Hartman, Introductory Mining Engineering, Thomas, An Introduction
Introductory mining
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Transcript of Introductory mining
Introductory MiningIntroductory Mining
R Biswas
Deputy Manager (Mining)
Kiriburu Iron Ore Mine
RMD, SAIL
Contribution to CivilizationContribution to Civilization
• Mining is the Second Endeavours
• Agriculture and Mining Supply all theBasic resources need in the modernCivilizationCivilization
HistoryHistory
• The history of Mining is parallels tothe History of civilization
• Many important cultural erasassociated with and identified byvarious minerals or their derivatives-
Stone Age Prior to 4000 BCE
Bronze Age 4000 to 1500 BCE
Iron Age 1500 BCE to 1780 CE
Steel Age 1780 to 1945 CE
Nuclear Age 1945 CE to Present
various minerals or their derivatives-
Terminology Terminology
• Mine: An excavation made in the earth to extract minerals
• Mining: the activity, occupation and industry concernedwith the extraction of minerals.
• Minerals: a natural occurring inorganic element orcompound having an orderly internal structure and acharacteristic chemical composition crystal form andphysical properties.physical properties.
• Rock: any naturally formed aggregate of one or more typesof mineral particles
• Ore: a mineral deposit that has sufficient utility and value tobe mined at a profit
• Gangue: the valueless mineral particles within an oredeposit that must be discarded
• Waste: the material associated with an ore deposit thatmust be mined to get at the ore and must then bediscarded. Gangue is a particular type of waste.
Terminology .Terminology ...... ...
• Metallic Ores: those ores of the ferrous metals (iron,manganese, molybdenum and tungsten), the base metals(copper, lead, zinc and tin), the precious metals (gold,silver, the platinum group metals) and the radioactiveminerals (uranium, thorium and radium)
• Non-metallic minerals (also known as industrial minerals):the nonfuel mineral ores that are not associated with theproduction of metals. These include phosphate, potash,production of metals. These include phosphate, potash,halite, trona, sand, gravel, limestone, sulphur, and manyothers.
• Fossil fuels (also known as mineral fuels): the organicmineral substances that can be utilize as fuels, such ascoal, petroleum, natural gas, coal bed methane, gilsoniteand tar sands.
Advancements in TechnologyAdvancements in Technology
Date Event
450,000 BCE First Mining (Surface), by Paleolithic humans for stone
implements
40,000 Surface mining progress underground, Swaziland, Africa
30,000 Fired clay pots used in Czechoslovakia
18,000 Use of Gold and Copper in native form
5000 Fire setting to break rock, Egypt5000 Fire setting to break rock, Egypt
4000 Early use of fabricated metals, start of Bronze Age
3400 First recorded mining, of turquoise by Egyptians in Sinai
3000 First smelting of copper with coal by Chinese; First use of iron
implements by Egyptians
2000 Earliest known Gold artifacts in New World, Peru
1000 Steel used by Greeks
Advancements in Technology.Advancements in Technology.........
Date Event
100 CE Thriving Roman Mining Industry
122 Coal used by Romans in present-day, United Kingdom
1185 Edict by Bishop of Trent gives rights to miners
1524 First recorded mining in New World, by Spaniards in Cuba
1550 First Use of Lift Pup at Czechoslovakia
1556 First mining technical work, Germany1556 First mining technical work, Germany
1627 Explosive used in European mines, Hungary
1716 First School of Mines, Czechoslovakia
1780 Pumps used in mines
1815 Sir Humphrey Davy invents miner’s safety lamp in England
1867 Dynamite invented by Nobel, applied to Mining
1906 First Mining College in India
1940 First Continuous miner
Stages in the Life of a MineStages in the Life of a Mine
Post-MiningMining ProperPrecursors Mining
Prospecting Exploration Development Exploitation Reclamation
Mineral
DepositOre Body Prospect Mine Real Estate
Stages in the Life of a Mine.Stages in the Life of a Mine.........
Prospecting Exploration Development Exploitation Reclamation
Purpose: Search for ore
Procedure:
•Prospecting Methods
•Direct: physical geologic
•Indirect: geophysical, geochemical
•Locate favourable loci (map, literature, old mine)
•Air: aerial photography, airborne geophysics, satellite
•Surface: ground geophysics, geology
•Spot anomaly, analyze, evaluate
Stages in the Life of a Mine..Stages in the Life of a Mine........
Prospecting Exploration Development Exploitation Reclamation
Purpose: Defining extent and value of ore (examination
&Evaluation)&Evaluation)
Procedure:
•Sample (drilling or excavation), assay, test
•Estimate tonnage and grade
•Valuate deposit, present value calculation, Feasibility
study, decision to abandon or develop
Stages in the Life of a Mine...Stages in the Life of a Mine.......
Prospecting Exploration Development Exploitation Reclamation
Purpose: Opening up Ore deposit for production
Procedure:
•Acquire Mining right (Lease or purchase)
•File environmental impact assessment, technology
assessment, permits
•Construct access roads, transport system
•Locate surface plant, construction facilities
•Excavate deposit (Strip or Sink Shaft)
Stages in the Life of a Mine....Stages in the Life of a Mine......
Prospecting Exploration Development Exploitation Reclamation
Purpose: Large scale production of ore
Procedure:
•Factor in choice of method: geologic, geographic,
economic, environmental, societal safety
•Types of mining methods:
•Surface: Open pit/open cast, Placer etc.
•Underground: room and pillar, block caving etc.
•Monitor costs and economic payback: 3-10 years
Stages in the Life of a MineStages in the Life of a Mine..........
Prospecting Exploration Development Exploitation Reclamation
Purpose: Restoration of Site
Procedure:
•Removal of plant and buildings
•Reclamation of Waste and Tailings Dumps
• Monitoring of Discharges
Unit OperationsUnit Operations
Rock Breakage
Drilling
Blasting
Unit Operation
Production cycle
Blasting
Material Handling
Loading /Excavation
Haulage /Hoisting
Auxiliary Operations
Thank YouThank You