INVENTORY OF MINING WASTE IN THE EU CANDIDATE

COUNTRIESOBJECTIVE: to compile an inventory of toxic waste sites from mining in EU Candidate Countries in relation to catchment areas using the DPSIR framework indicator approach

pecomines

EVERY MINING SITE IS A COMPLICATED CASETHE IMPACTS ARE FOLLOWED ON CATCHMENT SCALE

Győző Jordán

PECOMINES MINING WASTE INVENTORY

BACKGROUNDObjectives and Deliverables

I. REVIEW OF PECOMINES INVENTORYMethods and Approaches

II. INVENTORY: PRESENT STATUSExamples and Data Processing

III. CONCLUSIONS & FOLLOW-UPDiscussion

BACKGROUND: EU ENLARGEMENT

DPSIR FRAMEWORK

conceptual framework developed by EEA combining information from the various sources and disciplines into sets, each set described by certain

indicators

DRIVING FORCES

human demand for mineral resources

regulations

assessment

inventoryPRESSURES

formation of emission sources, emission flowpaths and emissions as the result of exploitation of mineral resources

STATE

the quality of environment influenced and threatened by emissions originating from the mining activities

IMPACTS

emission- or risk-caused degradation of the quality of life, including human health, ecosystems, biodiversity,

cultural resources, recreational value etc

RESPONSE

actions of the communities to reduce impacts and risks

to the acceptable level

EXPECTED FINAL DELIVERABLES OF THE INVENTORY

(1) A set of geoenvironmental maps of 10 Candidate Countries that presents the main hot spots of already existing and potential impacts originating from toxic mining waste

(2) A report that- gives an overview of the mining waste problems in the

countries- provides description of the major hot spots in the countries identified as priorities on national level- identifies environmental risks and impacts with respect to different vulnerability areas on catchment scale- defines the gaps in existing information

MINING WASTE INVENTORY PACKAGE

PART 0. Accompanying Letter

PART 1. Questionnaire- Guide to complete the Questionnaire- Glossary- Access data entry application (ZIP file)- Guide for the Access application

PART 2. Environmental information and data concerning mining waste for - your country and - selected mining areas ('hot spots')

PART 3. Outline of Country Review to be published in a volume by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission

PART 1 INVENTORY QUESTIONNAIRE

PART 1QUESTIONNAIRE to be completed for each mining site

SECTION I. Mining site identification and location

1. Mining site identification

1.1 Mining site code1.2 Customary site name(s)1.3 Administrative unit

2. Mining site location

Geographic co-ordinates: Latitude:…………………. Longitude:………………….

SECTION II. Status and production

3. Mineral commodity(ies) mined

4. Extraction type : Surface mine Underground mine

5. Status: Active Closed Temporarily suspended

6. Operation and production

6.1 Start of operation6.2 End of operation (if abandoned or temporarily suspended)6.3 Total exploited quantity6.4 Total mined-out area6.5 Total annual production in 1980 (if applicable)6.6 Total annual production in 2000 (if applicable)

PART 1 INVENTORY QUESTIONNAIRE

SECTION III. Geological characterisation of MINERAL deposit

7. Mineral deposit

7.1 Main constituents7.2 Mineralogical composition7.3 Mineral deposit type7.4 Age7.5 Geological setting, main tectonic or petrogenetic unit

8. Host rock

9. Type of overburden (surface mining)(complete only if you selected “Surface mine” at point 4. above)

10. Thickness of overburden (surface mining)(complete only if you selected “Surface mine” at point 4. above)

SECTION IV. Mineral processing and waste management

11. Waste rock and waste management

11.1 Total quantity of waste rock produced11.2 Disposed on site as waste Yes, volume:_____, area: ______ No11.3 Used for backfilling in the mine Yes, volume: ________________ No11.4 Used for construction or other purposes on mining site Yes, volume: ________________ No11.5 Further processed on mining site Yes, volume: ________________ No11.6 Transported out from the site Yes, volume: ________________ No

PART 1 INVENTORY QUESTIONNAIRE

12. Mineral processing

12.1 Mineral processing on mining site of excavation Yes

No12.2 Market product leaving the processing plant 12.3 Chemicals used in the treatment12.4 Volume and area of disposed tailings12.5 Chemical characteristics of solid tailings12.6 Surface water on tailings Yes, volume: ________________ No12.7 Chemical characteristics of tailings water (complete only if you selected “Yes” at 12.6)

SECTION V. EMISSIONS AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

13. Types of emissions

14. Quantities and characteristic composition of the emissions

15. The mining site is an environmental ‘hotspot’

Yes No

16. Main environmental impacts

SECTION VI. NOTES, COMMENTS AND REFERENCES

PART 1 GLOSSARY

Glossary with mining terminology

[..]You are welcome to suggest changes into these working definitions and especially encouraged to discuss case-by-case if one or another site should be included or excluded in the frames of this project.

ActiveA mine is active if it has an owner and mining activities are carried out on the site.

BackfillBackfill is the material used to fill voids created by mining excavation.

ClosedA mine is closed if licensed mining activities are finished for the mine. The site can be non- partly or fully rehabilitated.

DepositAny sort of earth material that has been accumulated through the action of wind, water, ice, or other agents. Mineral deposits.

PART 1 GUIDE

GUIDE to complete the questionnaire

GENERAL COMMENTS

If the data provided is an estimation write after the figure “estimation”. If the information required is non-existing, write “non-existing”. If the information exists but it is not accessible write “non-accessible”. If the figure is an estimation indicate, if possible, also the confidence interval. For example: “Quantity of waste rock disposed on site as waste: 100,000 10,000 m3.”

At any point your expert comments [..] are welcome. It could be convenient to include your comments in “SECTION VI. Notes, comments and references”.

The questionnaire relies on your expert knowledge and professional experience. Remember that you and your organisation are considered the reference for information and expertise provided in this questionnaire.

Format:(1) Microsoft Word document

(2) Microsoft Access application

(3) Microsoft Excel spreadsheet

APPENDIX 1Mineral commodity classification

ECONOMIC MINERALS

ENERGY MINERALS METALLIC MINERALS INDUSTRIAL MINERALS

Nuclearfuels

Constructionmaterials

Uranium CoalOil

Non-constructionmaterials

Non-ferrousmetals

Ferrousmetals

Fossilfuels

Preciousmetals

Minormetals

Some of the most important metals:

Ferrous metals:Fe; Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, W, V, CoNon-ferrous metals:Cu, Pb, Zn (base metals); Sn, AlPrecious metals:Au, Ag, PtMinor metals:Sb, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Ce, Hg, Nb, Ta, Ti, ZrFissionable metals:U, Th (U is considered here as nuclear fuel.)

Some of the most important metals:

Ferrous metals:Fe; Mn, Ni, Cr, Mo, W, V, CoNon-ferrous metals:Cu, Pb, Zn (base metals); Sn, AlPrecious metals:Au, Ag, PtMinor metals:Sb, As, Be, Bi, Cd, Ce, Hg, Nb, Ta, Ti, ZrFissionable metals:U, Th (U is considered here as nuclear fuel.)

Oil shale

Selected list

Other

Asbestos Fluorite Gypsum Magnesite Phosphate Salt Sulphur

Sulphides in overburden of open mines for industrial minerals

APPENDIX 3Mining process and related waste pathways

MINERAL DEPOSIT

ORE

PROCESSING

MARKET PRODUCT

WASTEROCK

TAILINGS

EXCAVATION

MINING SITE

Transportedfrom mining

siteUsed on site:- backfilling

- further processing

(eg leaching stockpile)

- dam construction

- other use

NOTES:

Dashed line indicates that processing can take place inside the mining site and outside the site (e.g. bauxite mine) as well.

Orange colour indicates mining waste (waste rock and tailings).

NOTES:

Dashed line indicates that processing can take place inside the mining site and outside the site (e.g. bauxite mine) as well.

Orange colour indicates mining waste (waste rock and tailings).

Landfilled atthe mining

site

APPENDIX 2 & 4

APPENDIX 2Mineral deposit characterisation

APPENDIX 4

WORKING LIST OF THE EMISSIONS GENERATED AS THE RESULT OF MINING ACTIVITIES AND WHICH CAN CAUSE HAZARDS TO HUMAN HEALTH AND

ENVIRONMENT

CATEGORY 1 – LIQUID EMISSIONS

CATEGORY 2 – GASEOUS EMISSIONS

CATEGORY 3 – SOLID EMISSIONS

PART 2 ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION AND DATA

PART 2Information and data concerning environmental aspects of mining waste for the country

and selected mining areas

Objectives:(1) to obtain background information for presentation of mining waste information at the national scale, and (2) to obtain data on the selected ‘hot spots’ which will be used to develop environmental indicators for impact characterisation.

(I) Maps for the whole country

1. Topographic map of the country Scale: 1:1,000,000.

2. Map of protected areas (national parks, natural reserves, etc)Scale: 1:1,000,000.

3. Hydrogeological map (main aquifers and potentiometric contour lines)Scale: 1:1,000,000.

4. Geological mapScale: 1:1,000,000.

PART 2 ENVIRONMENTAL INFORMATION AND DATA

(II) Data and information on ‘hot spots’

1. Geological mapsGeological deposit maps

Scale: 1:50,000 – 1: 100,000

2. For each deposit: boundaries, mineral commodities mined, genetic type, age, local formation name, petrology and mineralogy

3. Data requirements for the catchments related to the ‘hot spots’:Map of catchment boundariesMap showing protected areasSoil maps (soil type, soil depth, etc)Regional climatic data, precipitation and/or infiltration data (mean and maximum annual precipitation)Surface water quality map/data, groundwater hydrology (major aquifers) and geochemistry map/data

Scale: 1:50,000 – 1: 100,000

4. Data requirement for administrative-territorial units related to the deposits:Map of the unitsPopulation and population density in each unit

Scale: 1:50,000 – 1: 100,000

PART 3 COUNTRY REVIEW

PART 3Outline of Country Review

to be published in a volume by the Joint Research Centre of the European Commission

Objectives:

(1) to obtain a country summary on total mining wastes and associated problems at the national level, and

(2) to develop detailed descriptions of a few selected ‘hot spots’

Mining waste hazards in Central and Eastern European Countries

Preface

Table of contents

SECTION 1: Mining waste in the Central and Eastern European Countries: an Overview

PART 3 COUNTRY REVIEW

SECTION 2: COUNTRY REPORTS

BulgariaCzech RepublicEstoniaHungaryLatviaLithuaniaPolandRomaniaSlovakiaSlovenia

SECTION 3: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

INVENTORY: PRESENT STATUS

(20 May, 2002)

QUESTIONNAIRE PART 1 BACKGROUND PART 2 Hot Spots Country Hot Spots Country

sites waste Bulgaria 5Czech Rep. 10 received receivedEstonia 3 received receivedHungary 8 1285 260 received receivedLatvia 0 1 receivedLithuania 0 receivedPoland 10 received receivedRomania 4 received receivedSlovakia - received receivedSlovenia -

GEOENVIRONMENTAL MAPS

Czech Republic (mining impact map, 1:500,000)Poland (geoecological maps, 1:50,000)Bulgaria (geohazard map, 1:500,000)

COUNTRYREPORT PART 3

INVENTORY: Examples

INVENTORY: PRESENT STATUS

PECOMINES:

- Questionnaire package

- European background data acquisition (JRC/EC)

- Reviewing data sources & maps digitisation (scanning & georef.)

- Access relational database

- Web application

- Evaluation of inventory data

INVENTORY: PRESENT STATUS

European background data acquisition (JRC/EC):

- GISCO

- JRC: European Soil Bureau - Soil Database

- JRC: 250m Digital Terrain Model of Europe (drainage network & catchment boundaries)

- CORINE

REVIWING DATA SORCES: SOLID FOSSIL FUELS MINING IN CC-s

Solid fossil fuels production in 1999

-

20,000,000

40,000,000

60,000,000

80,000,000

100,000,000

120,000,000

Hard-Coal Lignite Oil shale

ton

nes

Bulgaria Czech RepublicEstonia HungaryLatvia LithuaniaPolandRomaniaSlovakiaSlovenia

Source: European IPPC Bureau, TWG workspace, Mining Waste Bref

SK

BL

PL

PL

CZ

CZ

RO

ROHU

HU

EE

SLO

SCANNING OF DATA SORCES: METAL MINING IN CC-s

Source data: European IPPC Bureau, TWG workspace, Mining Waste Bref

Production in 1999

-

50,000

100,000

150,000

200,000

250,000

300,000

350,000

400,000

450,000

500,000

Iron

Bau

xite

Cop

per

Lead

Man

gane

se

Zin

c

ton

nes

Bulgaria Czech RepublicEstonia HungaryLatvia LithuaniaPolandRomaniaSlovakiaSlovenia

Cadmium Gold Silver(t) (kg) (kg)

Bulgaria 260 1,033 20,000 Czech RepublicEstonia HungaryLatvia LithuaniaPoland 200 350 1,096,000 Romania 470 17,800 Slovakia 302 287 Slovenia

RO

BL

BL

BL

BL BL

RO

RO

RO

RO RO

SK

PL

PL

PL

HU

HU

EVALUATION OF INVENTORY DATA: SCREENING OF ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS

How do mining waste landfills, backfills and underground work-out areas contribute to environmental pollution?

Case-specific, every case depending on a large number of physical, chemical and technological parameters - however, many cases are very similar with respect to environmental impacts

EVALUATION OF INVENTORY DATA: DEPOSIT-SCALE ASSESSMENT - GEOENVIRONMENTAL

MAPPINGGeoenvironmental models:

Deposits can be classified into different types, each type having similar geochemical environmental signature, for example a potential

- to produce acid drainage (presence and particle sizes of sulphides), and

- to buffer acid drainage (presence of carbonates and alumosilicates).

USGS: (1) mining districts likely to generate highly acidic, heavy-metal-rich acid drainage waters

(2) mining districts that can generate acidic to non-acidic mine-drainage waters with elevated levels of some heavy metals

(3) mining districts likely to generate non-acidic mine drainage with low levels of acid drainage

I. CONCLUSIONS & FOLLOW-UP - DATA

INVENTIORY QUESTIONNARY (PART1) Hot SpotsSlovakiaSlovenia

Countryall countries (Hungary)

BACKGROUND DATA (PART 2)Hot Spotsall countries (Hungary, Romania, Slovakia)

CountryBulgaria, Poland, Slovenia

COUNTRY REPORTS (PART 3)all countries (Czech Republic)

(Italics: countries that already provided this information)

II. CONCLUSIONS & FOLLOW-UP - QUESTIONNAIRE1. Did you find the PECOMINES questionnaire form well-structured, easy-to-follow and

relevant?

2. Did you find satisfactory and useful the following:- Guide to the questionnaire form- Glossary of terms- Appendices for professional support- Access Application.(Note that Art. 3 'Definitions' in the Directive in prep. is dedicated to definition of terms.)

3. What is the most important information that you would add to the questionnaire, or points that you found redundant in our questionnaire?

4. Which are the questions which you found the most difficult to answer? Why?

5. Do you consider our questionnaire form together with the attached supporting material (Guide, Glossary, Appendices and Access Database) a viable basis for EU and national mining waste inventories?

6. Please provide any comments on or suggestions for the PECOMINES inventory questionnaire based on your experience.

III. CONCLUSIONS & FOLLOW-UP - HAZARD & IMPACT MAPPING

EXISTING DATABASES: on mining sites and mining wastes (METADATABASE)

ONGOING MINING WASTE INVENTORY EFFORTS

PRACTICES and EXISTING EXPERTISE: in hazard & impact mapping of mining - in your country or institute

COUNTRY REPORT: publication