Introduction to environment ecology &ecosystem
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Transcript of Introduction to environment ecology &ecosystem
Introduction to Environment Ecology &Ecosystem
Apurva SanghaniKishan kanani
Environment• The word Environment is derived from the French word
“Environner” that means to encircle or surround.• All the biological and nonbiological things surrounding an organ
ism are thus included in environment.• Environment can be defined as: “External surroundings and con
ditions which directly or indirectly affects the living organisms.”• “Environment is sum total of water, air and land,
interrelationshp amongthemselvesand also with human beings, other living organisms and property.”
• Environment is usually divided in to two parts:• 1. BioticBiotic environment is made up of all living organisms(Plants, anials
µorganisms) including their reactions, interactions and interrelated actions.
• These biotic and biotic components are in a dynamic state i.e. they constantly affecteach other and cannot be isolated from each other
• 2. Abiotic• Abiotic and environment or physical environment. It is composed of external• physical factors like temperature, humidity, water, soil, minerals, gases etc.It
provides both habitation and raw materials for the synthesis of organic food.• Any constituents of the environments of the environment which directyorindi
rectlyaffects are growth and development of an organism is called environmental or ecological factor.
• Examples of environmental factors are climatic factor, topographic factor, bioticfactors, and fire.
Ecology• The word ecology is derived from two Greek word “oikos” me
aning house,habitation or place of living and “logos” meaning study.
• Ecology is the study of the interrelationship between living organisms and their physical and biological environment.
• Division of ecology :• There are two important division of Ecology namely.
• Autecology :• Autecology or spices Ecology is the study of individuals spices, th
eir behaviorand adaption (adjustto be suitable for anew use or condition) to the environmental conditions.
• Synecology :• Synecology or community Ecology refers to the study of different
communities(group of organisms that are associated to gather as a unit) their composition, theirbehavior and relation to the environment. E.g. study of a tree in forests.
Ecosystem• Ecosystem is made up two words “eco” and “system” eco means
environment andsystem means an interacting and interdependent complex.
• The organisms of any community besides interacting among themselves, alwayshave functional relationship with the environment. This structural and functional
• system of communities and environment is called ecological system or ecosystem.
• It is a community of interdependent organisms together with the environment.
• Ecosystems have no particular size ;• Ecosystem can change with time.• It is a system where matter and energy flows.• It is a system where biotic and abiotic factors work together.• Ecosystems can be natural and artificial.• All ecosystem in nature work the same way.• The foundation on which ecosystems rests is the production of the organi
c matter byphotosynthesis.• All ecosystems are open systems in the sense that energy and matter are
transferred in and out.
• The components of the ecosystems:• An ecosystems comprises of two basic components namely• I The structural components:• The biotic and abiotic parts, of an ecosystem are known as struct
ural components ofecosystems. The examples of each are given at table
ABIOTIC COMPONENTS BIOTIC COMPONENTS
Sunlight, Temperature, Precipitation, wateror moisture, soil or water chemistry.E.g. P,NH₄etc.
Primary producers, Herbivores, Carnivores,Omnivores, Detritivores (Decomposers) etc.
• The functional component of ecosystems• The functional component of ecosystem comprise of:• I. Food chain• II. Food web• III. Biogeochemical cycle Food chain:• The sequence of food utilization starting with biomass produce by
photosynthetic producers is called the food chain. In a food chain each organisms eatssmaller organism and is eaten by the larger one.
• At the base of the chain there are always green plants or other autotrophic (the producersor first tropic level
• Food web: An ecosystem consists of many food chains which are interconnected. The foodweb is complex network of interconnected food chains (each starting from the same point)as shown in.
• The detritus food chain: The detritus means dead organic matter.• The detritus food chain starts from dead organic matter which is eaten
by other organismsfeeding on them detritivores.• In fact, such food chains are less dependent upon the direct solar energ
y and mainly depend on the supply of organic matter produced in the ecosystems.
• For examples woodlouse is depended on the dead leaves and woodlouse is eaten by ablackbird.
• Biogeochemical cycle:• All organisms are made up of basic elements such as carbon, nitrogen,
phosphorus,sulfur,oxygen and hydrogen. These elements are continuously cycled between air, water, soil,rockand living organisms. I.e. the four spheres (atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere,andlithosphere) biogeochemical cyclesare the pathways describingthe movement of these basic elements through the four spheres of the environment.
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