Introduction Wood CIE4110 2014 Part1

CIE 4110 Course Timber Structure 1, Part1Wood resources, Wood structure, Wood properties

2014 1

[email protected] 11

Timber Structures 1CIE4110

Wolfgang F. GardDelft University of Technology Timber Structures and Wood Technology

Wood as a Building Material Lecture (2 September 2014)• Wood resources • Wood structure & propertiesLecture (5 September 2014)• Wood structure & properties (continue)• Biological durability of timberLecture (23 September 2014)• Engineered wood products• Wood adhesives


Building Material

• Available

• Defined properties

• Durable

• Connectable

• Environmentally safe

• Sustainable

How would you characterise a material as building material in

general ?


Wood as Building Material

Roller CoasterAmusement Park, Heide-Park Soltau, Germany Height 52 m, length ca.1300 m, 120 km/h

Timber Wind Turbine TowerHannover Marienwerder/Germany 2012100m height, 100t weight, 1.5 MW, supplies 1000 households with electricity


2014 2


Wood as Building Material

Roller CoasterAmusement Park, Heide-Park Soltau, Germany Height 52 m, length ca.1300 m, 120 km/h

Timber Wind Turbine TowerHannover Marienwerder/Germany 2012100m height, 100t weight, 1.5 MW, supplies 1000 households with electricity


Guard rail

Motorway portal

Lock gate


(Pedestrian) Bridges


2014 3


Multi-Storey Building Stadt House London/UKCross Laminated Timber

Dome StructureShopping CentreChiasso/Switserland


Outline• Resources of wood

Production (Photosynthesis)Distribution of ForestWood species

• Structure of woodMacroscopic structure (sapwood, heartwood, juvenile wood)Microscopic structure (cell type, cell wall)

• Some properties of woodAnisotropyShrinkage, swellingHysteresis (hygroscopic, EMC)


Overall Goal of these Lectures

• Obtain knowledge about timber as a construction material

• Raising awareness about timber as an environmental friendly construction material

• Learning about relevant properties of timber


2014 4


WHAT IS WOOD ?

• Organic material• Plant fibre composite


Resources

Where is the production site for wood ???


6CO2

Carbon dioxide Water NutrientsNitratePhosphateSilicate

Oxygen Carbohydrate Sugars

6H2O C6H12O6 6O2

+ ++ =

……..+ + + +……..

……..+

Photosynthesis


2014 5


Source: VTI 2009 Arno Fruhwald, Hamburg/Germany


Carbohydrate stock

carbon (C) hydrogen (H) oxygen (O)50% 6.2% 43%


Bryophytes(nonvascular plants) Seedless vascular plants Seed plants

Vascular plants

Land plants

Origin of seed plants(about 360 mya)

Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya)

Origin of land plants(about 475 mya)

Ancestralgreen alga

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An overview of land plant evolution

Angiosperms

Gymnosperms


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Spiral grain


2014 7


Global distribution of forest

21%25%

26%27%

16%17%

14%12%

18%19%

source FAO 2006

5%<1%

growing stock (m3)

area (ha)

Growing stock 100% = 434,885 Mm3

The land area of the world could be covered with 30 cm thick layer of wood.

The world’s forests30% of the land area is covered by forest

60% Angiosperms (hardwood)

40% Gymnosperms (softwood)


Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 - Main report. FAO FORESTRY PAPER 163, Rome, 2010

Annual change in forest area by region


Build new shrimp ponds

Illeg

al lo

ggin

g

Burning forest for soy farming or cattle breeding


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Forests under threat as agricultural land

• Human settlements• Production of agricultural commodities• Infrastructure and mining• Agribusiness plants for more profitable market: such as

palm oil, rice, sugar cane, banana and soya beans

Booklet 75 pagesChristian Lambrechts ,Mette Løyche Wilkie, Ieva Rucevska , Mita SenVital Forest Graphics. FAO, UNEF, UNEP/GRID-Arendal (Norway); 2009


Forests under threat as agricultural land

• Human settlements• Production of agricultural commodities• Infrastructure and mining• Agribusiness plants for more profitable market: such as

palm oil, rice, sugar cane, banana and soya beans


Designated functions of forest 2010

30% Production

8% Protection of soil and water

12% Conservation of biodiversity

4% Social services

24% Multiple use

23% Other/Unknown

Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 - Main report. FAO FORESTRY PAPER 163, Rome, 2010


2014 9


Source: FAO, Rome, 2010 http://faostat.fao.org/site/626/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=626#ancor


Sustainable Forest Management Certification

FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) • independent, non-governmental organization • sustainable forest management Environmentally appropriate forest management ensures that the

harvest of timber and non-timber products maintains the forest's biodiversity, productivity, and ecological processes.

Socially beneficial forest management helps both local people and society at large to enjoy long term benefits and also provides strong incentives to local people to sustain the forest resources and adhere to long-term management plans.

Economically viable forest management means that forest operations are structured and managed so as to be sufficiently profitable, without generating financial profit at the expense of the forest resource, the ecosystem, or affected communities.



PEFC Council (Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification schemes) is an independent, non-profit, non-governmental organisation, which promotes sustainably managed forests.


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TPAC (Timber Procurement Assessment Committee) is a Dutch initiative which assesses certification systems on behalf of the Dutch Procurement Policy for timber. This is in line with the Dutch government policy. Accepted: FSC, PEFC, MTCS (PEFC Malaysia)

European Regulation (EU No 995/2010) regarding Illegal Wood Logging and Trade (has been into force since 2013) (diligence, traceability)


Biomass flow over the life cycle of wood-based building material

Forest

Energy recovery

Building/Application

Wood processing

Forest residue

Round wood

Processing residue

Cascaded material (reuse, recycling)

Wood building material

Construction residueDemolition residue

Re-sketched after Gustavsson L. et al (2010)

CO2 - emission

Environment


CO2 emission

When the ‘locked up’ CO2 amount in the building material (e.g. solid wood, wood fibres, wood based panels) can be kept until the same amount of CO2 has been converted from the atmosphere into forest growth, then the material is 100% sustainable with regard to CO2aspects.

Sustainability of wood concerning environmental aspects


2014 11


World wood production 2010

Source: FAO, Rome, 2010 http://faostat.fao.org/site/626/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=626#ancor

(hardwood)(softwood)


7800

280

50003000

4000

source FAO 2006 Paper 147

2100

Number of Commercial exploited Wood Species: ca. 1000

The World’s Forests Biological DiversityWood Species



2014 12


Identification

All plants are classified by morphological characteristics which are linked to a hierarchical plant system.

• roots, trunk, branches, twigs, leaves

• flowers, seeds, bud, cone

What is a wood species ?

Elm tree


Family Fagaceae

Genus Fagus

Species Fagus sylvatica L.

Botanical name

Pinaceae

Picea

Picea abies (L.) Karst.

Identification

Trade name BeechBeukenBuche Hêtre

SpruceVurenFichte Épicéa

TerminologyAngiosperms: deciduous trees, hardwoodsGymnosperms: conifers, softwoods


Wood type1) Trade name2) Botanical name (scientific name)

Origin3) Durability4)

(biological)Density range at 12%

moisture content4) (kg/m3) S Larch (1)

Mélèze (2)Lärche (3)Lariks (4)

Larix decidua Mill. E 3-4 470-600-650

S Radiata pine Pinus radiata D.Don AUS, SA, AF

4-5 420-470-500

H European oak (1)Chêne rouvre (2)Eiche (3)Eiken (4)

Quercus robur L.Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl

E 2 670-710-760

H Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata Sm. AUS 1 790-830-900

TH Balau (Yellow)Bangkirai (5)

Shorea laevis Ridl.,S. altrinervosa, Sym.,S. glauca King

AS 2 700-930-1150

TH BasralocusAngélique (5)

Dicorynia guianensis Amsh. SA 2 720-750-790

TH BilingaOpepe, Badi (5)

Nauclea diderrichii (De Wild. & Th.Dür) Merrill

AF 1 740-750-780

Selection of commercial relevant wood species in Europe

1) S= softwood, H= temperate hardwood, TH= tropical hardwood2) English (1), French (2), German (3), Dutch (4), others (5)3) E Europe, NA North America, SA South America, AS Asia, AUS Australia, AF Africa4) EN 350-2 (1994): Durability of wood and wood-based products — Natural durability of solid wood — Part 2 : Guide to natural durability and treatability of selected wood species of importance in Europe5) Tropix 7; CIRAD Production and Processing of Tropical Woods, Montpellier, France


2014 13


Summary

• Ca. 30% of the world land area is forest area• Forest area: 60% angiosperms, 40% conifers• Round wood production: 2/3 angiosperms, 1/3 conifers• Sawn wood production: 26% angiosperms, 74% conifers• Commercially exploited wood species: ca. 1000 species• Highest biodiversity of wood species is in S-America• Sustainable forest management can be certified by FSC

and PEFC • Only the botanical name identifies the wood species


Crown

Trunk

Root system

- for structural timber- wood based materials e.g. plywood

- wood based material e.g. particle boards


The term ‘Timber’ is used when wood has been

processed or converted into boards, beams or

other wood products.


2014 14


Wood structure

Larix (softwood) Robinia (hardwood)

Bark (Phloem)

sapwoodheartwoodjuvenile wood growth rings

pith

cambium

Wood tissue is also called XYLEM


Wood structure

R radial plane T tangential plane X cross section

Bark:Transportation of food and nutrients from leaves to storage organs and growing parts of plant.

Wood (Xylem):Transportation of water and mineral from roots to other parts of the plant. Gives mechanical strength to plant due to presence of lignified cells.


Glossary regarding wood anatomical components:

see list at blackboard ‘Glossary 1’


2014 15



M.Bramwell 1976, The international book of wood. Mitchell Beazley Publishers Ltd. New York

Exploded sketch

hardwoodsoftwood


Microscopic wood structure

Wood species: Pine (softwood) Wood species: Poplar (hardwood)

ray

Ear

ly w

oo

d

Lat

e w

oo

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vesselsfibres

100 µm

resin canal

Introduction Wood CIE4110 2014 Part1

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