Introduction1 PART ONE: Modern Ireland Topic: … · Key concepts .....304 v LSMS history lc...

CONTENTSIntroduction......................................................................................1

Revising for the exam ........................................................................................1

Organise for less exam stress .............................................................................3

Answering Ordinary level questions ...................................................................4

Answering Higher level questions ......................................................................5

Questions on past Leaving Cert Higher level exams by year ................................7

PART ONE: Modern Ireland

Topic: Movements for Political and Social Reform, 1870–1914 ......................................................................................14

1. Home Rule – the Irish Question .................................................................14

Case study: The elections of 1885 and 1886: Issues and outcomes .........18

2. Land agitation and land reform .................................................................22

3. Cultural revival ..........................................................................................32

Case study: The Gaelic Athletic Association, 1884–91 .............................33

4. Educational reforms: Schools and universities ............................................38

5. The consolidation of Catholic identity .......................................................40

6. Industrial development in Belfast: The shipyards ........................................41

7. Unionisation of the working classes: The growth of trade unions ..............43

Case study: Dublin, 1913 – Strike and Lockout ........................................44

8. Unionism and the Ulster Question, 1870–1914 .........................................45

9. Redmond and Home Rule, 1891–1914 .....................................................49

10. The Irish Volunteers ..................................................................................50

11. The first Sinn Féin party ............................................................................51

12. The suffrage movement ............................................................................52

Key personalities .....................................................................................53

Key concepts ...........................................................................................68

LSMS history lc 2013_Layout 1 18/02/2014 10:09 Page iii

Topic: The Pursuit of Sovereignty and the Impact of Partition, 1912–49 .........................................................................69

1. The Third Home Rule Bill, 1912–14 ...........................................................69

2. The impact of the First World War on Ireland ............................................72

3. The 1916 Rising ........................................................................................74

4. The rise of the second Sinn Féin party and the 1918 general election ........77

5. The War of Independence, 1919–21 .........................................................79

6. Partition ....................................................................................................84

7. The Anglo-Irish Treaty, 1921 .....................................................................84

Case study: The Treaty Negotiations, October–December, 1921 ...............84

8. The Treaty debates ....................................................................................89

9. The Irish Civil War .....................................................................................90

10. State building and the consolidation of democracy: Cumannna nGaedheal in Power, 1922–32 .............................................................92

11. State building and the consolidation of democracy: De Valera and Fianna Fáil in power, 1932–39 ................................................................100

12. Language, religion, education and culture in the Free State ....................106

Case study: The Eucharistic Congress, 1932 ..........................................108

13. The war years, 1939–45: The Emergency .................................................111

14. The First Inter-Party government and the declaration of a republic ..........115

15. Northern Ireland – the Unionist Party in power and the war years ...........117

Case study: Belfast during the Second World War .................................122

Key personalities ...................................................................................125

Key concepts .........................................................................................139

Topic: Politics and Society in Northern Ireland, 1949–93 .........141

Northern Ireland 1949–93: Timeline ........................................................141

The Government of Northern Ireland, 1949–93 .......................................142

1. From Brookeborough to O’Neill, 1949–69 ...............................................143

2. Economic and social developments in Northern Ireland up to 1969 .........148

Case study: The Coleraine University controversy ...................................150

3. The Civil Rights movement in Northern Ireland ........................................154

4. The emergence of the Provisional IRA .....................................................160

5. Political developments leading to the fall of Stormont .............................162

6. Direct Rule from Westminster – 1 ............................................................165

Case study: The Sunningdale Agreement and the power-sharing Executive, 1973–74 .........................................................166

7. Republican and loyalist terrorism .............................................................172

8. Direct rule from Westminster – 2 ............................................................177

9. The Republic – responses to the Troubles ................................................180

10. The impact of the Troubles – economy and society ..................................184

iv

LSMS history lc 2013_Layout 1 18/02/2014 10:09 Page iv

11. Religious affiliation and cultural identity ..................................................187

12. Ecumenism in Northern Ireland ...............................................................189

13. Cultural responses to the Troubles ..........................................................192

Case study: The Apprentice Boys of Derry ..............................................194

Key personalities ...................................................................................197Key concepts ..........................................................................................213

PART TWO: Modern Europe and the Wider World

Topic: Dictatorship and Democracy in Europe, 1920–45 ..........216

1. Communism in Russia .............................................................................216

Case study: Stalin’s show trials ..............................................................220

2. Origins and growth of fascist regimes in Europe.......................................224

3. The Nazi state in peace – origins and growth ...........................................230

Case study: The Nuremberg Rallies ........................................................235

4. Economic and social problems of Germany in the inter-war years ............237

5. Economic and social problems of Britain in the inter-war years ................239

Case study: The Jarrow March, October 1936 .......................................240

6. Anglo-American popular culture in peace and war – radio and cinema ...242

7. Politics and administration in France – the Third Republic and .................245the Vichy State

8. Hitler’s foreign policy (1933–39) and the causes of the Second World War ..................................................................................248

9. The Second World War ...........................................................................251

10. Society during the Second World War .....................................................259

Key personalities ...................................................................................262Key concepts .........................................................................................274

Topic: The United States and the World, 1945–89

1. US Foreign Policy ................................................................................275

Case study: Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam, 1963–68 ..............................279

2. Domestic factors in US foreign policy..................................................282

3. Decline of Cold War certainties...........................................................284

4. Troubled affluence..............................................................................287

Case study: The Montgonery Bus Boycott, 1955–56...............................291

5. Advances in technology......................................................................292

Case study: The first Moon Landing ......................................................295

Key personalities ...................................................................................298Key concepts .........................................................................................304

v

LSMS history lc 2013_Layout 1 18/02/2014 10:09 Page v

Dictatorship and Democracy inEurope, 1920–45

4

1. Communism in Russia

The rule of Lenin 1. Lenin and the Bolsheviks took over Russia in a revolution in October 1917. They

held on to power by setting up the Cheka (secret police) and making peace withGermany in the First World War (Treaty of Brest-Litovsk).

The Russian Civil War, 1918–21

2. The Bolsheviks (later called the Communists or the Reds) were jointly led by Leninand Trotsky: l Lenin organised the economic and political areas. l Trotsky organised the military (the Red Army).

3. The Bolsheviks were opposed by the Whites in the Russian Civil War. l The Whites were composed of

many different groups (formerTsarists, landlords, industrialists).

l They were helped by the Alliedpowers (Britain, France and theUnited States) while the FirstWorld War was still on.

4. The Whites attacked the Reds fromthree sides: l GeneralKolchak attacked in the

east. He was in danger of rescuingthe former ruler of Russia, TsarNicholas, and his family, so theywere executed by the Bolsheviks.

l General Deniken attacked in thesouth.

In this section, you should understand:l The role of Lenin (Key personality, p. 262)l Why the Reds won the Civil War What did Lenin and

Stalin contribute tocommunism in Russia?

Russian Civil War, 1918–21

LSMS history lc 2013_Layout 1 18/02/2014 10:20 Page 216

l General Yudenich attacked in the west. 5. The Allies landed troops to help get Russia back into the First World War; but when

the war finished, they withdrew from Russia. 6. All the groups were opposed by Trotsky’s Red Army. The Red Army controlled the

centre of Russia, used the trains to transport troopsand defeated each attack in turn.

7. The Poles attacked from the west and took a gooddeal of land before peace was made.

8. Lenin organised War Communism – all industryand agriculture was geared solely to the war effort. l Industry: forced mobilisation of workers.

– Factories of more than ten workers were taken over by the government. – Strikes were banned.

l Agriculture: Surplus crops were taken by government detachments sent to thecountryside to take food from farmers.

– Food was rationed in the cities. 9. The Reds also organised the Red Terror. Anybody accused of cooperating with the

Whites was punished or executed by the Cheka. 10. Why did Lenin and Trotsky win the Russian Civil War?

l Lenin and Trotsky provided united leadership. l Trotsky organised the Red Army: conscription was introduced; former Tsarist

officers were used to train the soldiers; political commissars (loyal CommunistParty workers) were used to watch the officers; there was harsh discipline.

l The White Armies were divided: they attacked at different times; they were cruel topeople in the countryside.

l Lenin organised War Communism, which made sure thatthe Army and workers were kept supplied.

l The Communists used propaganda – posters, leaflets.They instilled fear in the people about the return of theTsar and the landlords.

l The Communists used the Red Terror to put downopposition; Lenin set up a communist dictatorship.

l The Allies withdrew from Russia and did not provide supplies for the Whites.

New Economic Policy (NEP) 1. The Soviet economy was in a bad state by 1921, owing to the First World War, the

Civil War, and the policy of War Communism. There was serious discontent in boththe countryside and the cities.

2. The sailors in the Kronstadt naval base, near Petrograd, revolted against theCommunist Party and War Communism. Lenin and Trotsky ordered the Red Armyacross the ice and put down the rebellion.

DICTATORSHIP AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE 217

COMMUNISM:

Communists believed ingovernment control ofagriculture and industry.

DICTATORSHIP:

Rule by one personor party, usingpropaganda andthe secret police.


3. Lenin decided to change economic policy. He introduced the New EconomicPolicy (NEP).

4. The main points of the NEP were: l the taking of food from the peasants was ended l there was a fixed tax in kind (grain) l peasants could sell their surplus produce l private enterprise was allowed in small industries l heavy industry (coal, iron, electricity) was controlled by the government.

5. The New Economic Policy was successful: l industrial and agricultural production rose l rich peasants (kulaks) benefited l Lenin and the Communists survived.

6. Lenin died in 1924 after a series of strokes. A cult of Lenin developed after his death. l He had a huge influence on the history of Russia. l He created the Communist Party. l He led a successful revolution when the Bolsheviks (Communists) took power in

the October Revolution of 1917. l He ensured the survival of communism after the revolution by making peace with

Germany in the First World War and by winning the Civil War. l He created a one-party communist dictatorship.

The rule of Stalin

How did Stalin become leader of theSoviet Union?

1. When Lenin died, there was a struggle forpower between Stalin and Trotsky.

2. Trotsky had advantages: l He had commanded the Red Guards in

the October Revolution of 1917.l He led the Red Army in the Civil War.l He was a good organiser and a good speaker. But he was arrogant.

3. Stalin was like a grey blur, so he was able to hide his ambitions. l He was general secretary of the Communist Party. He used this position to place

loyal followers in important positions in the Party.

LESS STRESS MORE SUCCESS218

In this section, you should understand:l The role of Stalin (Key personality, p. 263)l Stalin’s transformation of Soviet society and economyl Stalin’s purges and dictatorshipl Case study: Stalin’s Show Trials (pp. 220–222)

l How did Stalin achieveand maintain his power inthe Soviet Union?

l To what extent did Stalintransform the society andeconomy of the Soviet Union?


l He was Commissar of Nationalities, which linked him to the various nationalitiesof Russia.

l He used clever political tactics – he joined with two of the Communist leaders,Zinoviev and Kamenev, in opposition to Trotsky, who seemed likely to succeedLenin; Zinoviev and Kamenev agreed not to publish Lenin’s Testament.

4. Trotsky and Stalin had different policies:l Trotsky favoured the policy of permanent revolution, in which workers in other

countries would be encouraged to revolt and spread communism. l Stalin believed in ‘Socialism in One Country’ – that the Soviet Union should be

built into a modern, industrial state – rather than world revolution. l Stalin’s policy was more popular with party members because Russia had suffered

enough during the First World War, the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War. 5. Stalin turned against Zinoviev and Kamenev and they and Trotsky were expelled

from the Politburo. Trotsky was exiled to Siberia before being banished from theSoviet Union. Stalin was now in complete control of the Communist Party.

The Stalinist state in peace

6. Stalin set about creating a totalitarian dictatorship: l The Communist Party controlled the press, radio and industry. l They used the secret police, the OGPU (later the

NKVD), to put down the opposition, controlFive-year Plans, and the labour camps (gulags).

l The Party also controlled the Soviet Army. 7. A cult of Stalin was encouraged.

l Stalin used propaganda to strengthen his controlover Soviet Russia.

l History was rewritten to make Stalin the hero ofthe October Revolution and the Civil War.

l Posters, stamps and photographs of Stalin were produced; cities were named afterhim; he was treated almost like a god in poetry and song.

The Purges and Show Trials

8. Why did Stalin begin the Purges?l In the 1930s Stalin used purges to get rid

of opposition to him in the CommunistParty and elsewhere.

l Forced industrialisation andcollectivisation led to increasedopposition in the Communist Party.

l Criticisms by Trotsky in exile angered Stalin. l The assassination of Kirov (1934), leader of the Communist Party in Leningrad,

was used as an excuse by Stalin to begin the purges. The assassin and hiscolleagues were shot.


TOTALITARIANISM:

Totalitariangovernments controlall aspects of life, fromthe people’s actions totheir thoughts.

CULT OF PERSONALITY:

Worship of a leader. Propaganda isused to create an image of theleader as all-wise and all-powerful.


LESS STRESS MORE SUCCESS

Progress

9. Hundreds in the Communist Party were arrested. Ordinary Russians were arrestedand disappeared. Many were sent to labour camps (gulags). l The cruelty and savagery of the Great Purge were imposed by Stalin; he was

suspicious of everybody. 10. Stalin organised three Show Trials in Moscow as part of his Great Purge.

l First Show Trial – Zinoviev and Kamenev and 14other leaders.

l Second Show Trial – Radek, Pyatakov and 15others.

l Third Show Trial – Bukharin, Rykov, Yagoda and18 others.

l All the old Communist leadership was wiped out. 11. Further purges:

l The Party: Members were purged for plottingagainst Stalin.

l The Army: 35,000 officers were either shot or jailed, including generals. l The Secret Police: Even the head of the secret police (Yagoda) was tried and

executed. 12. As a result of the purges:

l Stalin was now in complete control of the country. l The Red Army was weakened; this caused it to suffer in the early stages of the

Second World War. l Many skilled workers and engineers were killed. This affected the

industrialisation of the Soviet Union.

Case study: Stalin’s show trials

Why Show Trials?1. Three show trials were held in Moscow.

Stalin wanted to ensure greater power forhimself and defeat the critics ofcollectivisation and industrialisation. Hefeared that Trotsky (who was outside ofRussia) and others were plotting against him.

2. The Show Trials were an intensification of thepurges already begun before this. They werepublic trials which Stalin used for propagandapurposes.

3. Stalin used the assassination of Kirov, leader of the Communist Party inLeningrad, as an excuse to begin the Show Trials. Zinoviev and Kamenev were

Ordinary level students shouldconcentrate on the Case studiesand the main Key personalities

220

PROPAGANDA:

Spreading information toconvince people of yourpoint of view in order toachieve or retain power.

See Case study: Stalin’sshow trials.

What was the purpose ofStalin’s show trials in the1930s and what impact

did they have on the SovietUnion?


DICTATORSHIP AND DEMOCRACY IN EUROPE

already tried for complicity in the Kirov assassination. Now they were prepared fora show trial.

4. All the show trials followed a similar pattern:l accusations of treachery and plottingl written confessionsl a bullying prosecutorl no rules of evidencel a judgement, usually, of execution.

5. The First Show Trial, 1936Zinoviev, Kamenev and fourteen other leaders were tried. Zinoviev and Kamenevwere Old Bolsheviks who had helped Stalin in his struggle for power againstTrotsky; then he turned against them.

6. They were accused of:l murdering Kirov, the leader of the Leningrad Communist Party l planning to kill Stalinl working with Trotskyites (supporters of Trotsky)l plotting with Nazi Germany.

7. The secret police (NKVD) forced confessions from Zinoviev and Kamenev by:l holding them in isolationl getting confessions against them from minor Party officialsl threatening their families.

8. Once the confessions were obtained, Zinoviev and Kamenev and the others had tolearn off their lines for the trial.

9. The trial was conducted by three judges, with an audience of workers andinternational journalists and diplomats. The prosecutor in all the trials wasVyshinsky.

10. The confessions were the only evidence. The defendants were cross-examined andpleaded guilty. They were found guilty and shot the next morning.

11. The Second Show Trial, 1937The defendants were Radek, Pyatakov and fifteen others; they were all formersupporters of Trotsky.They were accused of:l conspiring with Germany and Japan against the Soviet Union;l wrecking and sabotage of the Five-year Plans.

12. Vyshinsky was the prosecutor. They confessed, were found guilty; thirteen wereexecuted and four sent to labour camps.

13. The Third Show Trial, 1938 (also called the Great Show Trial)The accused were Bukharin, Rykov, Yagoda and eighteen others.

221


LESS STRESS MORE SUCCESS

l Bukharin and Rykov had been members of Lenin’s Politburo; Yagoda was headof the secret police who carried out the purges.

14. They were accused of:l being members of the ‘Anti-Soviet bloc of Rightists and Trotskyites’l wrecking and sabotage of the economyl attempting to assassinate Stalinl some doctors in the group were also accused of assisting in the murders of Party

members.15. They pleaded guilty. Bukharin pleaded guilty to save the lives of his wife and

children.l They were all executed except for three minor officials.

16. Reaction to the Trialsl Soviet newspapers carried full reports of the trials because Stalin had to ensure

that people accepted them as legal.l Many international observers believed that the trials were legal.l Soviet people believed that there was a conspiracy against the Soviet Union.

17. How the show trials were used by Stalin:l Stalin directed the purges and show trials. He took a close and detailed interest

in them.l Stalin used the show trials as propaganda because some of the problems of

Soviet society could be blamed on the accused.l He was now in complete charge of the Party. He had gotten rid of the Old

Bolsheviks in the Party and replaced them with younger more loyal followers. – The show trials were characteristic of Stalin’s totalitarian state.

l The show trials were used to intensify the purges so more people were sent togulags (slave labour camps).

18. When Stalin died, Khrushchev condemned the purges and show trials at the 20thParty Congress in 1956.

The Soviet alternative: Transforming society and the economy

Industrialisation – The Five-year Plans

1. The Soviet economy was different fromWestern economies. It was centrallyplanned, with government control ofindustry and agriculture.

2. Stalin introduced Five-year Plans to:l give himself greater control of the

Soviet Union

222

In a question on the Soviet economyfrom 1920 to 1945 or the Sovieteconomy under Lenin and Stalin, youcould include War Communism, theNEP, Stalin’s Five-year Plans,collectivisation and the Sovieteconomy during WWII.


l improve food production for the cities l modernise Russia so that it could catch up with the West.

3. The First Five-year Plan (1928–32) set targets for manufacturing industry,transport and raw materials. Gosplan (Central Planning Commission) set thetargets. The plan concentrated on heavy industry – coal, iron, gas and electricity.

4. As a result of the First Five-year Plan: l production of machinery, oil and electricity all increased l new towns such as Magnitogorsk were built east of the Ural Mountains l some of the products were faulty.

5. In the Second and Third Five-year Plans: l there was still concentration on heavy industry l transport was developed, e.g. railways, including the building of the Moscow

Underground l some consumer goods were produced – radios, washing machines l armaments were produced in the Third Five-year Plan, owing to the increased risk

of war. 6. The Five-year Plans resulted in:

l transformation of Russia from an agricultural to an industrial country, making itthe second-largest economy in the world

l the urban working class trebling in number l a better-educated workforce, as illiteracy was eliminatedl Russia being now better prepared to face the danger of war from Nazi Germany.

7. The success of the Five-year Plans was due to:l hard working and living conditions for workersl wreckers were punishedl a passport system prevented workers

from moving jobs l punishment for absenteeism from work l an increase in the number of women

workers l bonus payments for workers who

exceeded their targets l the Stakhanovite movement

encouraging workers to produce more l the use of slave labour in some projects.

Collectivisation

8. Stalin also brought in collectivisation – the taking over by the government ofindividual farms and combining them into collective farms. Stalin begancollectivisation because:


Summary: Stalin’s dictatorship l Struggle for power l Totalitarian dictatorship l Cult of personality and the use of

propaganda l Purges and show trials and the use

of terrorl Control of the economy


l he wanted to modernise agriculture andincrease the output of grain

l he wanted to get rid of the New EconomicPolicy and bring in a more communist form ofagriculture with greater state control.

9. Richer peasants (kulaks) and others resistedcollectivisation. They slaughtered animals andburned crops. l This resulted in famine.

10. Stalin demanded the elimination of about 5million kulaks. He also allowed small private plots of land.

11. Collectivisation was achieved by 1940: l but farming was still inefficient l labourers who were not needed in the countryside went to work in factories in the

cities.

2. Origins and growth of fascist regimes in Europe

The growth of dictatorships 1. Between the First and Second World Wars,

many countries in Europe had dictatorships. 2. Some of these dictatorships were totalitarian

dictatorships, whereby the government sought to control all aspects of the people’s lives.

3. Some were fascist dictatorships. 4. These dictatorships rose to power because of:

l the effects of the First World War l economic depression l unstable governments and weak

democracy l fear of communism l strong leadership and the use of

violence.

LESS STRESS MORE SUCCESS224

In this section, you should understand:l The origins and growth of fascist regimes l The role of Mussolini – his rise to power and his rule in Italy (Key

personality, p. 266)l Church–State relations under Mussolini

During the inter-warperiod, what conditions inEurope contributed to thegrowth of fascist regimes?

DICTATORSHIP:

Rule by one person orparty, using propagandaand the secret police.

You can develop your notes forthese headings from Mussolini’sItaly and Hitler’s Germany.

COLLECTIVISATION:

The policy of Stalin’sgovernment in the SovietUnion to force peasants(farmers) to give up theirfarms to the governmentand to form largecollective farms.


Introduction1 PART ONE: Modern Ireland Topic: … · Key concepts .....304 v LSMS history lc...

Documents

Transcript of Introduction1 PART ONE: Modern Ireland Topic: … · Key concepts .....304 v LSMS history lc...