Ecological Restoration (BIO 409) Dr. McEwan Invasion Ecology.
Invasion Ecology Seminar
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Transcript of Invasion Ecology Seminar
*Survive*Increase in numbers*Expand its range
What should a successful invader do?
*Introduced
Why can exotic species, whose initial populations
are small, succeed to establish themselves in environments to which
they have no opportunity to adapt
and even become more abundant?
“Invasion paradox”
Sax & Brown 2000
Where?
Understanding the Na.ve-‐Exo.c Plant Richness rela.onships
Elton 1958
niche
Exotic plant
sp1sp4
sp2sp3
Understanding the Na.ve-‐Exo.c Plant Richness rela.onships
Elton 1958
niche
sp1 sp2
niche
Exotic plant
sp2sp1sp4 sp3
Exotic plant
Native richness
Exo
tic
rich
nes
s
Biotic resistance hypothesis
Stachowitz et al 1999, 2002, Naeem et al. 2000, Fargione & Tilman 2005, Case 1990, Knops et al. 1999, Levine 2000, Kennedy et al. 2002
Stohlgren et al. 2003, 2006
U.S. counties
Shea & Chesson 2002
Shea & Chesson 2002
Shea & Chesson 2002
Environmental factors that increase diversity of native species might also
increase diversity of exotics
UTM de 10 km * 10 Km
Data:
ExoticNative
BDBC, h2p://biodiver.bio.ub.es/biocat
Bartomeus et al. (GEB, 2011)
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
020
4060
80100
120
140
Native richness
Exo
tic ri
chne
ss
200 400 600 800 1000 1200
020
4060
80100
120
140
Native richness
Exo
tic ri
chne
ss
Land use Shannon diversity indexGeologic Shannon diversity index% Forest% Scrub% Agriculture% Urban land use% Bare soilNo. habitatsAltitudinal rangeDistance to main roadsDistance to main citiesDistance to main riversPopulation densityFire frequencyDistance to the seaSolar RadiationMean January temperatureMean July temperatureMean annual temperatureJanuary precipitationJuly precipitationAnnual precipitationMean altitude
Heterogeneity
Anthropogenic
Climatic
!
Naeem et al. 2000
0.46
-0.68
0.28 -0.09 -0.04-0.22
-0.09
0.18
0.22
-0.080.130.14
0.38
0.13
0.11
NativesAliens
PC1:Climate-Elevation
0.22 0.74
PC2: Human pressure
PC5:Climate-Landscape
PC7:Geo diversity
PC8:Roads PC9:Rivers PC10: Habitat Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Native
Exotic
++
+
Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Native
Exotic
++
-+
+
Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Native
Exotic
++
-
++
+
+
+
17 %
ok, some common factors, but the relation stills being positive!
Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Native
Exotic
++
-
++
+
+
+
17 %
200 400 600 800 1000
020
4060
80100
120
140
NativesNR
EXOTIQUES
r2= 0.1
Exo
tic
Native Non Ruderal0 50 100 150 200
020
4060
80100
120
140
RUDERALS
EXOTIQUES
r2= 0.56
Exo
tic
Native Ruderal
Heterogeneity
Climate
Anthropic
Ruderals
Exotic
++
-
++
-
++
+
58%
+exotic plants +ruderal native plants
+propagule pressure+disturbance
Heterogeneity
Anthropogenic activities
Mechanisms
Only in plants?
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Evidence from birds:
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Sol, Bartomeus & Griffin (Submitted)
Based in 24 Transects from Wildland to Urban areas in Australia.
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Evidence from birds:
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Sol, Bartomeus & Griffin (Submitted)
Based in 24 Transects from Wildland to Urban areas in Australia.
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Evidence from birds:
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Sol, Bartomeus & Griffin (Submitted)
Based in 24 Transects from Wildland to Urban areas in Australia.Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Evidence from birds:
Urban
Natural
Nat
ive
Exo
tic
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
humanfood Natural
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Habitatp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
p < 0.001
Foodp < 0.001
Deliverate, Accidental
Deliverate, Accidental
Suburbs, Wildland
Suburbs Suburbs
Sol, Bartomeus & Griffin (Oecologia)
Based in 24 Transects from Wildland to Urban areas in Australia.
Who?
Sol et al PNAS 2005
Sol et al PNAS 2005
Life History Traits
Time
Popu
latio
n si
ze
demographic or environmental stochasticity
Fast population growth
Life History Traits
Time
Popu
latio
n si
ze Fast population growth
Propagule pressure
demographic or environmental stochasticity
Life History Traits
Time
Popu
latio
n si
ze Fast population growth
Propagule pressure
demographic or environmental stochasticity
2,760 introduction, comprising 428 species from 49 families, 1,292 of which were successful
Rmax: Fecundity, Age at first breeding & lifespan
Cole 1954
Which Life history traits confers a fast population growth?
Clutch*broods
Rmax: Fecundity, Age at first breeding & lifespan
Cole 1954
5 10 15
12
34
56
d$Clutch
d$Rmax
Rm
ax
Clutch
Which Life history traits confers a fast population growth?
Inva
sion
pot
entia
lIn
vasi
onpo
tent
ialo
f spe
cies
Fig. 1
a b c
d e f
5 10 15
-3-2
-10
12
3
Clutch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2
-10
12
3
Fast-Slow2 4 6 8 10
-3-2
-10
12
3
Body mass
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2
-10
12
3
Brood value-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3-2
-10
12
3
Residual brain size1 2 3 4 5
-3-2
-10
12
3
Habitat generalism
Even, when including Propagule pressure in the models
Clutch size
Sol et al. (Science)
However, Rmax do not predict invasion success...
Inva
sion
pote
ntia
lof s
peci
es
Fig. 1
a b c
d e f
5 10 15
-3-2
-10
12
3
Clutch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2
-10
12
3
Fast-Slow2 4 6 8 10
-3-2
-10
12
3
Body mass
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2
-10
12
3
Brood value-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3-2
-10
12
3
Residual brain size1 2 3 4 5
-3-2
-10
12
3
Habitat generalism
Inva
sion
pot
entia
l
Rmax1 2 3 4
So, no relation with other Life History Traits?
Time
Popu
latio
n si
ze
Trade off: Reproduction
Survival
which risk are you willing to take for your brood?
Brood Value =Total offspring
Clutch size
Brood Value =2 eggs*4broods*2years
2 eggs= 0.125
Brood Value =2 eggs*1broods*8years
2 eggs= 0.125
Brood Value =Clutch*broods*lifespan
Clutch size
Inva
sion
pote
ntia
lof s
peci
es
Fig. 1
a b c
d e f
5 10 15
-3-2
-10
12
3
Clutch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2
-10
12
3
Fast-Slow2 4 6 8 10
-3-2
-10
12
3
Body mass
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2
-10
12
3
Brood value-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3-2
-10
12
3
Residual brain size1 2 3 4 5
-3-2
-10
12
3
Habitat generalism
Inva
sion
pot
entia
l
LHT important, but in a different way
Inva
sion
pot
entia
l
propagule pressure +
Inva
sion
pote
ntia
lof s
peci
es
Fig. 1
a b c
d e f
5 10 15
-3-2
-10
12
3
Clutch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2
-10
12
3
Fast-Slow2 4 6 8 10
-3-2
-10
12
3
Body mass
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2
-10
12
3
Brood value-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3-2
-10
12
3
Residual brain size1 2 3 4 5
-3-2
-10
12
3
Habitat generalism
LHT important, but in a different way
Inva
sion
pot
entia
l
propagule pressure +
Inva
sion
pote
ntia
lof s
peci
es
Fig. 1
a b c
d e f
5 10 15
-3-2
-10
12
3
Clutch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2
-10
12
3
Fast-Slow2 4 6 8 10
-3-2
-10
12
3
Body mass
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2
-10
12
3
Brood value-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3-2
-10
12
3
Residual brain size1 2 3 4 5
-3-2
-10
12
3
Habitat generalism
LHT important, but in a different way
Inva
sion
pot
entia
l
propagule pressure +
Inva
sion
pote
ntia
lof s
peci
es
Fig. 1
a b c
d e f
5 10 15
-3-2
-10
12
3
Clutch size
-2 -1 0 1
-3-2
-10
12
3
Fast-Slow2 4 6 8 10
-3-2
-10
12
3
Body mass
-2.2 -1.8 -1.4 -1.0
-3-2
-10
12
3
Brood value-2 -1 0 1 2 3
-3-2
-10
12
3
Residual brain size1 2 3 4 5
-3-2
-10
12
3
Habitat generalism
LHT important, but in a different way
Inva
sion
pot
entia
l
propagule pressure +
Explain success of pigeons
Com
petit
ivene
ss
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009
Com
petit
ivene
ss
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009
Com
petit
ivene
ss
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009
What am I doing in a bee lab?
Osmia cornifrons Osmia lignariaInvasive native
Osmia cornifrons Osmia lignaria
* Same habitats* Same phenologies (?)* Same nesting preferences (?)* Same diet (?)
Invasive native
We suspect:
Com
petit
ivene
ss
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009
Com
petit
ivene
ss
Niche overlap
+
-
+
based in Mc Dougall et al. 2009
Is there competition going on?
Not all communities are equally resistant
Most invaders use empty or disturbed habitats
Not all species are good invaders
Most invaders have behavioral or phenotypic plasticity
“paradox”
Where?
Who?
Thank you- [email protected]
Thanks to Co-Authors: Daniel Sol, Andrea Griffin, Joan Pino, Xavier Font, Paloma Vicente, Joan
Maspons, Josep Piñol, Miquel Vall-llosera.
People at CREAF, Oriol Lapiedra, Cesar Lagos,...
Fig. 3
-2 -1 0 1 2
-2-1
01
23
Fast-slow continuum
Res
idua
l bra
in s
ize
-2.2 -2.0 -1.8 -1.6 -1.4 -1.2 -1.0 -0.8
-2-1
01
23
Brood value
R
esid
ual B
rain
Text
