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3.1 1 b I N E CALCULATIONS Eramgk 3-10 M i n e emiency

3.12 MULTISTAGE TURBINES 3.13 PUMPSANDCOMPRESSORS 3.14 STRATEGIES FOR APPLYING THE JWTROPY BALANCE 3.15 ADDITIONAL STEADY-STATE EXAMPLES

Exanrple 3.2 l Heat pump analysis Example 3.12 Entropy in a heat exchanger

3.16 UNSTEADY-STATE OPEN SYSTEMS (Optional) EuzmpIe 3.13 Entropy c h g e in a leaky tank EuMtple 3.14 An ideal gas leaking through o turbine (unsteady-state)

3.17 THE ENTROPY BALANCE IN BRlEF 3.18 SUMMARY 3.19 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 3.20 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS

CHAPTER 4 TELEBMODYNAMICS OF PROCESSES 4.1 THE CARNOT CYCLE 4.2 THE RANTUNE CYCLE

Euunple 4.1 R a n h e cyck Example 4.2 Two-phase turbine output RANiUNE MODIFlCATlONS Enample 4.3 RanRine with reheat Exansple 4.4 Regenerative Rankine cyck

4.4 REFRIGERATION Example 4.5 Refigeration by vapor-compression cycle LIQUEFACTION Example 4.6 Liquefacction of m t k by the t i d e process INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES Emqk 4.7 Air-standard Bmyton cycle t k d efiiency Exiunple 4.8 Thermal eficimuy of he Ofto engine Example 4.9 Thermal efkiency of a Diesel engine

4.7 FLUIDFLOW 4.8 PROBLEM-SOLVING STRATEGlES 4.9 PRACTICE PROBLEMS 4.10 HOMEWORK PROBLEMS

UNIT II GENERALIZED ANALYSIS OF FLUID PROPERTIES

CHAPTER 5 CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS- GENERALIZATION TO ANY FLUID

5. I THE FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTY RELATION 5.2 DERIVATIVE RELATIONS

Example 5.1 Pressure dependence of H Example 5.2 Entropy change with respect to T a t constant P Example 5.3 Entropy as a function of T and P

Front CoverCONTENTSPrefaceNotationUNIT I: First and Second LawsCHAPTER 1: Introduction1.1 The Molecular Nature of Energy1.2 The Molecular Nature of Entropy1.3 Brief Summary of Several Thermodynamic Quantities1.4 Basic Concepts1.5 Summary1.6 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 2: The Energy Balance2.1 Expansion/Contraction Work2.2 Shaft Work2.3 Work Associated with Flow2.4 Lost Work vs. Reversibility2.5 Path Properties and State Properties2.6 Heat Flow2.7 The Closed-System Energy Balance2.8 The Open-System, Steady-State Balance2.9 The Complete Energy Balance2.10 Internal Energy, Enthalpy and Heat Capacities2.11 Kinetic and Potential Energy2.12 Energy Balances for Process Equipment2.13 Strategies for Solving Process Thermodynamics Problems2.14 Closed and Steady-State Open Systems2.15 Unsteady-State Open Systems (Optional)2.16 Details of Terms in The Energy Balance (Optional)2.17 Summary2.18 Practice Problems2.19 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 3: Entropy3.1 The Concept of Entropy3.2 Microscopic Wiew of Entropy3.3 The Macroscopic Definition of Entropy3.4 The Entropy Balance3.5 The Carnot Engine3.6 Carnot Heat Pump3.7 Internal Reversibility3.8 Maximum/Minimum Work in Real Process Equipment3.9 Entropy Balance for Process Equipment3.10 Charts Including Entropy3.11 Turbine Calculations3.12 Multistage Turbines3.13 Pumps and Compressors3.14 Strategies for Applying the Entropy Balance3.15 Additional Steady-State Examples3.16 Unsteady-State Open Systems (Optional)3.17 The Entropy Balance in Brief3.18 Summary3.19 Practice Problems3.20 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 4: Thermodynamics of Processes4.1 The Carnot Cycle4.2 The Rankine Cycle4.3 Rankine Modifications4.4 Refrigeration4.5 Liquefaction4.6 Internal Combustion Engines4.7 Fluid Flow4.8 Problem-Solving Strategies4.9 Practice Problems4.10 Homework Problems

UNIT II: Generalized Analysis of Fluid PropertiesCHAPTER 5: Classical Thermodynamics - Generalization to Any Fluid5.1 The Fundamental Property Relation5.2 Derivative Relations5.3 Advanced Topics (Optional)5.4 Summary5.5 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 6: Engineering Equations of State for PVT Properties6.1 Experimental Measurements6.2 Three-Parameter Corresponding States6.3 Generalized Compressibility Factor Charts6.4 The Virial Equation of State6.5 Cubic Equations of State6.6 Solving The Equation of State for Z6.7 Implications of Real Fluid Behavior6.8 The Molecular Theory Behind Equations of State6.9 Matching the Critical Point6.10 Summary and Concluding Remarks6.11 Practice Problems6.12 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 7: Departure Functions7.1 The Departure Function Pathway7.2 Internal Energy Departure Function7.3 Entropy Departure Function7.4 Other Departure Functions7.5 Summary of Density-Dependent Formulas7.6 Pressure-Dependent Formulas7.7 Reference States7.8 Generalized Charts for the Enthalpy Departure7.9 Summary7.10 Practice Problems7.11 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 8: Phase Equilibrium in a Pure Fluid8.1 Criteria for Equilibrium8.2 The Clausius-Clapeyron Equation8.3 Shortcut Estamation of Saturation Properties8.4 Changes in Gibbs Energy with Pressure8.5 Fugacity and Fugacity Coefficient8.6 Fugacity Criteria for Phase Equilibria8.7 Calculation of Fugacity (Gases)8.8 Calculation of Fugacity (Liquids)8.9 Calculation of Fugacity (Solids)8.10 Saturation Conditions from an Equiation of State8.11 Summary8.12 Temperature Effects on G and f (Optional)8.13 Practice Problems8.14 Homework Problems

UNIT III: Fluid Phase Equilibria in MixturesCHAPERT 9: Introduction to Multicomponent Systems9,1 Phase Diagrams9.2 Concepts9.3 Ideal Solutions9.4 Vapour-Liquid Equilibrium (VLE) Calculations9.5 Emission Modeling9.6 Non-Ideal Systems9.7 Advanced Topics (Optional)9.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks9.9 Practice Problems9.10 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 10: Phase Equilibria in Mixtures by an Equation of State10.1 A Simple Model for Mixing Rules10.2 Fugacity and Chemical Potential from an EOS10.3 Diferentiation of Mixing Rules10.4 VLE Calculations by an Equation of State 10.5 Strategies for Applying VLE Routines10.6 Summary and Concluding Remarks10.7 Practice Problems10.8 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 11: Activity Models11.1 Excess Properties11.2 Modified Raoult's Law and Excess Gibbs Energy11.3 Determination of Gibbs Excess Energy from Experimental Data11.4 The Van der Waals' Perspective11.5 Flory-Huggins & Van der Waals' Theories (Optional)11.6 Local Composition Theory11.7 Fitting Activity Models to Data (Optional)11.8 T and P Dependence of Excess Gibbs Energy (Optional)11.9 The Molecular Basis of Solution Models (Optional)11.10 Summary11.11 Practice Problems11.12 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 12: Liquid-Liquid Phase Equilibria12.1 The Onset of Liquid-Liquid Instability12.2 Stability and Excess Gibbs Energy12.3 Plotting Ternary LLE Data12.4 VLLE with Immiscible Components12.5 Critical Points in Binary Liquid Mixtures (Optional)12.6 Excel Procedure for Binary, Ternary LLE (Optional)12.7 Summary12.8 Practice Problems12.9 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 13: Special Topics13.1 Phase Behavior13.2 Solid-Liquid Equilibria13.3 Residue Curves13.4 Homework Problems

Unit IV: Reacting SystemsCHAPTER 14: Reacting Systems14.1 Reaction Coordinate14.2 Equilibrium Constraint14.3 Reaction Equilibria for Ideal Solutions14.4 Temperature Effects14.5 Shortcut Estimation of Temperature Effects14.6 Energy Balances for Reactions14.7 General Observations About Pressure Effects14.8 Multireaction Equilibria14.9 Simultaneous Reaction and Phase Equilibrium14.10 Electrolyte Thermodynamics14.11 Solid Components in Reactions14.12 Summary and Concluding Remarks14.13 Practice Problems14.14 Homework Problems

CHAPTER 15: Molecular Association and Solvation15.1 Association and Solvation15.2 Equilibrium Criteria15.3 Balance Equations15.4 Ideal Chemical Theory15.5 Chemical-Physical Theory15.6 Pure Species with Linear Association15.7 A Van der Waals H-Bonding Model15.8 The ESD Equation for Associatiing Fluids15.9 Extension to Complex Mixtures15.10 Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (SAFT)15.11 Summary Analysis of Association Models15.12 Homework Problems

GlossaryAppendicesAppendix A: Summary of Computer ProgramsA.1 HP48 Calculator ProgramsA.2 TI-85 ProgramsA.3 PC Programs for Pure Component PropertiesA.4 PC Programs for Mixture Phase EquilibriaA.5 Reaction EquilibriaA.6 How to Load ProgramsA.7 Downloading HP ProgramsA.8 Using Fortran ProgramsA.9 Notes on Excel SpreadsheetsA.10 Notes on HP CalculatorA.11 Disclaimer

Appendix B: MathematicsB.1 Important RelationsB.2 Solutions to Cubic EquationsB.3 The Dirac Delta Function

Appendix C: Strategy for Solving VLE ProblemsC.1 EOS MethodsC.2 Activity Coefficient (Gamma-Phi) Method

Appendix D: Models for Process SimulatorsD.1 OverviewD.2 Equations of StateD.3 Solutions ModelsD.4 Hybrid ModelsD.5 Recommended Decision TreeD.6 Thermal Properties of MixturesD.7 Literature CitedD.7 Literature Cited (Continued)

Appendix E: Pure Component PropertiesE.1 Ideal Gas Heat CapacitiesE.2 Liquid Heat CapacitiesE.3 Solid Heat CapacitiesE.4 Antoine ConstantsE.5 Latent HeatsE.6 Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of FormationE.7 Properties of WaterE.8 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for MethaneE.9 Pressure-Enthalpy Diagram for PropaneE.10 Thermodynamics Properties of HFC-134a

IndexProperties of Selected CompoundsThe Complete Energy BalanceThe Complete Entropy BalanceUseful DerivativesUnitsBack Cover

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