Invasive and Exotic Species
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Transcript of Invasive and Exotic Species
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Invasive and Exotic Species
Doyle L. CrosswhiteGeosciences Department
University of Arkansas
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What is an invasive species?
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U.S Environmental Protection Agency. 2007.
“Invasive species means an alien species whose introduction does or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.”
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U.S. Department of Agriculture. 2007.
“non-native (or alien) to the ecosystem under consideration and whose introduction causes or is likely to cause economic or environmental harm or harm to human health.”
“Invasive species can be plants, animals, and other organisms (e.g., microbes). Human actions are the primary means of invasive species introductions.”
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Charles Elton, 1958
Ecological Explosion- “an enormous increase in numbers of an organism previously held in check by other forces.”
Population Explosion
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Natural Barriers to Species Interchange
• Glaciers• Oceans & Currents• Mountain Ranges• Freshwater Bodies• Predation and Competition
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How are exotic/alien species become established?
• Ballast Water• Boat Hulls• Aquiculture Escapes• Intentional introductions• Aquaria Releases• Live Food Industry• Vehicular Transport• Escaped Ornamentals
• Cross-basin Connections• Fish Bait Releases• Illegal Stocking• Domestic->Feral• Solid Waste Disposal• Biological Control
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Shipping
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Some Examples
• Zebra Mussel• Nutria• Ringneck Pheasant• Fire Ant• House Sparrow• European Starling• Bermuda Grass• Mexican Fruit Fly
• Cord Grass, Spartina• Striped Bass• Sea Lamprey• Brown-headed Cowbird• Cattle Egret
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Invasive Species in North America
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Some Consequences
• Economic• Environmental• Human Health• Agricultural Pests• Species Extinctions
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Management of Invasive Species
• Quarantine
• Eradication
• Biological Control
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Brown-headed Cowbird, Molothrus ater
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Cowbird Biology
• native range- Great Plains
• “brood parasites”
• range expansion
• >220 host spp.
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Asiatic Clam, Corbicula
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Asiatic Clam• Indigenous to Asia & east to Mediterranean,
Australia and Africa
• North America 1924
• habitat preferences
• high fecundity- 400 larvae/day
• densities- 20,000 clams/m2
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Distribution of Corbicula
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Questions?