risks as an input to national land planning and emergency response policies

Institutional strengthening of the Centre de Gestion Sismique (CGS or Centre for Earthquake Management)

Assisting the CGS in completing the seismic and micro-zoning study of the Alger and Ain Deltas

Building capacity in order to increase the effectiveness of humanitarian assistance

Implementation of a National Information System

Lessons-learned exercise and building of a platform for information exchange

Support of communication capacity and sensitisation of those affected by disasters.

No CCA or UNDAF is available.


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2.1.6 DRR Resources

Government in its annual budget, including resources for research, training and communication, includes DRR funding. Some government departments also allocate additional funds for DRR. The “Fonds National des Calamités Naturelles” (National Fund for Natural Disasters), created in 1990, aims to cover the immediate financial needs of victims. In addition, the provinces also provide financing for disaster risk reduction programmes that concern them directly. Complementary sources of funding are available through private insurance schemes. National insurance companies in collaboration with re-insuring companies are also developing initiatives to develop a tariff system in prevision of future damages. UNDP contributed $170,000 from TRAC 1.1.1 funds, matched by $454,000 from the Algerian government, to support DRR capacity building.

2.1.7 DRR Initiatives by Partners

None reported.

2.1.8 DRR and Climate Change

Algeria has not prepared a NAPA.

2.1.9 DRR and Disaster Response

A number of industries, including the energy sector, have drawn up and implemented plans on the protection of infrastructure and works. They have also undertaken initiatives on the security and protection of the environment. The “Centre National d’Aide à la Décision” (CNAD or National Centre for the facilitation of decision making) has been created to manage a permanent monitoring and surveillance system.

2.1.10 Risk Identification, Assessment, Monitoring and Early Warning

No information available.

2.1.11 Education, Training and Advocacy



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2.1.12 Reduction and Underlying Risk Factors


2.1.13 Reported Challenges


2.1.14 Focal Point and Contact Details



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2.2 ANGOLA

2.2.1 Country information

Population: 17 Million

Urban Population: 55.6 %

Surface: 1,246,700 sq. km

GDP 2008: $ 88.46 Billion

2.2.2 Disaster Data: 1979 to 2008

Flood (5) - General Flood (13)

Drought (6)

Epidemic (1) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (12) - Viral Infectious Diseases (2)

Landslide (1)

Largest human loss:

Epidemic 2006: 2,354 people killed Largest number of affected people

Drought 1989: 1,900,000 people affected Largest Economic loss:

Flood 2000: US$ 10,000,000


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The “Servicio Nacional de Protecçao Civil” (SNPC) or National Civil Protection Service is the coordinating body for all disaster-related activities, including risk reduction. Its structure comprises a central body as well as provincial directorates in all of Angola’s 10 provinces. Policy direction is provided by the “Comisao Nacional de Protecçao Civil” (CNPC), headed by the Minister of the Interior.

2.2.4 DRR Platform

No National Platform currently exists: the SNPC functions as an administrative body without the formal presence of any non-governmental bodies. According to Angola’s 2008 HFA progress report, there exists insufficient coordination between the various state and no-state actors involved in disaster risk reduction. The report states that there is a willingness on the part of the Government to establish a National Platform.


The National Contingency Plan 2009-2013 lays out government response to disasters, but does not focus on DRR. There are also specific disaster plans for Luanda, Cunene and Benguela. There are plans for a joint study with Namibia of the disaster risks in the basin of the Cunene river, which forms part of the boundary between the two countries. Numerous local studies of mine risk have also been conducted, or are still in course. The USAID-funded Zambezi River Basin Initiative, budgeted at $1 million for 2009, covers Angola as part of the river basin. The UNDP’s Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit is now putting more emphasis on strengthening Angolan capacity to prepare for and respond to disasters.

2.2.6 DRR Resources

Financing for the SNPC and CNPC form part of the overall budget allocation of the Ministry of the Interior.

2.2.7 DRR Initiatives by Partners

GFDRR South-South Cooperation (UNEP) – Strengthen national and regional coordination mechanisms and capacities – enhance guidance, implementation and report on HFA

UNICEF: DRR in Schools; enhanced disaster knowledge and capacity of primary school children (grade 4-6), primary teachers capacitated to orient their students on disaster risk reduction and management


10

UNISDR: GFDRR South-South Cooperation: To strengthen national and regional coordination mechanisms and capacities for enhanced guidance, implementation and reporting on HFA

WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Southern Africa (SARCOF) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with SADC DMC

WMO: forecasting in cooperation with SADC


There are already some plans to integrate DRR within climate change responses, such as the establishment of environmental colleges to offer training on the disaster risk implications of climate change. Maps have been compiled of risk zones, with a view to identifying safe alternative locations for populations affected by localised disasters. However, mapping of flood risks arising from the country’s major river basins remains inadequate. Nor are effective early-warning systems in place.


Within the last two years, localised flooding in Luanda, Cazombo and Cunene has prompted the resettlement of people in safer areas. However, there is no strategic planning to seize the opportunities available to integrate wider DRR measures within disaster response.

2.2.10 Risk identification, assessment, monitoring and early warning

Multiple risk assessments carried out for different regions of the country.

Vulnerability monitoring mechanism in place for different sectors; information compiled by civil protection and disseminated to decision makers.

Pilot real time early warning system for river-level monitoring in place in some parts of the country, under National Committee for civil protection.

Trans-boundary cooperation with Namibia planned to reduce risk caused by river level rise and flooding.

2.2.11 Education, training and advocacy

DRR not yet integrated into curriculum.

Training of trainers workshops held with UNICEF in cooperation with Ministry of Education.

Pilot projects for education and DRR to be initialized in 12 months.

Sensitisation programs on disaster risk and construction in high-risk places is in place.


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2.2.12 Reduction of underlying risk factors

Efforts to integrate DRR into environmental legislation underway, risk mapping and evacuation routes being developed, legal actions to combat desertification in place, environmental protection laws elaborated.

Climate adaptation plans in place.

Social action plan in place, which includes research on vulnerable population groups and building of economic houses.

Socio-economic development plans integrated in various sectors and into the PRSP

Building and construction plans being evaluated for safety standards prior to commencement of work by institutions such as fire fighters, police etc.

2.2.13 Reported challenges

Lack of institutional capacities, lack of information – preventive measures do not reach vulnerable communities

Lack of involvement from actors (including civil society) to integrate DRR into environmental and other plans

Lack of legislation and programs for disaster management

Information systems do not reach vulnerable populations

Landmines in the country hinder risk assessments and are a threat to the population.

Multi-sectoral coordination existent but not sufficient.

2.2.14 Focal point contact details

General Eugénio Cesar Laborinho Coordinator for the National Civil Protection Service E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

mailto:[email protected]


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2.3 BENIN

2.3.1 Country Information

Population: 9 Million


Surface: 112,620 Km2

GDP 2008: $ 5.94 Billion -

2.3.2 Disaster Data

Disaster Occurrence the last 30 years:

Drought (1)

Epidemic (1) - -Bacterial Infectious Diseases (17) - -Viral Infectious Diseases (1)

Flood (8) - -General Floods (4)

Largest human loss:

Epidemic 2000: 300 people killed Largest number of affected people


Flood 1985: US$ 4,800,000


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A 1995 Decree set up the Comité National pour la Protection Civile (CNPC, National Civil Protection Committee).


The 1995 Decree, Comité National pour la Protection Civile (CNPC, National Civil Protection Committee), includes all ministries relevant to disaster management and is housed in the Ministry of the Interior. It is responsible for disaster prevention, contingency planning, needs assessments of disaster-hit populations, and the coordination of relief operations.


The 1985 Decree has been reinforced with a Plan ORSEC (Organisation des Secours, Rescue Management) in 1987 and the following sectoral plans:

Environment emergency plan

Epidemiological emergency plan

Marine pollution emergency plan

Aviation emergency plan. On-going DRR-related activities include the establishment of health and safety inspectors, environmental inspectors, reforestation, building of rescue and health infrastructure, and risk awareness rising. Disaster management policy includes holistic disaster management cycle (prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery).

2.3.6 DRR Resources

The CNPC is funded within the Ministry of the Interior budget.

2.3.7 Initiatives by Partners

ProVention Consortium: Research & Action Grants for Disaster Risk Reduction; provide financial support to young researchers to undertake projects related to disaster risk reduction

UNOCHA: Strengthening capacity for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC

UNOCHA: Regional meeting to create a bridge between national contingency plans and the plans ORSEC (Rescue Organizations) used in francophone countries


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WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums (RCOFs); Central Africa (PRESAC) in cooperation with ACMAD since 2002. Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting in the Niger and basins cooperation with AGRHYMET.


Benin’s 2008 NAPA included three DRR-related projects: Warning system on climate-related risks and food security ($8.2 million), Enhanced water availability during dry seasons ($2.9 million) and the Coast project to protect against rising sea-levels ($1.3 million).


UNDP, in collaboration with bilateral donors and the Comité National pour la Protection Civile, focuses on assisting national structures with disaster response. It funds a carbon-sequestration project in the north of the country (to assist local communities’ efforts to fight forest fires and to promote reforestation) and the national communication project (to study climate-change effects and minimize climate vulnerability in Benin). A capacity-building evaluation exercise is expected to begin in the near future, including the development of a NAPA.


Partial assessments carried focusing on coastal erosion, drought, bush fires and floods

Measures planned to be implemented by the government to decrease coastal erosion

Measures to mitigate the impact of drought by banning the use of pesticides and prohibit land burning

Protection of forests in the whole country -


Course on civil protection provided at national school for administration and magistrature (ENAM)

Community sensitization campaign on DRR carried out by the civil protection, every year


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2.3.12 Reduction of Underlying Risk Factors

The UNDAF 2009-2013 mentions enhanced environmental management for better prevention and management of natural disasters as one of its priorities

DRR mentioned in PRSP focusing on prevention, risk management and support to affected population.

-


Flooding remains the biggest challenge and has not yet been tackled in a comprehensive manner. Benin is aiming at reducing human losses due to floods to zero in 2009.

-


Ministry of Interior, Security and Decentralization, Mr. Alfred Sohou, Director Prevention and Civil Protection, e-mail: [email protected]



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2.4 BOTSWANA


Population: 1.9 Million


Surface area: 30,350 sq. km


2.4.2 Disaster Data

- Disaster Occurrence the last 30 years:

Drought (3)

Epidemics (1)

Parasitic Infectious Diseases (1)

Flask Flood (1)

General Flood (3)

Locust infection (1) Largest human loss:

Epidemic 2006: 470 people killed Largest number of affected people


Flood 2000: US$ 5,000,000


According to latest information, formal legislation on National Disaster Management is still to be developed – an acknowledged restraint on implementing the National Disaster Relief and Management Plan. Many individual Acts of Parliament give a role


17

to specific institutions, either governmental or non-governmental, e.g. the Botswana Red Cross Act for the Botswana Red Cross. The UN’s current Common Country Assessment for Botswana concludes that “ in general there is an effective system for responding to ‘known’ disasters such as HIV and AIDS, drought and foot-and-mouth disease”. The National Policy on Disaster Management was prepared in 1996. The National Disaster Management Plan and National Disaster Response Plan are in draft form only.


There are three national bodies with a formal role in DRR: the National Committee on Disaster Management (NCDM), the National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) and the National Disaster Management Technical Committee (NDMTC). All form part of the Office of the President. The National Committee on Disaster Management (NCDM) is the principal policy formulation and co-ordination body in the country. It was formed in 1998, out of the National Committee on Disaster Management which operated since 1993. Membership of NCDM includes:

Deputy Permanent Secretaries of all the Ministries

Deputy Commander of BDF

Deputy Commissioner of Botswana Police Service

Deputy Clark Ntlo ya Dikgosi (Council of Traditional Authorities)

Secretary General of Botswana Red Cross Society

Representative of Botswana Council of Non-governmental Organisations

Representative of the Botswana Confederation of Commerce, Industry and Manpower

Secretary of the Rural Development Council

Assistant Resident Representative United Nations Development Programme, Botswana.

The DRR functions and responsibilities of the Committee are to:

Formulate and recommend to Cabinet for approval the National Policies related to Disaster Risk Reduction.

Recommend to Cabinet disaster risk reduction strategies for incorporation into the National Development Plan considering five priorities of actions prescribed by Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA).

Facilitate and monitor the implementation of HFA and DRR related activities in the country.

Review and update the National Disaster Risk Management Policy documents and recommend changes to Cabinet.

Act as focal persons for DRR in their respective Ministries, and take lead in ensuring that their Ministries integrate disaster risk reduction into their planning processes and operations.


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The National Disaster Management Office (NDMO) is located in the Office of the President, and is the focal point for disaster management activities in Botswana. A Director heads the Office, with responsibility for day-to-day management and administration of disaster risk management activities. The NDMTC is multi-sectoral technical advisory body composed of professionals and specialists on various development areas. The committee is chaired by Director of NDMO and provides advisory support to NCDM and NDMO on various crosscutting issues related to disaster risk management. DRR Institutions:

National Committee on Disaster Management formed in 1993

National Disaster Management Office established in 1998

National platform for DRR established in November 2004 with assistance from UNISDR. The national platform is anchored in the President’s Office, National Disaster Management Office-a unit in the Presidential Affairs and Public Administration Division

Each District Administration has a multi-sectoral District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC) at district, city, town and in some villages

2.4.5 Policy and Plans

Disaster Management Committees exist at the district and local levels with the following DDR responsibilities: Disaster Risk Management Planning at District level

Create district disaster risk management plan considering hazards and vulnerability and capacity/ resources to reduce the disaster risks.

Coordinate regular meetings with DDMC members including private business establishments, NGOs and local media representatives.

Assess the ability of the DDMC members to estimate the disaster risks and ability to respond the disaster events, request the NDMO or other organization for necessary training and capacity building.

Sensitize the Dikgosi and elected members for the importance of community based disaster risk reduction approach.

Facilitate the preparation of Village Disaster Management Plans considering the importance of community based disaster risk reduction and response planning.

Identify disaster prone geographic locations and prioritize structural measures to reduce the risk in the district’s development planning.

Ensure that District development plans take into account hazards risks prevalent in the district.


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Develop Public education and awareness strategies for different target groups in the district to develop district and or / village disaster risk management monitoring systems.

The United Nations Country Team (UNCT) in Botswana is currently elaborating a contingency plan to support the disaster response efforts stipulated in the NDRMP. The USAID-funded Zambezi River Basin Initiative, budgeted at $1 million for 2009, covers Botswana as part of the river basin. According to the National Policy, the private sector should ensure that its development activities do not generate new risks and that the assets created should be able to withstand disasters.

2.4.6 DRR Resources

The NDMO, as a Unit of the Office of the President (OP), has its budget within the overall allocation for the OP. The Government of Botswana has pledged $764,000 for the implementation of the National Disaster Response Plan.



WMO: Flash flood guidance system for strengthened cooperation between National Hydrological and Meteorological Services

WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting; in cooperation with SADC


No information provided.


According to national policy, initial recovery planning should begin parallel with disaster response operations. In recognition that certain response and recovery activities may be conducted concurrently, coordination at all levels is essential to ensure consistent actions throughout the disaster. Mitigation opportunities should be actively considered throughout disaster operations. The urgency to rebuild as soon as possible must be weighed against the long-term goal of reducing future risk and lessening possible impacts should another disaster occur.


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The National Disaster Management shares a budget with the entire office of the President

National Disaster Management Office administers the National Disaster Relief Fund that is dedicated to relief items for disaster victims. The Relief Fund is currently under review.


Vulnerability and Risk assessment study completed in 2008

The NDMO is currently developing a disaster management system that will computerize disaster risk reduction operations in the country

The National Disaster Management Office has the responsibility to establish and maintain the capability for a multi hazard Early Warning System (EWS), including a Geographical Information System (GIS), with the following tasks: 1. Forecasting and monitoring of physical indicators of hazards from a variety

of sources including crop conditions, rainfall, floods and seismic reports. 2. Risk mapping and if possible prediction of probability of various types of

hazards, their possible timing, duration, intensity and spatial spread. 3. Vulnerability analysis and monitoring of communities and environment that

may be impacted by the various hazards. 4. Capability for rapid integration and processing of information. 5. Production of early warning information in appropriate form and format

that can be easily communicated and understood. 6. Guidelines and advice to affected groups and communities on what steps

and activities to undertake. 7. Communication to the media, public, NGOs and communities in affected

areas to enable them to prepare and take precautionary and priority actions to mitigate the impact of the disaster.


Dedicated Information, Education and Public Awareness Officer who promotes public awareness through presentations, workshops and articles in the national newspaper

Ministry of Education is currently working on the possibility of including disaster risk reduction in school curriculum

Commemoration of International Day for Disaster Reduction


Drought risk reduction has been integrated by the Ministry of Finance and Development Planning, HIV/AIDS risk reduction by the National Aids Coordinating Agency, animal diseases by the Ministry of Agriculture etc


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Comprehensive Disaster Management Strategy is one of the 23 projects implemented under the National Governence Programme implemented, this project aims to develop a strategy to guide the implementation of Disaster Risk Reduction activities in Botswana. A UNV has been engaged to spearhead the project .


Ineffective Disaster Management Committees

Lack of National Disaster Legislation

Lack of integration of DRR into development planning processes by some Sectors

Inadequate disaster risk reduction awareness on the part of some Stakeholders and members of the community.

Lack of M&E framework

Inadequate staff manning the NDMO

Staff inadequately trained in DRR


Name of focal point organization: National Disaster Management Office

Contact person: Mr. Nkosiyabo Moyo

E-mail: [email protected]



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2.5 BURKINA FASO




Surface: 274,000 Km2


2.5.2 Disaster Data

Disaster Data: 1979 to 2008

Flood (3) 1. Flash Floods (3) 2. General Floods (5)

Drought (6)

Epidemic

Bacterial Infectious Diseases (18) 1. Insect Infestation 2. Grasshopper (2) 3. Locust (1)

Largest human loss

Epidemic 2006: 4,071 people killed Largest human loss/affected people

Drought 1989: 2,600,000 people affected


The Conseil Nacional de Secours d’Urgence et de Rehabilitation (CONASUR) or National Council for Emergency Assistance and Rehabilitation was set up by presidential decree


23

in 2004. According to Burkina Faso’s latest report on HFA implementation, it acts as the national platform on disaster management. The Minister for Social Action heads it. Under its organisational structure, CONASUR has a presence at the level of each of Burkina Faso’s 13 Regions, 45 Provinces and 302 Departments. CONASUR members include Government departments, NGOs and humanitarian organisations, and according to Burkina Faso’s latest report on HFA implementation it acts as a National Platform. It has a permanent secretariat, reporting to an annual Assembly. However, the internal procedures for these structures had not been drafted by the time of the last HFA report. Its responsibilities are defined as:

i) to provide a national framework for disaster management ii) to clarify the implementation of the National Multi-risk Contingency Plan

(see below) iii) to confirm reports from member institutions iv) to coordinate information on natural and human disasters v) to coordinate resource mobilisation vi) to approve evaluation reports.


National Council for Emergency and Rehabilitation established as National Platform (2004)

National multi-stakeholder platform in place


National action plan (PAP) 2006-2008 mentions disaster prevention

The Government drew up a National Multi-risk Contingency Plan in 2007-8 with the assistance of UNICEF, UNDP and OCHA. The goal of the plan is to serve as a framework of reference for prevention, preparation, response and rehabilitation. Its operational objectives are defined as:

1. To ensure that DRR is a national priority supported by solid institutional capacity.

2. To analyse and monitor risks 3. To promote resilience, and a culture of safety using knowledge

innovation and the educational system 4. To reduce underlying risk factors.

The plan also includes a code of conduct for the different actors involved.

Activities include: capacity building of communities and actors; micro-projects; pre-positioning of kits. It envisages setting up an early warning system incorporating other surveillance systems, e.g. PA SISA, the Red Cross’ SAP, and those of WANEP, CEDEAO, Fews Net, Department of Health, Meteorological, Livestock.


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In terms of disaster preparation, the plan envisages that adequate planning for new and emergent risks be made; that sectoral emergency plans are updated within the framework of the national plan; and that emergency planning is taken into account in annual department plans.

Policy on human settlements in place through Ministry of Housing

2.5.6 DRR Resources

The budget for the plan was 2.9 billion CFA francs ($6.4 million) for 2008. However, there is no fund for disaster response, which relies on external donors. The 2008 budget allocates 100 million CFA francs ($219,000) to CONASUR for “Aid and Assistance” but the majority of funds for specific disasters are expected to come from donors. Burkina Faso is a priority country for the World Bank’s Global Facility for Disaster Risk and Reduction, whose Integrated Weather Risk Management project, budgeted at $50,000, aims to establish a national rainfall index to enable the insurance of Burkina Faso’s drought risk.


IFRC: Community based climate adaptation. Climate variations and adaptation issues integrated across sectors of vulnerability.

GFDRR: To build the capacity of government structures to provide insurance to smallholder cotton farmers against weather risks.

GFDRR Track II: Integrated Weather Risk Management for Sustained Growth in Burkina Faso. Help minimize the vulnerability through development of early warning systems.

GFDRR Track II: Building Capacity in Natural Disaster Risk Reduction for World Bank Task Team. Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort to help eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable development in the rural sector.

UNOCHA: Strengthening capacities for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC

UNOCHA: Regional meeting to create a bridge between national contingency plans and the plans ORSEC (Rescue Organizations) used in francophone countries with the participation of Humanitarian actors, all francophone Government counterparts and France

WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting in cooperation with AGHRYMET

UNDP: Current project under Disaster Prevention concerns bird flu.


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The UNDAF acknowledges climate change as a contributory factor to the desertification that threatens the country’s economic base (agriculture) and proposes efforts to reinforce the capacity to prevent and manage disasters. Burkina Faso’s PANA (November 2007) identified 12 priority actions selected on the basis of :

i) reduction of the gravity of climate change ii) poverty reduction iii) synergy with international environmental agreements iv) cost-effectiveness of the proposed action.

No information is available on the success in gaining funding for these 12 projects, budgeted at between $275,000 and $1,230,000. In December 2009 UN Habitat announced that Bobo-Dioulasso would be one of the pilot cities of its African Climate Change initiative, which aims to build capacity around climate change adaptation and mitigation.


Disaster preparedness and response include the development of a national contingency plan together with UNCT, which is underway.

DRR considered in early recovery and prevention intervention in several regions

Trans-national risks taken into consideration for health, water and agriculture, through CILLS, ECOWAS and UEMOA


Disaster and post disaster data available (but not efficiently used for post-disaster assessment)

Risks in sectors (e.g. agriculture, environment, health, education, infrastructure) are being assessed

Early warning system not operational for all aspects of disaster risk; there is political will


Sector specific risk information is available

Environmental education for primary school children

DRR partly integrated into higher education


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Yearly awareness campaigns


DRR is considered in all policies and programmes for sustainable development

Environment is protected by constitution, NAPA and other environmental agreements are in place

Policies and programmes for vulnerability reduction of population at risk in place for all main sectors, DRR integrated into PRSP

Sector policies and programmes on economic growth in place


Lack of human, financial and logistical resources

Lack of EW system at the community level

High illiteracy rate in the country

Risk assessment activities often dependent on external resources, flood risk, displacement and internal migration have unclear effects

Trans-national and sub-regional strategies for ECOWAS and CILLS not yet sufficiently developed

Lack of cooperation of local authorities for DRR, lack of human and financial resources

Existing early warning system for rivers should be replicated in the whole country

Affected communities are not involved


Name of focal point organization: National Committee of Emergency Response and Rehabilitation (CONASUR)

Contact person: Mr. Amade K. Belem, Permanent Secretary

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]


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2.6 BURUNDI




Surface: 27,830 Km2


2.6.2 Disaster Data

1979 to 2008

Drought (3)

Epidemic (1) 1. Bacterial Infectious Diseases (8) 2. Parasitic Infectious Diseases (2) 3. Viral Infectious Diseases (1)

Earthquake (1)

Flood (5) 1. Flash Flood (4) 2. General Flood (7)

Storm (3) 1. Local storm (1)

Largest human loss:

Epidemic 2000: 308 people killed Largest human loss/affected people



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The Act on Risk Prevention and Disaster Management sets the overall DRR framework. According to Burundi’s 2009 HFA report, the National Platform is planning a Regulatory Act on the elaboration of provincial platforms. The focal point for DRR planning and management is the Directeur de la Prévention et de la Gestion des Catastrophes (Director of Disaster Prevention and Mangement), hosted within the Ministry of Interior and Public Safety. An inter-ministerial commission on DRR exists. There are plans to set up a decentralized structure for disaster management involving provincial committees.

2.6.4 National Platform

Members of the National Platform were nominated in June 2007, and it was formally established in October 2007. It has been active since May 2008.


National DRR policy and strategy formulated with the following objectives: - Advocating for inclusion of DRR in PRSP. - Implementation of decentralized structure for DRR. - Capacity building of those responsible for DRR at all levels - Awareness raising of local elected officials and local populations - Elaborate, update and implement sectorial contingency plans.

Legislation for disaster reduction elaborated

PRSP, food security policy, national climate change adaptation plan, program to combat HIV/AIDS and multi-sectoral contingency plan exists

National action plan elaborated since 2008

Existing contingency plans focus on food security, health and agriculture.

-

2.6.6 DRR Resources

2.6.7 Initiatives by partners

Research projects have been undertaken by: - The Burundi University


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- The Institut des Sciences Agronomiques du Burundi (ISABU -- the Burundi Institute for Agronomic Sciences)

- The Institut Géographique du Burundi (IGEBU -- the Burundi Geographic Institute)

Initiatives to establish regional cooperation through the Centre d'Excellence Régionale (Regional Excellency Centre) have been put in place.

The Protection Civile (Civil Protection) unit in cooperation with UNDP and members of the National Platform are organising workshops and field trips for information and sensitisation campaigns.

The 2007 UNDAF incorporated DRR elements by focusing on food-security, enhancement of agricultural production and long term natural resources management.

- GFDRR Track II: Climate Modeling and Risk Management. Improve ability to use

regional modeling techniques to assist in the development of adaptation and climate risk management strategies

- UNOCHA: Strengthening capacities for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC

- UNISDR: Strengthening National Platforms for DRR in Africa - UNDP: Reinforcement of national capacities on prevention and risk

management - WMO: Climate observations and regional modeling in support of climate risk

management - WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Horn of Africa (GHACOF) seasonal

forecasts in cooperation with ICPAC


National environmental management and adaptation plans to climate change have been elaborated and include DRR. Burundi’s 2007 NAPA document prioritised a number of projects with a DRR component: Improvement of seasonal early warning

climate forecasts ($500,000); Safeguard existing woodlots and reforest stripped areas ($200,000); Stabilisation of river dynamics of watercourses and torrents ($2,000,000) and Erosion control ($600,000).


Contingency plans exist for key sectors.


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Geographic institute exists but very little risk data available due to old malfunctioning equipment. Information received via “IGAD Climate Prediction and Application Center” (ICPAC)

Early warning systems in place for certain sectors and partly functional

Regional cooperation for DRR planned under the leadership of the Golden Spear

-


- Planned cooperation between UNICEF and Ministry of Education to integrate

DRR into education - Country wide awareness campaigns carried out by civil protection and UNDP


- National policies and plans for climate change adaptation consider DRR - Social policies and plans in place, they aim at reducing people’s vulnerability to

disaster impact - Government and partners (e.g. WB, UN Agencies, EU) undertake projects to

reduce the vulnerability of people to certain sectors - Plans to integrate DRR into infrastructural and urban planning underway


- Lack of financial resources and trained personnel - DRR not integrated into national development programs and plans - Lack of political will to integrate DRR into the education system - The National Strategy for DRR not implemented in all details - Lack of clear policy on information management concerning natural disasters

and vulnerability - Communication channels not available at all levels, government can make more

use of key stakeholders


- Name of focal point organization: Civil Protection - Contact Person: Mr. Hermenegilde Nimenya, Director General - E-mail: [email protected]



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2.7 CAMEROON


- Population: 18.5 Million - Urban Population: 59.94 % - Surface: 475,440 Km2 - GDP 2008: $ 23.98 Billion

2.7.2 Disaster Profile


- Drought (3) - Epidemic (1) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (16) - Viral Infectious Diseases (1) - Flood (2)

- Flash Flood (1) - General Flood (6)

- Landslide (1) - Volcanic eruption (3)

Largest human loss: - Volcano 1986: 1746 people killed

Largest number of affected people - Drought 1971: 400,000 people affected

Largest Economic loss:

Insect Infestation 1998: US$ 1,700,000


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The Direction de la Protection Civile (Civil Protection Directorate), as constituted under the 1986 Act on Civil Protection, is part of the Ministère de l’Administration Territoriale et de la Décentralisation (Ministry of territorial Administration and Decentralisation), and is responsible to the Conseil National de Protection Civile (CNPC – National Civil Protection Council). It has the following main responsibilities:

Coordination of civil protection efforts country-wide

Assessment of compensation claims by disaster victims

Control, management and monitoring of disaster relief

Risk Prevention Plans for specific infrastructures, e.g. the AES/SONEL dams. The Observatoire National des Risques (ONR – National Risk Observatory), set up in 2003, is the multi-sectoral focal point where early warning information is assessed and disseminated. Specialist medical assistance is the responsibility of the Service d’aide médicale d’urgence (SAMU – Emergency Medical Aid Service). There are also specific building codes for the Mount Cameroon area in view of the higher earthquake risk in this area. At the level of Cameroon’s 58 Départements, the Prefects responsible for each are charged with implementing the Plan ORSEC (Organisation de Secours en Cas de Catastrophes, or Organisation for Disaster Assistance) in their area. In view of the need to provide a more coherent overall setting for DRR, there is an ongoing German-funded project to rationalise the legislative framework. DRR Institutions:

- The national focal point is the Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralization.

Sub-regional center for observation of natural hazards planned in 2005 with support of ISESCO, UNESCO and others (what is the status of this center now?)


No national platform is reported.


The National Programme for Disaster Prevention and Management was first established in 1998 with support from UNDP. Its objective is to reinforce the management, resource capacity of the Government in terms of disaster prevention and management. The National Contingency Plan was drawn up in 2002 with assistance from OCHA. UNDP’s 2008-2012 Country Programme Action Plan includes a programme of building Cameroon’s DRR capacity alongside the rehabilitation of Lake


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Nyos (scene of Cameroon’s most famous/infamous disaster). French-funded risk prevention schemes also operate in the Lake Minoun and Mount Cameroon regions.

2.7.6 DRR Resources

- The annual budget of the Civil Protection Directorate is $1 million. - Existing national DRR policies and legislation include a strategy based on 3

complementary axes existent: before, during and after disasters and funded at an estimated 140.2 billion


- ProVention Consortium: Research & Action Grants for Disaster Risk Reduction;

provide financial support to young researchers to undertake projects related to disaster risk reduction

- UNOCHA: Strengthening capacity for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC

- UNOCHA: Regional meeting to create a bridge between national contingency plans and the plans ORSEC (Rescue Organizations) used in francophone countries

- UNDP: Security and socio-economic reintegration of Lake Nyos Area; mitigate the risk of a new gas explosion to protect population groups at risk in Cameroon and Nigeria

- WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, West Africa, Cameroon and Chad (Presao) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with ACMAD

- WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums (RCOF’s); Central Africa (PRESAC) in cooperation with ACMAD since 2002




The current UNDAF (2007-2012) identifies disaster response as one of its five themes.


- A general study was conducted in 1999 in hazard-prone areas in Cameroon, but

was not the subject of further research due to budgetary constraints - The 2006 CCA identifies lack of effective early warning as a key DRR weakness

in Cameroon, and DRR is integrated in the current PRSP


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2.7. 12 Reduction of underlying risk factors



DRR has not been included in the country’s PRSP, which is currently being reviewed

Lack of financial resources, lack of a culture of prevention among populations and little attention paid to the phenomenon by the private sector

-

2.7.14 Focal point and contact details

- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Territorial Administration and

Decentralization - Contact Person: Dr. Nana Jean Pierre, Director for Civil Protection - E-mail: [email protected]



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2.8 CAPE VERDE


- Population: 0.5 Million - Urban Population: 58.88 % - Surface: 4,030 Km2 - GDP 2008: $1.7 Billion

2.8.2 Disaster Data

1979 to 2008

- Drought (4) - Epidemic - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (1) - Insect Infestation - - Locust (2) - Storm - -Tropical Cyclone (2) - Volcanic Eruption (1)

Largest human loss: - Drought 1946: 30,000 people killed

Largest human loss/affected people - Drought 2002: 30,000 people affected

Largest Economic loss: - Storm 1982: US$ 3,000


Capo Verde’s 1999 Civil Protection Law set up the Serviço Nacional de Protecção Civil (SNPC – National Civil Protection Service). The composition and procedures for its


36

governing Conselho Nacional de Protecção Civil (CNPC – National Civil Protection Council) were established by Decree in 2002. Other institutions with a statutory role to play in DRR are the Armed Forces, Police, Air and Maritime authorities, firemen, emergency medical services and the Red Cross, as well as some sectoral ministries such as the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment. However, an external assessment of the current legislative framework identified the following gaps:

Lack of a structure of command, control and operational coordination between the different agencies involved.

Lack of adequately equipped and trained forces of civil protection

Lack of financial resources. A comprehensive legislative framework on DRR is apparently under preparation, as part of the Government’s programme 2006-2011, and should be approved by the National Assembly in 2010. The new Bill will, for example, define the structure of command, control and operational coordination. The draft defines civil protection as not just a responsibility of central government, but – in keeping with decentralisation policy – of local authorities. The new law also defines the role of other relevant bodies such as firemen, placing them under integrated command of the SNPC in the event of a disaster. It remains to be seen whether the Bill is passed, and if it is, whether the Government will follow through on the resources needed to make it effective.

2.8.4 National Platform

- National platform for DRR established in November 2007 with support from

UNISDR - The national platform is anchored in Civil Protection

The SNPC also has a $13,000 project funded by UNISDR for the implementation of the National Platform, and a $10,000 for risk mapping funded by UNDP

Following the establishment of a national platform for DRR in 2007, the government is determined to promote community participation in DRR activities through specific policies and decentralization of responsibilities as per recommendations of the national platform launch workshop. Two conflicting interpretations have been given: the lack of a legal framework, and the absence of funds to pay the transport and subsistence costs of its members.


Strategic plan for DRR 2015 formulated


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The Government’s 2006-2011 programme integrates measures of alert and disaster preparedness and prevention. A National Contingency Plan for Disasters has been prepared (with technical and financial support of the OCHA and UNDP), as well as municipal emergency plans in 17 out of 22 municipalities and 3 Planos Especiais de Emergência (Special Emergency Plans).

The following current projects have a DRR component:

Climate Change in Coastal Areas, $642,000 (PNUD, GEF and government);

Water Resource Management, $4 million (UNDP, GEF and government);

Establishment of a Volcano Observatory,

Vulcano Hazard Mitigation The third pillar of the 2008-2010 One UN programme (Environment, Energy and Disaster Response and Prevention) includes a commitment to enhance Cape Verde’s preventive capacities in relation to disasters. Cape Verde’s 2006 PRSP does not include DRR elements.

2.8.6 DRR Resources

Government does not have a budget for DRR or a Fund for disaster response.


- OCHA: Second Consultation on Floods for medium and long term issues.

Following the regional consultation meeting on floods in West Africa held in Dakar (April 2008)

- GFDRR Track II: Community Co-Management for Disaster Risk Management of Marine Resources in West Africa. Building capacity in coastal communities.

- UNOCHA: Strengthening capacities for DRR in Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC

- UNISDR: Strengthening National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction in Africa - UNISDR: GFDRR South South Cooperation: To strengthen national and regional

coordination mechanisms and capacities for enhanced guidance, implementation and reporting on HFA.

- UNDP: Disaster Response - WMO: Enhancing marine Multi-Hazard EWS in the West African Countries for

improved marine safety


SNPC has responsibility for integrating DRR considerations within climate change actions. Capo Verde’s 2004-2014 NAPA 2, which integrated DRR considerations in terms of food security and safe water, was guaranteed only $93,000 of government funding, leaves $1.27 million for external funding.


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The Government has a general policy commitment to incorporating DRR elements in disaster response. However, there is no solid evidence of this having been done in relation to previous disasters such as the 1995 Ilha de Fogo eruption or the 2009 floods.


- Risk assessments planned with the UN system - A general risk framework developed for all risks prevalent for all sectors in Cape

Verde - Meteorological and geographical information available, communication system

installed in all municipalities, specific initiative for volcanic risk reduction - Early warning radio system in place - Collaboration with UNISDR PPEW initiated - Collaboration with the University of Cape Verde, developing capacity to

observe, analyze and map natural hazards -


- Sensitization of the general public on self protection and DRR is ongoing

through civil protection - Radio shows on prevention. Exhibitions and banners – cooperation with the

international community -


- Planned to integrate DRR into the NAPA - Thematic groups on food security, health, civil engineering etc. established

under the national platform for DRR - Sector plans on responsibilities for economic development in place - Ministry of Infrastructure & Transport has responsibilities regarding DRR


- Lack of specific legislation for DRR, lack of financial resources for the national

platform - Need for capacity building in DRR – lack of human resources specialized in DRR - Due to lack of basic funds, there are problems in organizing NP meetings - Lack of technical and scientific capacity to apply methods and do hazard

modeling - Financial constraints hinder implementation of the national contingency plan


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- EW system planned but not yet installed - Need for Enhanced cooperation and information exchange among ECOWAS

member states


- Name of focal point organization: Not available - Contact person: Lt. Colonel Alberto Carlos Barbosa Fernandes - E-mail: [email protected]



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2.9 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC


Population July 2009: 4,511,488

Urban population 2005: 43.8%


GDP: $2.006 million

2.9.2 Disaster data







Previous UNDP plans and projects included some DRR components, especially the “Plan National d’Action Environnemental” (National Plan on Environmental Action).

The 2007 PRSP made no reference to DRR.


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2.9.6 DRR Resources

No information is available on any Government resources for DRR. In 2007 the World Bank approved an Emergency Urban Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Maintenance Project (US$18 million), which incorporated some DRR elements. In 2009 the IDA provided a grant of US$150,000 for rehabilitation activities and agreed in principle an additional allocation to help CAR recover from the impact of floods in Bangui. In 2007 UNDP funded a self-evaluation of national capacity with regards to sustainable management of the national and global environment ($275,000).




CAR’s 2008 NAPA included a specific focus on integrated management of natural disasters, to enhance food security and prevent seasonal crop diseases). Relevant projects include:

Implementation of an early warning forecast for floods and droughts ($500,000);

Strengthening community capacity with regards to sudden climate change ($250,000)

Prevention of water-borne illnesses and other seasonal pathologies in rural areas ($500,000).

The CAR has also ratified the Convention on Climate Change, on Bio-diversity and UN Convention to Combat Desertification.








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2.10 CHAD


Population July 2010: 10,543,464 million

Urban population 2008: 27%

Surface area: 1.284 sq. km

GDP 2010: $18.56 billion

2.10.2 Disaster data



Le Haut Comité National pour l’Environnement (HCNE - the High Committee on the Environment), hosted at the Ministry of the Environment, is the main coordinator for disaster and emergency management. Chaired by the Prime Minister, its role is to initiate and harmonise environmental policies, as well as to ensure their implementation. Sectoral Ministries have DRR responsibility in their respective fields, especially the Ministries of Agriculture, Livestock, Public Health and Town Planning.


No National Platform is reported.


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There are no plans and policies specific to DRR, although some DRR elements are incorporated in measures related to the protection of the environment. Chad’s PRSP does not integrate DRR considerations. The World Bank, FAO, UNHCR, WHO, WFP, UNDP and UNESCO are the operational partners of the UNDAF’s pillar 4, which includes the strengthening of institutional and community mechanisms for crisis-prevention.

2.10.6 DRR Resources

Pillar 4 of the current UNDAF (see above) is funded for a total $190 million, although it covers more than just crisis-prevention.




Chad’s recent NAPA (February 2010) focuses heavily on improving the resilience of rain fed agriculture and livestock grazing in the face of climate change.










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2.11 13 Reported challenges





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2.11 COMOROS


- Population 2011: 0,773,407 Million - Urban Population 2005: 36% % - Surface area: 2,170 Km2 - GDP 2011: $761,000,000

2.11.2 Disaster Data

1979 to 2008:

Drought (1)

Epidemic - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (4) - - Viral Infectious Diseases (2)

Storm (1) - - Tropical Cyclone (4) - - Volcanic Eruptions (4)

Largest human loss:

Epidemic 1951: 500 people killed Largest human loss/affected people:

Volcano 2005: 245,000 people affected Largest Economic loss:

Storm 1983: US$ 10,000,000


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- There is no specific legislation covering DRR. Previous disasters (e.g. the 2003

volcanic eruption) were handled by the Ministry of Defence in the framework of civil defence. Formal responsibility rests with the Direction Nationale de la Protection Civile (National Directorate of Civil Protection) in the Ministry of Defence.

- DRR framework in line with development priorities for the PRSP - DRR part of current UNDAF - Legal structures in place and functional in each island - National action plan for DRR elaborated


The National Platform was established in 2007, with its office housed in the Centre des Operations de Secours (Rescue Operations Centre). Chaired by the Department of Defence, it comprises the main sectoral departments, representatives of autonomous islands, the UN, the Comoros Red Crescent and an environmental NGO. National Platform anchored in the Ministry of Defense, Security of Territory, Communication and Decentralization


No DRR strategy is reported. The National Platform has focused on information-exchange between different sectors, and the preparation of a communication plan to reach vulnerable groups. There are functioning early warning systems for volcanic eruptions and cyclones.


According to information supplied to the World Bank, major DRR-related expenditure for 2006-2009 was still substantively underfunded:

Energy diversification: $5.5 million entirely unfunded

Upgrading of the international airport: $15 million budgeted but $24 million still needed.

Agricultural support: $12 million almost all unfunded

Fisheries support: $15 million entirely unfunded

Livestock improvement: $7 million mostly unfunded


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Water quality upgrading: $1.8 million included in the government budget but $16 million still unfunded

Three activities were proposed as core DRR functions (capacity-building, public information and contingency planning), but the $2.7 cost was entirely unfunded. The Comoros’ 2005 PRSP does not incorporate DRR considerations.


- GFDRR Track II: Building Capacity in Natural Disaster Risk Reduction for World

Bank Task Team. Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort to help eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable development in the rural sector


- UNDP: Inter-Agency Cooperation for Disaster Reduction in Comoros - UNDP: Reinforcement of risk management capacities. Provide education on

risks associated with tsunamis


The Comoros’ 2006 NAPA examined a variety of adaptation options. Of those prioritised in the final selection, the top two were related to food security (improved fisheries and fish conservation techniques), and the third-placed project, covering soil stabilisation measures, would reduce landslip risk.


Disaster preparedness and response:

- National emergency and response plan in place - Initial training on DRR carried out - Emergency plan, but this does not include construction and rehabilitation

aspects


- Statistical department carries out impact assessments on disaster risk - GIS system newly installed to ensure risk evaluation at national and community

level (should this be here or moved?) - Three hazard specific EW systems, namely on volcanic eruptions, health and

meteorological hazards in place, need for multi-hazard EW system


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- DRR considered within school program - School manual and teachers guide elaborated and validated for secondary

school - Manual for primary students to be developed with support from UNDP - Sensitization workshops on education and communication carried out in the

capital


- DRR integrated into the PRSP since 2005, into development policies and

programmes and into the current UNDAF

2.11 13 Reported challenges

- Need for follow up at policy level - National capacity building for DRR, vulnerability data and policy development

needed - Need to establish national fund for DRR and need for training workshops at the

community level - Need to support decision making at local level through training - Need to support risk information system - Need for financial support for elaboration of national policy for global disaster

management, national policy to be followed by a strategy and a national action plan

- Risk of eruption of the Karthala volcano remains a major challenge for Comoros - Safe construction and reconstruction legislation in place but implementation

remains a challenge


- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Defense, Security of Territory,

Communication and Decentralization - Contact person: Mr. Mohamed Omar Ben Cheikh, National Director - E-mail: [email protected]


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2.12 CONGO BRAZZAVILLE (Republic of Congo)


- Population July 2010: 4,125,916 Million - Urban Population 2008: 61 % - Surface area: 342,000 Km2 - GDP 2010: $ 17.45 Billion


- Drought (1) - Earthquake (1) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (5) - Flood (1)

- General Flood (6) Largest human loss:

- Mass movement wet 1967: 154 people killed Largest human loss/affected people

- Flood 2002: 53,000 people affected Largest Economic loss:

- Flood 1998: US$ 59,000


The 2002 Congolese Constitution includes three DRR-related provisions (Articles 35, 36 and 37) that guarantee citizens rights to a safe and sustainable environment; regulate toxic, radioactive wastes; and control water and air pollution. The 1991 Act on the Protection of the Environment includes measures for disaster prevention: a prohibition on bush fires and control by the Ministry of Environment of pesticide use and activities


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that could cause soil erosion. There are reportedly also plans for a forthcoming Act on the management of erosion and flooding risks. Congo has voted through two Acts (both in March 2004) on DRR and Disaster Response: one focused on property and new construction, and the other on procedures for public-interest expropriation Congo’s 2009 statement to the Global Platform reported that the legal framework for a National Platform was in place, without giving further details.


The National Platform for DRR established in 2004 with support from UNISDR; it is anchored in the Ministry of Economy Forestry and Environment. It includes technical staff from the Ministries of Health, Defense, Social Affairs, and Environment as well as the Congolese Red Cross. The sub-regional center for DRR established in 2007 with support of UNEP.


- DRR part of the PRSP - DRR integrated into socio economic development policies - The Plan National d’Intervention d’Urgence (PNIU or National Plan for

Emergency Intervention) deals with the potential risks of oil spillage along the coast of Congo. It was prepared by national experts in collaboration with the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), and approved by governmental decree in December 2001.

- Other DRR-related activities include: - the identification of potential natural disasters such as flooding, storms,

erosion and deforestation. - the implementation of an Interministerial Commission to deal specifically with

erosion and flooding in Brazaville - the identification of sanitary risks, petroleum related risk . On the latter the

Congo has an emergency plan relative to oil spillage. - the creation of an early warning centre supported by the Chinese Government.

DRR considerations are also factored into the current PRSP for Congo, and the Government assigned it a budget line in the 2009 budget.


Although there is no regular annual budgetary provision for DRR (despite the 2009 budget line mentioned above), the Government maintains a pool of “communal charges” for emergencies. There is also a fund for the protection of the environment, operational since 1999, which integrates DRR considerations. Congo has no CCA or UNDAF.


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Some articles of the Act on the Protection of the Environment deal with disaster prevention, and government policy is that environment management should take into account the risk of natural and accidental disasters. Evaluation exercises on Congo’s vulnerability and capacity for adaptation have recommended various strategies such as flood mapping, dredging of sand-filled canals and measures to stabilize embankments. Congo has not submitted a NAPA.


- Several contingency and emergency plans developed for floods and other

events - Education and Sensitization in DRR is ongoing - Control of floods, landslides and coastal and urban erosion planned - Development of a sensitivity map for all hazard-prone areas in the country

planned


- Plans linked to DRR existent such as NAPA, national emergency plan and

contingency plan - Traditional knowledge used to observe environment – no modern EW system in

place - Evaluations and analyses have been conducted throughout the country.

However, full risk assessment has not been completed


- DRR is not integrated into education, but natural hazards mentioned in

geography class and environmental class - Awareness campaigns on DRR through radio, newspapers and television. This

has led to less unplanned urbanization


- DRR is integrated into environmental resource management framework - Policy for enhancement of living conditions for the population - Policies in place for certain sectors to reduce the vulnerability of people


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- Policies to combat desertification and relocation of people living in zones at risk


- Lack of national framework for the implementation of the HFA - Lack of structure and tools to implement a system to gather and disseminate

DRR information - There is no master plan for urban planning - Mobilization of external resources - There is a need for strong legislation at the national level - Need to integrate DRR into reconstruction activities and plans - Need to enhance national capacity - Need for simulation exercises for contingency plans - Need to establish emergency fund


- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Economy Forestry and

Environment - Contact person: Mr. Edmond Makimouha, Head of Department - E-mail: [email protected]


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2.13 COTE D’IVOIRE




1979 to 2008

Flood (2) - - General Floods (2)

Drought (1)

Epidemic - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (11) - - Viral Infectious Diseases (1) -


Existing laws and governmental systems provide a general framework for development plans and institutional roles in the area of DRR. According to Cote d’Ivoire’s 2009 HFA report, a Decree on the creation and organisation of a national platform was prepared and presented to government before end of 2008. The HFA 2009 report indicates that Government policy on DRR has the following objectives:


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- Risk management to be integrated in PRSP or in priority investment programmes.

- Implementation of the national platform for DRR The focal point for DRR planning and management is the Director General for the Environment, hosted at the Ministry for the Environment. Other existing national institutions active in aspects of DRR and disaster management are l’Office Nationale de la Protection Civile (the National Office for Civilian Protection), l’Institut Nationale de l’Hygiène Publique (National Institute for Public Hygene), le Centre National de Défense et de Lutte contre les Feux de Brousse (the National Centre against Bush Fires), le Centre Ivoirien Antipollution (the Ivorian Centre against Pollution), l’Agence Nationale de l’Environnement (the National Agency for the Environment), l’Agence Nationale pour le Développement Rural (the National Agency for Rural Development). The official decentralisation policy is designed to encourage community participation through the decentralisation of resources and authority at local level.


According to the 2009 HFA, a national platform is operational with support from UNISDR and UNDP. There is commitment from most ministries and operational structures, as well as local authorities and civil society, with the nomination of DRR focal points. DRR initiatives are coordinated by the Ministry of Environment, Water and Forestry.


The following plans are already in place:

- the Plan ORSEC (Organisation des Secours, Rescue Management), - the Plan POLLUMAR (Pollution Marine, Sea Pollution Plan), - le Plan National de lutte contre les déchets toxiques du Probo-Koala (Probo-

Koala National Plan against Toxic Waste), - the Plan de Lutte contre les Feux de Brousse (National Plan against Bush

Fires). Cote d’Ivoire has organised sensitisation programmes and campaigns on natural disasters, especially epidemics and bush fires. It has put in place some DRR measures on epidemics, such as meningitis and avian flu, and some. On plant diseases that affect cocoa – a major export crop for Cote d’Ivoire -- there are regional cooperation systems, as well as research and operational studies by research institutes.


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A CCA has been completed, and a PRSP prepared in 2009, but without incorporation of DRR elements.


Some government resources are allocated for civil protection. In 2009 the World Bank provided IDA funding of US$50 million for the Urgent Energy Rehabilitation Project and US$2.5 million for the GEF national park protection project. Through UNDAF, UNDP is supporting Cote d’Ivoire on a 2009-2013 programme on Reinforcement and Management of Sustainable and Protection of the Environment. The program aims to develop policies and instruments to: protect and manage the environment, provide alternative sources of energy, access to safe water and development of sanitation infrastructure.


- IFRC: DRR at school. At least 2 schools reached on DRR and First Aid. - IFRC: Community Risk Management - UNOCHA: Strengthening capacities for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone

African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC - UNOCHA: Regional meeting to create a bridge between national contingency

plans and the plans ORSEC (Rescue Organizations) used in francophone countries

- UNISDR: Strengthening National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction in Africa - UNISDR: GFDRR South-South Cooperation: To strengthen national and regional

coordination mechanisms and capacity for enhanced guidance, implementation and reporting on HFA

- WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Central Africa (PRESAC), seasonal forecasts in cooperation with ACMAD

- WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting; in cooperation with AGHRYMET

- WMO: Enhancing marine Multi-Hazard EWS in the West African Countries for improved marine safety


The 2009 PRSP includes plans and policies to help deal with food security, public health, access to drinking water, environment, and habitat. No NAPA is available.


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- Structures and institutional capacities for disaster management existent, but

they do not consider risk efficiently - Contingency plan for several sectors in place - Reconstruction and rehabilitation programmes include revised norms and

standards to reduce risk. - Implementation of emergency plans challenged by limited resources


- Data on risk exists but it is not shared or accessible - Post disaster information existent but coordination and information exchange

is lacking (lack of data management system) - Sensitization campaign on natural risks, epidemics and wild fire - EW system yet to be put in place - Complete evaluations on food insecurity were carried out (May 2006,

November 2006). Otherwise, a comprehensive assessment of other risks has not been undertaken


- DRR not integrated into school curriculum - No sensitization campaign in place


DRR integrated into PRSP that is based on the MDGs

2.14.13 Reported challenges:

- Low institutional capacity and lack of funds - Need for more training, education and sensitization activities on DRR - Lack of funding for scientific research – need for multi-sectoral research teams,

research needs to inform political decision makers to adapt risk adaptation policies

- Need to allocate resources to integrate DRR into response activities


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2.13.14 Focal point contact details:

- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Environment, Water and Forestry - Contact person: Prof. Abe Delhpin Ochou, Director General of Environment - E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]


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2.14 DJIBOUTI


- Population: 0.8 Million - Urban Population: 86.9 % - Surface area: 23,200 Km2 - GDP 2008: $ 0.95 Billion


1979 to 2008

Flood (1) - - Flash Floods (1) - - General Floods (3)

Drought (8)

Epidemic - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (3) - - Parasitic Infectious Diseases (1)

Storm (1) Largest human loss:

Flood 1994: 145 people killed Largest human loss/affected people

Flood 1989: 150,300 people affected Largest Economic loss:

Flood 1977: US$ 2500


In 2004 a national risk and disaster management strategy was prepared with support from UNDP. In 2006 the Act on the National Policy on risk and disaster management was voted though, and in the same year an institutional framework on risk and disaster


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management was adopted. Djibouti has also ratified the draft agreement on the Risk and Disaster Management Regional Centre. The focal point for DRR planning is the Executive Secretariat for Risk and Disaster Management, a permanent national structure working under the Ministry of the Interior and Decentralisation. It comprises four units dealing respectively with resource mobilisation and administrative management, disaster preparedness, coordination, and database and information management.


National Platform for DRR established in 2003 with the assistance of UNISDR; the Disaster Reduction Secretariat was established under the Ministry of Interior. An institutional framework adopted in 2006 established a Disaster and Risk Management Ministerial Committee, with a multi-sectorial Technical Committee and support from the Executive Secretariat for Risk and Disaster Management. This structure functions as a National Platform. Existing national DRR policies and legislation:

- Djibouti adopted a law (n°140/AN/06/5ème L) in March 2006 dealing with natural disasters

- The government also adopted a decree n°2006-0192/PR/MID (July 23, 2006) bearing installation of an institutional framework for disaster management

- National Strategy for DRR supported by UNDP and the World Bank


According to Djibouti’s most recent HFA report, the DRR policy and planned activities for the 2008 -2011 period include: capacity building; inclusion of risk reduction in development policies; setting up of disaster management offices at regional and provincial levels; and the establishment of Civilian Protection units in each region.


The World Bank supported the implementation of the Executive Secretariat for Risk and Disaster Management with $175,000. An emergency fund has also reportedly been in existence since 2008, funded out of the national budget. UNDP’s Disaster Management programme contributed $306,000 from TRAC 1.1.3 funds, with an additional $50,000 for the Chemical Spill Emergency: Port of Djibouti Programme and $50,000 as an Emergency Grant for Drought. The World Bank supplies no DRR support.


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- GFDRR Track II: Climate Modeling and Risk Management. Improve ability to use

regional modeling techniques to assist in developing adaptation and climate risk management strategies


- WMO: Climate observations and regional modeling in support of climate risk management

- WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Horn of Africa (GHACOF) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with ICPAC


The Multi-Sectoral Technical Committee now includes a specialist working-group on climate change. According to Djibouti’s most recent HFA report, planned activities for 2008 -2011 include the integration of risk and disaster reduction with climate change adaptation policies. This is highlighted in Djibouti’s 2006 NAPA (2006) where at least two projects are planned to prioritise DRR, such as a projects fighting the salinity of land ($765,000) or salinity of water in the city of Djibouti ($820,000).


According to Djibouti’s latest HFA report, planned activities for 2008 – 2011 include the review of disaster preparedness plans as well as capacity building of all institutions involved in emergency responses.

- Elaboration and review of disaster preparedness and emergency intervention plans at all levels

- Simulation exercises to be carried out - Need to establish DM bureaus at community level - Training of trainers needs to be carried out


EW to be put in place, risk mapping to be carried out, vulnerability assessment to be carried out.


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- School manual on DRR developed - Radio messages on DRR developed and disseminated to general public in

different languages - Sensitization of representatives from NGOs, media and the community on DRR


- Thematic sub commissions for DRR at the level of the technical inter sector

committee for DM




- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Interior and Decentralization - Contact person: Mr. Ahmed Mohamed Madar, Executive Secretary Disaster

Management - E-mail: [email protected]



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2.15 DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO (DRC)


- Population: 62.4 Million - Urban Population: 33.34 % - Surface area: 2,344,860 Km2 - GDP 2008: $ 11.78 Billion -


- Volcanic Eruptions - Erosions, landslides, mudslides - Floods - Drought - Epidemics (Ebola, Cholera, Polio) - Civil conflicts - Traffic accidents


DRC’s legal framework for DRR rests on 3 laws, namely:

- - 1996 Decree creating the Conseil de la Protection Civile (Civil Protection Council). [This body changed its name in 1999 to the Comité National de Crise or National Crisis Committee].

- - 2002 Decree on the Programme National des Urgences et Action Humanitaire (National Programme on Emergencies and Humanitarian Action).

- - 2003 Decree on the Transitional Government (2003), which included a disaster management framework.


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The National Platform is called the Comité National de Crise (National Crisis Committee), chaired by the Ministry of the Interior. Its members include representatives of various ministries, UN agencies, multi-lateral agencies, donor representatives, and national and international ONGs. Its mission is to focus on prevention and management of emergencies -- natural disasters and humanitarian crises. The main institution is the Council for Civil Protection (CPC) in the Ministry of Interior, however, it has not been operational since its creation in 1996. Sectoral ministries in charge of DRR.


Existing national DRR policies and legislation:

Roadmap for DRR has not been defined, as the Council for Civil Protection is not operational yet. The objective of planned roadmap is to create a permanent framework of dialogue, information and action; adopt and apply policies for town and habitat planning; identify zones at risk around the country; support efforts to learn about risks in the country; reinforce capacity for response

Obsolete and regulatory texts dating back to colonial times

DRR priorities for DRC include risk mapping, preparation of national policy on disaster management, inter-sectoral coordination, and contingency plans. Existing sectoral plans address DRR issues within the sustainable development policy. According to DRC’s statement at the 2009 Global Platform, inclusion of DRR will be a priority within Health and Safety policy for the 2000 - 2010 period. There is also an emergency plan on oil spills. DRR activities include the establishment of an early warning centre, supported by the Chinese government. The Ecole de Santé Publique de la Faculté de Médecine de l’Université de Kinshasa (Kinshasa University’s School of Public Health) has also created a unit on disaster management, while the Goma Volcano Observatory advises the Government on risks of volcanic eruptions. There is also an Inter-Agency Disaster Reduction project that centralises and analyses information on disaster risks. For some specific disaster hazards, emergency plans exist, with the Ministry of the Interior or Provincial Governors charged to activate such plans.


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There are emergency budgetary lines that can be opened by the President, the Ministry of the Interior and the Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs and Solidarity. The World Bank funds 2 DRR-related projects in DRC: the Emergency Multi-sector Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (US$454 million), which aims to restore basic infrastructure and provide social services; and the Roads project (50 million) which aims to improve road access. The current UNDAF does not include DRR components.


- UNOCHA: Strengthening capacity for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone

African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC - WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Central Africa (PRESAC) in

cooperation with ACMAD since 2002 - WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Southern Africa (SARCOF) seasonal

forecasts in cooperation with SADC DMC - WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support

integrated water resources management and flood forecasting; in cooperation with SADC

- GFDRR Track II: Building Capacity in Natural Disaster Risk Reduction for World Bank Task Team; Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort

- UNDP: Strengthened capacity for land degradation; volcano risk management unit to mitigate risks of eventual volcanic eruption in Goma

- ActionAid International: Disaster Risk Reduction through Schools; Make schools in high-risk disaster areas safer, enabling them to act as a basis for disaster risk reduction


DRC’s 2006 NAPA includes several agriculture-related projects, focusing on high-yield crops that are illness-resistant and able to adapt to climate change: thus enhancing long-term food security.


According to the report for WCDR (2004), there are plans to review the building standards inherited from colonial rule, to make them more stringent in the face of known risks.


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Partial risk assessment of hydrological risks to the agricultural sector. In addition, there is an analysis of risks in coastal zones.


Lack of education, training and advocacy system on DRR.


DRR is included in the PRSP in Pillar 1: To promote good governance (reinforcement of peace and security and securitization of people for their wellbeing) and Pillar 2: Encourage Macroeconomic stability and growth (rejuvenate economic activity in the country and rejuvenate key sectors to promote growth)


- Non-operational legal framework - Lack of political will for funding DRR - Insufficient and obsolete legal texts - Overlapping of work of various actors - Weak involvement of involved communities - Lack of a master plan for managing disasters - Lack of data banks on DRR


- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Environment, Conservation of

Nature, Water and Forestry - Contact person: Docteur Abel Léon KALAMBAYI wa KABONGO, Secrétaire

Général à l’Environnement, Conservation de la Nature, Eaux et Forêts. - E-mail: [email protected]



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2.16 EGYPT


Population 2011: 80,471,869 million



GDP: 2011: $471,200,000,000




There are more than 10 laws and decrees relevant to disaster risk reduction and crisis management. Article 59 of the Constitution, on Environmental Protection, also provides a legal basis for measures “to maintain a sound environment”. However, the Government plans to revise the legislation to accommodate the DRR perspective. Egypt’s National Committee for Crisis Management and Disaster Risk Reduction (NCCMDRR) was set up in April 2006 to act as the overall coordinating body for disaster management. The Cabinet’s Information and Decision Support Centre (IDSC), which also houses the specialist Crisis Management and Disaster Risk Secretariat (CMDRS) chair it. The IDSC also has the role of supporting the country’s 27 Governesses to prepare specific risk plans, e.g. for human influenza outbreaks. A Scientific Advisory Board (SAB) was established in 2008 to provide expert support to the NCCMDRR.


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The 2005 CCA referred to “a complex institutional system (on DRR) with too many actors playing overlapping roles”.


The NCCMDRR includes Government bodies, as well as NGOs, private sector and specialized experts on an ad hoc basis. As a multi-sectoral body it functions as a National Platform on DRR. However, according to the latest HFA progress report, it requires further development to ensure better interagency and inter-level cooperation, with more predictable funding.


According to Egypt’s 2009 HFA report, the Government is in the process of preparing a “National Strategy on Crisis Management and Disaster Risk Reduction”, which will encompass legislation and planning as well as resource allocation. It will cover elements that are currently missing such as a comprehensive early warning system. In the meantime, existing systems for DRR include:

Procedures manual for crisis and disaster management and DRR

National plan to manage and reduce the risk of flash-flood disasters

National plan to manage and reduce the risk of earthquake disasters

National contingency plan for pandemic influenza

Simulation scenarios for crisis and disaster management and DRR

National Integrated Coastal Zones Management Plan

National Centre for Planning State Land Use codes of practise for development

Development of Slums and Squatter Settlements Fund.

Ongoing efforts to establish comprehensive hazard mapping. The 2007-2011 UNDAF, despite the reference in the CCA to the country’s flawed DRR machinery, makes no specific reference to DRR. UNDP has commissioned an assessment of disaster management and risk reduction institutions and initiatives, as the basis for possible capacity-building support to the IDSC. Following the Cairo rockslides of September 2008, IFRC has committed to a community risk-reduction strategy. It also held VCA training sessions in the country.


The NCCMDRR is funded from within the IDSC budget. The Government’s Environmental Protection Fund (EPF) gives resources to fund strategies for environmental disaster risk reduction. Beyond that, there are different pots of money available for disaster response (e.g. the Ministry of Health’s budget line for disaster


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management, the Social Fund for Development, and the Ministry of Social Solidarity’s special funds for humanitarian affairs).

2.16.7 initiatives by partners

No information available


The Government is planning a database of vulnerability relevant to climate change. The NCCMDRR is also planning to integrate CCA within DDR programming.


According to Egypt’s 2009 HFA report, the Government is committed to ensuring that the National Strategy on Crisis Management and Disaster Risk Reduction integrates DRR within disaster response. Reconstruction norms are being developed enshrining the “build back better” principle. Post-disaster reviews to learn lessons and prevent repetitions are already standard. Enforcement of building codes and prevention of construction in hazardous zones were reinforced after disasters in 1992 and 1994.










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No information available


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2.17 EQUATORIAL GUINEA


- Population: 1,014,990 million - Urban Population: 44.7 % - Surface area: 28,051 Km2 - GDP 2008: $ 13.54 Billion



- Epidemic (1): many, but the most prominent are, the epidemics of rage of 1995 and 2005, the epidemic of Measles of 2008

Largest human loss: - Epidemic 2004: 15 people killed

Largest number of affected people - Epidemic 2004: 946 people affected


- The 1982 Constitution vests extensive powers, including those relevant to DRR

and DRM, in the Presidency. - No national policy or legislation concerning DRR.


No designated institution dealing with DRR. The Ministry of Fishing and Environment has been managing disasters although without adequate resources and institutional support.


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- The 2006 CAA makes no mention of DRR. - The country’s “Programa Especial de Seguridad Alimentaria” (PESA) or Special

Programme for Food Security has the objective of guaranteeing food security but makes no mention of DRR.


IFRC’s Disaster Management Programme, valued at $2.1 million p.a. for 2010 and 2011, aims to build the Disaster Management capacity of the Red Cross in Equatorial Guinea as well as other countries across the central Africa region.

In 2006, the Government of Equatorial Guinea agreed to fund USAID to run a Social Development Fund that would cover, inter alia, the environment.

In May 2008 the Government of Equatorial Guinea announced a donation of $1million for post-earthquake reconstruction in Sichuan, China.




UNOCHA: Strengthening capacities for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with the HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC




No risk assessments have been undertaken


No training, education and advocacy has been undertaken


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DRR is not currently included in the PRSP




- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Fisheries and Environment - Contact person: Mr. Francisco Nsue Ada, General Director of the Environment - E-mail: [email protected]



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2.18 ERITREA




- Drought (3)

- General Flood (2)

- Locust (1) - Local Storm (1)

Largest human loss: - Storm 1993: 3 people killed

Largest number of affected people - Drought 1999: 2,300,000 people affected

Largest Economic loss: - Storm 1993: US$ 5,165,000


There is currently no coherent legislative or institutional framework for DRR. The Eritrean Refugees and Rehabilitation Commission (ERREC) used to act as a focal point for DRR, but have now been absorbed into the Ministry of Labour and Human Welfare The Ministry of National Development (MND) is expected to take on the issue, but has yet to establish a structure to do so.


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There is no National Platform reported.


The Government reportedly planned to prepare a disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation strategy in 2007, but there is no evidence that it materialised. Earlier DRR-related programmes had a sectoral or rehabilitation focus: for example, the food security Early Warning and Remote Sensing System launched in 1994, the Post-War Emergency Rehabilitation Programme (PoWER) and the Emergency Reconstruction Programme. Although the 2001 CCA contains no explicit reference to DRR, the 2007-2011 UNDP Country Programme of Action includes, under the capacity-building component, a strategy for disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation. This programme component aims to develop capacity for disaster management, preparedness and response, and is to be implemented by UNDP, FAO and UNICEF. A synchronised early warning system is to be one of the programme outputs. UNDP’s Recovery Unit also claims to have been active in crisis prevention planning. The 2007-2011 UNDAF identified some DRR interventions, including the development of a strategy for disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation; and establishment of early warning systems for drought, other natural disasters and conflict. Eritrea’s interim PRSP refers to DRR in the context of food security and drought preparedness. IFRC is supporting the Eritrean Red Cross in a programme of disaster preparedness and response. Existing national DRR policies and legislation: Development of a strategy should have been carried out in 2007. And, as a joint programme between UNDP and other UN agencies, the development of the strategy was included in the Annual Work Plan (AWP) for 2007.




- A national strategy for DRR must be in place and discussed among all relevant

stakeholders before taking measures to mainstream DRR into national policy and investments


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- The major difficulties that occur during the process of mainstreaming are directly or indirectly associated with the prevalence of serious capacity gaps at different levels


Bank Task Team; Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort - GFDRR Track II: Climate Modeling and Risk Management project to improve

ability to use regional modeling techniques in cooperation with IGAD - WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Horn of Africa (GHACOF) seasonal

forecasts in cooperation with ICPAC


Eritrea’s 2007 NAPA includes two DRR-related projects: the first-ranked project in the Agriculture section entitled “Breeding Drought and Disease Resistant Crops,” and the second-ranked health project on epidemiological early warning.


Emergency Reconstruction Programme incorporates DRR issues


In 1994 the Early Warning and Remote Sensing System was launched and later on this

programme shifted to the National Food Information System

- 2007-2011 UNDAF includes development of a strategy for disaster prevention, preparedness and mitigation; and establishment of early warning systems for drought, other natural disasters and conflict

- System for regular collection and analysis of data on vulnerable groups is planned to be established

-




- Draft Interim-PRSP considers issues related to DRR, referred to as the recent

events of war and recurring drought and their effects are discussed in Section II of the document that deals with Poverty Profile in Eritrea, Poverty Incidence-Drought Impact table


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- Quantitative and qualitative household Living standard Measurement Surveys have been. The survey results have qualitative data on poverty incidence in Urban and Rural areas




- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Agriculture - Contact person: Mr. Solomon Haile - E-mail: [email protected]


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2.19 ETHIOPIA


- Population: 79 Million - Urban Population: 16.70 % - Surface: 1,104,300 Km2 - GDP 2008: $ 23.53 Billion


Drought (9)

Epidemic (4)

Bacterial Infectious Diseases (12)


Viral Infectious Diseases (2)

Flood (9) - Flash Flood (6) - General Flood (28)

Locust (4)

Landslide (3)

Volcanic eruption (2)

Forest fire (1)

Largest human loss: - Drought 1983: 300,000 people killed

Largest human loss/affected people - Drought 2003: 12,600,000 people affected


Drought 1973: US$ 76,000,000


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DRR Institutions:

- Relief and Rehabilitation Commission (RRC) was created in 1976, which was renamed in 1995 National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Committee (NDPPC), chaired by the Deputy Prime Minister. It is the highest decision-making body in issues related to disaster management. Committee members include heads of different ministries and agencies relevant to disaster management operations or issues

- Objective of the NDPPC is to implement the National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Policy


There is currently no legislative underpinning of the Disaster Risk Management policy (see below), although it dates back to 1974. An update of the policy is currently being planned.


- There is currently no National Platform. - DRR falls under the Disaster Risk Management and Food Security Sector

(DRMFSS), which is part of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MOARD). However, MOARD plans to revitalize the Disaster Risk Management Council (founded in 1993) as a National Platform.

- Existing national DRR policies and legislation: - National Policy on Disaster Prevention and Management (NPDPM)

endorsed in 1993 being revised with focus on DRR and preparedness


The Disaster Risk Management policy is designed according to the HFA priority areas --- even though Ethiopia is not a signatory to the HFA. However, the policy is still not complete, according to latest information. Although Ethiopia has more than 30 early warning systems, there was no coordinating framework until the recent collaboration of the USAID-funded FEWS NET and the WFP-funded Vulnerability Analysis Mapping (VAM) to produce the monthly Early Warning Bulletin. Ethiopia’s current PRSP recognises the importance of DRR by establishing the reduction of vulnerability as a central policy focus. Activities include: the expansion of irrigation; crop-diversification; better integration of markets, transport and information links; expansion of off-farm income and the piloting of crop/weather insurance mechanisms.


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The World Bank’s 2008-2010 Ethiopia CAS recognizes the risks posed by climatic shocks, including droughts and floods, and the need to reduce poverty and strengthen livelihoods for food-insecure Ethiopian households to withstand adverse climatic shocks. As one of the 10 Nile Basin States, Ethiopia is committed to moving from water allocation to benefit sharing. The Eastern Nile Flood Preparedness and Early Warning project aims to reduce flood risk along the Blue Nile in Sudan and Ethiopia.


There is a National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Fund (NDPPF) managed by a National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Fund Administration (NDPPFA) with technical involvement of major donors, however, this fund is relatively new and has limited capacity. UNDP provides technical assistance to the value of $300,000 p.a. (2009).


- GFDRR Track II: Mainstream disaster risk reduction as part of the sustainable

recovery effort to help eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable development in the rural sector

- GFDRR Track II: Climate Modeling and Risk Management project; improve ability to use regional modeling techniques in cooperation with IGAD

- GFDRR Track II: Facilitating Provision of Baseline Vulnerability Information on Flood-Exposed Communities in Ethiopia

- GFDRR Track II: Weather Risk Management Framework project to use Weather-Based Indices for vulnerability-related information on community livelihoods in a selected flood exposed area

- GFDRR Track II: Mitigating Impacts of Adverse Shocks on Nutrition and Health through support to National Nutrition Program (NNP)

- WMO: Climate observations and regional modeling in support of climate risk management

- WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Horn of Africa (GHACOF) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with ICPAC

- WMO: Preparedness to climate variability and change, natural disaster preparedness and enhanced food security in cooperation with SADC DMC and ICPAC

- World Vision International: “Africa Community Resilience Project”; training risk assessment; pilot risk assessments; cooperation with different universities on participatory impact assessment

- World Vision International: “Children Emergency Response and Disaster Mitigation”; strengthen community resilience


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Ethiopia’s current NAPA includes several resilience-building coping mechanisms such as changes in cropping and planting practises, inter-household transfers and loans, and the use of local early-warning systems. A total of 37 projects were ranked and prioritised, with the top priority given to an $8 million programme of crop/drought insurance. The only project relevant to DDR was one on Capacity Building for CCA, ranked at number 6 and budgeted at $3 million. A revised NAPA in draft form was announced in March 2010.


- Ethiopia has a National Disaster Prevention and Preparedness Fund (NDPPF) - Ethiopia established seed reserves, and strengthened the Emergency Food

Security Reserve Administration (EFSRA) by raising its stock from 33, 000 metric tons (MT) to 307, 000 MT. These activities were conducted to strengthen Ethiopia's disaster prevention and preparedness capacity


- There are early warning committees at all levels of the government down to

the lowest level, the woreda. The committees gather the information, evaluate and report to higher-level committees

- 2000 to 2005 “Strengthening Emergency Response Ability” (SERA) project was executed under a former NDPPA-USAID bilateral initiative. The project studied the root causes of vulnerability of communities in some 16 sample woredas (districts) that have for long suffered from chronic food shortage crises largely triggered by recurrent drought, comprehensive risk or vulnerability assessments have not been carried out as of yet.




PASDEP (Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to End Poverty), which is Ethiopia’s version of PRSP and is a comprehensive five-year development plan, implicitly covers a variety of interventions that directly contribute to DRR. The multifaceted national Food Security Program, the massive Natural Resources Conservation and Watershed Management program and the aggressive Environmental


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Protection Program are a few examples that can be cited from the PASDEP that may ultimately lead to poverty as well as disaster risk reduction


- Lack of multi-hazard approach: Lots of critics have claimed that the NPDPM as

well as the resulting DM system of the country are heavily drought-biased. Little or no proper disaster mapping or research work has been carried out to systematically explore and record the types and extent of hazards in Ethiopia. Likewise, there are no early warning system and other preparedness facilities to address fast onset disasters. Obviously, the prevailing bias towards slow onset (chiefly drought) has its own reason, as drought has remained a perennial challenge to the country.

- Lack of enforcement: The Policy was not enforced by a legislative power; this gap is perhaps the single most amenable factor for the setbacks that the implementation of the Policy encountered. There is a missing link between responsibility, authority and accountability especially with respect to the implementation of the following pivotal policy directions/strategies: relief – development linkage, inter-sectoral DM integration or mainstreaming and proactive disaster prevention approach, among others.


- Name of focal point Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development - Contact person: Mr. Mituku Kassa, State Minister for matters related to

disaster management and food security - E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]


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2.20 GABON






General flood (1) Largest human loss:

- Epidemic 2001: 50 people killed Largest human loss/affected people

- Epidemic 2007: 17,900 people affected


In 2004 the Comité Interministériel de la Gestion des Catastrophes was created by presidential decree, as part of the national strategy of prevention of disaster risks. A national directorate for risk-prevention has also been set up with four roles:

i) to prepare and update legislation on DRR ii) to gather relevant information iii) to inform the populations on matters relating to disasters and risks iv) to monitor disaster risks.


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Provincial directorates for the prevention and management of disasters support this national directorate. A Bill was presented to the National Assembly in 2005 to establish the Fonds de Concours pour Risque (Risk Support Fund).


- National Platform for DRR established in August 2004 with assistance from

UNISDR Africa. It was initially anchored in the Ministry of Interior but in 2008 moved to the Ministry of Environment

- Regional Center for Risk Prevention (CRPR) was to be launched in 2008 in Libreville under the Office of the Prime Minister, covering the 16 countries of the Golf of Guinea; Center planned to collaborate with the “GRIN Ecosystem” Project based in Accra, Ghana


The national strategy for risk prevention and management was drawn up in 2006, but the local develop plans still exclude the DRR dimension. There is currently no early-warning system in place, but the establishment of one was envisaged in the 2009 capacity-building project. The World Bank’s CAS makes no mention of disasters and DRR, and the PRSP, under preparation for several years, which is not yet complete.


The Ministry of National Solidarity, Social Affairs and Welfare manages the Fonds de Concours pour Risque (Risk Support Fund) to finanace projects aimed at disaster management. Two projects were funded in the 2009 budget:

- capacity-building and first-aid training, and - the preparation of a vulnerability assessment.

IFRC’s Disaster Management Programme, valued at $2.1 million p.a. for 2010 and 2011, aims to build the Disaster Management capacity of the Red Cross in Gabon as well as other countries across the central Africa region.


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- UNOCHA: Strengthening capacity for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone

African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC - WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Central Africa (PRESAC) in

cooperation with ACMAD since 2002


Environmental plans include CCA, according to the latest country report on HFA implementation.


The national strategy of prevention of disaster risks integrates DRR within reconstruction and rehabilitation, according to the latest country report on HFA implementation.


A risk assessment has not been undertaken




DDR is included in the PSRP within the framework of sustainable development section on Emergency Preparedness (Civil Defence) – Social Safety Net


Lack of financial, human and material resources


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- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Environment, Sustainable

Development, Prevention and Disaster Management - Contact person: Mr. Jerome Ekegang Edane - E-mail: [email protected]


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2.21 GAMBIA




1979 to 2008

Drought (2)

Epidemic


Flood (2) - - General Flood (2) - - Flash Flood (1)

Insect Infestation (1) - - Grasshopper (1) - - Locust (2)

Storm (2) - - Local Storm (1)



Largest Economic loss: - Drought 1968: US$ 500


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The National Disaster Management Act of 2008 established the National Disaster Management Council (NDMC), currently chaired by the Vice President and comprising the sector ministries and the Solicitor General. Its functions are defined as:

i) to advise the Government on all matters relating to disaster preparedness, response, mitigation and recovery, and the preparation and formulation of a National Disaster Plan, including the coordination of activities of Government and non-Government agencies;

ii) to develop strategies and policies for the prevention of, preparation for, response to, mitigation of and recovery from disasters;

iii) to ensure that the strategies and policies it develops are implemented by the National Disaster Management Agency, other government agencies and non-government agencies;

iv) to advise the President on the need for aid to counter the effects of a disaster and on any agreement proposed to be entered into by the Government in relation to such aid;

v) to advise the President on the declaration of a state of emergency; and vi) subject to the approval of the Inspector General of Police and the Chief of

Defence Staff, to determine the number of members of the Gambia Police Force and Gambia Armed Force respectively are to be deployed in the prevention of, preparation for, response to, mitigation of and recovery from a particular disaster.

The secretariat to the Council is provided by the National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA), first established in 2006 and formalised under the 2008 Act. Its main functions are set out as being:

- to carry out disaster management responsibilities. - to lead the country’s efforts to prepare for, respond to, recover from, and

mitigate the risks of natural and man-made disasters. - to act as the central planning, coordinating and monitoring institution for

disaster management and post-disaster recovery reconstruction. - to advise and brief the NDMC from time to time on progress and major

problems in disaster management, and appeal for international assistance is required.

- to prepare, update, maintain, implement and monitor the National Disaster Plan.

- to lay down guidelines for the Regional Committees and District Committees in drawing up the Regional Disaster Plans and District Disaster Plans, as well as advise the sector Ministries on disaster-related issues;

- to approve the disaster plans prepared by the Departments of State, Regional Committees and District Committees;

- to foster public awareness and education on disaster management issues. - to give advice on disaster management to Regional Committees and District

Committees;


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- to coordinate requests for aid, and to control and direct the allocation of aid provided by government and non-government agencies;

- to establish and maintain relations with international relief organisations in order to facilitate accessing of their resources in the event of a disaster.

The NDMA is managed by an Executive Director and is located in the Office of the Vice-President. Their staffs is salaried civil servants. The Agency is assisted by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG), which comprises technical experts from within and outside the civil service. Under the 2008 Act, every region in Gambia is required to establish a Regional Disaster Management Committee (RDMC), charged with the responsibility of implementing the National Disaster Plan in its region. The region’s mayor or governor, who has freedom to make appointments to the Committee, chairs the RDMCs. Five Regional and 2 Municipal Disaster Management Committees have been restructured since 2006.The RDMCs are assisted by Regional Disaster Management Coordinators who help prepare regional disaster management plans. In the event of a disaster being declared in the region, the National Coordinator may assume responsibility from the Regional Coordinator. Each District also has a District Disaster Management Committee, chaired by the chief and supported by District Disaster Management Coordinators who are local government officers.


No National Platform is reported

DRR focal institution is the National Environment Agency (NEA)

DRR addressed by institutions represented in the National Disaster, Emergency Relief and Resettlement Committee

-


The Government’s National Disaster Management policy is designed to promote a disaster prevention culture, with an emphasis on disaster prevention and preparedness. The NDMA’s Strategic Action Plan 2008-2011 lists 6 objectives, with their respective budget estimates:

1. To establish a national disaster management office and regional and municipal disaster committees, coordination committee and technical committees ($375,000).

2. To integrate disaster risk reduction in sustainable policies and plans ($135,000).


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3. To create a body of knowledge that is useful to support government, humanitarian organizations and other partners; to anticipate, plan for and manage disaster effectively ($160,000).

4. To create broad and effective partnership among government, Humanitarian organizations and other partners; to engage in disaster risk reduction activities and addressing the underlying factors in disasters ($175,000).

5. To develop an efficient response mechanism to disaster management and to make available the necessary resources ($650,000).

6. To strengthen national capacity in timely detection, prevention, control, investigation and reporting of Avian influenza and other diseases within animals and human population ($245,000).

The fund-raising strategy for this plan lists two sources of funding:

i) regular allocations of government resources to existing ministries, who are already conducing some similar or related functions

ii) fresh funding from development partners. It is not known to what extent this fund-raising effort has been successful. However, each Ministry also has the legal responsibility under the 2008 Act to maintain sectoral plans covering disaster management (prevention, preparedness, response, mitigation and recovery). Disaster management is an explicit strand in Gambia’s official “Vision 2020” strategy, with commitments to initiate disaster relief strategies and programmes to combat and alleviate the cost of disasters. UNDP’s $164,000 project (2006-7) concentrated on establishing the basic mechanisms of disaster management machinery.


The 2008 Act envisaged the establishment of a National Disaster Fund. The Government provided initial funding for DRR of US $200,000 in early 2009. However, the NDMA’s Strategic Action Plan 2008-2011 (see above) is budgeted at a total of $1,740,000.




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Gambia has a strong tradition of environmental management dated back to the first Gambia Environment Action Plan (GEAP) of 1993-1998, which set the legal framework. Gambia’s statement at the 2009 Global Forum stressed that, as a low-lying riverine country, Gambia stresses the connections between climate change and DRR. The first priority project of its 2007 NAPA was the ‘Rehabilitation of Early Warning Systems on Climate-related Natural Hazards’, costed at $450,000. With support from ISDR, it developed a four Year Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation Programme 2010 to 2013 – but it requires external funding to implement the programme, whose cost is estimated at $5 million.


- IFRC: DRR at School-School pupils made aware of the imminent risk in their

community and can convey the message to their community. Campaign materials with DRR messages.

- IFRC: Disaster Risk Management in North Bank Region - GFDRR Track II: Community Co-Management for Disaster Risk Management of

Marine Resources in West Africa. Build capacity in coastal communities


- Comprehensive hazard profile for Gambia developed in 2006 - National disaster management website established in 2006 to foster

cooperation and information exchange, linked to other relevant websites - Gambia Red Cross Society conducted a vulnerability and capacity assessment of

twenty-two hazards with corresponding prevalent sites, services and capacity available for their management. Areas covered include health, fire, pest invasion, drug abuse, socio-economic problems, security threats, drought, flooding, and waste dumping among others

Concern Universal and its partners (2005) also conducted a VCA and further identified 17 hazards in Foni Kansala, Kombo Central and Kombo South Districts. The analysis in their report only covers the top five hazards: water shortage, flood, epidemic, forest fires, and drought/desertification (by severity and community priority) as the major hazards requiring attention




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- DRR has been mentioned under the Environment pillar of the PRSP with

reference to The “Gambia Incorporated: Vision 2020” Provisions that regulate the management of environmental disasters are in the National Environment Management Act (NEMA), 1994, enforced by the National Environment Agency


Lack of legislative framework, capacity including human, material and financial resources for advancement in DRR


- Name of focal point organization: National Environment Agency (NEA - Contact person: Mr. Ndenneh Nying, Environmental Inspector & Secretary to

Disaster Committee


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2.22 GHANA


- Population: 23.4 Million - Urban Population: 49.28 % - Surface: 1,284,000 Km2 - GDP 2008: $ 16.83 Billion


1979 to 2008:

- Flood - - General Floods (9) - Drought (1) - Epidemic (1) - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (12)

Wild Fire - - Scrub/grassland fire (1)

Largest human loss:



Flood 1968: US$ 74,700


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The National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO) was set up by a 1996 Act of the same name. It is located in the Ministry of the Interior, chaired by the Minister of the Interior, and reports to the National Security Council. NADMO’s functions, according to its website, are:

Coordination of the activities of various bodies in the management of disasters; Rehabilitation of persons affected by disasters; Social mobilization, especially at the community level to support various

Government programmes, such as the poverty reduction programme as well as those aimed at the management of disasters.

Ensuring that the country is prepared to prevent disasters and manage them well when they occur.

NADMO is supported by National Technical Advisory Committees, such as the Geological Platform, which advises on mining hazards. Reporting to NADMO are10 Regional Disaster Management Committees, chaired by the Regional Minister, and 140 District Disaster Management Committees chaired by the District Chief Executive. This is a substantial ground presence: even at district level, each Disaster Management Committee office apparently has an average of 5 NADMO staff. Other institutions such as the Town and Country Planning Department, District Assembly Engineering Unit and the Environmental Protection Agency have guidelines to reduce risks associated with construction, mining and land use. NADMO is currently seek a revision of its founding Act that will give it the authority to e.g. demolish buildings not constructed in accordance with building codes or obstructing waterways.


The National Platform on DRR was launched in 2006 with support from UNISDR, as a multi-sectoral multi-discipline group. However, the GFDRR country mission found it to be relatively inactive. It is anchored in the National Disaster Management Organization (NADMO).


No national disaster management policy or strategy is yet in place. However, there do exist disaster management and disaster preparedness plans at national, regional and district levels.


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A GFDRR-financed project entitled “Sustainable Development, Disaster Prevention and Water Resource Management” started in 2008, budgeted at $660,000, with the preparation of a National Strategy for Disaster Prevention as one of its three components. The GFDRR has now proposed a much more ambitious $3.5 million programme with four components (strengthening national disaster risk management strategies and institutions; risk and vulnerability assessments; public education and the reduction of risk and vulnerability factors). NADMO received UNDP funding in 2007/8 to conduct public information work on disaster management. Neither the 2004 CCA nor the 2006-2010 UNDAF consider DRR, although environmental degradation and vulnerable groups in the North are mentioned. However, the PRSP considers DRR in terms of the need to reduce vulnerability of underprivileged groups.


NADMO is funded from the Government budget as part of the Ministry of the Interior, with a total budget of c. $5 million. The bulk of this budget is used to pay salaries, with only about 5% available for investments and programmes.


- GFDRR Track II: Prevention, and Water Resources Ghana North - Sustainable

Development, Disaster Management - GFDRR Track II: Community Co-Management for Disaster Risk Management of

Marine Resources in West Africa; Building capacity in coastal communities - WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support

integrated water resources management and flood forecasting in cooperation with AGHRYMET

- World Vision International: “Africa Community Resilience Project”; DRR training risk assessment; awareness campaigns; risk assessments with communities conducted

- Provention Consortium: Partners for Humanitarian and Risk Education Expansion (PHREE-Way) established regional platforms to facilitate, enable and mediate learning and research

- Provention Consortium: African Urban Risk Analysis Network (AURAN). International focus on DRR in urban areas of Africa



Ghana has not completed a NAPA. However, UNDP/UNEP have an on-going project budgeted at $150,000 to produce a national climate change adaptation strategy.


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NADMO has mapped hazardous areas and encourages people not to build in flood-prone areas. Roads and bridges are also rebuilt to more resistant specifications after a disaster. However, according to Ghana’s 2009 HFA report, DRR considerations play little part in disaster response, e.g. communities affected by flooding are unlikely to be resettled in less risky areas.

- DM Contingency plans at national and some regional levels - Draft National contingency plan - Contingency plans for all major stakeholders including fire, civil aviation, armed

forces, police and health services - NADMO website established to link the global stakeholders


- Technical advisory committee carries out identification and hazards, monitoring

and assessments and issues EW that include man-made and natural hazards - Hazard and vulnerability maps generated in 2007 for hydro-meteorological and

geological disasters, fires and locust infestation - Several institutions monitor and store data on hydro-meteorological risk and

vulnerabilities, information streamlined and accessible on NADMO website - EW systems in place for earthquakes, army worm infestation, river level

monitoring, dam spilling and meteorological monitoring through WMO – warnings disseminated through media

- Strong trans boundary collaboration for risk reduction through ECOWAS and AU

- Risk information exchange between Ghana and Burkina Faso, Togo and Cote D’Ivoire, for floods, terrorist threats, epidemics, pests and locust infestation


- Handbills distributed country wide on the major disasters (where they occur

and what to do) - Website with disaster information - School curricula contains some aspects of disaster - Country wide public awareness strategy exists at national, regional, district and

community levels


- Some institutions have guidelines to reduce risk associated with construction

and mining - Bush fire prevention measures undertaken by fire brigade


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- Risk awareness activities carried out for some of the most vulnerable communities

- Safety plans exist for several institutions. Disaster risk management was integrated into those by NADMO

- DRR included into PRSP (GPRS II 2006-2009)


- Institutions implementing development projects do not see the immediate

benefit of DRR and are not ready to pay extra costs - Communication between communities is not effective – transportation is

considered expensive and telephone contact is non-existent - Early Warning systems do not cover all areas, some flood prone areas are not

monitored, and there is a lack of access EW messages among poor and vulnerable communities

- There is ignorance to DRR – construction being undertaken in known earthquake and flood prone zones

- Communities in high risk areas are unwilling to resettle - Need to develop and implement building codes to reduce risk - School buildings

are not disaster resilient - Lack of knowledge and skills to assess impact of development projects, national

planning agency needs to be involved in development planning processes to monitor risk

- Lack of national policy or strategy for disaster management is hindering the process of disaster management in the country

- There is a confusion regarding who is responsible and who should respond to disasters


- (NADMO) - Contact person: Mr. Kofi Portuphy, National Coordinator - E-mail: [email protected]



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2.23 GUINEA BISSAU




- Drought (3) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (8) - General flood (3) - Insect infestation (grasshoppers) (2) - Tropical cyclone (2) - Scrub/Grassland fire (1)




No national strategy or legislation on DRR.




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Guinea Bissau’s 2006 CCA contains an analysis of the environmental and social degradation of the country, which foments structural vulnerability to natural hazards and man-made shocks. It recommends a focus on the country’s vulnerable groups –defined as a majority of the population. However, the attendant PRSP, while stressing the need to target services on vulnerable groups, did not integrate DRR considerations. DRR issues being handled by the Institute of Biodiversity and Protected Areas, Ministry of Natural Resources.


UNDP’s Crisis Prevention programme in Guinea Bissau, budgeted at $1.8 million over 5 years, is focused not on DRR but on improving justice and governance systems.


- GFDRR Track II: Community Co-Management for Disaster Risk Management of

Marine Resources in West Africa; Building capacity in coastal communities - UNOCHA: Strengthening capacity for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone

African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC - WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, West Africa, Cameroon and Chad

(Presao) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with ACMAD


Guinea Bissau’s 2008 NAPA focused on environmental stabilisation and food security through crop diversification. A project on Prevention of Natural Catastrophes, budgeted at $300,000, was ranked 8th in priority.




Risk assessment has not been undertaken, however, it has been envisaged within the framework of the PRSP.


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DRR included in PRSP.




- Name of focal point organization: National Institute for Statistics and Censuses;

Ministry of Economy and Finance - Contact person: Mr. Francisco Da Costa, Director - E-mail: [email protected]/ [email protected]


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2.24. GUINEA CONAKRY




1979 to 2008

- Flood (2) - -General Floods (4) - Earthquake (1) - Drought (2) - Epidemic (1) - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (9) - - Viral Infectious Diseases (2)

Storm - Local Storm (1)

Wildfire - Scrub/grassland fire (1)

Largest human loss:


Flood 2001: 220,000 people affected


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Guinea Conakry’s institutional framework on disaster management dates back to the creation in 1990 of the Comité National Guinéen pour la Décennie Internationale de la Prévention des Catastrophes Naturelles (National Guinean Committee for the the Decade on Prevention of Natural Disaster Prevention). Since then it has developed a legal rubric, with the technical support of the UN, which includes:

- 1996 Act on the management of natural and man-made disasters - 1997 Decree on the creation and operations of the Comité National de Gestion

des Catastrophes (National Committee on Disaster Management). - 1997 Establishment of the Groupe Opérationel du Comité National de Gestion

des Catastrophes (Operational Unit of the National Committee on Disaster Management) made up of representatives of all relevant ministries, Civil Society and NGOs. The Unit is now under the responsibility of the Ministry for Agriculture, Livestock, Environment, Water and Forestry, and acts as the secretariat to the Comité National de Gestion des Catastrophes.


The Groupe Opérationel du Comité National de Gestion des Catastrophes (Operational Unit for the National Committee on Disaster Management), made up of representatives of all relevant ministries, Civil Society and NGOs, provides the basis for the National Platform.

- National platform established (Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Finance) – but not operational due to lack of financial resources

- National committee for disaster management in place - Institutions responsible for disaster management and emergency interventions

only partly functional


In Guinea most existing DRR initiatives are integrated within environmental policies and plans, such as the ordinance 045/PRG/SGG/87: le Plan National d'Actions pour l’Environnement (PNAE -- National Plan for the Environment), le Programme Forestier National (PFN -- National Forestry Plan), le Schéma Directeur d’Aménagement de la Mangrove (SNAM, Master Plan for Mangrove Management) and la Stratégie Nationale et Plan d’Action pour la Conservation et l’Utilisation Durable de la Diversité Biologique (National Strategy and Action Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Bio-Diversity). Guinean technical staff have also been trained on DRR with the support of the UN Department of Humanitarian Affairs, the Swiss Government and the US Embassy in Guinea.


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The 2007 - 2011 UNDAF focuses on the preservation and promotion of the environment and habitat. However, it also budgets for activities on the prevention and management of natural disasters such as the rehabilitation of ecosystems ($450,000: UNDP, FAO,UNHCR), the preservation, quality and safety of water ($425,000), the preparation of a National Contingency Plan (OCHA: $40,000), and plans for an Act to harmonise the various codes managing natural resources, the environment and the prevention of natural disasters (OCHA: $200,000). Guinea’s PRSP makes no mention of DRR.


- IFRC: Manfran Rice Project. Initiate income generating activities. Strengthen

capacity related to farming techniques - IFRC: Community based DRR in Woya, Guéckédou. Waste management leading

to reduction of ground water contamination - GFDRR Track II: Community Co-Management for Disaster Risk Management of

Marine Resources in West Africa. Build capacity in coastal communities. - UNOCHA: Strengthening capacity for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone

African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC - UNOCHA: Regional meeting to create a bridge between national contingency

plans and the plans ORSEC (Rescue Organizations) used in francophone countries with participation of Humanitarian actors, all francophone Government counterparts and France

- WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting in cooperation with AGHRYMET

- WMO: Enhancing marine Multi-Hazard EWS in the West African Countries for improved marine safety


DRR integrated into environmental protection legislation and programs for climate change adaptation. Guinea’s 2007 NAPA includes several DRR-related projects: the development of Irrigated Rice Agriculture ($300,000) and Allotments ($250,000) to contribute to food security, and the expansion of cane-rat breeding to reduce bush fires ($300 000). Also relevant is the Programme Action National /sur Lutte Contre la Désertification (PAN /LCD), or National Programme of Action against Desertification.


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- Emergency and preparedness plans not in place for all administrative levels, but

there is progress in the petrol sector where simulations are carried out on a regular basis


- Risk information not accessible for all actors at all levels - Risk evaluation not being done - No early warning in place yet and little knowledge among population on natural

hazards


- DRR not yet integrated into curriculum due to lack of technical and human

capacity - Information campaign at national level exists through mass media and

traditional means of communication


- Prevention and evaluation bureau in place that disseminates information – but

it is not very functional (due to lack of human and financial resources) - Programs for social development in place trough PRSP to reduce the

vulnerability of people - DRR integrated into rehabilitation and reconstruction processes but due to lack

of follow up, many constructions do not consider DRR. - DRR impact evaluation procedures for development projects and public

infrastructure in place


- Need to develop strategies at community level - Need to strengthen capacity and structure to set up data bank on DRR – need

to enhance quality of information and data on DRR - Lack of adequate communication leads to delayed information dissemination –

need for enhanced communication capacity through the installation of radios, phones and internet lines

- Need to develop methodology, models and studies for vulnerability and impact assessments

- Need to reinforce regulations and norms – need to identify strategies and policies for sustainable management of human settlements


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- No information exchange procedures in place during or post disasters


- Name of focal point organization: National Service for Disaster Management

and Environmental Emergencies - Contact person: Prof. Djibril Camara; Assistant General Director - E-mail: [email protected] , [email protected]




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2.25 KENYA




1979 to 2008:

- Drought (9) - Epidemic (4) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (13) - Parasitic Infectious Diseases (5) - Viral Infectious Diseases (4) - Earthquake (1) - Tsunami (1) - Flood (3) - Flash Flood (6) - General Flood (21) - Mass Movement wet - Landslide (3) - Storm - Local storm (1)

Largest human loss: - Epidemic 1999: 1,237 people killed

Largest human loss/affected people: - Drought 1999: 23,000,000 people affected



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- Earthquake 2004: US$ 100,000


Kenya’s DRR framework dates back a national draft policy in 1999, whose overall goal was “to establish and maintain an efficient, effective and coordinated system for management of disasters”. Formal responsibility for DRR lay with the Ministry of State for Special Programmes in the Office of President. Different institutions such as the Kenya Food Security Steering Group, the Arid Lands Resource Management Project, the National Disaster Operations Center, the Crisis Response Centre, the Kenya Humanitarian Forum, the Kenya Red Cross Society, St. John Ambulance, the military and the line ministries have responded relatively effectively to disasters according to their own mandates. However, a Disaster Management Act, despite it being on the agenda since 2002, has never solidified the policy. Current policy is detailed in the 2009 National Policy for Disaster Management, which envisages that the Act, when passed, will establish a set of linked bodies:

1) The National Disaster Executive Committee (NDEC) is to be the highest Disaster Management decision-making body: Cabinet level and chaired by the President. It nominates the Board of Directors of the National Disaster Management Agency (NADIMA).

2) The National Disaster Coordinating Committee (NDCC) is to be the executive arm of the NDEC, comprising relevant Permanent Secretaries and chaired by the Head of public service. Its core function is to execute policy in relation to disasters.

3) The National Disaster Management Agency (NADIMA) will have the following six Directorates: Early Warning, Disaster Risk Profiling Information management and communication; Response Coordination; Finance and Administration; Research, Planning, Monitoring & Evaluation to support its services. It will be headed by an Executive Director General, hired through a competitive bidding process and a Board of Directors appointed by the Head of the Government of Kenya through recommendations from the National Disaster Executive Committee.

The policy was forwarded to the Cabinet in September 2009, but has been delayed be discussion of new issues such as mechanisms to address climate change and political violence. At District Level, the level of coordination varies greatly. In Kisumu district, for example, Early Warning is currently done through the NGOs, district and divisional disaster committees and the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation; while in Kakamega, the municipal council is actively involved in Early Warning. The 2009 National Policy for Disaster Management plans to establish standard District Disaster


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Management Committees in all Districts, whose responsibilities will include the following:

Operating the District Early Warning System (EWS);

Formulation, compilation and coordination of District Disaster Contingency Plans;

Administering district disaster and contingency funds;

Conducting and documenting an inventory on the response capacity for the emergency services;

Organizing and participating in disaster management training and needs assessment, in conjunction with local experts, volunteers, trained personnel and other stakeholders;

Promoting advocacy for and co-ordination of Disaster Management and DRR programmes and activities including mainstreaming of Disaster Management, DRR and Climate Change in Education, Development Planning and management.


National Platform for DRR established in 2004 with the support of UNISDR, anchored in the Ministry of State for Special Programmes under the President’s Office. In 2007 5 Thematic HFA groups were established, as well a secretariat for the national platform. The 2009 National Policy for Disaster Management envisages the establishment of a National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction as a stakeholder’s forum for consultation, negotiation, mediation and consensus building on disaster risk reduction. The Platform work within the Ministry of State for Special Programmes, with a separate department for DRR. The broad objectives of the forum are defined as to:

Promote and enhance education, public awareness and advocacy of disaster risks.

Obtain commitment from the public leadership to disaster risk reduction.

Stimulate and strengthen multi-disciplinary and multi-sectoral partnerships and networks for Disaster Risk Reduction at all levels.

Improve dissemination and understanding of natural and man-made causes of disasters, and their related effects upon vulnerable communities.

Plan dissemination of information on Disaster Risk Reduction

Play an advisory role to all the stakeholders on DRR Membership of the National Platform is to be drawn from Line Ministries, NGOs, and CBOs. The UN agencies and the Private Sector are encouraged to participate, and share their information, knowledge and expertise with the other stakeholders. The Platform will work closely with the Directorates within NADIMA.


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Existing national DRR policies:

- Disaster management policy submitted to the cabinet - DRR Strategy developed in 2007 and adopted

In the past, disaster response activities have been poorly coordinated, e.g. with no standard operational procedures and Disaster Emergency Operation Plans. The final (2009) version of the National Policy For Disaster Management envisages the shift to a more integrated holistic system along HFA lines. The 2009 National Policy for Disaster Management has 9 objectives including the following DRR-related ones:

1. To establish a policy/legal and institutional framework for management of disasters, including promotion of a culture of disaster awareness and for building the capacity for disaster risk reduction, at all levels;

2. To ensure that institutions and activities for disaster risk management are co-ordinated, focused to foster participatory partnerships between the Government and other stakeholders, at all levels;

3. To promote linkages between disaster risk management and sustainable development for reduction of vulnerability to hazards and disasters;

4. To make available sensitisation, awareness creation and functional literacy to the public for disaster management.

The policy also includes plans for food stockpiles to add to grain reserves; disaster trust funds; contingency plans at the level of the district; and insurance initiatives.


The current budget for DRR is allocated within the Ministry of State for Special Programmes in the Office of President. The line ministries have no budget earmarked for DRR.



Bank Task Team; Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort - GFDRR Track II: Climate Modeling and Risk Management. Improve ability to use

regional modeling techniques to assist in the development of adaptation and climate risk management strategies

- UNDP: Northern Uganda Drought Support - UNDP: Floods Emergency Project; Formation of water and sanitation

coordination teams in the various regions - UNISDR: Strengthening National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction in Africa


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- UNISDR: GFDRR South-South Cooperation; Strengthen national and regional coordination mechanisms and capacities for enhanced guidance, implementation and reporting on HFA

- UNOCHA Kenya: Drafting and review of National Disaster Response Plan; District Disaster Preparedness and Response Planning; Contingency Planning for Flood Management

- WMO: Strategy for Flood management - WMO: Climate observations and regional modeling in support of climate risk

management - WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Horn of Africa (GHACOF) seasonal

forecasts in cooperation with ICPAC - WMO: Tropical Cyclone Advisories for the Southwest Indian Ocean Countries;

Enhanced availability of guidance information for the issue of tropical cyclone warnings by NMHS’s at national level

- WMO: Preparedness to climate variability and change, natural disaster preparedness and enhanced food security in cooperation with SADC DMC and ICPAC

- ProVention Consortium: Partners for Humanitarian and Risk Education Expansion (PHREE-Way) established regional platforms to facilitate, enable and mediate the learning and research

- ProVention Consortium: Research & Action Grants for Disaster Risk Reduction; provide financial support to young researchers to undertake projects related to disaster risk reduction

- ProVention Consortium: African Urban Risk Analysis Network (AURAN).


The draft 2007 Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy has as one of its objectives “to promote the integration of climate change- impacts information into Disaster Management” The 2009 National Policy for Disaster Management identifies one of the features of a successful planning framework: “To critically factor into the systematic DM provisions for the rapid evolution of Climate Change, its potential negative impacts, and the desired proactive, planned mitigation measures.” In December 2009 UN Habitat announced that Mombasa would be one of the pilot cities of its African Climate Change initiative, which aims to build capacity around climate change adaptation and mitigation.


Kenya’s 2007 Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy commits the National Focal point to work up post-disaster mitigation strategies, involving line ministries for technical assistance on building standards.


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Several Projects such as the Arid Lands Project monitoring drought and floods especially regarding early warning for effective response.


- Vulnerability mapping has been carried out – but there is a lack of expertise

and funds to sustain it - During the development of the DRR Strategy, a Vulnerability and Capacity

Assessment (VCA) was carried out; summary of the studies is still being compiled

- Systems in place to monitor, archive and disseminate data on key hazards and vulnerabilities

- EW for meteorological hazards through the meteorological service, monitoring systems in place for food security, earthquakes and floods

- Trans-boundary risk recognized, such as competing for pastures and grazing land


- First African Meeting of Parliamentarians on DRR and Climate Change was held

by the Prime Minister’s Office of Kenya in February 2009 with support of UNISDR


Social development plans being implemented at different levels, but implementation is very slow.


- Resources at the local level have not been forthcoming - no funds to involve the

locals - Lack of funds to finance local radio stations for dissemination of Early Warning

information - Information cannot be accessed by all because the technical infrastructure at

community level is still poor - School curricula is currently congested, so DRR has not yet been integrated - There is a need to involve the local communities


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- Name of focal point organization: Ministry of State for Special Programmes,

President’s Office - Contact person: Mr. Moses Gitari, Deputy Secretary, Ministry of State for

Special Programmes - E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]


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2.26 LESOTHO


- Population: 2 Million - Urban Population: 24.74 % - Surface area: 30,350 Km2 - GDP 2008: $ 1.67 Billion


Drought, floods, epidemics and windstorms affect Lesotho, with drought affecting the highest amount of people (ca. 500,000 in 1983, 2002 and 2007) and causing the highest economic damage.

- Drought (4) - Epidemic (1) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (1) - Flood (1)

- General flood (2) - Storm (5)

- Local storm (1) Largest human loss:

- Epidemic 1999: 28 people killed Largest human loss/affected people

- Drought 1983: 500,000 people affected Largest Economic loss:

- Drought 1968: US$ 1,000,000


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The Disaster Management Act of 1997 established the Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the Prime Minister’s Office. The Authority is responsible for planning, coordination and monitoring of disaster management actions and programmes. Its Board of Directors is composed of the Principal Secretaries of key ministries and representatives of NGOs and the private sector. Five Working Groups perform coordination functions in different sectors: Training, Health and Nutrition, Water and Sanitation, Food ND Logistics and Agriculture. However, although established by law, most of the structures have been largely non-functional. Even the Board of Directors has not been meeting as often as required. At district level, the Disaster Management Act empowers the District Administrator (DA), the District Disaster Management Team and the District Disaster Management Officer to play the key roles in disaster management. The DA is responsible for the management of disaster relief and response activities; and the District Disaster Management Team (DDMT) assists and advises the DA on disaster management issues. NGOs, the Principal Chiefs and the Chairman of the District Development Council are ex-officio members of the DMT. At more local levels, the Act specifies Ward Development Councils and Village Disaster Management Teams as disaster management structures at the community level. However, the Act is now out-dated, and needs to be aligned with other relevant legislation such as the Environment Management Act and Local Government Act.


As laid out in the Disaster Management Act, the Board of Directors of the Disaster Management Authority in the country approved the establishment of the national platform for DRR in 2007, in a national workshop held in August 2007. The National Platform for DRR was launched in August 2007 with support from UNISDR Africa; it is anchored in the Disaster Management Authority (DMA) within the Office of the Prime Minister.


Lesotho has Agriculture and Food Security Policy, an Environment Act, as well as a National Adaptation Plan on Climate Change. A number of sectors including Water and Health Sectors have developed strategic documents addressing disaster risk The Cabinet approved the first National Disaster Management Plan, developed with UNDP support, in 1996. The revised 2007 National Action Plan for Capacity Development in DRR had five objectives/outputs:


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i) To create an effective and functional legal and institutional framework on DRR ii) To improve risk identification mechanisms in the country iii) To enhance information and knowledge management for disaster risk

management iv) To improve national risk management applications for poverty and disaster risk

reduction v) To establish /strengthen disaster preparedness and emergency response

practices. USAID has an on-going DRR programme to reduce the impact of drought on vulnerable populations through mitigation activities such as livelihood diversification and income generation. IFRC has conducted Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments in several communities in the Senqu River Valley. UNDP’s one-year project on DRR capacity building, funded at $520,000, ended in February 2009. The 2008-2012 identified capacity-building of the DMA as one of the planks of Outcome 3 on employment, food security and environmental management. Lesotho’s 2009 report on HFA progress listed 5 main DRR activities, under the responsibility of the NDMA:

i) Pre-harvest crop forecasts ii) Pre-harvest vulnerability assessments iii) Price monitoring iv) Community and household surveillance v) Localised vulnerability assessments done by IFRC and World Vision

However, neither the last PRSP (2003/4 to 2005/6) nor the more recent “Lesotho 2020 Vision” report mentions DRR.


Through the Disaster Management Fund.


- WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Southern Africa (SARCOF) seasonal

forecasts in cooperation with SADC DMC - WMO: Flash flood guidance system for strengthened cooperation between

National Hydrological and Meteorological Services - WMO: Tropical Cyclone Advisories for the Southwest Indian Ocean Countries;

Enhanced availability of guidance information for the issue of tropical cyclone warnings by NMHS’s at national level


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Lesotho’s 2007 NAPA produced one DRR-created project, ranked in third position and budgeted at $920,000, focused on early warning systems for meteorological events. UNDP is currently developing several CCA-related projects in collaboration with GEF and others partners such as the Japanese Government.


Government has set up a Disaster Management Fund meant to finance all DRR programmes. The DMA is coordinating resource mobilization among different stakeholders to procure fire engines and to build an emergency service centre that will include fire and ambulance services, as well as the emergency call centre, for the capital Maseru and the surrounding. The next step will focus on the training of the personnel for such services


- Strengthening of early warning information and vulnerability assessment

resulted in comprehensive early warning information and programming is now based on available data

- Vulnerability assessment is undertaken on annual basis in May and is therefore up-to date

- Communities, vide the Village Disaster Management Teams (VDMT’s), are being trained on DRR strategies such as Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment

- An early warning information brief will be translated and written into the local language and packaged in a manner that is easily understood, so that it can reach local communities


- Over the past two years the DMA has conducted extensive Public Awareness

Exercises on DRR for NGO’s, Parliamentarians, Development Partners and local communities.

- Training of trainers on DRR has been conducted for District Disaster Management Teams (DDMT’s) Step-down training is in progress for Village Disaster Management Teams (VDMT’s) on Vulnerability and Capacity Assessment and on preparation of preparedness plans among others.


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Communities were advised to pool agricultural resources throughout the whole process of cultivation in order to increase agricultural output using predominately locally available resources to ensure that food was available and accessible to vulnerable groups of people, such as the elderly, the disabled, the poor, the orphans and vulnerable children, within the communities. Under Lesotho Gateway Approach where Community Councils serve as gateway for channelling community-based development projects, many NGO’s and Community Councils and the newly developed Support Groups for HIV and AIDS patients are implementing risk reduction and development related activities


- Decentralization of the process of vulnerability assessments, need for training

of people at the local level to undertake assessments themselves and financial resources for facilitating the process

- Most of the agriculture production in Lesotho is rain-fed and, therefore, very weak due to lack of rain and high temperatures (drought and weather variability) that present serious constraints on higher productivity.

- Non availability of response equipment, such as: (i) snow ploughs to clear snow from the roads and assist people who have been trapped, (ii) water harvesting facilities to mitigate drought, (iii) building and roofing materials to assist victims of strong winds and storms, (iv) medical facilities to improve services in hospitals in order to reduce the number of people who die in hospitals, hence hospitals save from disasters.


- Name of focal point organization: Disaster Management Authority (DMA) - Contact person: Mr. Haretsebe Mahosi, Chief Executive - E-mail: [email protected]; [email protected]




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2.27 LIBERIA




Liberia is affected by floods, environmental degradation, drought, epidemics, pests, and internally displaced people.

- Drought (1) - Epidemic (2) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (7) - Extreme temperature (cold wave) (1) - General flood (3) - Landslide (1) - Storm (1)

- Local storm (1) Largest human loss:

- Epidemic 1980: 466 people killed Largest human loss/affected people:

- Extreme Temperature 1990: 1,000,000 people affected Largest Economic loss:

- Extreme Temperature 1990: US$ 47,000,000


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The National Disaster Relief Commission (NDRC) was set up in 1976, charged with 4 functions:

i) To cater for disaster victims ii) To review and coordinate disaster prevention, preparedness, relief and

rehabilitation measures iii) To conduct planning iv) To liaise with UN and donors on disaster-related issues.

In 2007 the NDRC was renamed the National Disaster Management Commission (NDMC), chaired by the Minister of Internal Affairs. It comprises line ministries and government agencies, the UN Resident Coordinator on behalf of UN agencies, and representatives of Donors, NGOs, CSOs, and the Private Sector. For decision-making purposes the Commission’s core group is composed of the following:

- Ministry of Internal Affairs – Chairman - Ministry of Health & Social Welfare – Vice-Chairman - Ministry of Finance – Treasurer - Assistant Minister, Research & Development Planning, Ministry of Internal

Affairs – Executive Secretary - Director of National Disaster Relief Commission – Assistant Executive Secretary

The permanent secretariat to the NDMC is provided by the National Disaster Management Commission Secretariat (NDMCS), located at the Ministry of Internal Affairs. The Director, with two Deputy Directors in charge of Operations & Administration, 4 Technical Coordinators & 1 administrators, heads the Secretariat. The National Disaster Management Technical Committee (NDMTC) comprising technical specialists supports the NDMCS. Disaster Management Committees (DMCs) are also supposed to exist at District and County levels.


No functioning National Platform exists, although the 2007 National Disaster Risk Management Policy contains a policy statement of intent for a multi-sectoral approach: “Instead of being understood as a specialization of security, emergency services or experts, comprehensive DRM needs to involve many segments of society – starting with those members of the public who are themselves most exposed to anticipated hazards. This understanding is essential if communities are to become


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more resilient to the effects of hazards so that disaster losses can be reduced in coming years”. But the policy makes it clear that the role of outside agencies is secondary or complementary to that of Government: “supplementing Government efforts in the implementation of pre-disaster, disaster and post disaster programs aimed at disaster risk reduction”. This is not a genuine stakeholder model.


National Disaster Management Commission; consists of all line ministries represented by the relevant minister, the UN system, the Liberia National Red Cross Society, Local Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs), International NGOs, Civil Society Organizations (CSO’s) and Private Sector shall be represented in the NDMC by one member. The Minister of Internal Affairs chairs the NDMC. Existing national DRR policies and legislation:

- Disaster Management Policy was developed in October 2007, in line with the HFA and the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Reduction

- National Action Plan for DRR 2008-2015 was also developed in 2007 with partners

The National Disaster Risk Management Policy declares the following objectives:

To establish effective and functional legal and institutional system for DRM

To strengthen disaster preparedness for effective emergency response

To establish systems for and improve risk identification, assessment and early warning of disaster risks

To enhance information and knowledge management for disaster risk management,

To contribute to national risk management applications for poverty reduction. The policy includes sets of activities in pursuit of each of these 5 objectives. Alongside the Policy was developed a National Action Plan on DRR, which has the following five objectives:

i) To create an effective and functional legal and institutional framework on DRM

ii) To strengthen disaster preparedness for effective emergency response iii) To improve risk identification and assessment of disaster risks in the

country iv) To enhance information and knowledge management for disaster risk

management v) To contribute to national risk management applications for poverty

reduction.


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The UN’s 2008-2012 Country Assistance Framework makes no mention of disaster management or DRR, either under the 5 identified outcomes or as a crosscutting theme.


The national policy on disaster management states that the Government “shall allocate sufficient funds for disaster risk reduction”, but does not give any budget figures. Likewise, the 2007 National Action Plan on DRR, despite giving a detailed set of activities, does not say how much these will cost (except for Monitoring and evaluation) nor where the money might come from.


IFRC: New life project in Tubmanburg community project; Management skills and initiatives have been improved through a functioning structure

GFDRR Track II: Community Co-Management for Disaster Risk Management of Marine Resources in West Africa; Building capacity in coastal communities

UNDP: Emergency support to flood victims; development and launch of a national action plan and a policy on disaster risk reduction and risk management

UNDP: National capacity development to be reviewed

WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, West Africa, Cameroon and Chad (Presao) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with ACMAD


There is no record of a NAPA for Liberia.




Capacity Needs Assessment (CNA) for disaster risk reduction carried out by the government of Liberia and UNDP in 2007. Summarized in a country report and a National Action Plan for capacity development in DRR, the CNA made explicit recommendations for capacity development in the following areas:

- i) Governance for DRR (Legal and institutional system) - ii) Preparedness and Emergency Response


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- iii) Risk identification and early warning - iv) Knowledge and information management - v) Risk management applications.








- Name of focal point organization: National Disaster Management Commission

Ministry of Internal Affairs - Contact person: Hon. Ambulai B. Johnson - E-mail: [email protected]


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2.28 LIBYA


Population July 2010: 6,461,454 million



GDP 2010: $89.03 billion


Libya has not experienced disasters in recent years – the last being a flood in 1995, according to the EMDAT database of natural disasters. This is reflected in the low institutional attention given to DRR issues.


The Ministry of the Interior has overall responsibility, although separate agencies were set up in 1971 to cover civil defence and fire protection.


No national platform is reported.


UNDP’s 2006-2009 Country Programme for Libya contains no reference to DRR.


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Libya has not produced a NAPA.




UNESCO has helped to establish the Libyan Centre for Remote Sensing, as an early warning system to mitigate Libya’s earthquake risk. The Libyan Red Crescent considers disaster preparedness as one of its main activities, focusing on the maintenance of warehouse stocks.










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2.29 MADAGASCAR




1979 to 2008:

- Drought (5) - Epidemic (1) - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (1) - - Viral Infectious Diseases (2)

Flood (2) - - General Flood (3) - - Storm Surge/Coastal Flood (1)

Insect Infestation - - Locust (1)

Storm - -Tropical Cyclone (32)

Largest human loss:


Storm 1972: 2,510,056 people affected


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Storm 1977: US$ 350,000


The focal point for DRR is the Bureau National de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes (BNGRC or National Ofice for Risk and Disaster Management). According to Madagascar’s HFA report, its work is underpinned by an existing legal framework (not further specified). The reported objectives of the national strategy for DRR include:

Integration of DRR in the national development strategy “Madagascar Action Plan” (MAP)

Integration of DRR considerations in planning tools at all levels.

Implementation of early warning systems at all levels and with the participation of local communities.

Strengthened DRR capacity at all levels for both prevention and reconstruction.

DRR planning reflects Madagascar’s official policy on decentralisation, and 177 local authorities at risk have drawn up their own DRR plans.


The national platform for DRR established in 2003 with assistance from UNISDR. Informal national platform Reflection Committee for Humanitarian Interventions The Comité de Réflexion des Intervenants en Catastrophes (CRIC -- Disaster Actors Review Committee), is the national platform for DRR. It is a coordination mechanism that includes state actors, national and international NGOs, and donors.


The national strategy for DRR is in place and known by all partners. Although DRR is included in the MAP, the Stratégie Nationale de Gestion des Risques et des Catastrophes (SNGRC -- National Strategy for Risk and Disaster Management) has been established for some of the more strategic areas. Contingency plans are also in place for specific hazards such as hurricanes and flooding. Additional state ministries have their own DRR plans for oil spillage (OLEP), avian flu (MINSAN), Rift Valley Fever (MINAGRI), but all work together with the BNGRC. The Madagascar Action Plan (2007-2012) has priority DRR activities such as enhancing the framework for disaster management and improved weather forecasting. The Système d’Information sur les Risques et des Catastrophes (SIRCat -- Disaster and Risk


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Information System) provides analysis and disaster mapping focused on climate related disasters, epidemics and hydrological disasters, supported by hazard-specific task forces. DRR communication tools include the Système National d’Alerte Précoce (SNAP, National Early Warning System). Tsunami warnings in coordination with international centres are operational thanks to new equipment. The BNGRC has created a school manual on DRR and capacity building is undertaken throughout the school system. It also collaborates with specialist institutes (Meteorology, Institut d’Observation de Géophysique d’Antananarivo, Institut Pasteur) to study the frequency and intensity of the risks. In 2008 Madagascar, in cooperation with GFDRR, the World Bank and the UN has started a damages and loss evaluation process. Sectoral vulnerability mapping related to cyclones, floods and droughts are to be carried out by June 2010 in 3 regions among the 13 classified as most vulnerable in Madagascar for the health, nutrition, transport, environment and agriculture sectors. A national training institute will provide GIS training and help map out exposure data into a risk atlas.


The government has established the Fonds d’Intervention pour le Développement (FID Development Intervention Fund) for the reconstruction of damaged infrastructures. As a GFDRR priority country, Madagascar receives co-financing support of $7.2 million, and an additional $1.2 million, focused on institutionalizing disaster risk management in national economic planning. The support is divided in four components: Risk Assessment, Risk Mitigation, Risk Financing, and Emergency Management.



Bank Task Team. Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort to help eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable development in the rural sector.

- GFDRR Track II: Mainstreaming Climate and Disaster Risk Management into Economic Development. Strengthen the national capacity for climate risk management and institutionalize disaster risk management.

- UNDP: Strengthening the implementation of the national disaster risk management strategy. Part of support for the implementation of the Poverty Reduction Strategy.

- UNOCHA: Strengthening capacity for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC

- UNISDR: Strengthening National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction in Africa - UNISDR: Project is part of UNDP’s support to the Malagasy Government to

support the implementation of its poverty reduction strategy. - UNDP: Capacity development in DRR enhanced through the recruitment of a

risk management advisor - UNDP: Emergency funding


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- WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Southern Africa (SARCOF) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with SADC DMC


The Ministry of the Environment is responsible for developing national policies and plans to reduce the effect of climate change. Madagascar’s 2006 NAPA prioritised several DRR-related projects:

Project 1 : Dams and protective sea walls: $250,000.

Project 4 : Anti-erosion techniques and dune stabilisation: $135,000.

Project 5: Reinforcement of a decentralised weather forecast service: $114,000.

Project 6: Implementation of infrastructures to prevent rising sea levels $150,000.

Project 7: Mangrove rehabilitation: $32,500.

Project 15: Construction standards for all infrastructures to resist extreme climate events: $60,000


- Local authorities regularly trained on DRR and receive equipment - Contingency plans at all levels for most common disasters and for most

vulnerable regions in place - Evacuation routes identified, evacuation maps developed, yearly simulation

exercise carried out at community level - Statistics and analysis during and after disasters developed - Report on lessons learned developed after every disaster and integrated into

future simulations Policies exist to reduce risk for economic activities, focusing on diversification of activities to enable rapid post-disaster recovery, especially for the agricultural sector. According to Madagascar’s most recent HFA report, the government planned to develop land management schemes integrating DRR considerations.


- Awareness of the importance of vulnerability assessments; existing

assessments need to be updated - Website being developed for general public to access risk and vulnerability

information - Post disaster damage assessment tool developed and utilized - Multi-hazard risk assessment tools being developed with partners


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- EW strategy being developed


- School materials developed in cooperation with the UN and Ministry of

Education. Manuals used in all schools throughout the country - Process of mainstreaming DRR into curriculum under way - All teachers for second term receive training in DRR - Sensitization campaigns carried out frequently – weekly radio shows on

disaster risk - Local authorities regularly trained in DRR


- Climate change adaptation policy underway - The most vulnerable parts of society taken into consideration - Policies for protection of productive sector in place (especially for agriculture) - Disaster resilient reconstruction of buildings is a high priority - National reconstruction fund has been established - DRR integrated into development programs – reinforced by law


- Lack of coordination of DRR activities and integration of DRR into development.

Lack of implementation tools for DRR - Decentralization structures need funds and tools for DRR – need for community

sensitization - Lack of human and financial resources for research on disaster risk – strong

dependence on external funding and partners - Awareness campaigns prioritize main risks – need to create awareness for

other risks as well - Lack of infrastructure becomes an obstacle to reach communities - Need for contingency plan for the most vulnerable sector – need to reduce the

vulnerability of the productive sector - There is political will to check building standards but lack of funds to implement

them. - Since simulation exercises for contingency plans are quite costly they are

mostly carried out at national level and not at community level - Advocacy for emergency fund needed – development is of higher priority than

contingency funds


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Not known at present.


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2.30 MALAWI




1979 to 2008:

Drought (6)

Epidemic (2) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (9)

Earthquake (1)

Flood (10) - Flash Flood (4) - General Flood (7) - Storm Surge/ Coastal Flood (2)





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Earthquake 1989: US$ 28,000


The 1991 Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act set up the Department of Disaster Management Affairs (DoDMA) as the entity responsible for coordinating and directing the implementation of disaster risk reduction programmes in the country. DoDMA works with district assemblies in the implementation of DRR activities, which are done at community level. The Act also established the National Disaster Preparedness and Relief Committee (NDPRC) that comprises all Principal Secretaries of line ministries, the Malawi Red Cross Society and three NGOs. The NDPRC has the role of giving policy direction to the DoDMA (which acts as its secretariat) on the implementation of DRR programmes. At local level, District Assemblies coordinate DRR programmes, supervised by District Commissioners, who also oversees Civil Protection Committees at district, area and village level for coordination of DRR programmes. There are currently plans to review the 1991 Act, which was framed around disaster-relief concepts and does not incorporate DRR.


The NDPRC is not considered a National Platform because it comprises mainly of government officials and has weak civil society representation. It was agreed in mid-2009 to make it more inclusive as part of the effort to develop a DRR Framework for Malawi.


Malawi does not currently have a DRR policy, but the DoDMA is in the process of developing one. However, operating procedures for specific hazards have already been developed, and 9 out of 15 flood-prone districts have drawn up contingency plans for floods. Two capacity-building projects have been working to improve DRR performance in Malawi, funded by UNDP and Irish Aid respectively. The UNDP-funded Enhancing National and Local Capacity in DRR has the objectives:

i) Strengthening of disaster risk reduction legal and institutional systems;


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ii) Strengthening of the preparedness and contingency planning process in selected vulnerable districts;

iii) Capacity development and training.

Meanwhile, the Irish-funded Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction, project has the objectives:

i) Strengthening flood mitigation and preparedness in two districts of Nsanje and Chikwawa;

ii) Mainstreaming of DRR through both improved information coordination and the sharing of good practice on disaster mitigation and preparedness at the national and districts levels.

The World Bank, through the GFDRR, has also assisted the DoDMA to undertake studies on Disaster Risk Management Programmes and Practices, Shire River Flooding; and Economic Vulnerability and Disaster Risk Assessment. Disaster preparedness projects at local level have also been funded by ECHO.

- Malawi’s 2006-2011 PRSP (the Malawi Growth and Development Strategy) includes Disaster Risk Management as a sub-theme, with the goal of “reducing the socio-economic impact of disasters as well as building a strong disaster management mechanism”.


World Bank funding for DRR in Malawi (see above) is budgeted at $914,000.


- GFDRR Track II: Mainstreaming Disaster Reduction for Sustainable Poverty

Reduction. Technical assistance to government to mainstream DRR in strategic planning and sectoral development policies. Development of human capacity on DRR. Enhance preparedness at national and district levels.

- UNDP: Assistance for the Malawi 2001 Flood Disaster. Assistance in contingency planning, coordination, monitoring and information collection at national and district level

- UNDP: Enhancing national and local capacity in disaster risk reduction. Climate risk assessment, capacity needs assessment, stakeholder workshop on principles and guidelines for DRR

- WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Southern Africa (SARCOF) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with SADC DMC

- WMO: Flash flood guidance system for strengthened cooperation between National Hydrological and Meteorological Services to deliver timely and more accurate products and services


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- WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting in cooperation with SADC

- WMO: Tropical Cyclone Advisories for the Southwest Indian Ocean Countries; Enhanced availability of guidance information for the issue of tropical cyclone warnings by NMHSs at national level



DRR is a strong theme in Malawi’s 2006 NAPA. The top-ranked projects are for livelihood stabilisation for vulnerable communities, and enhancing food security through community seed-storage mechanisms (seed banks).


The Early Recovery Framework developed in 2008 incorporates DRR considerations as an important element in disaster response.

- No comprehensive public awareness strategy - Disaster preparedness implicitly incorporated into disaster response - Preparedness and response used as inputs into the planning for recovery and

rehabilitation efforts - Post flood recovery and rehabilitation plan in place since 2008. - Early recovery framework to be developed - Preparedness for floods ensured on a yearly basis - Contingency plans for floods

in place in some districts Government has emergency fund for disasters, but most times disbursement is delayed


- National and local risk assessments carried out, but no comprehensive hazard

profile - National hazard mapping planned - Studies on vulnerability and communications undertaken - Monitoring systems on vulnerabilities in place within the Ministry of economic

planning and development - Flood EW through the disaster management department in cooperation with

meteorological services – otherwise no EW system in place


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- No DRR education materials available and DRR not integrated into School

curriculum. - Plans underway to incorporate at university level. - No comprehensive or countrywide public awareness strategy on DRR. Media

tries to disseminate information on DRR but not in a coordinated way. - Most stakeholders including local communities are aware of potential hazards

in their areas – some political commitment. - There are a number of research activities to cover DRR and social economic

aspects of DRR but not properly documented or put into a database


- Environmental policies incorporate DRR measures and seek to reduce

underlying risk factors like environmental impact assessments - DRR included in NAPA - Some social development policies include RR. Social protection is linked to DRR

in national growth and development strategy policy - Hazard vulnerabilities such as floods and droughts are partly identified for

productive and economic sector


- Plans to improve data collection, collating, analysis and storage, but the biggest

challenges are human and financial resources - Poor coordination of DRR activities due to lack of a legal framework and lack of

financial resources - Need to engage more skilled personnel in DRR - Need to harmonize donor funded activities - DRR not yet integrated into building codes – no action plan for construction in

disaster prone areas in place


- Name of focal point organization: Department of Disaster Management Affairs - Contact person: Mr. James Chiusiwa - E-mail: [email protected]


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2.31 MALI


- Population: 12.3 Million - Urban Population: 31.62 % - Surface area: 1,240,190 Km2 - GDP 2008: $ 7.3 Billion


- Drought (5) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (12) - Flood (7)

- Flash flood (2) - General flood (6)

Insect Infestation (Grasshopper) (4) - Locust (1)

Largest human loss:

Epidemic 1997: 1,098 people killed Largest human loss/affected people:



There is currently no overall legal framework for DRR. However, the 2002 Water Act includes provision for flood prevention, and according to the GFDRR, a Bill has been prepared which would establish a Permanent National Commission for Disaster Prevention, Response and Relief. Attached to the Ministry of Interior Security and Civil Protection and chaired by the Minister, the Commission will be responsible for


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developing the national plan for DRR prevention and implementation. At decentralized levels, regional (region), local (circle) and communal (commune) "Platforms for Disaster Prevention and Management” will be established to serve as meeting and exchange forums for stakeholders. The existing coordinating structure for disaster prevention and management is the Directorate General of Civil Protection (DGPC), set up in 1998. Attached to the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection, the DGPC’s primary mission is to develop and implement the National Civil Protection Policy. The DGPC acts as the secretariat to the Permanent National Commission for Disaster Prevention, Response and Relief. Sectoral ministries carry their specific responsibilities: for instance, the Centre National de Lutte contre le Criquet Pèlerin (CNLCP - National Center for the Fight against Locust,), the Commission Nationale du Comité Permanent Inter-Etats de Lutte contre la Sécheresse dans le Sahel (CILSS - National Commission of the Permanent Inter-State Committee for the Fight against Drought in the Sahel). Specialized structures address food security issues, mainly the Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire (CSA- Food Security Commissariat). The focal point for desertification is the DGPC. Efforts are also made by the DGPC to decentralise DRR activities through Governors, Circle Commanders and Mayors.


According to GFDRR, a national platform and regional platforms for disaster prevention and management in Mali have been developed since 2005. Additionally, the planned Permanent National Commission for Prevention and Fight against Disasters and for Relief Organization will be composed not only of representatives from the Prime Minister’s Office and sectoral Ministries, but also other nominated people/institutions, whose experience is deemed necessary. Existing national DRR policies and legislation: There are laws relating to disasters. Three regions out of 9 have building codes and town planning relating to DRR


According to the GFDRR, the development of national, regional and local Plans on Disaster Prevention and Relief is envisaged in the Bill currently under review. The DGPC, with the support of the UNDP/DANIDA/ FEEM Precarica project, is developing these plans. The National Action Plan will provide an overview of the current DRR planning in Mali and define the strategy for integrating disaster risk reduction in climate change adaptation and development programmes. Since 2004, the DGPC has also undertaken a participatory identification of risks in all Communes, with the results recorded a risk mapping and database.


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As part of the Comité Inter-Etat de Lutte Contre la Secheresse au Sahel (CILSS) Mali is also involved in reducing the impact of droughts on local and national populations. In collaboration with UNDP, Mali is strengthening capacities for prevention and management of natural disasters. Technical risk assessment and monitoring are undertaken by specialized agencies: the National Centre for the Fight against Locusts (CNLCP) evaluates and monitors locust invasion risks; the National Meteorology Directorate evaluates and monitors rainfall and forecasts locust invasion as well as flooding and drought risks; and the National Hydraulics Directorate assesses and monitors the levels of rivers and major waterwaysand carries out predictive modeling exercises. For these three hazards (locusts, drought, and flood), systems are in place to alert concerned technical institutions and the public. The media, particularly local radio, plays also an important role in transmitting information and warnings. Training on Civil Protection is organized annually by the DGPC and according to GFDRR, from 2009 the DGPC planned to organize national and regional training seminars on disaster and risk management. Awareness raising activities such as booklets for pupils and teachers and TV programmes were also developed during the Global Campaign for Disaster Prevention 2008-2009. Research capacity is attached to a line Ministry. There are currently no GFDRR supported activities in the country, though a comprehensive program of support is being developed in coordination with Regional counterparts. DRR is mentioned in the PRSP, but not as a priority area of intervention.


The DGPC is funded under the budgetary allocation of the Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection. A National Solidarity Fund exists to fund specific social protection interventions, as does the Food Security Fund. Each ministry also has budget lines that could be mobilized for disaster response, and municipalities have funds for relief needs. The Agricultural Orientation Law provides for the establishment of a National Fund for Agricultural Development, amounting to some $14.5 million, which includes an allocation for a National Risks and Disasters Fund. There is also a National Risks and Disasters Fund, but it is still unclear how it will be implemented. According to GFDRR the establishment of an Emergency Anti Locust Invasion Fund is also currently under study, expected to be about $1 million CFA francs. Disaster and risk management is a priority intervention within the UNDAF (2008-2012), especially the strengthening of the early warning system, permitting timely warning of food security risks. Other significant donor-funded interventions are:

World Bank projects: Strengthen capacity of beneficiary countries to implement integrated disease surveillance and response strategies


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(ECOWAS plus Mauritania), $60 million, starting 2009; and the regional Africa Emergency Locust Project, 2004-2010, also $60 million.

UNDP – DANIDA – FEEM – Government: National Capacity Strengthening for Disaster Risk Reduction (PRECARICA): $1.5 million, 2008 – 2011.

GTZ: Community management of crop diversity to enhance resilience, yield stability and income

generation in changing West African climates: $1.6 million.

Inter-Cooperation Suisse: Reduction of local actors’ vulnerability to disaster risks and climate change in the regions of Sikasso, Tombouctou and Mopti (planned): $1.7 million.

Inter Cooperation Suisse: Integrated Agriculture and Breeding for Food Security Project (planned): $730,000.

UNDP-FAO-LCDF: Strengthening Food Security against Climate Change in Mali: (Project Preparation Fund (2009 – 2015): $5.2 million


UNOCHA: Strengthening capacity for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with the HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC


UNOCHA: Regional meeting with concerned UN Regional Coordinators and heads of governmental civil defense and disaster management agencies to exchange lessons learned

WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting in the Niger basin in cooperation with AGRHYMET

UNDP: Strengthening of national capacity for disaster management; capacity development of civil protection for decentralization, disaster prevention and management


WMO: Evaluation of impacts of floods and droughts on agriculture in Mali in cooperation with ACMAD and AGHRYMET


Mali’s NAPA was finalized in July 2007. According to GFDRR, the project proposal submitted to the UNFCCC has been selected for $5 million funding over 5 years, which will be used to strengthen the capacity and resilience of the food security in Mali against climate change.


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Land use zoning regulations exist but are often not implemented – even after disasters.

Contingency planning carried out with UNDP


Risk assessment is in progress in 3 areas and a database of hazard risks is being developed

Identification of risks, risk mapping


Education and sensitization of young women on DRR


DRR is included in the PRSP 2007-2012.




Name of focal point organization: Ministry of internal Security and Civil Protection

Contact person: Colonel Mamadou Traore




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2.32 MAURITANIA




Surface area: 1,025,520 Km2



Drought (4)


Flood (5) - Flash flood (1) - General flood (7)

Insect Infestation (grasshopper/locust) (3) - Locust (1)

Storm (1) - Local Storm (1)

Largest human loss:



Drought 1969: US$ 34,000,000 DRR Institutions:

Inter-Ministerial Committee for Disaster Risk Management (CIGRC) National Platform for Disaster Risk Management (PNGRC) established in 2004 with assistance from UNDP


142


Mauritania’s legal framework for DRR comprises:

1971 Act on the general management of civilian protection.

1973 Decree on civil protection with regards to fire outbreaks in public buildings.

1980 Decree on the overall regulation of civil protection (which also covers disaster preparedness and planning).

Mauritania developed its National Strategy for Disaster Risk Management in October 2007 with support from UNDP.

The focal point for DRR is the Direction Générale de la Protection Civile (National Commission for Civil Protection), a multi-sectoral and inter-ministerial collaboration unit whose responsibilities include disaster management and prevention. Established by decree, it is chaired by the Ministry of the Interior and Telecommunications.


According to the national report prepared for WCDR (2004), there were plans for the establishment of a Plateforme National pour la Prévention et la Gestion des Risques de Catastrophes (National Platform for Risk and Disaster Prevention and Management) exist. But there is no information to confirm that it has become operational.


The main DRR consideration for Mauritania is food security, and a sectoral plan focusing on the issue has been in place since 2002. Early warning system for food security is the responsibility of the Observatoire sur la Securité Alimentaire (OSA, Food Security Observatory), and vector mapping on food security is also undertaken. Mauritania’s current UNDAF, following on from an earlier CCA, contains a pillar on Environment and Poverty Reduction, which concentrates on food security issues. The UN agencies plan to work on capacity building of women, Government and farmers, as well as enhancing consumers’ spending power and developing agricultural production. The Government adopted the more general Plan d’Action National Pour la Prévention et la Gestion des Risques de Catastrophes (PANPGRC, National Action Plan for Risk and Disaster Prevention and Management) in 2004. Early flood warning systems are also in place, managed by the Organisation pour la Mise en Valeur du fleuve Sénégal (OMVS, Organisation for the Development of the Senegal River). The reinforcement and


143

consolidation of the coastal dune bar that protects Nouakchott from storms has also been budgeted. UNICEF has two DRR-related programmes in Mauritiana: the food and nutrition security programme and epidemiologic security (part of Health Programme). Mauritania’s 2007 PRSP, and the existing World Bank project portfolio, do not include DRR perspectives.


Under the UNDAF, FAO have committed $10 million to strengthen women’s capacity in the agriculture sector, and there are also funds available for food security (amount not specified) under the second pillar.


IFRC: Red Crescent Village Project in Boghe; implementation of market garden farm; community health centre; community kindergarten and centre for early testing of malnutrition

GFDRR Track II: Community Co-Management for Disaster Risk Management of Marine Resources in West Africa. Building capacity in coastal communities

UNISDR: GFDRR South-South Cooperation: To strengthen national and regional coordination mechanisms and capacities for enhanced guidance, implementation and reporting on HFA.




WMO: Enhancing marine Multi-Hazard EWS in the West African Countries for improved marine safety


Mauritania’s 2004 NAPA includes the following DRR-related projects:

Promotion and development of domestic poultry farming (Special Support Programme for Food Security): $300,000.


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Improvement of cultivation methods in pluvial zones and introduction of new varieties of drought-resistant high-yield cereal (Special Support Programme for Food Security): $1.27 million.

Support for improved monitoring of the piezometric networks of the water tables to improve food security predictions: US$ 800,000.

Study and monitoring of water quality as an indicator of food security stresses: $1 million.

Fixing of sand dunes that threaten national socioeconomic infrastructure (National Action Plan to Combat Desertification - NAP): $1.5 million.

Safeguard plan for Nouakchott and its infrastructure: $2.1 million.

Protection and reinforcement of the dune bar along the coastline in Nouakchott: $1.1 million.


Current disaster programming requires DRR considerations to be included in disaster response.










Name of focal point organization: Civil Protection, Ministry of Interior, and Postal Telecommunications

Contact person: Inspector Mohamed Lemine Ould


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2.33 MAURITIUS




Surface area: 2,040 Km2



1979 to 2008:

Drought (1)


Storm - Tropical Cyclone (14)

Largest human loss:

Storm 1960: 42 people killed Largest human loss/affected people

Storm 1975: 826,258 people affected Largest Economic loss:

Storm 1975: US$ 200,000


There is no over-arching legislation, although according to the 2009 HFA report, suggestions to enact one have been made. In the meantime, DRR rests on more prosaic instruments such as building codes, although these are not always respected, e.g. in terms of construction within high-water marks.


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The core of disaster planning is the Cyclone and Other Disasters Committee in the Office of the Prime Minister, established in the 1960s. It is chaired by the Secretary to the Cabinet and works together with Meteorological Service, the Education Department of the Ministry of Environment, and the National Development Unit. It meets at the start of the cyclone season (in October) to review preparations, and at other times on an ad hoc basis in response to specific disasters. It sends out circulars detailing responses to particular hazards, e.g. the 2008 revision covering cyclones, tsunami, heavy rain and landslides. For oil spills (a particular hazard for the tourist industry) a specific Committee has been set up in the Department of the Environment to prepare and update the National Oil Spill Contingency Plan At municipal and district council levels, action is coordinated by Local Cyclone Committees.


There is no reported National Platform.


The work of the Cyclone and Other Disasters Committee concentrates on disaster management: specific DRR measures are not in place. However, the revised (2007) version of the National Environment Policy includes some DRR measures. Cyclone refuges are established for each locality, and evacuation plans are in place. There are also contingency plans for other disasters such as oil spills. Tsunami early-warning systems were improved through the 2005-8 “Strengthening National Capacities for Tsunami Early Warning & Response Systems in the Indian Ocean (IOTWS) – Mauritius Tsunami Early Warning and Mitigation System”, budgeted at $332,000. The country was also included in the ProVention Consortium’s project on strengthening regional SADC capacity for disaster risk management.


There are no dedicated DRR resources. The Prime Minister’s Special Fund is targeted on assistance to victims of disasters. However, the maintenance of the cyclone refuges is a regular charge on the national budget.




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WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting in cooperation with SADC

WMO: Tropical Cyclone Advisories for the Southwest Indian Ocean Countries; Enhanced availability of guidance information for the issue of tropical cyclone warnings by NMHS’s at national level


The Climate Change Action Plan seeks to build resilience by a programme of adaptation and mitigation to climate change risks. The National Forest Policy also includes some measures related to land use. Mauritius is also a beneficiary of the Indian Ocean Community’s $5 million 2008-2011 Acclimate project on climate change adaptation.


There is usually an internal lessons-learned exercise after specific disaster events, according to the 2009 HFA report.

At beginning of the cyclone season, the preparedness status of partners concerned is checked.

No systematic DRR plans at national level, but there are a number of committees at institutional level.

Preparedness and contingency for landslides at local and regional levels

Evacuation plan agreed upon and exercise conducted in October 2007.

Cyclone and other disaster committee oversee all preparedness programs. If disaster is likely to strike the island, special mobile force, police force and fire service are mobilized as per emergency operation plan.

Met services have effective communications system during hazards.

Communication to general public is done in collaboration with Mauritius Broadcasting Corporation and policy form.


Flood and landslide prone areas have been identified – challenge of change in the physical characteristic of land due to changes in land use

Need to carry out a complete risk and vulnerability assessment

Data on tropical storms and rainfall exists for over 200 stations, but no qualitative data on disaster damage so far except for the agriculture sector

Meteorological services have 24-hour EW system.


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The cyclone warning system is combined with outreach and education program

Cooperation with Met services of France and Reunion on data sharing for cyclone warnings

Cooperation with WMO members on tsunami and earthquake warnings.

Relevant information on cyclones and heavy rains available

Quantitative disaster data located at different institutions and can be put together with some effort


Chapter on tropical cyclone and warning systems in force, in addition to information on earthquakes and volcanoes – taught in primary and secondary schools

Universities now looking into having a particular institution to work on multi-risk assessment.

Citizens are well aware and well educated on cyclones, some understanding of other disasters.


Adaptation and risk measures in place, but not specifically linked to environmental policies


Absence of proper legislation.

Need for central data bank as well as certain mechanisms to record non-met disaster data.

Further training materials need to be developed on torrential rains, landslides and tsunami.

Institutional framework not yet developed due to lack of human and financial resources.

Awareness of hazards is increasing but there is a tendency of the public to overlook the basics of risk reduction.


Name of focal point organization: Prime Minister's Office - Home Affairs Division

Contact person: Mr. Anirood Pursunon, Principal Assistant Secretary



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2.34 MOROCCO




Surface area: 446,550 sq.km

GDP 2011: $146,7 billion


No available data.


There is no updated legal framework for DRR in Morocco. Powers to manage disasters date from a 1955 law on Civil Protection. The 1997 decree on the powers of the Ministry of the Interior formalised the role of this Ministry in coordinating disaster response and management. This role is operationalized through the Centre de (CVC), or Centre for Alert and Coordination. Its secretariat is the Salle de Crises (Crisis Unit), and it has 4 roles:

i) Prevention of risks and vulnerabilities ii) Resource planning iii) Coordination of intervention from different agencies and actors. iv) Disaster recovery.

At provincial level, the Governor has powers to coordinate disaster response. There also exist Centres Provinciales de Veille et de Coordination (CPVCs), or Provincial Centres for Alert and Coordination.


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According to Morocco’s 2009 HFA report, a multi-sectoral platform for DRR has been set up with support of UNDP, but no details of its activities are available.


According to Morocco’s 2009 HFA report, there is National Strategy for the Prevention and Management of Disasters, drawn up with UNDP assistance under the project mentioned above, but further details are not available. The project also established an early warning system based on disaster risk mapping, and set up contingency plans for specific risks. The Government has also set up a risk prevention plan aimed at reducing risks associated with the use of industrial chemicals, and conducted simulation exercises for marine spills. Different sectoral ministries also have their own contingency plans, but there is little overall coordination. Building codes have also been updated to take into account current earthquake resistance standards. Neither the UN’s 2000 CCA nor UNDP’s Country Action Plan 2007-2011 makes any mention of DRR. IFRC began a disaster preparedness programme in 2007, prepositioning stocks at national and provincial warehouses. The Moroccan Red Crescent conducts several DRR activities: vulnerability and capability assessments; awareness campaigns and livelihood/food security programmes.


No available information.






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Plans by the Moroccan Red Crescent to conduct a set of DRR activities to improve community resilience after 2009 floods were aborted because of lack of funds.












153

2.35 MOZAMBIQUE







1979 to 2008

Drought (11)

Epidemic (1) - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (19) - - Parasitic Infectious Diseases (1)

Earthquake (1)

Flood (4) - - General Flood (12) - - Storm Surge/Coastal Flood (2)

Insect Infestation (1)

Storm (4) - - Tropical Cyclone (10)

Mass Movement wet - - Landslide (1)

Wild fire (1)


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Largest human loss:

Drought 1981: 100,000 people killed Largest human loss/affected people:


Flood 2000: US$ 419,200 -


Coordination of DRR is the responsibility of the National Institute for Disasters Management (INGC), a government body established in 1999 under the Minister of State Administration. It draws on advice from the Technical Council for Disasters Management (CTGC), where Directors of Economy or Planning represent sectoral ministries. Under the updated 2007 Decree governing its role, it has responsibility both for disaster response, and for DRR functions defined as:

Reduce the vulnerability of people and infrastructures to disasters.

Coordinate and implement the Master Plan for Disaster Prevention and Management.

Prepare and update Contingency Plans to deal with specific disaster scenarios.

Propose any updates to the DRR legal framework. The Technical Secretariat for Food Security and Nutrition (SETSAN) has responsibility for Food Security and Vulnerability, and undertakes two regular surveillance exercises each year as well as occasional monitoring of specific disaster contexts. The National Directory of Water within the Ministry of Public Works and Housing has responsibility for issuing flood alerts along Mozambique’s river systems. For the three regions of the country, there are regional directorates of the INGC responsible for the implementation of its activities. At the level of the 10 provinces, there are also provincial directorates, with a structure that mirrors that of the INGC at national level. At district level, DRR is the responsibility of the Conselho Tecnico Distrital de Gestao de Calamidades or District Technical Council for Disaster Management (CTDGC). As part of official decentralisation policy, there are also Local Committees for Risk Management (CLGR). Public buildings known as CERUMs (Centro Distrital de Recurso e do Uso Multiplo) also serve as disaster shelters in some villages. With so many bodies, at different levels, with a statutory role in disaster management, there is a strong requirement for clearer coordination. A national disaster management law was drafted several years ago, but has yet to be ratified by the National Assembly.


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National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC), the Coordination Council for Disaster Management (CCGC) and the Technical Council for Disaster Management (CTGC) established in 1999.

Implementation of local committees of risk management in rural areas.

National platform strengthened due to repetitive occurrence of disasters.


Strong policies, technical and institutional capacity and mechanisms for disaster risk management with DRR perspectives in place – also addressed in PRSP.

The Government in 1999 endorsed the National Policy on DRR.

Building of a legislative framework for disaster management in progress.

In 2006 the Government of Mozambique approved and began the implementation of the Master Plan for Disasters Prevention and Mitigation, which incorporates HFA policies on disaster risk reduction and management. The Master Plan stresses the linkages between development and the HPA themes of preparedness, prevention, mitigation and vulnerability reduction. Official policy on DRR, as set out at the 2009 Global Platform, has the following priorities:

Review of the legal and institutional framework of DRR, including the mandate of the INGC and CTGC;

Establishment of the National Operative Centers for Emergency (CENOE), at national and regional levels, integrating the National Unit for Civil Protection (UNAPROC), for search and rescue activities.

Enhanced national capacity for early warning of floods, droughts, cyclones;

Decentralization of disaster risk issues to local levels through establishment and training of Local Committees for Risk Management (CLGR) in vulnerable communities.

Mozambique’s 2006-2009 PRSP incorporated DRR as a crosscutting theme – one of the very few PRSPs, which integrates disaster prevention and preparedness as a core element of poverty reduction. The 2007-9 UNDAF includes strengthening the capacity of all sectors for emergency preparedness and response as one of the UN’s actions in support of national policy priorities. Mozambique has a number of on-going projects relevant to DRR, and these are:


156

World Bank: Mainstreaming Disaster Reduction for Sustainable Poverty Reduction ($900,000).

World Bank: Pilot Project for Climate Resilience ($30-70 million).

UN: Joint Programme for Strengthening Disaster Risk Reduction and Emergency Preparedness ($10 million).

UN: Joint Programme on Environmental Mainstreaming and Adaptation to Climate Change ($7 million).

UNDP: Climate Risk Management Technical Assistance Support Programme ($2.75 million).

UNDP: Mainstreaming Climate Change Adaptation Mechanisms in Policy Development and Investment Frameworks ($5 million)

GTZ: Institutionalising Disaster Risk Reduction ($3.9 million) In addition, there is $700,000 earmarked for DRR policy strategy and institution building under the World Bank’s Global Facility for DRR for 2010 – 2015.


Government contributions to the Contingency Plan were increased to $5 million in 2007 and 2008, in response to disaster needs – but this amount was still less than a quarter of the humanitarian contribution provided by outside donors. The INGC commands $4.5 million for running costs, disaster response needs, and investments. In addition, additional funds are made available to provinces and districts under the country’s decentralisation policy.


GFDRR Track II: Mainstreaming Disaster Reduction for Sustainable Poverty Reduction; Technical assistance to government to mainstream DRR in strategic planning and sectoral development policies

UNDP: Floods and cyclone 2007. Emergency activities (Floods)

UNDP: Support to the Government of Mozambique to recover from the 2007 floods and cyclone Favio.

UNDP: Strengthening Local Risk Management and mainstreaming disaster risk reduction; Information sharing for preparedness, contingency planning, response and early recovery





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WMO: Severe weather forecasting demonstration project; Enhanced use of outputs of Numerical Weather Prediction Systems in cooperation with SADC.


WMO: Preparedness to climate variability and change, natural disaster preparedness and enhanced food security in cooperation with SADC DMC and ICPAC

ProVention Consortium: Partners for Humanitarian and Risk Education Expansion (PHREE-Way) established regional platforms to facilitate, enable and mediate the learning and research

ProVention Consortium: Research & Action Grants for Disaster Risk Reduction; provide


Mozambique’s 2008 NAPA is extremely strong on DRR. The first project prioritised was “Strengthening of an Early Warning System”, budgeted at $2.7 million and with the following 4 objectives:

i) Evaluate current state and functioning of the early warning system. ii) Identify local knowledge of forecasting climatic events and evaluate its

adaptability to the early warning system. iii) Evaluate degrees of vulnerability. iv) Monitor the functionality of the current early warning system.

The project prioritised third is also related to DRR: Reduction of Climate Change impacts in Coastal Zones, budgeted at $2.1 million.


Government policy is to integrate DRR into disaster response. For example, after the 2007 and 2008 floods and cyclone, new houses built in flood prone areas were to a higher flood-resistant specifications, and new social infrastructure like schools and clinics were built away from the most risky areas, to encourage resettlement. But access to credit remains concentrated in the towns, and most rural people use non-resilient natural materials for construction, for economic reasons.

Inter agency contingency plan, but Post disaster activities not integrated

Production of Atlas for Disaster preparedness

Public awareness campaigns carried out in more vulnerable areas (only for floods – not systematic for drought, cyclones and earthquakes)


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Contingency plan preparation at all administrative levels


Studies on risk assessment and vulnerability information done by INGC in collaboration with FEWS Net and UEM on disaster preparedness and response

Water admin unit and ARA south has developed flood risk maps

Easy access to maps and charts pinpointing different types of disasters in Limpopo river by SAHIMS ATLAS

Implementation of forecasting tools, establishing remote sensing analysis for rainfall estimation and improved capacity for cyclone monitoring

Responsibility for forecasting rests with the National directorate of water in collaboration with regional water authorities

Some flood risk maps developed

National and local risk assessments take into account the regional trans-boundary risks, but cooperation is weak because of lack of trans-boundary agreements


Information available but not accessible since most recent publications are not in Portuguese

Pilot projects in primary schools, in training teachers and children in the way to live with Disasters

Booklets and brochures prepared by GTZ

BSc. course in DM to be established in 2008


Government making progress - relationship between DRR and environment strongly addressed in PRSP

Water supply and sanitation seen as key factors to reduce environmental vulnerability related to diseases

Since 2006, all provinces and districts integrate DRR and environmental protection into their budgets and plans

Government polices aiming at building a culture of prevention

Food security surveys carried out regularly

Investment in drought resistant crops and alternative income activities

Social protection programs being implemented, including food security, water supply and sanitation programs

Infrastructure being enhanced to make them disaster resilient


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Reconstruction of larger dams and dikes to prevent floods and ensure energy supply

New technology used for road construction to prevent road cuts due to floods

Resettlement program aimed at resettling families (59,000 families) in flood prone areas and building improved houses (30,000 houses)

New human settlements and building houses for disaster victims enhances living conditions

Post disaster damage and recovery data from 2000 needs to be produced

Food security and floods assessed through EW mechanisms


Change in paradigm in dealing with disasters from efforts on disaster events to efforts on risk reduction – difficult to implement due to local conditions

Lack of public awareness and skilled personnel to fill in gaps in legislation

Lack of capacity and financial resources constrains the implementation of legal frameworks for DRR

Decentralization process poses great demand for information management, logistics and financial needs

Relevant stakeholders are rarely involved in risk assessments but are mostly involved in implementation. As a result, they often do not accept the mitigation measures recommended by studies

Lack of finances to develop a shared database and lack of personnel to maintain it

Very few teaching materials available in Portuguese

Institutional weakness to deal with complex issues such as relationships between DRR and the environment

No insurance policy in place yet – need for modernized and enhanced technology to prevent disaster losses

Lack of financial resources for local communities to invest in safe building materials

Re-occurrence of disasters in the country is draining resources


Name of focal point organization: National Institute for Disaster Management (INGC)

Contact person: Mr. Casimiro Abreu, National Director



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161

2.36 NAMIBIA







Drought (6)




Largest human loss:


Drought 2002: 345,000 people affected Largest Economic loss:

Drought 1991: US$ 50,000,000


Disaster management structures in Namibia dates back to the establishment of the Emergency Management Unit in 1994, which is now known as the National Disaster Risk Management Committee (NDRMC). It comprises the Prime Minister and most Cabinet ministers, as well as representatives of Regional Councils, Local Authorities,


162

UN Agencies, the Namibia Red Cross Society and other NGOs. The Secretary to Cabinet acts, as chairperson of the NDRMC, whose secretariat and operational arm is the Directorate of Disaster Risk Management (DDRM). The DDRM, charged with coordinating disaster risk management by Cabinet Resolution 15.02.94/006, forms part of the Office of the Prime Minister. Under the 2009 National Disaster Risk Management Policy, each office, ministry, agency or organisation involved in disaster risk management must appoint an individual who will act as its focal point for disaster risk management. Likewise, NDRMC must establish a National Focal Persons Forum (NFPF) to provide a mechanism for all the relevant role players to consult one another and coordinate their disaster risk management planning and operations. The Director of Disaster Risk Management chairs the NFPF. According to the National Policy, a fully institutionalised Namibia Vulnerability Assessment Committee is to be established as a multi-stakeholder committee that conducts vulnerability assessments to identify vulnerable groups, the prevalence and degree of any given risk, and their causes using agreed indicators and assessment tools. It is to be comprised of Ministry representatives, plus UN agencies and the Red Cross. Sectoral ministries have responsibility for specific hazards (e.g. Ministry of Agriculture for bush fires) and are expected to maintain Standard Operating Procedures. The national-level Disaster Risk Management Committee is mirrored by structures at 4 levels of local government: Regional Disaster Management Committees (RDRMCs), Constituency Disaster Risk Management Committees (CDRMCs), Local Authority Disaster Risk Management Committees (LADRMCs) and Settlement Disaster Risk Management Committees (SDRMCs). The Regional Disaster Risk Management Committee, as established under Cabinet Resolution 15.02.94/006, is the multi-stakeholder platform charged to coordinate disaster risk management amongst all relevant stakeholders at regional level. Each region must also appoint a Disaster Risk Management Field Coordinator (DRMFC) to coordinate disaster risk management activities at regional and constituency levels. Likewise, each local authority must establish and implement a framework for disaster risk management within its area of jurisdiction, and each CDRMC is mandated with the coordination, at constituency level, of disaster risk management The 2008 Policy also points to gaps in the existing legal framework and says that a new Disaster Risk Management Act will be necessary in order to:

Formalise the NDRMC as an intergovernmental structure that serves as the political forum to discuss and coordinate disaster risk management matters, and make recommendations to Cabinet on disaster risk management policy;

Focus on disaster risk reduction as a national priority;


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Make provision for the establishment of mechanisms to ensure that risk reduction is integrated in all development planning;

Establish clear lines of authority and assign statutory responsibilities for integrating risk reduction into sustainable development;

Make provision for multi stakeholder engagement which includes the participation of communities;

Make provision for disseminating early warnings and promoting public awareness of known risks;

Must provide for rapid and effective response to significant events and disasters; and must facilitate rapid decision-making.


No National Platform is yet in place. However, one of the mechanisms in the 2008 Policy is “to broaden the scope of the NDRMC’s role and responsibilities to serve as the multi sector national platform for disaster risk management”.


The Disaster Risk Management Policy has been drafted by the Directorate of the Emergency Management with support from UNDP BCPR and submitted to Namibia Cabinet for approval; the process was participatory with regional consultations covering all 13 regions of Namibia. Namibia’s National Action Plan prioritizing hazard mapping in cooperation with SADC, has the following five objectives, mirroring the 5 priorities of the HFA:

i) Make disaster risk reduction a priority at all levels in Namibia by establishing sound, integrated, and functional legal and institutional capacity within the established National Disaster Risk Management System, to enable the effective application of the concept of total disaster risk management.

ii) Improve risk identification, assessment and monitoring mechanisms in Namibia.

iii) Reduce the underlying risk and vulnerability factors by improving disaster risk management applications at all levels.

iv) Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response and recovery practices at all levels.

v) Enhance information and knowledge management for disaster risk management.


The National Policy requires additional resources from Government in order to, for example, pay the Disaster Risk Management Field Coordinators, as salaried civil


164

servants. Likewise, Government funds the National Disaster Fund, controlled by the Office of the Prime Minister. The National Policy is not budgeted and it is not known if its cost implications have been analysed. However, resources allocated in the national budget to disaster risk management grew from $680,000 in 2005 to $35.2million in 2009, according to the statement made by Namibia’s Deputy PM at the 200 Global Forum.


UNISDR: Strengthening National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction in Africa project to further develop and disseminate UNISDR guidance for advancing DRR at the national/regional levels

UNDP: Enhancing national and local capacity in DRR in Namibia by strengthening of legal and institutional framework, preparedness and contingency planning for disaster risk reduction





Namibia has not submitted a NAPA.


The National Policy has detailed provisions for disaster response as an element of disaster risk management, covering the following elements:

Psycho-social support and women’s access to reproductive health services.

Flood relief led by the government of Namibia with support of the United Nations.

Early Recovery Framework submitted to the government for consideration.

Lessons Learned Workshop on Flood Response in 2008 and Flood Contingency Planning Workshop executed by UNDP


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Early recovery needs assessment carried out by the government with support of the UN after heavy flooding to develop comprehensive early recovery framework in July 2008

Cooperation with UN-SPIDER for effective disaster management using space images and information on flood-prone areas


International Day for Disaster Reduction regularly commemorated in Namibia.

High-level political commitment by the Prime Minister and Minister of Education to incorporate disaster risk education into school curriculum, supported by UNDP Namibia.

Media Training on DRR was held by the Directorate of emergency Management with support of UNDP, to engage media in a partnership with relevant stakeholders to improve preparedness and reduce the impact of disasters.


Namibia is cooperating with WHO on preparedness for Avian Flu through AHI National Task Force

UN AI Contingency Plan has been updated with assistance of UN PIC

Cooperation with UNFPA on special needs of women during emergencies

WHO plans to conduct training for health staff on development of regional plans on emergency preparedness and response

UNDP CO trained in an emergency simulation operation SWOT in 2008, carried out by ESARO

-


Weak coordination mechanism for response, inadequate capacities for disaster response,

Lack of preparedness and contingency planning


Name of focal point organization: Emergency Management Unit, Office of the Prime Minister

Contact person: Mr. G.K. Kangowa, Deputy Director


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167

2.37 NIGER







Drought (6)

Epidemic (1)


Flood (3) - Flash flood (3) - General Flood (5)

Insect infestation (grasshopper) (3) - Locust (1)




Flood 1988: US$ 10,200,000


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The Systeme d’Alerte Précoce (SAP; Early Warning Sytem) was created by Decree in 1989 by the Prime minister Cabinet. It was modified in 1995 by another Decree to include the role of disaster response within its early warning remit. In 2002 it became the Comité National de Prévention et de Gestion des Crises Alimentaires (National Committee for Food Crisis Prevention and Management), overseeing two specialist bodies: the Cellule de Coordination du Système d'Alerte Précoce (CC/SAP - Early Warning System Coordination Unit) and the Cellule des Crises Alimentaires (CCA -- Food Crisis Unit). At regional and sub-regional level the national structure is reflected in Comités Régionaux (CR/PGCA - Regional Committees) and Comités Sous-Régionaux (CSR/PGCA - Sub-Regional Committees) for the Prévention et de Gestion des Catastrophes et des Crises Alimentaires (CR/PGCA Disaster Prevention and Management). Their main function revolves around the strategic management of disasters in the field.


The National Platform for DRR was established in 2006 with assistance from UNISDR, it is anchored in the Unit for Early Warning Systems in the Office of the Prime Minister The CC/SAP has devolved some of its activities to the Groupe de Travail Inter-Disciplinaire du Système d'Alerte Précoce (GTI/SAP - Multi-disciplinary Working Group). Its 13 members are drawn from the various sectoral information systems: the Système National d’Information Sanitaire (SNISS- National Health Information System); Système d’Information sur le Marché des Céréales (SIM/C - Cereal Market National Information System); and the Système d’information sur le Prix des Bétails (SIM/B - National System for Cattle Pricing), and also includes other technical ministries and actors with a role in disaster prevention. The main role of the GTI/SAP is to support the CC/SAP in its mission to analyse and forecast crisis and to make related suggestions for the necessary corrections. It is the nearest equivalent to a DRR National Platform for Niger.


In addition to the SAP, other groups are responsible for sectoral emergencies, for instance the Comité National de Gestion des Urgences Sanitaires (CNGUS - National Committee for Health Emergency Management). The latter includes an Equipe Nationale d'Intervention Rapide (ENIR - National Rapid Intervention Team), a Réseau National de Laboratoires (RNL - National Network of Laboratories) and Comités Régionaux, Départementaux et Locaux de Gestion des Urgences Sanitaires (CRGUS - Emergency Health Regional and Provincial and Local Committees).


169

Government also aims to integrate DRR issues in a number of sectoral stratgies:

2001 Stratégie Opérationnelle de Sécurité Alimentaire (SOSA - Operational Food Security Strategy) that works towards the sustainable improvement of food security and the management of food crises.

2005 Stratégie de Développement Rural (SDR, Rural Development Strategy), one of whose key strategic themes is the enhancement of food security.

Plan National de l’Environnement pour un Développement Durable (PNEDD / National Pland for Development and Environment)

Programme d’Action National de Lutte contre la Désertification et de Gestion des Ressources Naturelles (National Action to Combat Desertification and Manage Natural Resources)

Stratégie Nationale et le Plan d’Action en Matière de Biodiversité (SN/PA/DB Bio Diversity Action Plan).

Politique et Stratégie de l’Eau et de l’Assainissement pour un Développement Durable (PSEA/DD Water and Sanitation for Sustainable Development).

Programme National Global de Sécurité Alimentaire (PNGSA/ National Programme for Global Food Security) under the leadership of the Ministry of Agriculture.

In an effort to provide a coherent DRR framework for these initiatives, UNDP has been encouraging the development of national disaster prevention and management strategy and action plan since 2009.

Niger’s 2002 PRSP - the Stratégie de Réduction de la Pauvreté (SRP) prioritises rural development and, within that, food security. In support of that objective, the country’s 2009-2013 UNDAF aims to improve food security and contribute to the sustainable management of natural resources and diversification of sources of income.


Little information is available on the funding of specific DRR programmes. However, Niger’s Special Programme is partly financed by the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Fund, and its 2009 – 2013 UNDAF is budgeted at $352 million over the 5-year period.


UNOCHA: Strengthening capacities for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with the HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC



170

WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting in the Niger and Volta basins in cooperation with AGRHYMET

IFRC: Reinforce and/or initiate gardening activities by providing complementary food during the dry season

GFDRR Track II: Building Capacity in Natural Disaster Risk Reduction for World Bank Task Team. Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort


UNDP: Support to disaster risk management mechanism for food security; support to strengthen national capacities; support to government to integrate DRR into development programmes

UNDP BCPR: support to department of Bilma to enhance assistance to vulnerable communities




The Centre National de Surveillance Ecologique et Environnemental (CNSEE – National Centre on Ecological and Environmental Monitoring) was set up in 2009, with a mandate to cover climate change related issues including DRR. Niger’s 2006 NAPA prioritised several DRR-related projects:

Production and dissemination of agro-meteorogical data to contribute to the achievement of food security for the population in the project areas.

Promotion of food banks to contribute to the improvement of the populations’ living conditions against food insecurity related to adverse effects of climate changes in the project location.

Development of anti-erosion infrastructures (CES/DRS) for agricultural forestry and pastoral purposes to contribute to the restoration of deteriorated zones and fight food insecurity facing the vulnerable populations.

-




171


Assessments on food vulnerability conducted (May 2006, November 2006).




DRR included in Niger’s PRSP.




Name of focal point organization: Office of the Prime Minister

Contact person: Mr. Harouna Hamani, Coordinator, Early Warning Systems



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2.38 NIGERIA





GDP 2008: $ 219.94 Billion


Drought (1)

Epidemic (14)


Extreme temperature (2)


Insect Infestation (grasshopper) (1) - Locust (1)

Landslide (3)

Storm (2) -

Largest human loss:



Drought 1983: US$ 71,103,000


173


The National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) was set up under the NEMA Establishment Act of 1999, which was based on a disaster-management approach. However, the law now needs updating to take account of DRR requirements. The House Committee on Emergency and Disaster Management may initiate relevant legislation. Under the 1999 Act, NEMA has the authority to mobilise and coordinate actions by other agencies such as the Fire Service, the Police, Nigeria Security and Civil Defence Corps, Federal Road Safety Commission, Federal Ministry of Health and the Red Cross. It also has an office in each of the country’s six geopolitical zones. Each of the 36 States has the responsibility to enact legislation and provide funding for a State Emergency Management Agency (SEMA). But in many cases – especially in the North -- they have not done so. Likewise, each of Nigeria’s 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs) is supposed to have a Local Emergency Management Committee.


The President inaugurated the National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction in October 2005 supported by UNDP, UN HABITAT and UNHCR. It is anchored in the National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA) and charged with four priorities:

i) To implement the Africa Regional DDR strategy ii) To increase awareness of the importance of DRR iii) To increase disaster-related information to the Nigerian press and public iv) To mobilise resources and build capacity on community resilience. -

No information is available on the activities of the National Platform.


The objectives of Nigeria’s Plan of Action for DRR (2006-2015), as set out in the 2007 HFA update report, are to:

Identify natural/man-induced hazards and assess their associated risks and costs in Nigeria.

Improve the capabilities of communities to predict, and proffer early warns on, natural hazards and disaster risks.

Enhance public awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation through training, education and public enlightenment.


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Strengthen disaster mitigation capabilities and preparedness of individuals and communities in emergency-disaster situations.

Ensure reduction in the vulnerability of communities and their infrastructure to environmental emergencies.

Embark on activities that will promote livelihood, poverty reduction and resilience to disasters/emergencies in the country.

Promote understanding of the DRR paradigm and promote appropriate intervening institutions to enhance the capabilities of SEMAs, LGAs and communities.

Nigeria’s PRSP (the National Economic Empowerment and Development Strategy) refers in broad terms to social safety nets and risks, but makes no mention of DRR activities. However, a commitment to incorporate DRR in the follow-up NEEDS programme was made in 2007 by the Secretary of the National Planning Commission. The Federal Government has provided funds for six universities to begin offering post-graduate courses in Disaster Risk Studies from September 2009. Young people undergoing the obligatory National Youth Service now receive training in DRR. ActionAid Nigeria has successfully used Participatory Vulnerability Analysis (PVA) to map communal conflict and resources in Middlebelt areas prone to violence (Plateau), an experience that has grown into a national PVA network. The Centre for Disaster and Crisis Management has been funded by the Provention Consortium to mitigate fire risk in Nigerian markets


NEMA’s budget for pilot DRR activities in 2006-7 was 82 million Naira or $545,000, drawn from a federal appropriation on the national budget approved by the National Assembly.




WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting; in cooperation with AGHRYMET

WMO: Enhancing marine Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems in the West African Countries for improved marine safety


175


The National Action Plan envisages tree-planting and agro-forestry initiatives to mitigate environmental risk.


The National Disaster Response Plan (NDRP) has been approved by the Federal Executive Council (FEC) to serve as a policy guideline for disaster management in Nigeria. It includes 13 Special Support Areas (SSAs) but none of them focus on DDR, which is only referred to generally in terms of disaster response “improving” on what was there before.




Nigeria based “ECLIPSE” on-line magazine on disaster management issues in Africa, published on a regular basis.

Center for Disaster and Crisis Management (CDCM) Nigeria is raising awareness and conducting risk and vulnerability assessments and DRR sensitization programmes in pilot schools in Nigeria for enhanced school safety .

National Platform completed the production of twelve resource materials in English for public information, and capacity building for different population groups in Nigeria. The National Platform also produced a ‘Paradigm shift to DRR’ brochure and charts to guide strategies and actions.


Mainstreaming of disaster risk reduction into the National Economic Empowerment Development Strategy (NEEDS II).




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Name of focal point organization: The National Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA)


177

2.39 RWANDA







Drought (5)

Earthquake (2)

Epidemic (1)


- Flash flood (1)

- General flood (7)

Landslide (1)

Largest human loss:

Drought 1989: 237 people killed Largest human loss/affected people:

Flood 1974: 1,900,000 people affected Largest Economic loss:

Flood 2007: US$ 9,000


There is not yet a legal framework for DRR in Rwanda, although disster management institutions exist. The National Service for Disaster Management (SNRGC), which brings together the Presidency Office, the Prime Minister’s Office and sector


178

ministries, has formal responsibility for disaster management in Rwanda, and is housed in the Ministry of Local Government, Community Development and Social Affairs. This body is given policy direction by the National Council for Disaster Management (CNGRC), formed by the Prime Minister and ministers of the sector ministries. The CNRGC is a main structure for political coordination on matters regarding disaster management. It guides MINALOC executing ministry via the SNGRC. The latter deals with daily coordination and implementation of activities in line with disaster management. The SNGRC is given technical advice by the Technical Assistance Committee (CAT), composed of experts from line ministries, UN Agencies, NGOs, and the private sector. There are no separate structures at provincial and district level, so existing administrative entities undertake disaster-management functions on an ad hoc basis. However, it is planned that in the future Provincial Committees on Disaster Management (CPGRC) will be established, including UN Agencies, NGOs and the private sector.


No National Platform is reported. The nearest equivalent is the Disaster Management Task Force (DMTF), which meets monthly and includes UN Agencies, NGOs and the Government. No official National Platform for DRR existent, but national body on Disaster Risk Management was put in place in July 2004 a recommendation of the policy, and is functioning as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Local Government


National policy on disaster risk reduction and prevention in Rwanda was formulated in 2002 and approved by the Cabinet in July 2003. Its main planks are:

Developing disaster risk management institutional mechanisms,

Building national capacities on disaster management,

Developing information and early warning integrated systems,

Developing long-term financial mechanisms,

Mainstreaming disaster management in national programmes (poverty reduction, community development, environment protection etc.).

Builing on the basis of this policy, the Strategic Plan of Action of the National Policy on Disaster Management adopts a “disaster-cycle” approach: prevention/mitigation; disaster response; and disaster relief and rehabilitation.


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The SNRGC is modestly funded within the budget of the Ministry of Local Government, Community Development and Social Affairs.


UNOCHA: Strengthening capacity for DRR in the Francophone and Lusophone African countries in line with the HFA priorities in cooperation with the AUC

GFDRR Track II: Building Capacity in Natural Disaster Risk Reduction for World Bank Task Team; Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort

GFDRR Track II: Climate Modeling and Risk Management project to improve ability to use regional modeling techniques in cooperation with IGAD

WMO: Climate observations and regional modeling in support of climate risk management

WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Horn of Africa (GHACOF) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with ICPAC

-


The top-two projects identified in Rwanda’s 2007 NAPA were both DRR-related: soil conservation at district level (against floods and erosion) and the establishment of a hydro-meteorological early-warning system.








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Different sectoral policies include disaster risk reduction as an integral part in their respective area of intervention (water resource management, poverty reduction, climate change, education, development planning)




Name of focal point organization:

Contact person: Mr. Elam Karara

Email: [email protected]



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2.40 SAO TOMÉ E PRINCIPE




Surface area: 960 Km2



Drought (1)


Parasitic Infectious Diseases (1) -

Largest human loss:


Drought 1983: 93,000 people affected


The only state institution formally charged with responsibility for DRR is the Operations Centre for Emergency and Civil Protection. As the name implies, the bulk of the Centre’s role is to do with disaster response, but it also has three DRR-related functions:

i) To study and inventorise risk factors and predictable vulnerabilities, proposing prevention measures to minimise the consequences of the occurrence of serious accident, catastrophe, or calamity.


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ii) To inform the population of the risks, vulnerability and protection measures.

iii) To foresee the use of medical services, for the elaboration of specific plans among several competing sectors.


There is no National Platform.


The country’s NAPA makes reference to a National Plan of Emergency, but no details are available.



2.40.7 Initiatives with partners


WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums (RCOF’s); Central Africa (PRESAC) in cooperation with ACMAD since 2002


The top two projects identified in the country’s NAPA are both DRR-related: the resettlement of specific coastal villages vulnerable to flooding (budget: $500,000), and the upgrading of the meteorological forecasting system ($500,000).






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Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Natural Resources & Environment

Contact person: Mr. Victor Manuel Sacramento Bonfim



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2.41 SENEGAL







1979 to 2008:

Drought (3)



Insect Infestation - - Grasshopper (2) - - Locust (3)

Storm (1) - - Local Storm (2)

Largest human loss:



Drought 1977: US$ 300,000 -


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The Direction de la Protection Civile (DPC - Directorate of Civil Protection), part of the Ministry of the Interior, is the seat of responsibility for DRR issues in Senegal. As such, it is the custodian of the country’s ORSEC (Organisation des Secours - Rescue Organisation) plan. There are also hazard-specific structures such as the Cellule Nationale de Prévention et de Lutte contre les Inondations (National Flood Prevention and Control Unit). An early warning system is in the process of being established; with local data collection points feeding information into the Centre Opérationnel pour l’Alerte Précoce (COAP – Operational Early-Warning Centre), There are several acknowledged gaps in the existing legislation:

Lack of clarity over who carries responsibility in specific cases for risk-reduction and disaster-management (for example, the relationship between the DPC and the National Flood Prevention and Control Unit in the event of a flood disaster) .

Lack of clear division of responsibilities between national bodies and local ones at regional, commune and village levels – a problem that only becomes more acute with the advance of Senegal’s decentralisation policy.

Inadequate legal framework in terms of simulation exercises, compulsory expropriation of property, post-disaster evaluations and transport of dangerous materials.


National platform for DRR established in June 2005 with assistance from UNISDR and is anchored in the Ministry of Interior under the Civil Protection Unit. The UNDP disaster-control project in Senegal envisages the establishment of a National Platform, which was formally established by presidential decree in March 2008. The Prime Minister of Senegal officially launched it in March 2009. Since then, the DPC has been engaged in stakeholder consultation to define the operating modalities of the National Platform.


Senegal’s Plan ORSEC provides a general framework for disaster management, but is short on operational details and standard operating procedures. The gap is partly filled by the Plan de Contingence National (PCN), which is a tool to plan and coordinate available resources over the short term. Senegal’s National Action Plan on DRR 2010-2015 is managed by the Unité de Gestion du Programme, which is directly accountable to the Director of Civil Protection in the Ministry of the Interior. Its objectives are:

Promote DRR mechanisms, especially the DRR National Platform.


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Promote DRR awareness through a communication strategy and social mobilisation.

Reinforce the DRR legal framework.

Control major industrial accidents.

Control major floods.

Reduce the vulnerability of under-privileged groups. In the achievement of these objectives, the Plan has 5 components:

i) Management of the DRR Programme ii) Reinforcement of the legal and institutional framework. iii) Building national, sectoral and local capacity for disaster preparation, response

and relief. iv) Improving the flow of information to communities. v) Supporting for the establishment of a National Platform.

A joint program with UNDP on support to national DRR program and disaster management in the context of poverty reduction. UNDP’s project of Support to the National Programme on Disaster Prevention, Risk-Reduction and Management also aims to help establish the National Platform for DRR, as well as achieve the mainstreaming of DRR considerations, the enhancement of the early warning system, and capacity-building for disaster prevention and management. Senegal’s 2007 PRSP (reflecting the analysis on social vulnerability to disasters included in the 2006 CCA) includes DRR under Pillar 3 on Social Protection, supporting the government plans to establish a coherent and integrated framework for DRR, spearheaded by the National Platform.


The Ministry of the Interior’s budget provides core funding for the Directorate of Civil Protection, as well as funds for disaster relief. The National Action Plan on DRR 2010-2015 is budgeted at $9 million over 6 years, but it is not clear how much of this will be required from external donors. GFDRR is proposing a further $1.6 million project over four year, focused on the capacity building of DRR structures.


IFRC: DRR at School in Senegal. Awareness and outreach

IFRC: Community based climate adaptation. Meteorological services partnering with the Red Cross and other end users towards improved disaster management and climate change adaptation

GFDRR Track II: Spatial Analysis of Natural Hazard and Climate Variability Risks in Peri-Urban Areas of Dakar. Use GIS technology to map urbanization trends and geo-referencing of risks/vulnerabilities


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GFDRR Track II: Building Capacity in Natural Disaster Risk Reduction for World Bank Task Team. Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort to help eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable development in the rural sector.

GFDRR Track II: Community Co-Management for Disaster Risk Management of Marine Resources in West Africa. Build capacity in coastal communities.

UNOCHA: Regional meeting to create a bridge between national contingency plans and the plans ORSEC (Rescue Organizations) used in francophone countries with participation of Humanitarian actors, all francophone Government counterparts and France

UNISDR: Strengthening National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction in Africa

UNDP: Mainstreaming DRR in national development plans and formulation of a national DRM framework

WMO: Enhancing marine Multi-Hazard EWS in the West African Countries for improved marine safety

ProVention Consortium: African Urban Risk Analysis Network (AURAN). International focus on DRR in urban areas of Africa.


Senegal’s National Action Plan on the Environment and National Plan to Combat Desertification envisage reducing the vulnerability of local communities to environmental shocks that can imperil their food security.


Preparedness aspects considered in the planned EW system, contingency planning through the national platform

Contingency plan elaborated in 2008 with the participation of partners – contingency plan to be refined


Methods and research instruments for evaluation of multiple risk and cost analysis to be put in place.

Contingency plan being developed with all partners, focusing on floods, locust infestation and epidemics.

Single structures and institutions manage databases but don’t communicate through the national platform.

Study carried out on the establishment of EW system and plan to establish key actors adopted EW system.


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Regional mechanisms for DRR exist through ECOWAS and AU. Little cooperation so far between regional bodies and national level


Considering integration of DRR into school curriculum


Necessary instruments for DRR in place, but DRR needs to be made a more integral part of environmental policies including natural resource management and climate change adaptation.

National disaster management and social protection strategy adopted. National development policies and plans defined to reduce vulnerability of people.

PRSP considers vulnerabilities of productive sector. Linkage of protection of state and reduction of economic vulnerability remains unclear.

DRR integrated into different codes. Need to update legislation. Responsibilities for DRR structures need to be clarified.

National strategy for social protection and disaster management integrates DRR into reconstruction and rehabilitation activities


Need to integrate disaster risk management and social protection into PRSP.

DRR concept is fairly new to community leaders –need to integrate DRR into local development plans

Need to formalize different information systems through the national platform

Need for more south -south cooperation. Transnational risk reduction should be supported by external humanitarian and development partners

Need to establish an information system that includes all partners through the national platform

Simulation exercises of contingency plans are necessary to test efficiency

Implementation of yearly contingency plan should include information exchange


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Name of focal point organization: Civil Protection, Ministry of Interior

Contact person: Mr. Sidate Diouf, Director, Civil Defense Unit





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2.42 Seychelles




Surface area: 450 Km2



1979 to 2008

Earthquake

Tsunami (1)

Epidemic


Flood (1)

Storm

Tropical Cyclone (1) Largest human loss:

Flood 1997: 5 people killed Largest human loss/affected people:

Storm 2002: 6,800 people affected Largest Economic loss:

Earthquake 2004: US$ 30,000


The Department of Risk and Disaster Management (DRDM) implement DRR activities, under the responsibility of the Minister in the Office of the President. Policy rests with


191

the National Disaster Committee (NDC) comprising of key government agencies and stakeholders appointed by the head of state with the mandate to coordinate responses at a national level and also advise the President. It includes the Meteorological Service, Local Government, Environment, Health, Transport, Public Utilities, Victoria City Council, Police, Army and Fire Services, IFRC and media. There are also Regional Platforms composed of the local representatives of the NDC and district administrators. However, a coherent legal framework for DRR is still lacking, as is the integration of DRR into other development processes. For example, the Town and Country Planning Act and the building regulations do not currently incorporate DRR components, although the DRDM is represented on the Town and Country Planning Authority to put DRR considerations into the planning process of new developments.


The national platform for DRR was established in 2005 with support from UNISDR; it is anchored in the Department for Risk and Disaster Management in the Office of the President.

National Policy for Disaster Management and Disaster Risk Reduction has been drafted and is in its final stage of implementation.

Disaster Risk Reduction Strategy came into effect in 2004.

National disaster committee comprising key government agencies and stakeholders appointed by the head of state.


A National Disaster Policy Framework was prepared in 2004, and a National Disaster Contingency Plan has also been developed. Seychelles received assistance from ISDR to develop its DRR framework in 2006/7. UNDP has also supported the development of an Early Warning and Disaster Management system. The two-year project started in February 2007 with a national capacity assessment followed by a comprehensive risk assessment. The project also produced a multi-hazard Early Warning System (EWS) and Disaster Response Plans covering Tsunami, Cyclone and Flood risk at both national and district levels. A Public Awareness strategy was also developed. The Seychelles is included in 2 current GFDRR projects covering a number of African/Indian Ocean countries: Disaster Risk Management in Africa – strategic framework, good practise and communication ($495,000) and Disaster Risk Management in Sub-Saharan Africa ($300,000). The country was also included in the ProVention Consortium’s project on strengthening regional SADC capacity for disaster risk management.


192


The DRDM has an annual budget allocation from the Government. There is also a National Contingency Fund for specific emergencies.


GFDRR Track II: National Disaster Preparedness and Response Project. Enhance regulatory and legislative disaster management framework. Assess risks, vulnerability and develop disaster scenarios

GFDRR Track II: Building Capacity in Natural Disaster Risk Reduction for the World Bank Task Team. Mainstream DRR as part of the sustainable recovery effort to help eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable development in the rural sector

UNDP: Rehabilitation of Roads and Bridges

UNDP: Reconstructing dwellings

UNDP: Establishment of early warning and disaster management system


WMO: Strengthen NHS’s capacity to provide useful information to support integrated water resources management and flood forecasting in cooperation with SADC.

WMO: Tropical Cyclone Advisories for the Southwest Indian Ocean Countries; Enhanced availability of guidance information for the issue of tropical cyclone warnings by NMHS’s at national level.


DRR in included in the Environment Management Plan 2.




Detailed risk assessment exercises carried out – database created to summarize findings.

Disaster management database for disaster impact and occurrence developed and is operational.


193

Instalment of second tidal gauge underway to assist in data collection on tidal surges, sea level rises and tsunami wells.

Seychelles does not share boundaries with other countries but is vulnerable to biological, epidemiological and pandemic hazards.


Integration of DRR in school materials is at the formative stage.

Process of developing a country-wide public awareness strategy is being undertaken.


No binding land use plan in place, land use and urbanization being approved on a case by case basis

Economic vulnerability not fully integrated into economic and productive sector plans

Tourism sector planning to factor in DRR into their development plans

Disaster risk impact studies being done through environmental impact assessments for all major development projects

Disaster risk reduction is included in the Environment Management Plan 2 and is implemented through the Environment Protection Act


There are institutional barriers. Some sectors are reluctant to consider DRR.

Absence of a culture of disaster preparedness in Seychelles has led to a weak human resource base in specific disaster areas at the professional level.

Town and country planning act out-dated and needs to be reviewed and aligned with other policies and legislation.

DRR not prioritized for social development programmes.

Many human settlements are located in vulnerable zones.


Name of focal point organization: Department for Risk and Disaster Management, Office of the President

Contact Person: Mr. Michel Vielle



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2.43 SIERRA LEONE







1979 to 2008

Epidemic (2) - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (7) - - Viral Infectious Diseases (5)




Flood 1996: 200,000 people affected Largest Economic loss:

Storm 1975: US$ 3,600


The 2002 National Security and Central Intelligence Act – informed by Sierra Leone’s 10-year civil war – mandated the Office of National Security as the primary


195

coordination point for the management of national disasters, both natural and man-made. A National Disaster Management Department was subsequently established within the Office of National Security. This Department, supported by the Red Cross, has developed Disaster Management Committees in each of the country’s 12 districts, scheduled to meet monthly. A DRR framework has been prepared, with Draft Disaster Management Plan and National Disaster Management Policy developed with input from government ministries, international NGOs, UN agencies, CBOs and others. The Disaster Management Plan covers disaster prevention, preparedness, and response and sets out roles and responsibilities in preparedness, mitigation and response. However, the Government has yet to formally endorse these documents.


There are strong collaborative ties between the department and other stakeholder institutions including Government departments and agencies, INGOs, NGOs, CBOs, civil society etc. Regular monthly coordination meetings are also held together with these stakeholders, with membership varying according to the topics and hazards under discussion. This group meets monthly, with additional ad hoc meetings to tackle specific issues or emergencies.


The national disaster management policy (yet to be formally approved/endorsed by the Government) has the following strategic objectives:

Increase political commitment on disaster risk reduction.

Ensure priority and requisite institutional capacities for disaster risk reduction at all levels.

Improve the effectiveness of response through stronger disaster preparedness systems.

Improve identification, assessment monitoring & early warning of disaster risks.

Increase knowledge & public awareness of disaster risk reduction.

Integrate disaster risk management into development efforts.

Overall coordination and monitoring in implementation of the strategy.

Building the capacity of the National Disaster Management Department and other stakeholder institutions.

Sierra Leone’s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP) integrates DRR considerations into Pillar Two (food security) and Pillar Three (malaria and HIV risk). UNDP’s Country Programme Action Plan 2008-2010 includes the commitment to support Sierra Leone in developing a comprehensive disaster management system. Community-level vulnerability assessments have been conducted by several NGOs in Sierra Leone, including ActionAid and the Red Cross.


196


Plans to have a national disaster fund are still underway: the Government’s 2009 HFA report stated that it had neither material nor financial resources to conduct DRR activities. As such, the national disaster management programme currently has no independent material or financial resources to conduct DRR activities. Thus the government’s strategy to source funds has mostly been through appeals to stakeholder institutions, especially international agencies and private establishments/individuals. Last year, the Department signed a 3-year agreement with UNDP to support a preventive development project aimed at supporting Government’s effort towards enhancing institutional and community capacities for DR prevention and management and also to support activities to enhanced sustained environmental management.


GFDRR Track II: Community Co-Management for Disaster Risk Management of Marine Resources in West Africa. Build capacity in coastal communities.

UNISDR: GFDRR South Cooperation: To strengthen national and regional coordination mechanisms and capacities for enhanced guidance, implementation and reporting on HFA.


There has been recent collaboration between the Disaster Management department and the Climate Change Secretariat, since both departments now realise how intrinsically linked their work is. For example, both departments serve as committee members in each other’s Working Teams, including the Meteorological Services Division and other partners. Sierra Leone’s 2007 NAPA identified 21 “priority” projects (not further ranked) covering water, health, meteorology, fisheries, forestry, coastal and agriculture sectors. The most DRR-relevant project is the establishment of a meteorological National Early Warning System, following the demise of the previous meteorological service in the civil war – a 3-year project budgeted at $751,000.


197


Contingency plans for almost all hazards that are particular to the country and those that are inter regional, but due to absence of resources no training is undertaken.

National disaster management policy clearly spells out the responsibility of the government and other institutions on their financial obligations towards disaster management in the country.

Ad hoc response to emergencies.

All agencies with mandate on disaster management form part of the response team.

According to national reporting to ISDR, disaster response since 2004 has included a comparatively high degree (level 4) of DRR awareness. The National Commission for Social Action (NACSA), charged with resettling people displaced by disasters, allocates land zoned to avoid risk. It is responsible to the National Disaster Management Department for its work in resettlement of disaster victims. However, poor people continue to settle in disaster prone areas, for economic reasons, thus increasing their vulnerabilities.


National Hazards assessment – includes risks and vulnerabilities common in different parts of the country

National hazard profile carried out based on risk assessments that include hazard data and vulnerability information (social, economic, environmental and physical)

Risk assessments for key sectors also carried out

Hazards and vulnerabilities are monitored and early warning information sent to communities for action

Institutional commitment is strong; nevertheless, the main provider of early warning for natural disasters, national meteorological services, was vandalized during the war and has not yet be replaced

Radio stations warn about man-made emergencies, as the disaster management department does not have its own designated channel

Sierra Leone part of Mano River cooperation and ECOWAS. This ensures strong cooperation in terms of risk assessment and reduction activities

Contingency plans in place for inter-regional disasters such as floods, stockpiles available for response


School program “DRR begins at school”. Selected schools have DRR in curriculum


198

National disaster management program tries to incorporate DRR into existing curriculum

Weekly radio show to sensitize communities – only in some communities

Information on risk reduction readily available and can be accessed by all stakeholders and general public with effective networking and sharing systems


Vulnerability and capacity assessment is done using scientific methodology with models to assess the impact of hazards and capacities at individual and community levels

Many of the disasters that affect Sierra Leone are cause by man’s negative interaction with the environment; policies and plans have been put in place that reverse this trend by punishing the defaulters to mitigate underlying risk factors

Most development initiatives take disaster management into account and environmental impact assessments are standard for all development actions to be undertaken.


Financial constraints and technical expertise to conduct the required training

A main challenge is that DRR is a relatively new phenomenon.

National budget meant to address key issues such as payment of salaries, food security, health, education and other social amenities. Limited resources means that government finds it difficult to prioritize

Ignorance is a major challenge faced by authorities in the implementation of local legislation in communities

Poor road condition is also a big problem faced by local council authorities

Absence of an effective or dedicated communications channel between the coordinating body and implementing/responding agencies and then to the general public

Communities lack modern equipment and existing local capacities are not sufficient to prepare for hazards.

Accessibility of remote areas in the country is not easy although early warning information exists it doesn’t reach all communities

Need to revise old legislation and enforce new one to mitigate disaster risk in human settlements


199


Name of focal point organization: Disaster Management Department; Office of National Security (ONS)

Contact person: Mrs. Mary Mye-Kamara, Director



200

2.44 SOMALIA





GDP 2008: N/A


Drought (8)

Tsunami (1)

Epidemic (6)




Tropical Cyclone (1) Largest human loss:



Earthquake 2004: US$ 100,000,000


201


Somalia’s public institutions collapsed in 1999 with the fall of the central government. The ensuing years of fighting between rival fiefdoms have made whatever little infrastructures there dysfunctional. From 2005 onwards, the TFG has been struggling to re-establish critically needed governance institutions including those of DRR but so far, little has been achieved. The first progress towards the set-up of an institutional framework for DRR was the establishment of the National Tsunami Disaster Management Bureau in 2007, which is a precursor for a broad-based DRR institution. Other institutions that will play a role in DRR include Ministry of Interior, Ministry of Health, the Somali Red Crescent, etc. There is therefor no reported legal framework for DRR. However, during Somalia’s period as a functioning independent state (1960-1991), the government showed itself able to respond ad hoc to disasters such as the 1974-1975 Abaartii Dabadheer drought, using foreign assistance to relocate some of the worst affected people. Political unrest continued when Islamist insurgents fought back against the government and Ethiopian forces, regaining control of most of southern Somalia by late 2008. Ethiopia pulled its troops out in January 2009 and soon after; fighters from the Al-Shabaab militia took control of Baidoa, formerly a key stronghold of the transitional government. Somalia's parliament met in neighbouring Djibouti and swore in 149 new members from the main opposition movement. The parliament also extended the mandate of the transitional federal government for another two years, and installed moderate Islamist Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmad as the new president. The future remains uncertain. In the wake of the 2004 Asian Tsunami, several of the competing political entities in Somalia established disaster-related structures: the Transitional Federal Government established a National Tsunami Disaster Management Bureau (NTDMB); Puntland set up a Humanitarian Affairs and Disaster Management Agency in 2005; and Somaliland instituted a National Disaster Management Committee.


There is no National Platform.


202


There are no national DRR policies and plans put in place by political authorities. However, a number of donors have set up disaster-related structures on the basis of their relief experience in the country. For example, the World Food Programme (WFP)’s Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation (PRRO), operational in Somalia since 1999, aims to contribute to the household food security of vulnerable groups in the face of drought and other natural disasters. The Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS-NET) and the Food Security Analysis Unit (FSAU), using early warning information and data from remote sensing tools provided by the FAO-managed AFRICOVER project, conduct drought early warning systems. However, these early-warning systems have limited impact because of both a lack of credible state partners within Somalia and the communication problems of transmitting messages from a Nairobi to a highly decentralised society. Save the Children have also done some vulnerability mapping in Somalia using the Household Economy Approach. The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) is also involved in long-term programmes, which have impact on drought management, such as herd survival programmes and animal health assistance.


Political structures fund the small-scale DRR-related structures mentioned in the previous section on Legal Framework. For the international donors active in Somalia, DRR is a minor component of project budgets.





No NAPA has been prepared.




203


No comprehensive national risks or vulnerability assessments carried out.



2.44.12 Reduction of underlying factors



Financial and technical difficulties

2.44.14 Focal point contact details:

Unknown at the moment

Name of focal point organization:

Contact person:

E-mail:


204

2.45 SOUTH AFRICA







1979 to 2008

Drought (7)

Epidemic (2) - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (4) - Viral Infectious Diseases (1)

Earthquake (6)

Extreme temperatures - Cold Wave (2)

Flood (4) - General Flood (14) - Flash Flood (5)

Storm (6) - Local Storm (11) - Tropical Cyclone (1)

Mass Movement wet - Landslide (1)

Wild fire - Forest Fire (2) - Scrub/Grassland Fire (6)

Largest human loss:


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Flood 1987: 506 people killed Largest human loss/affected people:


Drought 1991: US$ 1,000,000


The Disaster Management Act was passed in 2002 – Disaster Management Act 57 of 2002, which aimed to provide a coherent framework for managing disasters, and stressed efforts to mitigate the vulnerability of disaster-prone communities and infrastructures, and disaster-management capacity building. A National Disaster Management Centre was set up, with similar centres at provincial and municipal levels. The Integrated Development Plans developed at municipal level are predicated on community efforts to understand and alleviate their risks. Relevant ministries have also completed their own contingency plans, such as the Agricultural Drought Management Plan developed by the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry.


The Minister established the technical National Disaster Management Advisory Forum (NDMAF) for Provincial and Local Government in 2002. It functions as a national platform for DRR and reports to the Intergovernmental Committee on Disaster Management (ICDM – political Forum). Other disaster management role-players consult one another and co-ordinate their actions on matters relating to disaster management. The NDMAF meets on a quarterly basis and is chaired by the Head of the National Disaster Management Centre. The Forum must make recommendations concerning the national disaster management framework to the Intergovernmental Committee on Disaster Management (ICDM – political Forum), and may advise any organ of state, statutory functionary, non-governmental organization or community or the private sector on any matter relating to disaster management. The NDMAF meets on a quarterly basis and is chaired by the Head of the National Disaster Management Centre. It brings together the sectoral ministries, specialist departments like the South African Weather Service, representative bodies like the South African Farmers Union, NGOs like the Red Cross and the Salvation Army, and the heads of the Disaster Management Departments of the 9 provinces.


The National Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) campaign was launched on 15 October 2008 under the theme: Hospitals Safe From Disasters: Reduce Risk, Protect Health Facilities and Save Lives. This was undertaken in partnership with the relevant


206

Ministries and private health services providers as well as the South African petro-chemical industry.







WMO: Severe weather forecasting demonstration project; Enhanced use of outputs for Numerical Weather Prediction Systems in cooperation with SADC






National DM framework calls for the establishment of necessary institutional arrangements for implementing DRM within all spheres of government. DM act calls for the establishment of a national DM center at national, provincial and municipal levels

Most provinces have developed their provincial DM frameworks in line with the National Framework. They hold training and rehearsals on a regular basis. Most training is done collaboratively with private partners

All organs of state must budget for costs involved in disaster response and recovery. Once budgets for response are exhausted, the relevant


207

organ of state may request financial assistance from the national government.

During a hazard, a joint operating committee is established comprising various stakeholders. After the hazard has passed, a debrief is arranged to identify and evaluate possible mistakes and lessons learned


A number of risks have been identified in the provinces. Main priority should be to improve capacity and conduct more detailed research

National DM center tracks and collates information on all disasters with the Disasters Atlas, which serves as a tool for establishing trends in disaster events over a given period of time

South African Weather Services plays an integral role in DRR activities. Links for dissemination of advisories and early warning have been established. Warnings are also issued via SMS.

Government has approved Tsunami early Warning System to initiate research on evidence of historic tsunamis in South Africa

Advanced Fire Information System – first near time operational satellite in fire monitoring system in Southern Africa

Most risks identified are limited within the provinces. The priority should be to broaden the scope of assessments to include risks emanating from neighbouring countries


Training and education standards for a professional DM career path are being developed in cooperation with the SA Qualifications Authority. Internship program for DM.

Multi hazard awareness campaigns being implemented in the country through using flyers to educate the public on various hazards.

NDMC taking advantage of ISDR annual campaigns to education and reach out to the communities.

Department of Agriculture actively rolling out awareness programs for farmers.

A number of risk reduction and cc projects underway in provinces.

Plans underway to support community radio and TV programs aimed at rising awareness of agricultural development.

People in different areas have learned to cope with disasters in indigenous ways. Traditional coping strategies and community-based mitigation have been the basis for awareness strategies


208


Section 53 of DM Act specifically states that DM plans should form an integral part of the municipalities integrated development plan

Projects often delay due to diversion of funds for recovery activities. However, when disasters occur they create opportunity to rebuild smarter etc.

National DM framework provides for the establishment of rehabilitation and reconstruction project teams that ensure that holistic approach is used in recovery. Most provinces have established joint operations committees which meet when there is a disaster

Post disaster project teams for rehabilitation and reconstruction are not established to operate effectively

Mechanisms for monitoring of rehabilitation and reconstruction projects have not been established

National DM framework gives priority to the establishment of a uniform approach to the DRM and provision of national standard to guide the assessment of priority disaster risk

Risks have been identified in the provinces. In some cases, detailed assessments were made and they included the assessment of people’s vulnerability. Main priority is to improve capacity and conduct more research


Lack of dedicated capacity in municipalities creates inconsistency regarding DM and hinders progress

National DM Framework requires the NDMC to develop guidelines for DR assessments to ensure uniform approach. Guidelines have not been finalized and as a result, assessments are not done uniformly

The country faces massive challenges with relation to effective communication mechanisms. In some cases, sophisticated systems are utilized, while other provinces use standard equipment (landline telephones and cell phones)

There is a lack of guidelines and proper communication channels to communicate extreme weather. Media must be trained to ensure that alerts and warnings are interpreted correctly

National standard for conducting comprehensive DR assessments has not been generated therefore there is no uniform approach to the application of disaster risk assessment

Majority of national departments have not developed preparedness and contingency plans

The funding mechanism is viewed as lengthy and cumbersome. Some municipalities lack the capacity to implement recovery projects utilizing allocated funds


209


Name of focal point organization: Department of Provincial and Local Government

Contact person: Ms. Judy Mboweni, Deputy Director Disaster Intervention and Support



210

2.46 SUDAN







Drought (7)

Earthquake (2)

Epidemic (6)




Insect infestation (3) - Locust (2)

Local storm (1)

Scrub/grassland fire (1) Largest human loss:



Flood 2007: US$ 300,000,000


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There is not yet a coherent DRR legal framework in Sudan. Sudan established the High Council for Civil Defence in 1991 as a coordinating body for disasters and natural calamities. Its statutes were further amended in 1994. Its members include 10 Federal Ministries, the Humanitarian Aid Commission (HAC), the Governor of Khartoum and NGOs. The HAC maintains an early warning system comprising meteorological, crop and socio-economic data. The High Council for Environmental Conservation was established in 1997with responsibilities of environmental surveillance. The 1998 Constitution of Sudan gives the President the right to declare a state of emergency in the event of an epidemic or disaster. The Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs has been working with UNDP to develop an overall DRR capacity since 2007. Sudan has yet to develop coordinating mechanisms for disaster management at state and county levels, although it declared at Hyogo 2007 that it was in the process of doing so.


According to the latest HFA progress report, efforts over the preceding two years to establish a National Platform within the Ministry of Environment and Physical

Development have been stymied by lack of funds.


Sudan declared in its statement at Hyogo 2007 that it was “working towards mainstreaming of DRR into the plans of the relevant line ministries”, but no further details were given. Five unfunded priorities were proposed:

i) Mobilisation of resources for DRR. ii) Training on GIS. iii) Developing a communications network among relevant stakeholders. iv) Strengthening multi-hazard EWS. v) Technical assistance on DRR.

As one of the 10 Nile Basin States, Sudan is committed to moving from a Nile water-management regime based on water allocation to one of benefit sharing. The Eastern Nile Flood Preparedness and Early Warning project aims to reduce flood risk along the Blue Nile in Sudan and Ethiopia. In Darfur, UNEP and UNICEF are working on integrated water-resource management to increase drought resilience to low-rainfall years like those of the early 1980s.


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As above, no funds have been made available over the last 2 years to operationalize a National Platform on DRR. The HAC maintains the National Fund for the Support of Voluntary Work and Emergency.





-


Sudan’s 1997 NAPA does not explicitly refer to disaster risk reduction. The focus of the 5 priority CCA projects identified is on increasing resilience through improved water management in specific areas of the country. Sudan declared at the Hyogo conference that: “Climate change is expected to increase vulnerability of significant segments of our people”.






Capacity building for disaster management in Sudan project, lead by UNDP in 1999

UNDP BCPR/UNDP Sudan project on DRRM capacity building January 2009, cooperation with Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs


213

2.46.12 Reduction of underlying factors



Lack of policy and legislation.

Weak institutional capacity

Absence of effective coordination mechanisms between different actors.

Low budget allocations.

Weak central information management system.

Unclear definition of roles, responsibilities and mandates.


Name of focal point organization: Higher Council for Civil Defense

Contact person: Brigadier Wagie Allah El Tayeb Wagie, Secretary General



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2.47 SWAZILAND







1979 to 2008

Drought (5)

Epidemic - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (2) - - Parasitic Infectious Diseases (1)

Flood - - General Flood (2)

Storm (2) - - Tropical Cyclone (1)

Wild fire - - Forest Fire (1)

Largest human loss:

Drought 1983: 500 people killed Largest human loss/affected people:


Storm 1984: US$ 54,152


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The 2006 Disaster Management Act established three relevant structures at the national level:

1) The National Disaster Management Council comprising of:

Minister of Disaster Management

Permanent Secretaries from the line ministries

Representatives from the Arm, Police and Fire and Emergency Department;

The Regional Secretaries

Representatives from organized labour and business;

National Red Cross Society

Traditional Chiefs;

Religious and welfare groups;

Medical and para-medical organizations;

Scientific and technological institutions;

Community based organizations. - Its role was to be a consultative platform on DRR. However, Swaziland’s 2009

report on HFA implementation indicated that this Council was not yet operational, due to lack of human and financial resources.

2) The National Disaster Management Agency was also set up as the body

responsible for managing the national emergency operations system within the office of the Minister of Disaster Management. However, it is also short of staff and funds.

3) National Sustainable Disaster Management Council (NSDMC). Under the

chairmanship of Deputy Prime Minister (or his appointee), the NSDMC consists of representatives of all sectoral ministries (at Principal Secretary or Under Secretary level), the senior officer commanding the army, the senior officer commanding the national police, the four regional secretaries, the director of the Swaziland Red Cross, the director of CANGO, the director of the Swaziland Chamber of Commerce and the director of the Swaziland Federation of Employers. The United Nations Resident co-coordinator in Swaziland, representatives of bi-lateral and multi-lateral donors to Swaziland and other NGOs attend ex officio. The NSDMC is responsible for proposing policy and programme direction to Cabinet

That Act also says that each of the 4 Regional Administrators also has the responsibility to set up Regional Disaster Management Committees.


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According to Swaziland’s 2009 report on HFA progress, there is no National Platform, although plans to establish one have been drawn up.

National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA) under the Ministry of Regional Development and Youth Affairs

Ministerial Disaster Management Team led by the Deputy Prime Minister. Regional Disaster Management committees

National Ministerial focal points in place -


Swaziland’s first Disaster Management Policy dates from 1999 and had as its aim to prevent and minimise the impact of disasters on vulnerable communities and groups, specifically:

To save lives and livelihoods and reduce damage to property and infrastructure.

To foster a culture of disaster prevention and to build the capacity and resilience at national, regional and local levels to withstand the impact of future disasters.

To promote self-reliance at national and community levels and to facilitate the participation and involvement of local communities in devising and implementing strategies for effective vulnerability reduction.

To provide a framework for sustainable, integrated, holistic and multi-sectoral disaster management.

To ensure effective, efficient and timely assistance to people affected by disasters, and that disaster response and relief efforts support long term development and vulnerability reduction strategies.

To develop an effective information and early warning system and to promote public awareness and education through training and other capacity building programmes.

To ensure the protection of the nation’s natural resources and environment.

To deliver disaster management programmes in a gender-sensitive way, taking account of the fact that women and children often carry the major burden in times of disaster.

To facilitate regional and international co-operation in disaster management.

In 2005, UNDP and the Government conducted a National Disaster Risk Reduction Capacity Needs Assessment, which identified major resource constraints and capacity


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gaps in policy and legal systems, risk identification, information and knowledge management, emergency response and preparedness, and risk management applications. Subsequently the Government of Swaziland with UNDP financial and technical support developed a National Action Plan for 2008-2015 for capacity development in disaster risk reduction. Swaziland’s 2009 report on HFA progress reported that this plan 2008-2015 was “at completion stage”, having been developed according to a stakeholder models that included international agencies and NGOs, though without active private-sector participation. However, both the Disaster Management Act and the National Action Plan have not been effectively implemented due to financial resources and capacity constraints. UNDP’s current DRR capacity-building project, funded at $559,000, runs to July 2010 and covers 4 work-strands:

i) Strengthening governance systems for DRR and climate adaptation ii) Disaster risk identification, and early warning linked to climate change

adaptation programme; iii) Integrating disaster risk reduction in development initiatives; and iv) Enhancing capacity for preparedness and emergence response at local level.

USAID has an on-going DRR programme to reduce the impact of drought on vulnerable populations through mitigation activities such as livelihood diversification and income generation.


Under the 2006 Act, the Minister of Finance established a Disaster Management Fund, with the objective of providing funding for the national disaster management plan, emergency relief, restoration of infrastructure and services directly linked with relief operations. However, no information is currently available to suggest that this Fund has actually been set up and supported.


GFDRR Track II: Capacity Needs Assessment for Disaster Risk Management. Update of implementation progress of the NAP. Identify priority areas for WB support.

UNDP: Strengthening capacity for coordination and recovery from drought emergency. Recruitment of emergency and recovery specialist to enhance coordination and information management.



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WMO: Flash flood guidance system for strengthened cooperation between National Hydrological and Meteorological Services to deliver timely and more accurate products and services




Existing environmental legislation (e.g. the 2002 Environmental Management Act) and natural resource plans do not explicitly mention DRR.


Ad hoc disaster and emergency response due to absence of preparedness plans.

Natural disaster relief fund in place to finance disaster and emergency situations.

Lack of hazard data hinders consideration of natural hazards for planning and implementation of projects among sectors.

Lacking capacity to undertake reviews and exchange info on hazards and emergency occurrences.

DRR is being integrated in current drought rehabilitation projects, but on an ad hoc basis without systematic policy commitment.


Multi sectoral drought early recovery needs assessment is underway

No risk assessment undertaken, annual vulnerability assessment for food and water being carried out.

National disaster management agency has recently been established as a primary source of information, information and resource center to be established under same institution.

No structures for Early Warning System in place.

Risk assessments not yet carried out


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Education curriculum does not mainstream disaster risk issues and concepts

No formal national coordinated strategy aimed at public awareness for building or promoting resilience to disasters with outreach to urban and rural communities

Program to strengthen national and local resilience to disasters advocates for multi sectoral approach on DRR. Currently multi sectoral drought early recovery needs assessment is underway. Outcomes: drought needs assessment and drought early recovery strategic plan


Environmental legislation and related policy, strategy for land use etc does not explicitly integrate DRR.

Climate risk management aspect integrated into the second national communication on climate change of the Swaziland party of UNFCCC, lack of capacity to link climate change adaptation and DRR.

PRSP action programme considers disasters as hindering factors for sustainable development, community based advocacy is under way.

Government policy documents include the vulnerability of economic activities.

Public awareness campaigns on DRR being carried out.

Drought early recovery needs assessment ongoing, which will feed into rehabilitation projects that include DRR, drought early recovery framework to be developed.

No awareness/advocacy on disaster risk impact on development projects.


The government is constrained in terms of resources to establish structures and systems for effective DRR intervention

Lack of capacity to effectively apply science to practice as well as policy development

Lack of capacity to fully integrate DRR into PRSP


Name of focal point organization: National Disaster Management Agency (NDMA); Ministry of Regional Development and Youth Affairs


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Contact person: Mr. Thamsanqa V. Mpanza, Director





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2.48 TANZANIA







1979 to 2008:

Drought (6)

Epidemic (4) - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (17) - - Parasitic Infectious Diseases (1) - - Viral Infectious Diseases (4)

Earthquake (4) - - Tsunami (1)


Insect Infestation - - Locust (1)

Storm - - Tropical Cyclone (1)

Mass Movement wet - - Landslide (1)

Wild fire - - Scrub/Grassland Fire (1)



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Largest Economic loss: - Flood 1993: US$ 3,510


Since Tanzania is a unitary republic of the Mainland and Zanzibar, under the existing constitution the two parts of the union are responsible for setting up their own DRR systems and structures. On the mainland, the Disaster Relief Act of 1990 provided a basic framework of disaster response. DRR elements were incorporated through the National Operational Guidelines for Disaster Management (2003) and the National Disaster Management Policy (2004). The Disaster Management Department was established in the Office of the Prime Minister. The coordinating body for disaster management at national level is the National Disaster Relief Committee chaired by the PS in the Office of the PM. It comprises PSs from the sectoral ministries together with heads of early warning institutions such as the Tanzania Meteorological Agency, the Food Security Department and the Fire and Rescue Department. In principle, Disaster Management Committees also exist at the level of the 21 regions and 127 districts, but their existence is reportedly very patchy. The UN agencies have established a single Disaster Coordination Group to facilitate interaction with the different UN agencies active in the sector in Tanzania (especially UNICEF, FAO, WFP and UNDP). On Zanzibar, the DRR structure comprises the Zanzibar Disaster Risk Reduction Policy and the Zanzibar Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan. Legislation in 2006 provided the framework for the Disaster Management Department in the office of the Prime Minister.


The national platform for DRR was established in 2005 with support from UNISDR; it is anchored in the Disaster Management Department under the Prime Minister's Office. On the contrary there is no evidence that it has been active: for instance, it reportedly failed to meet at all during its first year. Nevertheless, Tanzania’s 2009 HFA assessment reported a National Disaster Management Forum in which UN agencies, the Red Cross and NGOs take part.


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National legislative framework for addressing disaster risk management

National disaster risk management policy

National operational guidelines for disaster management

Reciprocal committees established in the regions, districts and villages The 2004 National Disaster Management Policy assigns roles and responsibilities in disaster prevention and management. The Disaster Management Department operates on 9 strategies:

i) Ensure people have the knowledge and the skills needed to prevent disasters. ii) Regularly assess hazards and develop plans to prevent them. iii) Ensure all sector ministries have effective Disaster Management working

groups. iv) Ensure effective Disaster Management Committees at the Regional, District,

Ward and Village level. v) Ensure all levels of government know what to do in case of a disaster. vi) Expand and improve the First-Responder programme. vii) Work closely with sectors to ensure the requisite equipment is in place. viii) Identify disasters as early as possible. ix) Effectively mobilize resources when disasters occur and monitor relief efforts.

The 2005 National Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (Tanzania’s PRSP) treats vulnerability reduction as a requirement of poverty reduction, and the Disaster Management Department has tried to follow up by mainstreaming DRR in other programmes. In June 2008 a National Disaster Risks and Capacity Needs Assessment was carried out to identify risks and hazards that could be addressed either by legislation or by further planning. Rapid Vulnerability Assessments (RVAs) are conducted regularly in food-insecure areas by the Disaster Management Department in conjunction with the Food Security Team of the Ministry of Agriculture. WFP has been supporting the Government and specifically the DMD in the Formation of a Food Security Information Team (FSIT). FSIT is a multi agency and multi disciplinary team responsible for monitoring food security in the country and provides government with recommendation on appropriate action to take. Building on from this, a Joint Programme on Strengthening National Disaster Preparedness and Response Capacity has been prepared within the “One UN” initiative, with the following DRR-related objectives:

To support acute disaster management efforts both on the mainland and on Zanzibar.


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To support the Government to strengthen institutional, organizational and individual capacity to assess, prepare and manage disasters;

To enhance national capacity to reduce vulnerability and mitigate disasters;

To raise awareness of disaster risks among the population;

To improve disaster management coordination between Government, NGOs and other key institutions and organizations;

To build Early Warning and Early Action Systems and practical preparedness plans into all administrative levels;

To mainstream disaster management activities into development programmes in all sectors.


National Disaster Relief Fund in the Office of the Prime Minister.

The “one UN” programme on Disaster Preparedness and Response is budgeted at $3 million p.a.


GFDRR Track II: Climate Modeling and Risk Management. Improve ability to use regional modeling techniques to assist in the development of adaptation and climate risk management strategies

UNISDR: Strengthening National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction in Africa; Increase political awareness and commitment to DRR at the highest levels

UNDP: Disaster Risk Management in Tanzania. Strengthen capacity in DRM within the Government

Forums, Horn of Africa (GHACOF) seasonal forecasts in cooperation with ICPAC



WMO: Severe weather forecasting demonstration project; enhanced use of outputs for Numerical Weather Prediction Systems in cooperation with SADC.




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ProVention Consortium: African Urban Risk Analysis Network (AURAN). International focus on DRR in urban areas of Africa


Climate change adaptation was an important theme in the National Land Use framework plan 2008-2028 produced by the National Land Use Planning Commission in July 2008.

WWF has a programme of climate change adaptation for the Ruaha basin which generates 45% of GDP.


Budget for disaster response

Long term public awareness strategy launched in 2008 aimed at increasing preparedness

Emergency preparedness and response strategy in place for avian flu to enhance well-being and secure the poultry industry, draft policy on heath and safety developed, clean and safe water and sanitation services enhanced


Disaster management communications system installed to assist in information collection and dissemination

Wide range of basic and applied research undertaken at Tanzanian universities to improve understanding of hazards

Disaster risk and capacity needs assessment report finalized in 2008 in cooperation with local government authorities and partners, capacity gaps identified and capacity building programme proposed, risk assessment for development plans and programmes, different sectors have specific vulnerability assessments available to all partners

No formal centralized system for hazard and disaster data in place, hazard specific monitoring systems existent

EW and drought risk monitoring through meteorological services


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Awareness on importance of EW systems, meteorological services disseminate information to response institutions and media, response institutions then use their local information systems

Hazard and risk assessments are based on national exercises only, except participation in international forums, disaster management plans consider trans-boundary risks


Disaster management curriculum and training and reference manual developed

Multi sectoral technical groups for epidemics, geophysical hazards, food security


Several land use policies and acts in place that ensure land is used without causing environmental degradation etc., land use plans are coordinated between government and local authorities to reduce vulnerability to environmental disasters.

Land use framework for 2008-2028 developed to enhance socio-economic development and environmental development, other policies supported by legislation also support land use planning.

National disaster management policy emphasizes social and economic pre and post disaster recovery and rehabilitation structures as part of disaster management cycle.

Co-operation among different government sectors for safe constructions and infrastructure as part of mainstreaming DRR into development programmes. Environmental and social impact assessments and feasibility studies carried out before hand.


Disaster Risk management policy exists but the lack of participation from senior policy makers reduces impact.

Inadequate participation of communities in design and implementation of programs.

Need for enhanced cooperation and understanding of inter-sectoral dependencies.

International conventions for DRR needed.

Challenge to make information on hazards and risk comprehensive to local communities.

Lack of incentives for researchers to engage in DR issues.


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Challenge in changing behaviour of individuals and organizations, and progressing intention into action.

Need for collective measures to prevent environmental degradation, lack of schemes for disaster preparedness, lack of awareness on disaster preparedness

-


Name of focal point organization: Disaster Management Department, Prime Minister's Office

Contact person: Mr. Harrison Chinyuka



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2.49 TOGO







1979 to 2008

Drought (2)

Epidemic - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (8)

Flood (3) - - General Flood (5)

Largest human loss:

Epidemic 1996: 360 people killed

Largest human loss/affected people:


Drought 1971: US$ 500


The national assembly has voted through the Environment Act, which incorporates DRR strategies. There is also a Decree on Environmental Impact aimed at reducing risk for local populations.


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The focal point for DRR is the Division des Etudes et Programme et du Suivi Evaluation (Research and Evaluation Programme Unit), which is part of the Ministère de l'Environnement et des Ressources Forestières (Ministry of the Environment and Forestry Resources). According to Togo’s 2009 HFA report, the Decentralisation Act is designed to open up the Local Committees to include rural communities in organising local services and DRR activities.


National platform established in March 2007 with support from UNISDR Africa, under the coordination of the Ministry of Environment

The National Platform was created by Ministerial Decree, and the Division des Etudes et Programme et du Suivi Evaluation (as above) has responsibility for coordinating it.

Representatives from different ministerial departments as well as from the private sector and civil society have been nominated. However, the platform is not operational at this stage.


According to its 2009 HFA report, Togo’s objectives in relation to the Framework priorities are to:

Integrate DRR in the Environment Act.

Opérationnalise the National Platform.

Build Capacity of platform members and Prefectoral Committees.

Equip the technical secretariat with relevant equipment.

Develop IEC and awareness raising mechanisms.

Integrate DRR in school curriculums.

Coordinate DRR activities and management.

Integrate DRR in Emergency Rescue and Contingency Planning.

Ensure greater participation from national structures in contingency planning. Key activities in Togo will focus around a second programme on climate change, the implementation of the national programme on the management of the environment, a documentary project on DRR prevention and further developing a DRR culture within schools (funded by Plan International).

The National Plan of Action on the Environment also contains some DRR elements. The Plan ORSEC (Plan des Secours D’urgences – Emergency Safety Plans) is regularly updated as contingency planning against specific disaster risks, with the last revision in 2008. According to GFRRD, Togo’s 2008 PRSP reported the Government’s efforts to


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promote disaster prevention and management by establishing an appropriate policy and institutional framework, and developing technical capabilities for disaster prevention, preparedness, and monitoring. Its 2007 PRSP indicates that the Government will focus on improving the management of vulnerability to different shocks and disasters. Advanced drafts of the full PRSP (2009-2011) discuss the plans of the Government in the areas of management of natural and technological disasters and suggest two main areas of intervention: a) improvement of the political and institutional framework for the prevention and management of disasters; b) strengthening of the technical capacity in the areas of planning, monitoring and early warning and in the area of managing natural disasters.


The Togolese government budget has no specific lines on DRR, although the Division des Etudes et Programme et du Suivi Evaluation is funded out of the normal allocation for its parent Ministry. A programme of support is being developed in coordination with regional counterparts for GFDRR funding. DRR issues are covered in Togo’s CCA, which is reflected in support included in the current UNDAF: the 2007 –2015 National Programme on Food Security supported by WHO ($100,000), FAO ($400,000) and the Haut Commissariat aux Droits de l’Homme (HCDH) au Togo (High Commission for Human Rights in Togo ($10,000). The World Bank is also funding the Emergency Infrastructure Rehabilitation and Energy Project (2008, US$26.8 million) and the Avian Influenza Control and Human Pandemic Preparedness and Response grant ($600,000) for both animal and human health (2009). The UNDP is supporting the Risk Prevention and Management program ($160,000). GFDRR presents a list of multi-donor projects including: GEF- NAPA implementation ($3 million); AFD- EU - BOAD - Urban Environment project in Lomé ($15 million); German Red Cross- Enhance early warning ($247,000). The GFDRR Action Plan also indicates planned funding of $8.1 million in a programme structured around the HFA priority areas.



UNOCHA: Regional meeting to create a bridge between national contingency plans and the plans ORSEC (Rescue Organizations) used in francophone countries with participation from Humanitarian actors, all francophone Government counterparts and France

WMO: Regional Climate Outlook Forums, Central Africa (PRESAC), seasonal forecasts in cooperation with ACMAD


-


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Togo’s 2009 NAPA included several DRR-related projects: Implementation of an early warning system for the Régions Maritime et des Savanes (Marine and Savanna Regions) budgeted at $6.25 million; Community support to combat vectorial diseases ($2 million); and Strengthening the safety of the littoral against coastal erosion (Lomé’s port) at $3 million.


Disaster emergency plan reviewed in 2008. Simulation exercise.

Emergency plans are multi sectoral – defines responsibilities of all key actors – coordination by OCHA and civil protection.

No emergency fund in place yet.

The Decree on the Environment mandates that impact evaluation and DRR are undertaken when new projects are implemented, including the building of new industrial or social infrastructures.


No comprehensive study conducted on the assessment of risks and vulnerabilities in Togo.

Ministry of Environment requested scoping mission from UN-SPIDER to assess possibilities of using space based information technology for flood early warning in the country.

Newsletter under Ministry of Environment that publicizes environmental and risk data, no risk assessments and evaluations carried out yet.

Trans-boundary risks not considered yet, no regional cooperation for DRR.


Documentation project to integrate DRR into school education ongoing with development partners.

Documentation on DRR on Radio and television in national languages.

Strengthening workshop for national platform carried out in February 2009 with support from UNDP, UNISDR Africa and ECOWAS.

School manual on climate change adaptation developed under lead of Ministry of Environment with support of UNDP, UNFCCC and others.


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The National Action Programme against Desertification (PAN) considers some components of DRR.

Law n°88-14 of November 3, 1988 relative to the environmental code is the only one on DRR in Togo.

Environmental legislation, national action plan and programme, climate change adaptation programmes.

Architects College trains architects in complying with building norms according to morphology of soil.

All development programmes and plans include environmental dimension, participatory environmental impact studies reduce vulnerability of people.

Decree on environmental impact assessment to strengthen resilience of people, including safe infrastructure.


Formal national DRR strategy does not yet exist, the inclusion of DRR in National policies and investments is not evident to date.

Lack of financial resources to implement action plan for climate change adaptation.


Name of focal point organization: Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources (MERF)

Contact person: Mr. Koffi Hounkpe, Environmentalist




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2.50 TUNISIA





GDP: $84,04 billion -




Disaster management roles and responsibilities are defined by a 1991 Act, including the Plan ORSEC (Organisation des Secours - Rescue Organisation). Law established the National Office for Civil Protection in 1993 as a public industrial and commercial company, with its operating procedures defined by a 1994 Decree. A 1999 Decree regulates the use of civil volunteers, and Act 39 regulates the money payable for goods used by the Government in disaster relief and rehabilitation. The Commission Nationale Permanente (Permanent National Commission) is responsible for preparing the Plan National de Lutte contre les Calamités, leur Prevention et et l’Organisation des Secours (National Plan against Disasters, their Prevention and Relief). The 1993 Decree also established modalities for the National and Regional Plans. The Ministry of the Interior is the focal point for this Commission, which comprises 13 representatives from the relevant ministries. The Ministry is also


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responsible for the implementation of the National Plan, whilst the Governors are in charge of the Regional Plans.




The National and Regional Disaster Plans cover a broad range of interventions: disaster contingency planning; civil protection and scientific research; monitoring; data and information gathering; information diffusion and awareness-raising; and international cooperation on emergencies. The Ministry of the Interior regularly reviews those plans on the basis of post-disaster evaluations.


The State covers the costs of disaster relief and rehabilitation. Tunisia has no CCA and no PRSP.




The World Bank’s Country Strategy Paper has a pillar on Sustainable Development and Climate Change, but no inclusion of DRR. Tunisia has not submitted a NAPA.






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2.51 UGANDA







Drought (7)

Earthquake (4)

Epidemic (2)


Flood (4) - General flood (11)

Landslide (2)




Earthquake (seismic activity) 1994: US$ 70,000,000


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A Disaster Preparedness and Management Act have been proposed since 2004, but has yet to be enacted. However, according to Government policy, responsibility for all disaster-related functions (preparedness and response, as well as risk reduction) rests with the Minister for Relief Disaster Preparedness and Refugees in the Office of the Prime Minister. The Minister chairs the Inter-Ministerial Policy Committee on Disaster Preparedness and Management, which is responsible for policy formulation and overseeing disaster preparedness, management and refugee matters, with membership drawn from relevant ministries. At district level, the lead agency for Disaster Preparedness and Management is the District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC). The District Chairman, with the Chief Administrative Officer as secretary, chairs each DDMC. It is composed of all district Heads of Department, a representative of the District Executive, and heads of humanitarian agencies/NGOs/CSOs working in the district, representatives of cultural and religious institutions, and the private sector. However, the DDMC has no formal responsibility or role in terms of DRR. Likewise, the District Council, which has responsibility for by-laws and policies concerning disaster preparedness and management, has no explicit mandate for DRR. At sub-county level, the Sub-County Disaster Management Committee mirrors the functions of the DDMC. Communities are responsible for reporting on hazards and vulnerabilities to the relevant authorities, and for taking measures within their own capacities, to protect their own livelihoods and property. The role of the private sector in relation to DRR, according to government policy, is to ensure that their investments do not increase vulnerability of communities, workers and environment. The private sector is also obliged to actively participate in disaster preparedness and management interventions.

2.51.4 DRR Platform

National platform for DRR was established in June 2003 with the support of UNISDR Africa, it is anchored in the Office of the Prime Minister/Department of Disaster Management & Refugees. The Inter-Ministerial Policy Committee on Disaster Preparedness and Management Committee, as the name suggests, has no members outside Government. The Disaster Management and Refugees Technical Working Group acts as the National Platform for multi-sectoral / multi-disciplinary coordination of disaster risk reduction planning and implementation. The Uganda Coalition for Crisis Preparation also claims to be represented there. Its planning meetings take place once every month, and it acts as


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an active and effective coordinating mechanism, providing policy guidance on national disaster risk reduction. NGOs are invited to sit on the equivalent committees at sub-national (district and sub-county) levels.


DRR policy rests with the Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Refugees in the Office of the Prime Minister. Although the main focus of this Department is Disaster Preparedness and Response, it also covers several DRR-related functions:

Co-ordinates the operation of disaster early warning systems and disaster mitigation measures, and mechanisms for rapid response to disasters.

Ensures that all national and local level government ministries integrate disaster preparedness and management into sectoral plans and policies.

Enacts guidelines and regulations on disaster preparedness and management.

Develops Standard Operational Procedures for Disaster Preparedness and Management.

Disseminates the Disaster Preparedness and Management Policy

DRR is also a factor in planning issues, for example inhabitants may be required to leave areas gazetted as disaster-prone. District local authorities have the responsibility to ensure that hospitals, churches, schools, and houses are resistant to known hazards such as earthquakes, storms, floods and lightening.

Hazard, risk and vulnerability assessments are also planned for the whole country. Oxfam has covered Karamoja, Elgon and Rwenzori regions, and the Office of the PM has covered Teso, Lango and Acholi Sub-regions since these areas are deemed high-risk prone areas. Hazard mapping reports have also been sent to the Districts. As part of its Disaster Reduction and Recovery Programme, UNDP has been responsible for:

Establishing a number of DDMCs in different Districts.

Developing a DRR training manual.

Develop national and district contingency plans.


The Department of Relief, Disaster Preparedness and Refugees have a budget allocation within the overall budget of the Office of the Prime Minister. Line Ministries should also plan and budget for Disaster Risk Reduction activities within their respective ministerial mandates.


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The policy also states that the Ministry of Finance Planning and Economic Development deposits 1.5 % of the annual government budget each year, into a national disaster emergency fund, administered by the Department of Disaster Preparedness, Relief and Refugees.

There are also plans to establish a national contingency fund for response to natural and human-induced disasters and national and local levels. At District level, the District Disaster Management Committee (DDMC) has responsibility for preparing budgets for disaster preparedness and response, but these needs to be authorised by the District Council.







No information was available on DRR and climate change adaptation.


The current Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) recognises the link between poverty and vulnerability to disasters. However, there is no explicitly linked disaster reduction and national poverty reduction provisions in the PEAP. A rapid emergency response plan in also in place.


Resource center was put into place under the Department of Disaster Management, to improve information collection on natural and other hazards and dissemination for early warning, preparedness and response.


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Disaster Management included into revised Poverty Eradication Action Plan (PEAP) in 2003.




Name of focal point organization: Office of the Prime Minister/Department of Disaster Management & Refugees

Contact person: Ms. Rose Nakabugo Bwenvu, Principal Disaster Management Officer



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2.52 ZAMBIA







Drought (5)

Epidemics (2)


Flood (2) - General Flood (10)

Locust (2) Largest human loss:



Flood 1998: US$ 20,700,000


The three key committees involved in disaster management are:


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i) The Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU), responsible for implementation

ii) National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC), responsible for policy iii) National Disaster Management Technical Committee (NDMTC), responsible

for technical advice. The DMMU was created in 1994, to provide coordination between what had previously been separate efforts at disaster relief in the key sector ministries (Health, Agriculture, Energy and Water Development, and Community Development). It is under the Office of the Vice-President and acts as the Secretariat to the whole disaster-management structure. The Vice-President, chairs the National Disaster Management Committee (NDMC) with the Deputy Chair as the Minister of Defence, and it brings together the Ministers of the major sectoral Ministries. The National Coordinator of the DMMU attends to provide advice. The functions of the NDMC are defined as:

Formulation of national disaster management policy

Directing line ministries to take up their portfolio responsibilities as they relate to disaster management activities

Endorsing national plans and regulations

Recommending declarations of national disasters

Facilitation of the mobilisation of resources for disaster management activities. The National Disaster Management Technical Committee (NDMTC) is chaired by the Permanent Secretary in the Office of the Vice President, and comprises PSs from the relevant ministries, together with the UN Resident Coordinator and Church representative. Other Ministries, private sector or civil society representatives can be co-opted. Its functions are:

Recommending national disaster policy to the NDMC

Overall coordination of the implementation of the decisions of the NDMC

Supervising the work of the DMMU in the preparation, monitoring and regular review of national disaster management plans

Supervising the work of the DMMU in monitoring and regular review of sector disaster management plans

Overall management of the National Disaster Trust Fund (NDTF). Supporting the work of the NDMTC and DMMU are seven sub-committees, whose membership may include non-Government entities. The one directly concerned with DRR is the Sub-committee for Early Warning Systems. At Provincial level, the Provincial Disaster Management Committee is a sub-committee of the Provincial Development Coordinating Committee, and is supposed to include all relevant stakeholders. It has the following functions:

Preparing and consolidating provincial disaster management plans

To act as a clearing house for information related to early warning


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Monitoring the preparation and implementation of district disaster management plans and evaluating their impact

Participating in risk analysis and vulnerability assessments

Mobilising provincial resources for implementation of mitigation, prevention, preparedness and response activities

Coordinating provincial-level multi-sectoral input into national disaster management plans

Collecting and disseminating information on provincial disaster management issues

Acting as a channel of information and resources between central government and districts

Promoting and implementing disaster management training at provincial level and ensuring that training programmes are carried out at district level

Promoting public awareness at provincial and district levels

Performing emergency operations for the province in times of disasters. At district level, the District Disaster Management Committee is a sub-committee of the District Development Coordinating Committee, with composition and functions that mirror those of the Provincial Disaster Management Committees. The Policy paper says that it will form the basis of a DMMU Act, and a Disaster Management Bill has apparently also been prepared. Detailed procedures for implementation by the various actors are given in the Disaster Management Operations Manual dated August 2005.


Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit (DMMU), established in 1994 under the Office of the President to coordinate disaster mitigation and relief management

Vulnerability Assessment and Mapping Committee (VAM) to respond to drought risk

National Platform established in 2006, is called National Disaster Management Consultative Forum (NDMCF) and anchored in the Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, Office of the President

The disaster management policy recognises NGOs, donors, the private sector, the churches and the UN system as stakeholders in disaster management, with responsibility to report their activities to the DMMU. It says that forums between the DMMU and these stakeholders “shall be established” at various levels.


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The National Disaster Management Policy of 2005 provides the policy framework for DRR in Zambia. The goal of the policy is defined as: “to strengthen national capacities for effective disaster preparedness, response, mitigation, restoration, and prevention, in order to protect lives and livelihoods, property, environment and the economy at large”. There are three DRR-relevant objectives:

i) To put in place appropriate preparedness measures in order to manage disasters efficiently and effectively.

ii) To mitigate the destructive and disruptive effects of hazards and all disasters in order to reduce their impact on vulnerable communities, assets and the environment.

iii) To put in place preventive measures in order to reduce the negative effect of hazards and strengthen the national capacity for disaster management in order to avoid the adverse impact of hazards.

Although the Policy does not refer directly to DRR, many of the disaster-preparedness measures identified naturally fit into the HFA model. The Fifth National Development Plan 2006-2010, Zambia’s PRSP, does not make specific mention of disaster management or DRR but includes as cross-cutting issues ensuring environmental sustainability and improving land management. According to subsequent policy declarations, it is planned to mainstream DRR by harmonising the Plan with district vulnerability profiles. The Zambia Vulnerability Assessment Committee, supported by SADC, conducts surveys on vulnerability and needs, e.g. on floods following the rainy season. The DMMU prepared a detailed flood contingency plan for the 2009/10 rainy seasons, budgeted at $25.6 million. In 2009 Cordaid began a programme of Community-Managed Disaster Risk Reduction (CBDRR) in Zambia. Lusaka District Council launched a $2.5 million Lusaka District DRR Plan in August 2009, principally aimed at reducing cholera risk. The USAID-funded Zambezi River Basin Initiative, budgeted at $1 million for 2009, covers Zambia as part of the river basin. The DRR aspects of food security are also covered as part of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET).


As part of the Government machinery, the DMMU is a charge on the national budget.

There is also reference to plans to establish a National Disaster Trust Fund, managed by the DMMU, and equivalents at provincial, district and community levels.


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UNDP: support to RC’s office regarding floods


WMO: Flash flood guidance system for strengthened cooperation between National Hydrological and Meteorological Services WMO: Strategy for flood management in Kafue river basin



ActionAid International: Disaster Risk Reduction through Schools; Make schools in high-risk disaster areas safer, enabling them to act as a basis for disaster risk reduction


The second-highest ranked proposal in Zambia’s 2007 NAPA was DRR-related: a $1.8 million project entitled “Strengthening of Early Warning Systems to Improve Services to Preparedness and Adaptation to Climate Change”.


According to the Disaster Management Operational Manual, the DMMU has responsibility, during the post-disaster phase, to “coordinate long-term risk and vulnerability reduction, rehabilitation and recovery programme.”


Comprehensive National Vulnerability Assessments have not yet been carried out. Zambia has however embarked on this process for the last one and a half years and should have been completed by end of January 2007.




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Name of focal point organization: Disaster Management and Mitigation Unit, Office of the President

Contact person: Mr. Dominiciano Mulenga

E-mail: [email protected]/[email protected]


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2.53 ZIMBABWE







1979 to 2008

Drought (5)

Epidemic (2) - - Bacterial Infectious Diseases (13) - - Parasitic Infectious Diseases (1)

Flood (1) - - General Flood (5)

Storm - - Tropical Cyclone (2)



Largest Economic loss: - Drought 1982: US$ 2,500,000


The existing legal basis of DRR in Zimbabwe is the 1989 Civil Protection Act, which provides for:


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Special powers designed to establish, coordinate and direct the activities of both the public and private emergency services.

Guidelines for action and maximum use of resources since disaster mitigation requires a multi-sectoral and interdisciplinary approach.

The establishment of a National Civil Protection Fund, supported by both Government and the public, and used for development and Civil Protection.

Commandeering of resources for the purpose of mitigating a disaster.

Declaration of a “state of disaster” by the president. The Act has been reviewed, and an updated Bill was prepared in 2005 – the Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Management Bill. The new Bill sought to ensure that each sector has its own contingency plans for the particular hazards in question (drought, fire, disease etc), and planned to establish a complete disaster management structure with a Cabinet committee on Emergency Preparedness and Disaster Management (EPDM) responsible for policy formulation, and a National Committee on EPDM as a working group of Permanent Secretaries, reported to by both sectoral sub-committees and provincial committees. However, there is no information to suggest that the Bill has been passed into law. Meanwhile, the Department for Civil Protection (DCP), within the Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and National Housing, has overall responsibility for coordination of disaster management efforts. Its past DRR efforts have focused on multi-sectoral hazard and vulnerability mapping, with the results used to develop sectoral emergency preparedness and response plans. At Provincial and District level, Civil Protection Planning Committees are also supposed to exist.


There is no information on the existence of a National Platform.


According to National Policy for Civil Protection, central Government has the responsibility to initiate disaster preparedness measures while relevant sector ministries, together with local government, take responsibility for implementation and updating. Most disaster-related work in Zimbabwe concentrates on response, e.g. WFP currently feeds 1.5 million Zimbabweans because of the country’s food deficit. UNDP’s $510,000 project “Support for Strengthening National Capacity for Disaster Management in Zimbabwe” (2005-8) focused on five main areas:

i) Institutional capacity needs assessments ii) Disaster risk assessment


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iii) Updating the national strategy and plan, and supporting the preparation of pilot provincial and district disaster management strategies and plans

iv) Support to the legislative and policy development v) Institutional strengthening.

DRR-related projects achievements include:

Development of a Resource Book for mainstreaming disaster risk management in the national educational system;

Preparation of the draft Bill for amendment of the Civil Protection Act.

Awareness campaigns on natural disasters and land mine risks

Capacity needs assessment for state and non state institutions;

Training of two officers in DRM at Masters degree level; training of six officers in project management and ICDL.

The USAID-funded Zambezi River Basin Initiative, budgeted at $1 million for 2009, covers Zimbabwe as part of the river basin. The DRR aspects of food security are also covered as part of the Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWSNET).


The DCP is funded as part of the budget allocation of its parent ministry. It manages the National Civil Protection Fund whose function is to support civil protection activities nationwide. The Treasury in the event of a major disaster may put additional funds into the Fund.



WMO: Flash flood guidance system for strengthened cooperation between National Hydrological and Meteorological Services to deliver timely and more accurate products and services


WMO: Severe weather forecasting demonstration project. Enhanced use of outputs of Numerical Weather Prediction Systems in cooperation with SADC



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Carried out at institutional level, planned for national level.


Vulnerable communities all participating in DM activities at local level.






Name of focal point organization: Civil Protection, Ministry of Local Government, Public Works


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3. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS

3.1 National Coordinating Mechanisms for DRR

The language here should highlight the positive achievements and inform what needs to be done to ameliorate with concrete advices and actions to be taken rather than highlighting the negatives points and obstacles. In other words to put what we know in positive way and use the criteria to strengthen NPs. Coordination of DRR stakeholders is a necessary requirement for effective DRR action. However, there are different ways to achieve this, and many likely problems to face too. The problems in Africa, detailed in the country reports in this inventory, are similar to those described in a level-headed review of the problems of stakeholder engagement on DRR in the Arab world9:

Over-high initial expectations lead to subsequent disappointment.

Process too costly and unwieldy to be sustainable.

The real decision-makers are not sufficiently committed to the process.

Lack of financial resources to hold meetings.

Discussions focus on unrealistic options without considering the costs. There are examples of all these pitfalls in the present survey, as well as instances of imaginative solutions to overcome them. According to the data collected for this inventory, only 15 countries could be confirmed as having an operational National Platform – with the stress on operational – although there were 6 others where available information was insufficient to confirm one way or the other. In the remaining 32 countries there was no operating National Platform, either because it has never existed, or because it was launched but then faded out. National Platforms may have other names (Multi-stakeholder Partnership etc), and may derive from pre-existing structures, but to qualify according to this classification they should involve a range of partners including non-government ones, have impact on DRR systems and structures, and shows signs of life. Cape Verde’s “National Platform” – launched with fanfare in 2007 but which has not met since – would not qualify as such. Nor would Ghana’s: launched in 2006 as a multi-sectoral multi-discipline working group, but found to be inactive by the GFDRR country mission. A more positive example can be found in Burkina Faso’s Conseil Nacional de Secours d’Urgence et de Rehabilitation (CONASUR), or National Council for Emergency

9 “Towards Improved Public Awareness for Climate-related Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in the Arab Region”, UNESCO, January 2010.


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Assistance and Rehabilitation. Initially set up by Government decree, it is headed by a Minister, received core funding from the State budget, and has legal responsibility for the maintenance of the country’s contingency planning framework. Yet at the same time it incorporates NGOs and humanitarian agencies, and has devised innovative ideas such as codes of conduct for the different actors in disaster situations. This is the kind of role that an imaginative and empowered National Platform is able to assume. Likewise in Uganda, the Disaster Management and Refugees Technical Working Group acts as the National Platform for multi-disciplinary coordination of disaster risk reduction planning and implementation. NGOs and other relevant actors are invited to join, not only at national level but also on the equivalent bodies at district and sub-county levels. In terms of who carries ministerial responsibility for DRR, there were three main patterns:

i) The Ministry of Interior or Internal Affairs. ii) The Executive, usually the Office of the Prime Minister or the Office of the

President. iii) With another Ministry (Environment, Humanitarian Affairs etc.).

In many cases, it is clear that ministerial responsibility for disasters has been inherited from colonial structures, as is the case for francophone countries where the Ministry of the Interior is the most usual custodian of DRR. In these cases, there was reduced likelihood of an operational National Platform, because disasters were treated as a civil protection issue -- and as such a core responsibility of the state, not to be opened up to broader stakeholder input. Where DRR was located close to executive power, in the offices of the President or Prime Minister, there was more correlation with the existence of a functioning National Platform. Kenya or Uganda would be good examples of countries where disaster management sits close to executive power (the Office of the President and the Office of the Prime Minister, respectively) but has reached out to incorporate civil society actors within its framework. The key element, regardless of the trajectory of each country’s institutional machinery, is to broaden out the scope of disaster risk reduction, and seek new ways of bringing in civil society, business, academia, the media and other actors. The following table gives the breakdown for these two parameters (existence of a National Platform, and ministerial responsibility for DRR), with doubts remaining for a small number of countries:

Country Ministerial Responsibility for DRR Existence of an Operational

National Platform

Algeria Ministry of Interior No

Angola Ministry of Interior No

Benin Ministry of Interior No

Botswana Office of the President No


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Burkina Faso Ministry of Social Action Yes

Burundi Ministry of Interior Yes

Cape Verde Ministry of Interior No

Cameroon Ministry of Territorial Administration and Decentralisation

No

CAR No

Chad Ministry of the Environment No

Comoros Ministry of Defence Yes

Congo-Brazzaville Ministry of Forestry and Environment

Cote d’Ivoire Ministry of Environment Yes

Djibouti Ministry of Interior Yes

DRC Ministry of Interior Yes

Egypt Cabinet Yes

Equatorial Guinea Presidency No

Eritrea Ministry of National Development No

Ethiopia Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development No

Gabon No

Gambia Vice-Presidency No

Ghana Ministry of Interior No

Guinea Ministry of Agriculture Yes

Guinea-Bissau No

Kenya Office of the President Yes

Lesotho Office of the Prime Minister

Liberia Ministry of Internal Affairs No

Libya Ministry of Interior No

Madagascar Ministry of Interior Yes

Malawi No

Mali Ministry of Internal Security and Civil Protection Yes

Mauritania Ministry of Interior No

Mauritius Office of the Prime Minister No

Morocco Ministry of Interior

Mozambique Ministry of State Administration

Namibia Office of the Prime Minister No

Niger

Nigeria Yes

Rwanda Ministry of Local Government No

Sao Tomé e Principe

No

Senegal Ministry of Interior No

Seychelles Office of the President

Sierra Leone Office of National Security Yes

Somalia No

South Africa Cooperative Governance Yes

Sudan Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs No

Swaziland Office of the Deputy Prime Minister No

Tanzania Office of the Prime Minister No


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Togo Ministry of Environment Yes

Tunisia Ministry of Interior No

Uganda Office of the Prime Minister Yes

Zambia Office of the Vice-President No

Zimbabwe Ministry of Local Government No

Table 1: DRR: Ministerial Responsibility and National Platforms A recent UNISDR study of National Platforms in Asia10, based on key informant interviews, identified 9 factors hindering their development; the same factors that also come into play in Africa:

1) Persistence of the disaster-response paradigm: - In many countries, as indicated above, the existing legislation has not been

updated, and disaster-response systems are now the ones charged with DRR. 2) Vested interests: - This is particularly common when sector ministries are reluctant to cede

authority, even during disaster episodes, to an outside inter-ministerial coordination body. It may also be the case that an existing disaster-management body may not be comfortable with the criticisms likely to be aired in a genuinely multi-stakeholder forum. Nigeria’s National Emergency Management Agency, for example, has shown absence of readiness to support the development of the National Platform announced by the President in 2005.

3) Weak legal mandate: - Malawi’s 1991 Disaster Preparedness and Relief Act is still the only guiding

legislation, even though it reflects the previous management/preparedness model. Plans for a revised Act have not yet come to fruition.

4) Government dominance with weak outside input: - In Liberia, national policy stresses that disaster-risk management requires a

multi-sectoral approach: but then makes it plain that the role of outside agencies is to be complementary or secondary to that of Government.

5) Deficient institutional support: - Standard secretariat functions to call meetings, set the agenda, and take the

minutes are vital to the success of a National Platform. Without resources for this basic requirement, National Platforms are not likely to last long. In its last HFA report, Sudan stated that it could not implement its plans to establish a National Platform because of lack of funds.

6) Poor linkages with sector ministries: - Where the National Platform is dominated by the disaster-management

agency, and sector ministries are jealous of their own roles, the poor linkages with the sector ministries damage the ability of the National Platform to wield influence.

7) Continuing dependence on external/UNISDR support:

10 “Progress Review of National Platforms for DRR in the Asia and Pacific Region”, UNISDR, 2009.


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- The Cape Verde National Platform was launched in 2007, with support from UNISDR, but has not met since – apparently because there is no money to pay the per diem costs of bringing its members together. A sustainable model for securing local ownership of the institution has, in this case, not yet been found.

8) Capacity/knowledge shortfall: - Senegal’s National Platform was established by decree in 2008, but since that

time the host department (Direction de la Protection Civile) has been unable to get further than stakeholder consultations. In other cases, National Platforms have felt themselves short of expert knowledge, and have set up “technical committees” to correct this.

9) Lack of women’s and community-based participation: - Although gender-differentiated information on National Platform membership

was not available, it is believed that in most cases men predominate. Likewise, there are few representatives of local communities – who could energise the Platform’s work in improving community resilience.

Certainly, the bulk of African DRR Platforms still fall some way short in delivering on their roles as set out in the UNISDR Guidelines of National Platforms for Disaster Risk Reduction. Whereas some, such as the Ugandan National Platform, evidence clear political direction as well as multi-stakeholder buy-in, this is still the exception rather than the rule. Nevertheless, considerable progress has been made in a relatively short period of time, and there is evidence of a dynamic tendency towards the development of more inclusive disaster management structures. Where a new National Platform with responsibility for DRR is set up, the pattern in this inventory is for it to be a new separate agency – which is likely to have to fight turf wars with bigger and stronger arms of Government, at least until a comprehensive Act spells out very clearly the respective mandates of each. Compare that, for example, with Mongolia’s establishment in 2003 of the National Emergency Management Agency, which subsumed 3 separate bodies with long histories: the State Board for Civil Defence (45 years), the Firemen (87 years) and the State Reserve Agency (44 Years)11. Obviously, it takes political muscle to force through an integrated approach against the vested interests at play: and political actors will only do this if the goal really is an integrated approach to disaster management as opposed to a cost-free opportunity to leverage donor resources. There is no advantage in fetishizing National Platforms, and the UNISDR Asia study identified a “mosaic” of different approaches to stakeholder engagement, and suggested that the real priority was not the existence of a National Platform, but the direction of movement in terms of mainstreaming DRR. It is more useful to concentrate on what may be achieved by a properly functioning National Platform, especially in terms of inter-agency coordination, mobilisation of public support, and DRR mainstreaming.

11 Quoted in the Asian Disaster Reduction Centre’s 2009 “Good Practises”


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The ISDR “Words into Action” guide to implementing the HFA lists 5 conditions12 that facilitate the effective functioning of a National Platform:

i) Strong political commitment. ii) An explicit work programme. iii) Technical activities such as developing knowledge bases on DRR. iv) A participatory process with relevant stakeholder groups. v) Availability of resources.

The National Platforms that have been set up in Africa and then vanished from view have not had these conditions in place. If there is no real DRR workflow to be pursued, then the Platform will die from a lack of purpose; and if there is no effective secretariat, then it will die from a lack of means. National Platforms work when they are an organic growth of a country’s overall DRR context; they cannot be set up rapidly like a franchise. The advantage that many African countries have is that the institutional machinery is still young enough to be relatively flexible, and countries with the determined political will to make progress, such as Namibia or Burkina Faso, have made remarkable strides in a short period of time. For example, Namibia’s development of a National Disaster Risk Management Policy was accompanied by strong political backing that saw the resources allocated in the national budget to disaster risk management reportedly rise from $680,000 in 2005 to $35.2million in 2009. Countries that have successfully been able to expand the DRR constituency at national level have done so by bringing in new partners from civil society, the media, business and elsewhere. These sectors are often the seed-beds for the best new ideas on DRR, and for this reason one of the recommendations (see section 4.2 below) of this inventory is that official policy should favour mechanisms that amplify the voice of local people, such as participatory vulnerability assessments, local risk-mapping exercises, identification of community DRR indicators, and decentralisation of resources.

3.2 Legal framework for DRR

Disaster management in Africa began as a function of civil protection or civil defence, and was therefore handled by the Ministry of the Interior or Defence. The evolution away from this approach has been very uneven across Africa. In some countries, the dominant paradigm of disaster management follows the disaster response paradigm dominant in the 1970s. In others, it seems to be the “management” or “preparedness” model of the 1980s and 1990s, while a third group are closes to the current “risk reduction” model. Charting where African countries figure on this evolution, based on the information in the individual country reports, yields some interesting results. First of all, two countries (Somalia and Guinea Bissau) need to be

12 “Words into Action: a Guide for implemeting the Hyogo Framework”, UNISDR 2007, p. 17


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taken out of the equation because their governments lack the capacity to formulate a coherent approach to disasters. Countries with a “response” approach are characterised by reactive machinery, often top-down in nature, and an absence of official policies and plans on mitigation and reduction (which does not exclude innovative projects in these areas being implemented by NGOs). Countries stressing “preparedness” and “management” may have in place effective machinery to deal with disasters, but little strategy or capacity to avoid them. The remaining countries, with a “risk reduction” model, have systems in place to integrate disaster risk planning in broader development strategies, to reduce risks where possible and encourage adaptation to residual risk.

Disaster Response Paradigm

Disaster Management/Prevention

Paradigm

Disaster Risk Reduction Paradigm

Angola Algeria Botswana

Benin Burkina Faso Burundi

Cape Verde Cote d’Ivoire Djibouti

Cameroon DRC Ethiopia

CAR Egypt Madagascar

Chad Gabon Mali

Comoros Gambia Mozambique

Republic of Congo Ghana Namibia

Equatorial Guinea Kenya Senegal

Liberia Lesotho South Africa

Libya Malawi

Sao Tomé e Principe Mauritania

Zimbabwe Mauritius

Morocco

Niger

Nigeria

Rwanda

Seychelles

Sierra Leone

Sudan

Swaziland

Tanzania

Tunisia

Uganda

Zambia

Table 2: Dominant Models of Disaster Reduction It is clear from this breakdown that a comparatively small number of African states have followed through on the risk-reduction agenda, while the majority stress either response or preparedness/management. The split may be represented graphically:


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Figure 1: Dominant Disaster Paradigms in 51 African States

The breakdown is reflected in the relatively small number of countries that have a comprehensive legal framework for DRR. According to the findings of this inventory, only six qualify: Burundi, Djibouti, DRC, Gambia, Guinea and Madagascar. A wider circle of countries had plans to introduce such a legal framework, but had not yet done so, for reasons to do with a crowded legislative agenda, or some other obstacles that may be harder to tackle. In Kenya, for example, the DRR Bill has been caught up in debates about assistance to victims of political violence. There are also many countries, which have a partial legal framework for DRR, usually within a package on disaster response or disaster management. Does it matter that relatively few countries have a comprehensive legal framework for DRR? After all, there are many countries that have plans, policies and strategies for DRR without specific legislative underpinning. The implication of this survey is that it may not matter very much: there is certainly no obvious correlation between having the law in place and having effective DRR machinery in place. A legal framework can be useful is in delineating responsibilities between different players, where there may be friction over resources and responsibilities. This may happen between competing structures at national level (Ministry of the Interior v sector Ministries is a typical fault-line) or between national level and provincial level. In some cases, the effort to push through a DRR Act is itself a useful mobilising exercise, which lends vigour to the National Platform. Despite the failings of the legal framework for DRR in some individual countries, there is a coherent structure in place at the continental level in terms of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster risk Reduction, whose six objectives are:


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i) To increase political commitment to DRR ii) To improve identification and assessment of disaster risks iii) To enhance knowledge management for DRR iv) To increase public awareness of DRR v) To improve the governance of DRR institutions. vi) To integrate DRR in emergency response mechanisms.

This strategy was endorsed by African Heads of State at the 2004 African Union summit in Addis Ababa, and paved the way for the Africa Regional Programme of Action endorsed by ministerial conference in April 201013. This Programme of Action includes the enactment of national laws on DRR as one of its expected results.

3.3 Legal framework: Gaps

The major gaps in the legislative framework were identified in the 2008 Africa Status Report, and have not changed since:

Persistence of disaster-response paradigm. Countries like Libya and Tunisia lack DRR legislation, and their approach to disaster-management remains based on concepts of civil defence and protection.

Disaster-management legislation scattered in multiple statutes and decrees. In Cameroon’s case, there are reportedly 13 relevant laws and decrees.

Inadequate detail on roles, responsibilities and sanctions. Only a few countries have the detailed division of responsibilities clearly set out in Zambia (although a revised DRR Bill has apparently still to be presented to Parliament); and no instances were found of legislation that specified individual or institutional sanctions for non-compliance.

Lack of DRR evaluation mechanisms – even though this ought to be one of the functions that a National Platform, as a multi-stakeholder body, would be able to take on most effectively.

Perhaps a fifth gap is the most telling of all: incomplete implementation of legal structures and systems. The laws at times seem to have been drafted without sufficient regard for their consequences in terms of money and official time. In Lesotho, for example, most of the structures set up by the 1997 Disaster Management Act have been largely non-functional, and even the Board of Directors to the National Disaster Management Authority has met much less often than required by law. What is required is a judicious mix of legislation and the resources necessary to make it effective. Where countries have been able to follow a joined-up approach, enacting legislation and committing resources to match, they have been able to make rapid progress. Counties that have done so, like Namibia or Burkina Faso, can act as beacons in their respective regions to show how to mainstream DRR. There is also scope to

13 Programme of Action for the Implementation of the Africa Regional Strategy for Disaster Risk Reduction 2006-2015, adopted by the Second African Ministerial Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, held in Nairobi in April 2010.


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shift the basis of national law away from “regulation” towards a more “rights-based” approach, following the example of Indonesia (more information is given in section 4.1 below).

3.3 National Policies, Plans and Resources

This inventory looked at not only the existence or otherwise of DRR national plans, but also the policy framework on which they rested, and the existence or not of dedicated resources to make them operational. In this way, it is possible – with the usual caveats about the paucity of the information available in many cases – to get an overview of where countries stand in relation to these three indicators: DRR strategies/policies; DRR plans; and dedicated DRR resources. The results were as given in the following table:

Country DRR Strategy/Policy

DRR Plan DRR Dedicated Resources

Algeria No No No

Angola No No No

Benin No No No

Botswana Yes Yes Yes

Burkina Faso No Yes Yes

Burundi Yes No

Cape Verde No No No

Cameroon Yes Yes Yes

CAR No No No

Chad No No No

Comoros No No No

Congo-Brazzaville No No No

Cote d’Ivoire No No No

Djibouti Yes Yes No

DRC Yes Yes No

Egypt No No No

Equatorial Guinea No No No

Eritrea No No No

Ethiopia Yes Yes Yes

Gabon Yes No No

Gambia Yes Yes Yes

Ghana No Yes Yes

Guinea No No

Guinea-Bissau No No No

Kenya Yes Yes Yes

Lesotho Yes Yes Yes

Liberia No No No

Libya No No No


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Madagascar Yes Yes Yes

Malawi No No No

Mali Yes Yes Yes

Mauritania Yes Yes No

Mauritius Yes Yes No

Morocco Yes No No

Mozambique No Yes Yes

Namibia Yes Yes Yes

Niger No No

Nigeria No Yes Yes

Rwanda Yes Yes Yes

Sao Tomé e Principe

No No

Senegal No Yes Yes

Seychelles Yes Yes Yes

Sierra Leone Yes Yes No

Somalia No No No

South Africa Yes Yes Yes

Sudan No No No

Swaziland Yes Yes No

Tanzania No Yes Yes

Togo Yes No No

Tunisia No Yes Yes

Uganda No Yes Yes

Zambia Yes Yes Yes

Zimbabwe No No No

Table 3: DRR Characteristics by Country: Policies, Plans and Resources

It is clear from this table that there is no neat line-up of strategies with plans with resources. Many countries have one or two: but only 13 countries have all three (Botswana, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Gambia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, South Africa and Zambia). The crunch issue, of course, is the resources. There is an important group of countries that have strategies or plans on DRR, without allocating resources to pay for them. It may be that the production of the strategy or plan was the brainchild of a donor-funded programme, which rapidly became a neglected orphan when there was no donor to fund it. Or it may simply be that plans were produced in the hope that someone else would pay for them. Whatever the case, the lack of dedicated DRR resources – funds committed by the government specifically for the purpose – is the most obvious limitation on the DRR agenda in Africa. Even when funds are budgeted, the risk is that it may all be swallowed up on salaries with little left for operations. Ghana’s National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO) is one of the best resourced on the continent, with a $5 million annual budget – but 95% of that goes on salaries. This was perhaps the background against which Ghana’s Minister of the Interior told the 2007 Global Platform:


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“Whatever level of political commitment that exists, and in spite of whatever priority

you give to disaster risk reduction in your Growth and Poverty Reduction strategies,

there can hardly be any significant contribution from national governments.” 14

One of UNISDR’s four Indicators of Progress on the HFA15 Priority for Action number 1 is that: “dedicated and adequate resources are available to implement DRR plans at all administrative levels.” This indicator also becomes an expected result of Strategic Area Number 1 – increased political commitment to DRR – in the AU’s DRR programme16, as adopted by the AU Ministerial Conference on DRR in December 2005. Yet to date, few African countries would measure up as having delivered on this indicator. Countries with the strongest plans on DRR tended to fall into one of three categories:

Countries with endemic and well-known hazards: - Sahelian countries like Mali and Mauritania for example, have comparatively

strong early warning systems, feeding into food security analysis, in readiness for the area’s recurrent droughts. Likewise, many countries with high malaria risk tend to have strong systems of epidemiological surveillance. It seems that familiarity with the hazard encourages the development of effective systems for tackling it. However, there is no evidence that these sectoral, hazard-specific systems have any beneficial knock-on effect in terms of strengthening broader DRR systems. On the contrary, they may lead to the best DRR approaches being confined to the Ministry most concerned – usually Agriculture, Livestock or Health – without impacting on broader development planning.

Middle income countries with an informed public: - These include those offering political incentives for action on DRR; where the

state’s “duty of care” is an accepted part of public discourse; where there is a political price to pay if the disaster machinery fails; and where there are available means to pay for that machinery. Botswana, for example, wins commendation in its latest CCA for its effective handling of known disasters like drought and foot-and-mouth.

Poor countries: - Often HIPC ones, where donor conditionality carries particular weight. In such

circumstances, with a significant percentage of government income is derived from donors, the state is more malleable to donor thinking about the importance of DRR. Mozambique would be a good case in point: the inter-

agency evaluation17 of the response to the 2007 floods there concluded that the system had indeed worked, and there were no preventable deaths.

14 Statement available at http://www.preventionweb.net/files/2216_GhanaStatementGP07.pdf 15 “Guidance on Measuring the Reduction of Disaster Risks and the Implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action”, UNISDR, 2008. 16“ Programme of Action for the Implementation of the Africa Strategy for DRR”, AU/NEPAD, 2004. 17 Inter-Agency Real-time Evaluation of the Response to the Floods and Cyclone in Mozambique: report by DARA for UNICEF and OCHA, 2007

http://www.preventionweb.net/files/2216_GhanaStatementGP07.pdf


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The real “best practise” in Africa, in terms of DRR planning, is often to be found not at national level but in specific economic enclaves that are mission-critical for the national economy or for the livelihood of the state. Since many African states earn the bulk of their foreign exchange and government revenue from just one or two products, there are many economic enclaves. Disruption to oil and gas pipelines in Algeria, or oil slicks on the tourist beaches of the Seychelles, would constitute a mortal risk. The result is that these sectors have effective DRR plans in place. However, so far it has generally not proven possible to extend these isolated instances of good practise into other areas of national life. As the Namibian Deputy Prime Minister said at the 2009 Global Platform: “Our capacity for disaster risk reduction and management is continuously being challenged. There is therefore a need for our development partners and the entire international community to support human and institutional capacity building to enhance our disaster risk reduction and management capacity18” Nevertheless, some countries have been able to broaden out their experience of disaster in particular enclaves to develop a comprehensive approach to disaster management. Such has been the case, for example, of those Sahelian countries who have drawn on their long experience of the effect of drought on agricultural livelihoods to develop over-arching systems and structures for DRR that also encompass flooding, disease and other risks. Where leading figures in the Government have retained close ties to agriculture and livestock, as in Botswana, there has been greater political will to develop this kind of machinery.

The existence of excellent.

The prevalence of long-term disaster risks. The best approach is often, therefore, to identify a working model of DRR operating at the level of a specific sector, industry or district within a particular country, and expand this model to form the basis of a coherent national DRR policy. This could be based on existing sectoral DRR plans in particular enclaves of the national economy, usually to do with mining, oil and gas, export crops or tourism; or on long-term disaster risks - endemic more than epidemic, especially drought, HIV/AIDS and malaria

3.4 PRSP

PRSPs matter because they take centre-stage in the dialogue between African Governments and donors. They provide the basis for all World Bank and IMF concessional lending, as well as support from many bilateral donors. In theory –i.e. leaving aside the incentive effect of this conditionality – the Governments that develop them own them. One of the key recommendations of DFID’s 2004 Scoping Study on

18 Sourced from PreventionWeb at http://www.preventionweb.net/files/10159_STATEMENTOFNAMIBIA.doc

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Disaster Risk Reduction was the UNDAFs and PRSPs should be used as “key entry points for promotion of a DRR agenda in the poorest countries19”. However, there is little sign of this happening in the findings of this report. The World Bank’s Hazard Management Unit identifies only 3 African PRSPs as incorporating hazard risk management: Ghana, Malawi and Mozambique20. Malawi wins plaudits for its promotion of early-warning systems and social safety nets; and Mozambique for its emphasis on contingency planning and enhanced weather forecasting. To this short list of virtue should be added Ethiopia, whose PRSP seeks to integrate DRR considerations in terms of the development of water resources, improving agricultural techniques, and resettlement -- the latter still generating controversy in many forms (e.g. the hotly-contested Gibe III dam). It also proposes innovative forms of linking relief and development, with the aim of mitigating food aid’s well-documented tendency to increase structural vulnerability and food insecurity. But more typically, PRSPs and other national plans keep natural hazards and other risks out of the picture. Lesotho’s recent “2020 Vision” does not even mention DRR, although the country is one of the most vulnerable in southern Africa to a range of shocks and hazards.

3.5 NAPAs

NAPAs constitute an increasingly important funding vehicle for developing nations – and are likely to become more so given estimates of adaptation costs from $49 billion upwards by 203021, compared with an annual DRR spend of some $200 million. But the end result of the NAPA process in each country is a highly uneven shopping list of projects. There is little evidence of systems to integrate issues like disaster risk reduction. In some cases, priority projects are carved up between different sectoral interests, championed by their respective Ministries – Water, Agriculture, and Livestock etc. The result may even be a reinforcement of the kind of “silo thinking” that works against the integration of DRR in broader development programming. As Anders Wijkman MEP put it: “The irony is that climate change is probably the single most important factor so far in raising awareness about the need for prevention and preparedness22”. Individual country NAPAs are still being finalised, with the most recent being Chad in February 2010. The end of 2010, according to the UNFCCC, expects thirteen NAPA projects. Countries like Madagascar, whose NAPA includes DRR-related projects on anti-erosion, weather forecasting and mangrove rehabilitation, have well-justified expectations of the process.

19 “Disaster Risk Reduction – a Development Concern”, DFID Scoping Study, 2004. p.6. 20

See: http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/EXTDISMGMT/0,,contentMDK:20169851~menuPK:1242592~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:341015,00.html 21 Economic Aspects of Adaptation to Climate Change, OECD, 2009. 22 Speech to the ProVention Consortium Forum, Bangkok, 2006.

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/EXTDISMGMT/0,,contentMDK:20169851~menuPK:1242592~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:341015,00.html

http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/EXTURBANDEVELOPMENT/EXTDISMGMT/0,,contentMDK:20169851~menuPK:1242592~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:341015,00.html


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3.5 Early Warning Systems

Developments in early warning techniques over the last three decades have given Governments and donors vastly improved information on the real food security situation, and how it impacts on different livelihood groups. There has been enormous progress in moving from traditional nutrition surveys – whose value declines rapidly from the day they are done – to the kind of household economy approach now favoured by specialists, with its power to predict not only events but reactions to events. There is ample evidence in this inventory that, at national level, these systems are being used and incorporated into disaster preparedness and response systems. There is rather less evidence that they are being used in disaster risk reduction.

3.6 Insurance schemes

Earlier optimism by free-market thinkers that increased economic opportunities for poor people would automatically reduce poverty has long faded. The reason is that poor people, because of the vulnerabilities they face, are likely to put the reduction of risk before the maximisation of gain. Insurance schemes such as those detailed in this inventory offer a way out of this apparent paradox, and are deservedly being given a higher profile. The most recent example is the index-based insurance scheme for livestock in northern Kenya, where payout is triggered by remote-sensing information on rainfall and pasture, with predicted attendant animal losses. However, this scheme is once more described as a “pilot” – in other words, it is another attempt to test the hypothesis that risk insurance for the poor can be taken to scale as a serious element of development programming. The obstacles to achieving this have not yet been overcome, and it remains to be seen if ways round them can be found. Meantime, the poor carry their own disaster risk – with all that this entails.

4. RECOMMENDATIONS AND WAY FORWARD There is well-justified caution in drawing programmatic recommendations from a survey such as the present one. The following pointers do not seek to be more than tentative. Effective programmatic direction would more likely follow from in-depth interviews than from a survey of official documentation such as the present inventory. The good news is that DRR spending in Africa is up, not only in absolute terms, but also as a proportion of total DRR spending, rising from barely 20% of the total in 2004 to 38% in 200923. It is likely to continue to rise, drawing resources from both development aid budgets and humanitarian ones (one reason why the IFRC is calling for an end to the division between these two “aid silos”.)

23 “Hunger, Disaster, Hope: Rethinking Humanitarian Aid in Africa”, IFRC 2009, p. 19


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But the challenges of effective action on DRR in Africa reflect the region’s pattern of weak states. There is little tradition of the state exercising a “duty of care” towards its citizens – indeed, some of the worst disasters befalling Africa’s citizens have arisen as a result of state action, by both colonial and post-colonial states. There are honourable exceptions. Ethiopia, which has perhaps the longest tradition of continuous statehood on the continent, now has one of the most effective DRR approaches. It is also one of the few countries where the Government’s failure to deal adequately with natural hazards (in the 1980s) contributed quite directly to a change of regime. But in most cases, a failure of DRR management by states does not carry the kind of political cost that resulted from, say, Hurricane Katrina in the USA. As a recent DFID scoping study put it: “there is a perverse architecture of incentives stacked against disaster risk reduction… politicians in affected countries can gain kudos from being associated with humanitarian response, but are less interested in longer-term prevention and preparedness, unless prodded by popular anger24”. The greatest contribution that the UNISDR can make to the cause of DRR would be to tilt this “architecture of incentives” so that it works in favour of DRR and not against it. Fortunately, there are instances of good practise to learn from, at both micro and macro levels. At country level, the flood early warning system in Mozambique reduced fatalities in the 2008 floods to a fraction of those in 2001. The Red Cross is now seeking to reproduce the system in the other 6 countries that share the Zambezi river basin. The basis of South Asia’s comparative success in mainstreaming DRR was to build on the region’s lived experience of disaster, especially the kind of rapid-onset catastrophe for which it is well known. In Africa, the basis would necessarily be different, focusing instead on the two kinds of lived-experience of disaster risk:

The existence of excellent sectoral DRR plans in particular enclaves of the national economy usually to do with mining, oil and gas, export crops or tourism.

The prevalence of long-term disaster risks, which are endemic more than epidemic, especially drought, HIV/AIDS and malaria.

4.1 Legal Framework

As detailed in this inventory, legislation in Africa on DRR issues tends to be inconsistent, incoherent and incomplete. Even where it exists, it is usually based on a “regulatory” model (building codes, licenses, division of responsibilities between official agencies etc.), despite the fact that the regulatory capacity – the capacity to oversee and enforce – of African states is particularly low by international standards. DRR legal reform in Indonesia, by contrast, took a rights-based approach, stressing the state’s responsibility to protect through the disaster-management cycle and enabling

24 “Disaster Risk Reduction – a Development Concern”, DFID Scoping Study, 2004, p. 4.


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citizen’s prosecutions and compensation25. As an official Norwegian Concept Paper on “Good Humanitarian Donorship and Disaster Risk Reduction26” put it: “the basis for DRR should be a participatory, rights-based approach”.

4.2 National Platforms

The following five suggestions apply in relation to National Platforms in Africa:

i) Recognition of existing multi-stakeholder coordination structures as de facto National Platforms. This approach is followed by the present Inventory, and could usefully be combined with purging from the system “ghost” National Platforms that exist in name only.

ii) Strengthening the presence of representatives of local government, preferably through associations of local government structures – essential to align DRR with the decentralisation current in Africa.

iii) Better engagement with sector ministries, as an essential part of the task of normalising disaster-awareness as a standard development activity. An updated, shortened and more operational version of the 2004 AU/UNISDR “Guidelines for Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Assessment in Development” would be a start.

iv) Strengthening national information systems, right down to the “last-mile” gap that stymies so much information flow in Africa – following some of the ideas, for instance, of the India Disaster Resource Network.

4.3 Regional Economic Communities

The role of the Regional Economic Communities like ECOWAS and SADC is beyond the scope of this inventory. However, it should be noted that they have come a long way in developing their own strategies and learning approaches in relation to DRR. SADC’s Strategic Plan on DRR 2006-2010, for example, follows the 4 priorities of the HFA, translating them into the local context, and spells out the role that SADC’s Disaster Management Unit is to play in coordinating action among the member states. It also commits the members’ states to facilitate peer learning and exchange, strengthening expert networks. Sub-regional meetings are probably less useful than bilateral exchanges between DRR professionals in different countries. The fact that in each sub-region there are “beacon” countries, with a particularly good story to tell in terms of DRR, would make it easier to keep the lesson-learning closer to home (and therefore more relevant).

25“Lessons Learned: Disaster Management Legal Reform: the Indonesia Experience”, UNDP 2009. 26 “Good Humanitarian Donorship and Disaster Risk Reduction”, Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2007.


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4.4 Transferable DRR Products

This inventory gives ample evidence of DRR products that have been taken from country to country: for example, legislative frameworks and capacity-building work. The advantage of these products is that, because they are transferable, the organisation promoting them (usually UNDP or ISDR) may achieve economies of scale. But the bad news is that they often fail to make much impact on the ground, because they do not influence spending priorities, overcome vested interests or change public perception. In effect, they tend to be “top-down” products. A useful complement would be to explore the scope for “bottom-up” products. This could take the form of something as simple as a simulation exercise: a scenario package that could be adapted to different country contexts and involve as many stakeholders as possible. Such simulations may be genuinely hard (and not cost-effective) for individual countries to fund, and would permit ISDR to engage at country level and facilitate peer learning between countries. Another possibility would be to take the best hazard-specific system in each country – early warning food-security systems for drought, say, or epidemiological surveillance for malaria – and identify ways of transferring the methodology to other sectors or to broader development planning frameworks like the PRSP progress. More ambitiously, the programme could include a public-information campaign, based around the core idea that government has a “duty of care” with respect to its own citizens. This could be done through the intermediary of, or in association with, NGOs that have a tradition of rights-based programming and advocacy work. The long term objective would be to increase public expectations of disaster risk reduction and management. This is the only real way of addressing the “perverse architecture of incentives” referred to earlier, whereby governments may have little reason to go beyond lip-service in their commitment to DRR.

4.5 Complementarity

There is ample evidence that, especially in Africa, many official policies on DRR do not translate into practical action on the ground that builds community resilience – especially in terms of saving livelihoods as well as lives, in the face of natural hazards. ISDR’s approach necessarily concentrates on supporting public policies, systems and structures. But this can be done in ways that support the work of agencies that have greater local reach, such as the Red Cross movement and NGOs like Action Aid and Tearfund. In practical terms, this could mean the promotion within official policy of instruments that amplify the voice of local people, such as participatory vulnerability assessments, local risk-mapping exercises, identification of community DRR indicators27, and decentralisation of resources. The objective is not only to build local resilience (HFA Priority 3) but also to increase popular support for DRR. A second

27 Some suggested indicators are given in the 2009 Feinstein report of the African Community Resilience Project.


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advantage of facilitating cooperation with serious NGOs is that they already span the relief/development divide, which is the crack down which DRR often slips in the official machinery. Good NGOs are better placed to mainstream DRR considerations in their own work.

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